新视角研究生英语读说写2课后翻译

Unit 3
[A] 1. 由生物多样性的丧失而引起的对人类和地球的威胁和由气候变化所带来的危险一样大。

The threat to humanity and the planet posed by biodiversity loss is as great as the dangers presented by climate change.
2. 收到年轻读者表达他们对被囚动物的关心的信，并询问他们能帮助做什么，我们总是很高兴。

We are always happy to hear from young readers expressing concern for animals in captivity and asking what they can do to help.
3. 这两个最盛行的理论都认为恐龙之所以灭绝是因为地球大气和温度的变化而造成的。

The two most popular theories both say that dinosaurs died out because of changes in the earth’s atmosphere and temperature.
4. 这场森林大火最终被消防队所控制住了，花费将近50万美元。

The forest fire was finally brought under control by the fire-fighting crews at a cost of nearly half
a million dollars.
5. 植物根茎能够固定土壤，使之不会被雨水冲蚀。

Plant roots can hold the soil in position and prevent it from being washed away by the rain water.
6. 健康的生态系统以能源、营养物质、有机物质和水的可持续更替为特点。

Healthy ecosystems are characterized by sustainable turnovers of energy, nutrients, organic matter and water.
7. 在世界野生动物基金会一份新的报告中，科学家警告说全球变暖可能在今后20年中灭绝北极熊。

In a new report by the WWF, scientists have warned that global warming could kill off polar bears within the next 20 years.
8. 犁过的地对流水没有防范能力，因而珍贵的表土常常在大雨和洪水中被冲走。

Plowed fields don’t have any protection against running water, and often the valuable topsoil is carried away during heavy rains or floods.
9. 这个花园比前两天要安静多了，但周围还是有很多各式各样的鸟。

The garden was considerably quieter than it had been the previous two days, but there were still a good variety of birds around.
10. 尽管有不同的预计，但总体上人们认为用于整理现代药品的活性成分有大约30%到40%是从植物中提取的，或同植物有关。

While estimates differ, it is generally believed that around 30%–40% of the active ingredients used in modern medicines are derived from, or related to, plants.
[B]One of these reasons is that each life-form occupies a special place within its ecosystem — that is, its community of plant and animal life, in combination with the nonliving components of its environment such as the climate, soil, water, and air. For instance, within a forest the larger trees drop off little twigs and debris, making a layer that holds water in the soil for other plants to use. The roots hold the soil and prevent it from washing away in rainstorms. Whether living or dead, the tree provides shelter for animals and birds and food for insects. As the dead tree rots away, it enriches the soil of the forest floor, enabling other plants to spring up in its place. Such large trees are an example of what we call keystone species; if they disappeared from their ecosystem, the consequences would be felt throughout the community of other species living in the forest. “The loss of a keystone species is like a drill accidentally striking a powerline,” says biologist Edward
Wilson of Harvard University. “It causes lights to go out all over.” During the current sixth great extinction, three species of life-forms are dying out every hour, or 74 per day, which equals 27,000 each year. Some of these —and we don’t even know which ones — are undoubtedly keystone species. (Para.8)
理由之一是, 每个物种在它所处的由所有动植物和无生命的气候、土壤、水和空气等组成的生态系统中都占有一个特殊的地位。

例如, 在森林中，较高的树掉下的残枝在土壤中形成一个水份保持层，供其它植物利用。

它们的根可以固定土壤，防止土壤被暴雨冲走。

无论是活树还是枯树都可以为动物和鸟提供栖息地，为昆虫提供食物。

枯树腐烂以后还可以肥沃森林的土壤，得以使其它植物从原处拔地而出。

这样的大树就是我们所说的主要物种; 如果它们从生态系统中消失,其后果会遍及所有居住在森林的其它物种。

哈佛大学的生物学家爱德华·威尔逊说：“一个主要物种的消失就像钻头意外地钻断电线，导致四处断电。

”在当前第六次“大灭绝”时期, 每小时平均有三个物种灭绝，也就是每天有74 个物种灭绝, 每年合计达27,000 个。

其中有些物种——虽然我们不确定是哪些——毫无疑问是主要物种。

Unit 5
1、人们认为年轻人最好在事业有成之后在结婚，过安定的生活。

（desirable.settle down,established）
It is considered desirable for young people to get married and settle down only after they are established in their jobs.
2、她的丈夫是个非常顾家的人，每天花很多时间做饭、打扫卫生、照顾三个正在上学的孩子。

