国际结算课程复习资料

国际结算课程复习资料
国际结算课程复习资料⼀、重点词汇英汉互译：
第⼀章国际结算的介绍
Correspondent Bank 代理⾏ Control Documents 控制⽂件Test key 密押 Terms and conditions 费率表Specimen of authorized signature 印鉴 SWIFT 环球银⾏⾦融电讯协会Debit (for bank) 借记Credit (for bank) 贷记
Nostro account 往户账 Vostro account 来户账
IMF 国际货币基⾦组织 ICC 国际商会 WBG 世界银⾏组织
CHIPS 英国同业银⾏⾃动⽀付系统 CHAPS 纽约银⾏同业电⼦清算系统URC522 《跟单托收统⼀规则》 UCP 600《跟单信⽤证统⼀惯例》国际结算 International Settlement
预付货款 Payment in advance 赊账 Open Account(O/A)
汇款(汇付）Remittance 托收 Collection
跟单信⽤证Documentary L/C 银⾏保函 Bank Guarantee
第⼆章票据
Recourse 追索Non-causation ⽆因性流通⼯具 Negotiable Instrument
汇票 Bill of Exchange/Draft本票 Promissory Note⽀票 Check/Cheque
drawer 出票⼈payer/drawee 付款⼈payee 收款⼈endorser 背书⼈
acceptor 承兑⼈Holder 持票⼈Holder for value 对价持票⼈
Holder in due course/Bona fide holder 正当持票⼈/善意的持票⼈
汇票
出票Issue 背书Endorsement）提⽰（Presentation 承兑（Acceptance
保证Guarantee 付款Payment 拒付Dishonor 追索Recourse
拒绝证书Protest Tenor 付款期限 Usance bill 远期汇票
Blank endorsement 空⽩背书Acceptance/payment for honor参加承兑和参加付款
⽀票
Crossed check 划线⽀票 Uncrossed check ⾮划线⽀票 Open check 现⾦⽀票Rubber check/bad check 空头⽀票Collecting bank 托收⾏out of date 过期
第三章
Remittance 汇付，顺汇 Reverse remittance 逆汇
Remitter 汇款⼈ Remitting bank 汇出⾏Paying bank 汇⼊⾏，解付⾏Beneficiary or payee 收款⼈，受益⼈Reimbursement of remittance cover 拨头⼨
T/T 电汇 M/T 信汇 D/D 票汇 Payment in advance 预付货款
Open account / payment after goods arrival 赊销 Consignment 寄售
第四章
Documentary collection 跟单托收Clean collection 光票托收
Direct collection 直接托收 D/P at sight 即期付款交单
D/P after sight 远期付款交单 D/A 承兑交单
D/P.T/R/ 付款交单凭信托收据借单 Outward bills/出⼝押汇
Inward bills /进⼝押汇 Principal/委托⼈
Remitting Bank/托收⾏ Collecting Bank/代收⾏
Drawee/付款⼈Principal’s representative in case of need/需要时的代理
第五章
Applicant 申请⼈ Beneficiary 受益⼈ Issuing Bank 开证⾏Advising Bank通知⾏ Confirming Bank 保兑⾏ Paying Bank 付款⾏承兑⾏Accepting Bank 议付⾏Negotiating Bank 偿付⾏Reimbursing Bank 索偿⾏Claiming Bank 寄单⾏Remitting Bank
in duplicate ⼀式两份 in triplicate ⼀式三
份
in quadruplicate ⼀式四份 in quintuplicate ⼀式五份
Confirm 保兑 Negotiate 议付 undertaking 承诺
Primary liability forpayment of the Issuing Bank 开证⾏承担第⼀性付款责任
Documentary Credit Nominated Bank指定银⾏
soft clause软条款
跟单与光票信⽤证 Documentary and clean L/C
不可撤销与可撤销信⽤证 Irrevocable and revocable L/C
保兑与不保兑信⽤证 Confirmed and unconfirmed L/C
即期付款、延期付款、承兑和议付信⽤证，假远期信⽤证
Sight、 Usance、 Acceptance and Negotiation L/C
可转让与不可转让信⽤证 Transferable and Untransferable L/C
循环信⽤证 Revolving L/C 对开信⽤证 Reciprocale L/C
背对背信⽤证 Back to back L/C 预⽀（红条款）信⽤证）Anticipantory L/C 备⽤信⽤证 Standby L/C
⼆、知识重点：
第⼀章国际结算的介绍
⼀、国际结算定义：（Definition）
1、是指处于两个处于不同国家的当事⼈通过银⾏办理的两国间货币收付业务。

