美国文学大纲

The Outline of American Literature
I Colonial Period (1607—1765)
Colonial Part: American Puritanism
II Revolutionary Period (1765—1800)
1 The Great Awakening
2 The Enlightenment
III The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)
1 American Romanticism
2 New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义IV The Age of Realism (1865—1918)
1 Beginning
2 Local Colorism 乡土文学
3 American Naturalism (1908—1918)
V American Modernism (1918—1945)
(I)Modern Poetry
American Modernism first began in poetry.
3 types of poems:
A: Chicago Poets
B: Leading figures in the poetic revolution
---Imagism and New-poetry Movement
C: in-between poets
1 Great playwright of the 1920s
2 playwrights of the 1930s
(II) Modern Novels
1 Lost Generation----Ernest Hemingway
2 The Age of Jazz----F. Scott Fitzgerald
3 Literature of Depression
4 Literature of the South / the Southern Renaissance
5 Other famous novelists in the 1920s
6 Female Writers
7 Literary critics: New Criticism“新批评派”
8 Black Literature:Harlem Renaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴(III) American Drama
VI Contemporary Literature (1945-- )
(I) Postwar Novels
(II) Postwar Dramas
(III) Postwar Poetry
(IV) Multiethnic Literature
American Literature
I Colonial Period (1607—1800)
ⅠIntroduction
The period stretches roughly from the settlement of Americans in the early seventeenth century through the end of the eighteenth. The major topic is about American Puritanism, the one enduring influence in American literature.
II American Puritanism
Puritans
English religious and political reformers who fled their native land in search of religious freedom, and settled and colonized New England in the 17th century. They at first wished to reform or ―purify‖ their religious beliefs and practices. To them, religion should be a matter of personal faith rather than a ritual.
Puritanism
Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans.
American Puritanism
The Puritans established their own religious and moral principles known as American Puritanism which became one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few)from God's grace. With such doctrines in their minds, Puritans left Europe for America in order to establish a theocracy in the New World. Over the years in the new homeland they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.
The main doctrines of American Puritanism
1 They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity. They considered that man was born sinful, was a sinner and could note redeem his original sin.
“In Adam’s fall, we all sin.”
2 Man did not know whether they could be God’s chosen people, but should live a saint-like life at ordinary times according to God’s will. The Holy Bible was the guidebook to man’s behaviors.
3 Puritanism encouraged people to struggle in their career. If one’s business was booming, it proved that he had gained god’s providence. Puritans meant to prove that they were God’s chosen people, enjoying his blessing on this earth as in heaven.
4 Puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with indomitable courage and confident hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America, where man could at long last live the way he should.
5 Puritans stressed hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety. In people’s daily life, religious activities were a matter of first importance and all others should serve the religion. Their lives were disciplined and hard.
Significant change in the character of American Puritans
Practical idealist, doctrinaire opportunist
Comparison between American Puritanism and Chinese Confucianism
Influence of Puritanism on American literature
1 the spirit of optimism bustles out of the pages of many American authors
2 symbolism as a technique has become a common practice in the writing of many American authors
3 simplicity has left an indelible imprint on American writing
Puritan style of writing
The style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, with a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.
III Literary Scene in Colonial Period
(I)form, content and writing style in the literature of the early colonial period form: personal literature in its various forms;
content: served either God or colonial expansion or both;
writing style: imitated and transplanted English literary traditions
（II）Two sorts of literary figures in Colonial Period
A write for religion
(1)Captain John Smith (1580—1631) 约翰.史密斯船长
Led the first group of immigrants in 1607
Settled down and established the first British colony—Jamestown Colony
A Description of New England 《新英格兰介绍》
The General History of Virginia <弗吉尼亚通史>
(2)William Bradford (1590—1675) 威廉.布雷福德
Led Mayflower in 1620 and arrived at Cape Cod
Established the Plymouth Colony
Of Plymouth Plantation <普利茅斯开发史>
Chapter IV: Showing the Reasons and Causes of their Removal
4 reasons and causes:
①Escape religious persecution
②For wealth
③For a new and better life
④Having ―a great hope and inward zeal‖ to do the spadework for disseminating ―the gospel of the kingdom of Christ‖ in the new world
(3)John Winthrop (1588—1649) 约翰.温思罗普
Led the first group of Puritans in the Great Immigration in 1630
Captain of Abra
The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
A Model of Christian Charity <基督教博爱的典范>
--manifested the purpose and intention of their journey
(4)Anne Bradstreet (1612—1672) 安妮.布雷特兹里特
Passenger on Abra
On the Burning of My House
To My Dear and Loving Husband
In Reference to My Children
As Weary Pilgrim <疲乏的朝圣者>
The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America <美洲最近出现的第十
缪斯>
Several Poems Compiled with a Great V ariety of Wit and Learning, Full of Delight <一些风格各异，充满机智和学识的诗歌>
Contemplation <沉思>
(5)Edward Taylor (1642—1729) 爱德华.泰勒
Metrical History of Christianity <基督教史>
God‘s Determinations Touching His Elect: and the Elect‘s Combat in Their Conversation, and Coming up to God in Christ Together with the Comfortable Effects Thereof <上帝的决心>
Preparatory Meditations 217首<受领圣餐前的自省录>
B write for civil and religious freedom
(1) Roger Williams (1603-1683) 罗杰.威廉斯
The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience
(2) John W oolman (1720-1772) 约翰.乌尔曼
Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes
A Plea for the Poor
The Journal
(3)Thomas Paine (1737—1809) 托马斯.潘恩
Common Sense (<常识>1776);
The American Crisis (<美国危机>Dec. 1776—April 1783);
The Rights of Man (<人的权利>1791—92);
The Age of Reason (<理智时代>1794—95);
(4)Philip Freneau (1752—1832) 菲利普.弗瑞诺
The British Prison ship <英国囚船>
The Rising Glory of America <美洲光辉的兴起>
The Indian Burying Ground <印地安人墓地>
The Wild Honey suckle <野金银花>
(5) Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) 查尔斯.布罗克丹.布朗
Wieland (or The Transformation: An American Tale
Edgar Huntly
Ormond
Arthur Mervyn
2 The 18th Century:
Enlightenment and the Great Awakening
Enlightenment
An 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense,
benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rights
of man.