（domestic）
Her husband is a very domestic person, spending a lot of time everyday in cooking, cleaning and caring for their three school-age children.
3、现在的年轻人具有与他们的父母截然不同的价值观和期望，他们认为个人享乐比家庭责任更重要。

（values，give priority to）
Today’s young people have completely different values and expectations from their parents,giving higher properties to personal pleasure over family obligations.
4、从社会角度看，妇女一辈子当全职主妇是不明智的，更不要说受过良好教育的妇女了。

（make sense, much less）
From society’s viewpoint, it is not make sense for women, much less well educated women, to be full-time homemakers for a life time.
5、二十几岁的单身男女认为同居是婚前考察未来伴侣品质、习惯的途径。

可是婚前同居已证明与较高离婚风险相关联。

（cohabitation）
Singles in their twenties see cohabitation as a way to investigate a prospective partner’s character and habits before marriage. But premarital cohabitation has proven to be associated with a higher divorce risk.
6、为了儿童的福利，政府应该制定政策，为父母提供兼职、临时和弹性工作时间的工作机会以及带薪育儿假。

（in the interest of）
In the interest of child welfare, government should institute polices to provide part-time, temporary and flextime job opportunities and paid parental leave for parents.
7、着眼于建立牢固持久的而婚姻关系，夫妻在发生摩擦时应该相互体谅。

（with an eye toward,make allowance for）
With an eye toward forming strong and lasting marital unions, couples should make allowances for each other, when there is friction between them.
8、考虑到离婚率很高，已婚母亲如果长期脱离劳动力市场就将自担风险——一旦她们的婚
姻以离婚告终，她们将遭受严重的经济损失。

（given, at one’s peril）
Given the high divorce rate, married mothers leave the labor market for an extended period of time at their own peril--they will suffer severe economic loss if their marriage ends in divorce.
9、父母与子女之间的关系是一种非常特殊的关系。

父母为子女所做的牺牲是无法用金钱补偿的。

（bond，make up for）
The bond between child and parent is a very special one.Money can not make up for the sacrifices parents have made for their children.
10、劳动人口中男女平等日益增强为女性在事业上实现自己的抱负提供了史无前例的机遇。

（historically unprecedented,personal fulfillment）
Increasing gender equality in the work force provides women historically unprecedented opportunities for personal fulfillment in their careers.
Unit 6
[A] 1. 在追求幸福的过程中，人们注定要遭受许多挫折。

People are preordained to suffer many frustrations in their quest for happiness.
2. 美国是一个雄心勃勃的民族。

各行各界的人们都面临着力求出类拔萃的激烈竞争压力。

American is an ambitious nation. People from every walk of life face the pressure of fierce competition to excel.
3. 当天买卖股票投机是一种危险的谋财之道。

Day trading is a dangerous way of trying to make a fortune.
4. 数百万人怀着暴发致富的幻想花钱买彩票。

Millions of people have a fantasy about getting rich quick and spend money on lotteries.
5. 人们担心如果军备竞赛失控，世界局势将进一步恶化
There is a fear that if the arms race gets out of hand, the world situation will be worse off.
6. 为了保护自己免遭失败的痛苦就放弃自己的抱负是不明智的。

It is not sensible to give up one’s own ambition in order to shield oneself from the bitterness of failure.
7. 许多人拼命挣钱，因为金钱可以买到大房子、小汽车、大屏幕电视以及其他被认为代表地位和身份的消费品。

Many people strain to earn money because money can buy big houses, cars, big-screen TVs and other consumer products which are considered symbols of status and identity.
8. 为了实现我们的抱负而努力奋斗是值得的。

It pays to exert ourselves to fulfill our own ambitions.
9. 十年前大多数中国人还买不起的手机现在已成为很普及的生活必需品。

The cell phone, which was beyond the reach of the majority of the Chinese people a decade ago, has now become a widely owned daily necessity.
10. 自从得到了晋升以后，她就表现得自命不凡。

不过在我看来，她只不过是个微不足道的小人物。

She acts as if she were someone since she was promoted. But to me, she is a mere nobody.
[B] Ambition is one of those Rorschach words: define it and you instantly reveal a great deal about yourself. 1) Even the most neutral of works, Webster’s, in its Seventh New Collegiate Edition, gives itself away, defining ambition firs t and foremost as “an ardent desire for rank, fame, or power.”
即使是最中立的著作《韦伯斯特词典》也暴露了它自己的追求目标，它在其新大学版第七版中将雄心首先定义为“一种追求地位、荣誉或权利的热切欲望”。