International settlement refers to the money transfer via banks to settle accounts, debts and claims among different countries. Three elements in international settlement (国际结算中的三要素)
⑴Person in different countries(不同国家)
Buyers and sellers in the international transaction are not competitors,
but corporative partners for seeking long-terms and common interest.
（买卖双⽅是朋友）
注：我国内地与港澳台地区尽管不是跨国货币收付，但因处于不同的货币区域，
故在实务中仍作为国际贸易结算来处理。

⑵Bank’s Participation(银⾏参与)
Facilitating funds transfer efficiently world-wide
(银⾏参与促进国际间资⾦转移)
⑶Funds transfer（资⾦转移）
⼆、国际结算的类型（Types of IS）
1、International Trade Settlement:
visible trade（有形贸易）→占了国际结算的80%（国际贸易结算）
2、International Non-trade Settlement：（国际⾮贸易结算）
⑴ invisible trade（⽆形贸易）
⑵financial transaction (⾦融交易) ↓
⑶payment between governments 占了国际贸易的20%，但是在快速增长。

三、国际结算的基本⽅式（Basic method of IS）
1、⑴Settlement on commercial credit：（基于商业信⽤的结算）
① Payment in advance (预付款/先结后出/先款后货)
② Open Account (赊账交易/赊销/先货后款/先出后结)
③Remittance(汇付)④Collection(托收)
⑵Settlement on bank credit：(基于银⾏信⽤的结算)
① Letter of Credit(信⽤证) ② Bank guarantee(银⾏保函)
2、Correspondent Bank(代理⾏)：a bank having direct connection of friendly service relation with another bank.
3、如何建⽴代理⾏关系
(1)The factors should be considered when choosing the best bank:
①the reputation of the bank （银⾏信誉）② size of the bank（规模）
③service offered by the bank（服务）④physical feature and personnel
⑵sign contract and exchanging control documents(控制⽂件)
①Specimen Signature(印鉴样本) ② Telegraphic test key(密押)
③Terms and conditions(条款费率表)
4、A nostro a/c is our account of our money, held by you . (往帐）
本国银⾏在国外银⾏持有的外币帐户
A vostro a/c is your account of your money, held by us. （来帐）
国外银⾏在本国银⾏持有的本币账户
A credit means a sum of money going into my account. (increase)(贷记）
A debit means a sum of money leaving my account. (decrease) （借记）▲、重点句⼦理解
（1）Please Debit the Sum to Our Account with you.
(请将汇款⾦额贷记你⾏在我⾏的账户)
（2）In cover, we have credit the sum to your account with us.
(作为偿付，我⾏将⾦额贷记你⾏在我⾏的账户)
（3）In cover, we have instructed...Bank to debit our account and credit your account with them.(作为偿付，我⾏已授权银⾏将汇款⾦额借记我⾏账户并贷记你⾏在该⾏的账户。

)
（4）In cover, we have instructed A bank to pay the sum to your account with B bank.(作为偿付，我⾏已指⽰A银⾏将汇款⾦额付给你⾏在B银⾏的账户)
第⼆章票据
⼀、Characteristics of negotiable instruments（流通票据的特征）
1、Right to be paid（设权性)票据发⾏的⽬的是设定票据上的权利和义务，以
便票据能代替现⾦执⾏⽀付⼿段的功能。

2、Negotiability（流通性）Can be effected ONLY by delivery or endorsement 通过直接交付或背书后交付完成转让。

P26
特点：
⑴票据转让不必通知债务⼈
⑵正当持票⼈的权利不受前⼿票据权利缺陷的影响
⑶票据受让⼈获得全部票据权利
3、Non-causation(⽆因性）
票据⼀旦作成，票据权利和义务的执⾏就与票据原因相分离。

如：票据的转让过程中，不需要调查票据原因是否合理、合法。

4、Requisite in form（要式性）
票据的存在不重视其原因，但却⾮常强调其形式和内容。

只有形式和内容都符合法律规定的票据，才是合格的票据。

5、Recourse（可追索性）
票据遭到拒付，正当持票⼈可以向票据债务⼈追索，要求取得票据权利。

⼆、 Parties to a negotiable instrument（流通票据的当事⼈）
1、Main parties（主要当事⼈）
⑴出票⼈drawer ⑵付款⼈payer/drawee ⑶收款⼈payee
2、Remote parties（其他当事⼈/⾮主要）
⑴背书⼈endorser ⑵承兑⼈acceptor ⑶持票⼈holder
⑷正当持票⼈/善意的持票⼈（holder in due course/bona fide holder）
善意地花了对价，取得⼀张表⾯完整、合格的未到期票据的持票⼈
⑸付对价持票⼈（holder for value）
a person who possesses an instrument for which value has been given by himself or by some other person prior to him in forms of money, goods,or services.付对价持票⼈是本⼈或前⼿已经付过对价的票据持有⼈。

例如：甲为清偿⼄的债务开出⽀票⼀张交与⼄，⼄作为礼物赠送于丙。

⼄为该⽀票的取得付出了对价⽽丙取得⽀票虽并未付出对价，仍是付对价持票⼈。

汇票
⼀、定义：
A Bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, signed by the drawer to drawee,require the drawee to pay on demand
or at a definite future time a certain sum of money to or to the order of Payee.
汇票是由⼀个⼈（drawer）/出票⼈向另⼀个⼈(drawee)/受票⼈签发的⽆条件的unconditonal书⾯命令order in writing要求其在见票时或在未来某⼀规定的或可以确定的时间(tenor)将⼀定⾦额的款项⽀付给某⼀特定的⼈或指定的⼈
或持票⼈(payee)
⼆、Essential items required in a bill of exchange（汇票的必要项⽬）▲1、Absolutely nec essary items 绝对必要项⽬
⑴The word “ bill of exchange/draft”（汇票字样）
⑵An unconditional order to pay （⽆条件的⽀付命令）
⑶A fixed amount of money（确定的⾦额）
⑷Name of the payee(抬头⼈名字）P32
①限制性（Restricted Order）不能流通转让,只有汇票上指定的收款⼈才能接受票款 e.g. pay to ***only; not transferrable
②指⽰性（Demonstrative Order）可经背书转让
e.g. pay to the order of ***/pay to *** (or order)
③来⼈抬头（我国不允许）pay to bearer
⑸Date of issue（开⽴⽇期）
to determine the expiry date and paying date;
make sure whether the drawer has disposing capacity
⑹Name of drawee（付款⼈名字）
⑺The signature of the drawer（出票⼈签名）
without the signature of the drawer or forged signature makes an instrument invalid
2、Relatively necessary items 相对必要项⽬
Place of issue
Place of payment
Tenor 付款期限 P37
即期付款(pay on demand/at sight)
远期付款：出票后定期certain days after date
见票后定期certain days after sight
定⽇付款fixed date
提单⽇后定⽇付款certain days after B/L
（3）Items at will任意记载
利息、利率及汇率（interest ，interest and exchange rate）
提⽰期限（Limit of time for presentation）
出票依据（Drawn Clause）
“Drawn under ……”凭**⾏开出的*号信⽤证
免作退票通知或放弃拒绝证书（Notice of Dishonor Excused or Protest Waived）
付⼀不付⼆
“Second of the same tenor and date unpaid”P33
预备付款⼈（Referee in case of need）
▲三、Classification of bills of exchange 汇票分类 P37
⑴According to the drawer（出票⼈）: P40
Banker’s draft and trader’s draft（银⾏汇票和商业汇票）
⑵According to the acceptor（承兑⼈）:
Banker’s acceptance and trader’s acceptance（银⾏承兑和商业承兑）
⑶According to whether commercial documents are attached there to
Clean draft and documentary draft光票和跟单汇票
⑷According to the tenor（汇款时间）
Demand/sight draft and time/usance draft（即期汇票和远期汇票）
四、Acts relating to a bill of exchange (跟汇票相关的⾏为) P41
1、出票（Issue）
⑴包括： to draw and sign a bill（开出汇票）;
to deliver it to the payee（把汇票送给收款⼈）
⑵According to the negotiable instrument law：
①The bill should be complete in form stipulated by the negotiable
instrument law in the place of issue；
②By drawing a bill,the drawer engages that on due presentment the bill will be accepted and paid and that, if dishonored, he will compensate the holder。