Ardent immediately assumes a heat incommensurate with good sense and stability, and rank, fame, and power have come under fairly heavy attack for at least a century.
“热切”这个词立刻呈现出与理智的判断和沉稳的心态所不相称的热烈情绪，而地位、荣誉和权利也在至少长达一个世纪的时间里一直受到相当猛烈的抨击。

One can, after all, be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering, for the enlightenment of mankind, …
然而毕竟一个人可以立志于促进公共的利益，减轻人们的痛苦，或是启迪人类的思想。

The family would become superfluous as a social unit, with all its former power for bringing about neurosis drained away.
家庭将成为多余的社会单位，不再具有以前能够带给人们焦虑和恐惧的力量。

Longevity would be increased, for fewer people would die of heart attack or stroke caused by tumultuous endeavor.
人们的寿命将会延长，因为越来越少的人会死于由拼命工作而引起的心脏病和中风。

Unit 7
Translation
[A] 1. 美国人渴望新的未开发地带，在那里他们可以摆脱任何束缚，自由自在。

Americans hanker after new frontiers where they can be free of any constraints and be themselves.
2. 令年轻人神往的正是在网上冲浪时获得的那种自由的感觉。

What captures young people’s imagination is precisely the sense of freedom they get while surfing the Internet.
3. 不论种族、文化和社会经济地位，每个人都能够在网络空间找到一个由与自己志趣相投的人所组成的社区。

The Regardless of their race, culture and socioeconomic status, everyone can find a community of likeminded people in cyberspace.
4. 虚拟社区宁愿由自己而不是由世俗政府建立和执行社区行为规范。

Virtual communities prefer to set and enforce community standards by themselves rather than by the terrestrial government.
5. 网络空间类似于现实世界，包括从购物中心、学校区到红灯区等各种各样的地方。

Youths who dropped out of middle Cyberspace is akin to the terrestrial world, which includes various places ranging from shopping malls, school districts to red-light zones.
6. 只有满足自己成员需要的网络社区才能够繁荣兴旺。

Only cyberspace communities that cater to the needs of their members will prosper.
7. 随着远距离通信技术的发展，世界不久将联合成为一个地球村。

With the development of telecommunications technology, the union of the world into a global village is at hand.
8. 免费下载知识财产在互联网使用者中十分普遍。

It is prevalent among Internet users to download intellectual properties for free.
9. 互联网上的讨论组主持人的职责是防止广告和无关信息进入论坛。

The job of the moderator of a discussion group on the Internet is to keep out advertisements and unrelated materials of the forum.
10. 言论自由的拥护者往往贸然断定任何形式的政府管理都将妨碍他们的自由。

Advocates of free speech tend to jump to the conclusion that any form of government regulation will interfere with their freedom.
[B] What’s unique about cyberspace is that it liberates us from the tyranny of government, where everyone lives by the rule of the majority. In a democracy, minority groups and minority
preferences tend to get squeezed out, whether they are minorities of race and culture or minorities of individual taste.
网络空间的特别之处在于，它把我们从必须按照大多数人制定的规则而生活的政府专制中解放出来。

在民主国家中，少数派和少数人的偏好往往会遭到排挤，无论他们是少数民族和文化还是少数人拥有的个人爱好。

Cyberspace allows communities of any size and kind to flourish; in cyberspace, communities are chosen by the users, not forced on them by accidents of geography. This freedom gives the rules that preside in cyberspace a moral authority that rules in terrestrial environments don’t have.
但是在网络空间，任何大小和类别的社区都能繁荣发展；在网络空间，用户自由选择自己的社区，而不是依据地域的偶然因素将社区强加给用户。

这种选择的自由赋予主持网络空间的规章制度以一种道德权威，而这种权威是陆地环境中的规章制度所不具备的。

Most people are stuck in the country of their birth, but if you don’t like the rules of a cyberspace community, you can just sign off. Love it or leave it. Likewise, if parents don’t like the rules of a given cyberspace community, they can restrict their children’s access to it. (Para 14)
大多数人被困于自己出生的国家无法脱身。