When dishonored by non-payment or non-acceptance, the holder must give notice to all the parties who remain liable that the draft has been dishonored to preserve their liabilities on the draft.
Acceptance/payment for honor
Acceptance for honor(参加承兑）
When a draft has been protested for non-acceptance, any person not being a party already liable on the draft may,with the consent（同意）of the holder, by writing on the bill, accept the bill for the honor of any party to the draft.
Payment for honor (参加付款）
When a draft has been protested for non-payment, a party not liable on the draft may intervene and pay it for the honor of a party liable on the draft or even the drawer.any person can act as a payer for honor without the consent of the holder.
▲2、背书（Endorsement）P42-44
注意：The payee or holder signs on the back of the bill and delivers it to the endorsee
A valid endorsement should be an endorsement of the entire bill;P42
Endorement is necessory ONLY for Demostrative oder bill . P43Types of EndorsementP42-44
1) Special endorsement 记名背书/特别背书/正式背书/完全背书
Pay to the order of E Co., signed （the endorsee)For ABC.,New York( the endorser)
2) Blank endorsement 空⽩背书
Pay to order or without（the endorsee)For ABC.,New York( the endorser) 3) Restrictive endorsement 限制性背书
Pay to A only/not transferable/not negotiable/pay to A bank for account of B Co.(the endorsee) For ABC.,New York( the
endorser)
4) Endorsement for condition 附条件背书
Pay to the order of E Co. on delivery of B/L to Citibank. .(the endorsee)For A Co.,London( the endorser)
3、提⽰（Presentation）P45
Presentation must be made within the reasonable time. P45
A sight bill only needs presentation once.（即期汇票只需承兑⼀次）
Time bill after sight need duly presentation to fix the maturity.
Time bill after date needn’t duly presentation but presentation is advised.
4、承兑（Acceptance）P46
An act by which the drawee promise to make payment at the bill maturity.
Note ： P47
When the bill accepted,the acceptor becomes primarily liable to the bill instead of drawer.
Acceptance is generally to be made at a reasonable hour on A business day subsequent to the presentation of the bill before overdue
5、保证（Guarantee or Aval）
⑴This act is usually performed by a third party called guarantor, who
engages to pay on presentment for a sight bill and accept and pay at maturity for a time bill.
⑵注意：
①the guarantor stands for a debtor such as drawer, endorser,or acceptor
and assumes his indebtedness to the holder
②when the guarantor is compelled to pay, his right of recourse arises
against the guaranteed and all the prior parties of the guaranteed.
6、付款（Payment）
7、拒付（Dishonor）
8、追索（Recourse） P51
⑴In the event of a draft being dishonored, the holder in due course
can sue every person who signed the draft prior to him.
⑵Qualifications to exert and preserve the right of recourse:
①Completeness in form of the draft
②Presenting for acceptance and payment on the due time
③Notice of dishonor拒付通知
追索图⽰
9、参加承兑和参加付款（Acceptance/Payment for honor)
本票
定义：
本票是出票⼈签发的，承诺⾃⼰在见票时⽆条件⽀付确定的⾦额给收款⼈或持票⼈的票据。

（见书上样本）
A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker, engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer.
⽀票
⼀、定义：
以银⾏为付款⼈的即期汇票。

（A check is a bill of exchange drawn on
a bank payable on demand）P57
A check is an unconditional order in writing, signed by the person
giving it, requiring the bank to whom it is addressed（签发） to pay on demand a sum certain in money to, or to the order of , a specified person or to bearer.
▲⼆、Types （类型）0P59
1、Uncrossed check/Open check⾮划线⽀票/普通⽀票/敞⼝⽀票/现⾦⽀票
Can be cashed or transferred （Note）（可⽤于⽀取现⾦和转账）
2、⑴Crossed check划线⽀票/转账⽀票
Can ONLY be transferred,not be cashed（只能转账不能⽀取现⾦）
划线：在票⾯上划有两条平⾏线，规定只能通过银⾏收款⽽不能由持票⼈直接提取现款。

P60
⑵Purpose for crossed check （划线⽀票的⽬的）
a crossing is in effect an instruction by the drawer or holder to the
paying bank to pay the fund to bank only instead of to pay in cash for
uncertain person.（使⽤划线⽀票的⽬的是为了在⽀票遗失或被⼈冒领时，还有可能通过银⾏代收的线索追回票款）。

⑶Types of crossed check（划线⽀票的类型） P60
①General crossings ⼀般划线⽀票
指任何⼀家银⾏都可以代收转账的⽀票
在平⾏线中加列“公司”（AND COMPANY）字样
②Special crossings 特殊划线⽀票
指票⾯上两条平⾏线中间加注了某⼀家银⾏的名称，只有这家银⾏才可以作为票款的代收银⾏。

例如“请⾹港渣打银⾏收⼊收款⼈帐（ACCOUNT PAYEE WITH STANDARD
CHARTERED BANK，HONGKONG）
3、注意: Open check can change to Crossed check; General crossed check
can change tospecial crossed check. （⾮划线⽀票可变为划线⽀
票，⼀般划线⽀票可变成特殊划线⽀票）
第三章汇付Remittance
⼀、Based on the movement direction of the instruments in relation to the funds, two typies:（根据资⾦和票据的流向不同，⽀付⽅式可以分为顺汇和逆汇，在国际贸易中，汇付是顺汇，托收和信⽤证都是逆汇）
⼆、Methods and procedures of remittance P69
1、电汇（telegraphic transfer, T/T）
the remitting bank sends the P.O. to the paying bank by cable, telex, or SWIFT, authorizing the paying bank to make payment to the payee.
fast ; safe ; limited time for banks to keep the funds
2、信汇（mail transfer，M/T）
the remitting bank transfers the funds by mailing a P.O. ,trandiional methods,slow & unsafety
▲ procedures for M/T and T/T
(1)Remittance application with funds and commission;
(汇款⼈填写电汇申请书，并交款付费给汇出⾏)
(2)Remitting bank retuns receipt to remitter and debits his a/c
（汇出⾏汇出⾏接受申请给汇款⼈电汇回执并借记其银⾏账户）
(3)sends P.O. /telex/SWIFT instructing paying bank to make payment （汇出⾏根据电汇申请⼈的指⽰，⽤电传或SWIFT⽅式向国外代理⾏发出汇款委托书）
(4)after authenticating(认证） by paying bank, notifies the payee with
a copy of receipt
（汇⼊⾏收到国外⽤电传或SWIFT发来的汇款委托书，核对密押相符后，缮制电汇通知书，通知受款⼈取款）
(5)upon receipt,the payee presents the paying bank the copy receipt （受款⼈持通知书⼀式两联到汇⼊⾏取款）
(6)Check the identity of the payee then make payment
（汇⼊⾏核对收款⼈的⾝份然后付款）
(7)Paying bank will claim reimbursements according to the clause in the
cable message
（同时，汇⼊⾏将付讫款项的借记通知寄给汇出⾏，完成⼀笔电汇汇款）
3、票汇（remittance by banker’s demand draft, D/D）
On the request of the remitter, the remitting bank draws a demand draft on its overseas branch or correspondent bank ordering the latter to pay on demand to the payee upon presentation.
convenient and transferable.
汇出⾏应汇款⼈的申请，代汇款⼈开⽴以其分⾏或代理⾏为解付⾏的银⾏即期汇票 ,可称为银⾏⽀票。

如果汇出⾏与汇⼊⾏是联⾏还可视为银⾏本票，此票不需拨头⼨。

▲procedures for D/D 票汇结算业务程序（D/D）
适⽤于⼀⼿交钱、⼀⼿交货的贸易。

Banker’s demand clean draftin D/D
⑴The remitter applies for remittance to remitting bank.
汇款⼈填写票汇汇款申请书，交款付费给汇出⾏
⑵The remitting bank will check the remitter’s account .if it is positive, the remitting bank will debit the account and draw a draft on the paying bank pay or pay to the order of the beneficiary.
汇出⾏开⽴⼀张以汇⼊⾏为付款⼈的银⾏即期汇票交给汇款⼈
⑶The remitter will send the draft to the beneficiary.
汇款⼈将汇票寄给收款⼈
⑷The remitting bank will keep the paying bank aware of the remittance via inter-bank system.汇出⾏将汇票通知书寄汇⼊⾏
⑸Upon receipt of the draft, the beneficiary will present the draft for payment to the paying bank.收款⼈提⽰银⾏即期汇票给汇⼊⾏要求付款
⑹After authentication of the draft against authorized signature ,the paying bank will release the funds to the beneficiary.
汇⼊⾏借记汇出⾏帐户，取出头⼨，通过银⾏印鉴验证汇票的真实性后，解付汇款给收款⼈draft
六、▲三种⽀付⽅式的⽐较：
第四章托收
⼀、跟单托收有两种交单⽅式：付款交单和承兑交单
1、付款交单（documents against payment，D/P)
A.即期付款交单（D/P at sight)
B.远期付款交单（D/P at … days after sight)
▲Procedures of D/P P91
2、承兑交单（documents against acceptance，D/A) P92
⼆、Basic parties to a collection （当事⼈）P85
1、委托⼈ principal--seller(drawer)出⼝商/卖⽅（出票⼈）
↓collection application 托收申请书(P94)
2、托收⾏ remitting bank/寄单⾏（出⼝地银⾏）
↓collection instruction (开⽴的依据：托收指⽰ P95）
3、代收⾏ collecting bank /提⽰⾏presenting bank（进⼝地银⾏）
4、付款⼈ payer - buyer (drawee)（进⼝商）
5、需要时的代理principal’s representative in case of need
（在托收业务中，如发⽣付款⼈拒付，委托⼈可指定在付款地的代理⼈代为料理货物存仓、转售、运回等事宜。