然而如果你不喜欢某个网络社区的规章，你可以退出。

要么喜欢它，要么离开它。

同样的，如果父母们不喜欢某个网络社区的规章，他们可以限制自己孩子与它接触。

What’s likely to happen in cyberspace is the formation of new communities, free of the constraints that cause conflict on earth. Instead of a global village, which is a nice dream but impossible to manage, we’ll have invented another world of self-contained communities that cater to their own members’inclinations without interfering with anyone else’s.
可以预料在网络空间将会形成不受那些在地球上导致冲突的种种约束的新社区。

我们不会建立一个地球村，那只是一个美好却难以实现的梦想。

我们将创造另一个由许多能满足其成员的意愿同时又不妨碍他人意愿的独立自主的社区组成的世界。

The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace, we’ll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed —intellectual property, content and access control, rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in; others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another.
社区管理方式的真正市场化演变即将成为可能。

在网络空间，我们将能够通过试验和改进规章制度来管理那些需要管理的——知识财产、内容和使用限制、关于隐私和言论自由的规则。

有些社区将允许任何人加入，有些将只允许符合这种或那种条件的成员加入。

Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities). Those that can’t survive —either because people lose interest or get scared off —will simply wither away. (Para 15)
那些能够自我维持、自我完善的社区将会昌盛起来（而且也许会壮大并分裂为一个个依据更加具体的兴趣和身份而建立的分社区）。

而那些不能生存的社区——或是因为人们对它们失去了兴趣或是因为人们被吓跑了——则将渐渐萎缩并消失。

Unit 8
Translation
[A] 1. 一个懒惰的人容易才思枯竭，因为他总不用脑思索。

A lazy person is apt to get his mind impoverished because he doesn’t make use of his intelligence
all the time.
2.看到这张照片，我仿佛回到了无忧无虑的学生时代。

This photo conjures up memories of my carefree school days.
3. 他意识到他已经被大家看成是打杂跑腿的了。

He realizes now he’s been typecast as an executive errand boy.
4. 这个协会的目标就是为了让传统的家具设计技艺永世流传。

The goal of the association is to perpetuate the skills of traditional furniture design.
5. 成见通过用巨大的、可以辨别的剪图来掩盖这个纷杂喧闹的大千世界，并以此来减轻我们的脑力劳动。

Stereotypes economize on our mental effort by covering up the blooming, buzzing confusion with big recognizable cutouts.
6. 真正的改变是一个漫长的过程：现实的点点滴滴汇入我们的脑海，直到它们渐渐带有模糊不清的生活本质。

The true process of change is a slow one that adds bits and pieces of reality to the pictures in our heads, until gradually they take on some of the blurriness of life itself.
7. 这位著名的女演员告诉记者说她在成名前特别快乐。

The famous actress said to the reporter that she was perfectly happy until fame was thrust upon her.
8. 他的一个密友警告他，如果他继续买些没用的东西就有破产的危险。

One of his intimate friends warns him that he is in danger of losing all his money if he continues to buy useless items.
9. 通过对这个项目各个方面的仔细研究，他们发现成功完成的可能性极大。

Having delved deeply into all aspects of the project, they find that there is every prospect of success.
10. 他们记得的是全班最不听话的坏孩子犯了错误，因为在记忆中他们是少数不合群的学生。

It was the unpopular members of the class —the “bad guys”—they remembered as being out of step.
[B]When we judge people and groups based on our prejudices and stereotypes and treat them differently, we are engaging in discrimination.
当我们以偏见和成见来判断一个人或一群人并因此采取不同的对待方式，我们就是歧视。

We may create subtle or overt pressures which will discourage persons of certain minority groups from living in a neighborhood. Women and minorities have been victimized by discrimination in employment, education, and social services.
我们可能或明或暗地制造一些压力，使某些少数民族的居民失去居住在我们邻里的勇气。

We may shy away from people with a history of mental illness because we are afraid they may harm us.
我们可能会回避那些有精神病史的人，因为我们害怕他们会伤害我们。

In some cases, the civil and criminal justice system has not been applied equally to all as a result of discrimination.
在有些情况下，民事和刑事制度因歧视而没有平等地应用于每个人。

minorities and other groups are not represented in proportion to their population in city councils, state legislatures, and the U.S. Congress.
市议会、州立法机关和美国国会并没有按人口比例给少数民族和其他族群相应的代表席位。

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