)
四、Trade financing under D/P after sight
Q1、How to settle the problem when both goods and documents have arrived but the draft is usance?（如何解决“货已到但汇票尚未到期”？）
⑴Trust Receipt For Importer（信托收据）
Inward Bills ---进⼝押汇 ,即代收⾏允许进⼝商凭T/R借单提货。

So it is collecting bank financial for importer
⑵D/P.T/R (signed in S/C)----- 付款交单，凭信托收据借单,从票据法的⾓度来看，它还不如D／A好。

So it is exporter financial for importer 信托收据（trust receipt）T/R
在进⼝商向代收⾏出具信托收据预借单据⼜分为两种情形：
第⼀是进⼝商在征得代收⾏同意的情况下，出具信托收据，甚⾄可提供抵押品或其他担保，向代收⾏借出全套单据，待汇票到期时由进⼝商向代收⾏付清货款再赎回信托收据。

因为这是代收⾏凭进⼝商的信⽤，抵押品或担保借出单据，是代收⾏对进⼝商的授信，不论进⼝商能否在汇票到期时付款，代收⾏都必须对出⼝商承担到期付款的责任和义务。

第⼆是出⼝商主动授信代收⾏可凭进⼝商的信托收据放单，这是出⼝商对进⼝商的授信，⼀切风险和责任均由出⼝商承担，进⼝商能否如期付款，代收⾏不负任何责任。

这种情形就相当于做D／A（其实从票据法的⾓度来看，它还不如D ／A好）
⑶Banker’s Guarantee----银⾏保函
即进⼝商向承运⼈出具银⾏保函先⾏提货，等付款赎单后凭提单换回银⾏保函。

适⽤于货到单未到。

Outward Bills for exporter ---- 出⼝押汇，托收⾏给予出⼝商的融资。

但风险较⼤，⼀般托收⾏不愿意做避免风险。

URC522书上划的内容
第五章信⽤证
1、信⽤证审核（见附件题⽬）
2、翻译信⽤证Documents Required
3、填写汇票（练习见附件）
⼀、当事⼈ P118
1、主要当事⼈：
⑴applicant (开证申请⼈)：进⼝⽅
⑵issuing(opening) bank(开证⾏)：进⼝⽅所在地银⾏负有第⼀性的付款责任
⑶beneficiary(受益⼈)：出⼝⽅
2其他当事⼈：
⑴advising bank(通知⾏): 负责通知出⼝⽅及鉴别信⽤证的真实性
⑵negotiating bank (议付⾏):负责审核单据并议付
⑶paying bank(drawee)(付款⾏):负责在开证⾏指⽰下审单付款
⑷reimbursing bank(偿付⾏):只付款，不审单
⑸confirming bank(保兑⾏):与开证⾏相同的付款责任，在开证⾏资信不明时可
考虑选择
⑹accepting bank(承兑⾏):在承兑信⽤证中对受益⼈提交的远期汇票予以承兑
⼆、信⽤证的类型
1、是否随附单据
⑴光票信⽤证（Clean L/C）
使⽤背景：光票信⽤证可以⽤于贸易结算和⾮贸易结算两个领域。

在贸易结算中，主要⽤于贸易从属费⽤的结算。

在⾮贸易结算中，主要有旅⾏信⽤证。

P218
⑵跟单信⽤证（Documentary L/C）
2、性质
⑴可撤销信⽤证（Revocable L/C）----used before 《UCP600》
May be amended or cancelled by the issuing bank without the beneficiary’s consent or even without prior notice ;used to be for stocks or goods shipped on board。

⑵不可撤销信⽤证Irrevocable L/C Definite undertaking for beneficiary
书上不讨论是否可撤销问题因为，UCP600删除了信⽤证“可撤销”内容是为了给予受益⼈以更⼤的付款保证。

3、是否有保兑
⑴保兑信⽤证confirmed L/C--- Only IRREVOCABLE L/C can be confirmed
⑵不保兑信⽤证 confirmed L/C
⑶缄默保兑silent confirmation
①未经开证⾏授权的保兑
②代表了保兑⾏和受益⼈之间的协议，仅对受益⼈和保兑⾏有效
Confirming bank takes the same primary liability of payment for beneficiary.保兑⾏承担第⼀性付款责任
4、兑付⽅式According to the mode of availability application P110
⑴即期信⽤证Sight payment L/C P131
交单给付款⾏即付款，付款是终局性的，⽆追索权。

通常不需要汇票。

某些国家不要求提交汇票只需收据是为了规避印花税
⑵承兑信⽤证Acceptance L/C-----namely banker’s acceptance L/C
①seller’s usance credit 卖⽅远期信⽤证
承兑前，商业汇票，承兑后，银⾏汇票；承兑后交还受益⼈，受益⼈可贴现使⽤,融资；所须⽀付的利息由出⼝商承担。

②buyer’s usance credit / Usance credit payable at sight---买⽅远期/ 假远期信⽤证
对出⼝商：即期付款，对进⼝商：远期付款
“The usance drafts are payable on the sight basis and discount interest and acceptance commission are for buyer’s account”使⽤背景
买卖双⽅签订的即期付款合同，但若进⼝商需要融通资⾦，可要求银⾏开⽴承兑信⽤证，出⼝⽅在取得银⾏承兑后，将汇票贴现。

由于买卖合同是即期付款，进⼝⽅有即期付款的责任，所以银⾏承兑及贴现费⽤应该由进⼝商承担。

⑶延期信⽤证Deferred payment L/C ⼜称⽆汇票远期信⽤证
①对进⼝⽅即期交单，远期付款；对受益⼈远期结汇，没有汇票故不利于融资使⽤背景 P132
早前多⽤于资本货物交易，旨在便于进⼝商在付款前先凭单提货，并安装、调试甚⾄投⼊使⽤后，再⽀付设备价款。

由于不开汇票，后来多⽤于逃避印花税。

⑷议付信⽤证Negotiating L/C -----议付有追索权 P133
Restricted negotiating L/C 限制
Restricted with“***bank for negotiation”branches or correspondent bank near beneficiary location for negotiation
优点是开证银⾏与限制议付银⾏往来可靠，⼿续简便，同时同业银⾏可收取⼿续费
Freely （open/unrestricted）negotiating L/C ⾃由（公开）
“Any bank for negotiation”
More popular use ，low charges
5、是否可转让
⑴可转让信⽤证transferable L/C《UCP600》Article38 P289
①如果在信⽤证中未注明“可转让”字样，就是不可转让信⽤证。

②可转让信⽤证只能转让⼀次，第⼆受益⼈不得再作转让。

③可转让信⽤证可以有⼀个以上受益⼈。

除⾮另有规定，所有银⾏费⽤必须由第⼀受益⼈承担。

④可转让信⽤证的使⽤背景
⑤中间商和代理商的存在是transferable L/C 产⽣的直接原因。

Beneficiary（1st)---实际供货商
Transferee（2nd beneficiary）---中间商
Trasferring bank---负责在 1st beneficiary 付清费⽤后办理转让
中间商从国外接到订单并收到由国外进⼝商开具的可转让信⽤证，以中间商为受益⼈。

第⼀受益⼈将订单交给⽣产⼚，并将信⽤证⾦额的全部或部分转让给第⼆受益⼈。

第⼀受益⼈不愿将提供货源的⽣产⼚的地址及交易条件告知给进⼝商，为保住商业秘密和商业竞争的机会。

⑵不可转让信⽤证Untransferable L/C
6、直接信⽤证（straight L/C) 预⽀信⽤证（anticipatory L/C)
背对背信⽤证(back to back L/C) 循环信⽤证(revolving L/C)
对开信⽤证（reciprocal L/C）备⽤信⽤证（standby L/C）
7、Straight credit 直接信⽤证
⑴Non—negotiable credit 不允许议付信⽤证。

⑵Draft and documents are honored by issuing bank ,L/C expires at the counter of the issuing bank and advised to beneficiary by the issuing bank directly.直接向开证⾏交单付款
⑶“We hereby engage with you that drafts and all documents drawn under and in strict conformity with the terms of this credit will be honoured on due presentation。

”
“根据本信⽤证开具的汇票和单据，完全符合本信⽤证条款并及时提交，本银⾏保证向贵⽅履⾏付款责任。

”
⑷直接信⽤证的使⽤背景
若进⼝商将欲⽀付的货款，已存⼊出⼝商所在地的银⾏（如通知银⾏），则开证银⾏开具的信⽤证⼀般来讲，应采⽤直接信⽤证项下，付款赎单的⽅式，以减少汇票及单据的周转程序并可节约银⾏费⽤。

8、Back to back L/C---对背信⽤证
The primary credit doesn’t state transferable.
The beneficiary of an irrevocable credit (primary credit) may use the credit as security to open a separate credit (back-to-back credit
9、Anticipatory L/C------预⽀信⽤证：Namely Red clause credit(红条款
信⽤证）
⑴It is a credit with a special clause added that issuing bank authorizes the advising bank or any other nominated banks to make advances to the beneficiary before the submission of document.
⑵Issued at the request of the applicant，he is liable for repayment of the advance, plus the interest if the beneficiary fails to present the documents required under credit. P134
⑶预⽀信⽤证的使⽤背景
①是进⼝商给予出⼝商或中间商的融资。

出⼝商或中间商可提前⽀付⼯⼚原材料或劳动⼒费⽤。

P134
②与前T/T的区别 P135
10、Revolving L/C---循环信⽤证
⑴For regular shipment of the same commodity to the same buyer, by which the amount of the credit is renewed or reinstated to the original amount after it has been utilized without specific amendments to the credit.
⑵Revolving around Time or Value.
⑶Stated clauses as P140
⑷循环信⽤证的使⽤背景
适⽤于买卖双⽅订⽴长期合同，需要在较长时间内分批交货，如包销或专卖，以避免资⾦占压和重复办理开证⼿续并减少开证费。

11、对开信⽤证（Reciprocal L/C)：
⑴交易双⽅互为开证申请⼈和受益⼈、⾦额⼤致相等的信⽤证。

⑵第⼀份信⽤证的开证申请⼈就是第⼆份信⽤证的受益⼈；反之，第⼆份信⽤证的开证申请⼈就是第⼀份信⽤证的受益⼈。

第⼆份信⽤证也被称作回头证。

第⼀份信⽤证的通知⾏⼀般就是第⼆份信⽤证的开证⾏。

⑶对开信⽤证的使⽤背景
①⼴泛⽤于易货贸易、来料加⼯贸易、对销贸易、补偿贸易等。

P140
②我国的来料加⼯贸易中，对原料、配件的进⼝⼀般开远期L/C,对成品的出⼝要求对⽅开即期付款的L/C。

远期汇票的期限与加⼯周期吻合。

12、Standby L/C ---备⽤信⽤证
Concept and Subject to
An obligation of the part of an issuing bank to pay a beneficiary in the case of non performance of the the applicant. 保证在开证申请⼈未能履⾏其应履⾏的义务时付款 P141
Subject to 《UCP600》 or《ISP98》----《国际备⽤信⽤证惯例》P292 Comparison with standby & a commercial L/C
13、备⽤与⼀般商业信⽤证的异同
⑴Similarities：
based on bank credit；
independence in nature & irrevocable in form；P142
payable by required documents.
⑵Differences：
UCP600 & ISP98；
different documents required:for Standby L/C,the beneficiary only presents draft & a document stating that the applicant has not
fulfilled his obligations towards the beneficiary;(开证申请⼈未履⾏义务的声明或证明⽂件)
Negotiation：For Standby L/C，without nominated bank for negotiation.
fuction:Standby L/C is used for backup payment(备⽽不⽤）P141，
commercial L/C is necessary for payment for beneficiary.
14、原证与新证的关系
⑴新开⽴的信⽤证⾦额，单价，到期⽇，最迟交单期，到期⽇，装运期等内容可部分或全部减少或缩短。

⑵受益⼈可以要求信⽤证中的授权银⾏（转让⾏），向第⼆受益⼈开出新证，新证由原开证⾏承担付款责任
⑶办理转让的银⾏是信⽤证指定的转让⾏,新证申请⼈是原证受益⼈
⑷当第⼆受益⼈向转让⾏交单后，第⼀受益⼈有权以⾃⼰的发票和汇票替换第⼆证受益⼈的发票和汇票，以取得原证和新证之
间的差额（P137图的⑩）。