The Great Awakening: series of religious revivals, which began with the evangelicalism of Jonathan Edwards.
Revolutionary War
The War of Independence, 1775-1783, fought by the American colonies against Great Britain.
(1)Jonathan Edwards (1703—1785) 乔纳森.爱德华兹
Outstanding representative of Puritanism
Personal Narrative (<自述>1740);
Freedom of the Will (<意志的自由>1754);
The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend (<原罪说辩>1758);
Images or Shadows of Divine Things (<神灵的形影>)
(2) Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) 本杰明.富兰克林
social reform; scientist;
The Autobiography (<自传>)
Poor Richard‘s Almanac (<格言历书>)
―Thirteen Virtues‖ （13条美德）
1 Temperance: eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation;
2 Silence: speak not but what may benefit other or yourself; avoid trifling
conversation;
3 Order: let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its
time.
4 Resolution: resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you
resolve.
5 Frugality: make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e. waste nothing.
6 Industry: lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all
unnecessary actions.
7 Sincerity: use no hurtful deceit; think accordingly and justly; and if you speak,
speak accordingly.
8 Justice: wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
9 Moderation: avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they
deserve.
10 Cleanliness: tolerate no uncleannliess in body, clothes, or habitation.
11 Tranquility: be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
12 Chastity: rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness,
or the injury of your own or another’s peace or reputation.
13 Humility: imitate Jesus and Socrates.
(3)Thomas Jefferson (1743—1862) 托马斯.杰斐逊
3rd President of the U. S.
Declaration of Independence (<独立宣言>1776)
II The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)
1 American Romanticism
Romance
Emotionally heightened, symbolic American novels associated with the
Romantic period.
Romanticism
A reaction against neoclassicism. This early 19th- century movement elevated
the individual, the passions, and the inner life. It stressed strong emotion,
imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion
against social conventions.
Neoclassicism
An 18th-century artistic movement, associated with the Enlightenment, drawing on classical models and emphasizing reason, harmony, and restraint.
(1)Washington Irving (1783—1859) 华盛顿.欧文
father of American literature
the first American writer of imaginative literature
inspiring the American romantic imagination
The Sketch Book or The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon <见闻札记>
―Rip V an Winkle‖ <里普.凡.温克尔>
―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖ <睡谷的传说>
(2)James Fenimore Cooper (1789—1851) 詹姆斯.费尼莫.库柏
The Spy <间谍> (1821)
The Leather-Stocking Tales <皮袜子五部曲>：
The Pioneers <开拓者>（1823）
The Last of the Mohicans <最后的莫希干人> (1826)
The Prairie <草原> (1827)
The Pathfinder <探路者> (1840)
The Deerslayer <杀鹿者> (1841)
2 New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义
or American Renaissance
Transcendentalism
A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era
(peaking between 1835 and 1845). It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.
(1)Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882) 拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生
A founder of the Transcendental movement. Moreover, Emerson was not only the
shaper of a distinctly American philosophy embracing optimism, individuality, and mysticism, but one of the most influential figures of the nineteenth century.
The American Scholar, an addre ss delivered before Harvard‘s Phi Beta Kappa Society, attacked American dependence on European thought urged the creation of a new literary heritage Language
Transcendentalist Club
The Dial <日晷>杂志
Nature <论自然>
Self Reliance <论自立>
Essays: First Series <散文选：第一集>
Essays: Second Series <散文选：第二集>
Representative Men <代表性人物>
English Traits <英国人的特性>
The Conduct of Life <论为人处事>
(2)Henry David Thoreau (1817—1862) 亨利.大卫.梭罗
Walden is now considered one of the best-selling books in the history of American literature, and its critical reputation continues to grow as much as its popular acceptance. In addition, Walden has long been a staple of the American literature curriculum at universities in the U.S
Waldon or Life in the Woods <沃尔登/华尔腾or林中生活>
Civil Disobedience <非暴力反抗>or<论公民的不服从>
The Maine Woods <缅因森林>
Letters to Various Person <书信集>
(3)Edgar Allan Poe （1809—1849）埃德加.爱伦.坡
Famous American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic
Most controversial and misunderstood in America
Well received in Europe, England, Spain, esp. in France
A: Poems
To Helen <献给海伦>
The Raven <乌鸦>
Israfel <伊斯拉菲尔>
B: Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque
MS. Found in a Bottle <在瓶子里发现的手稿>
The Fall of the House of Usher <厄舍古屋的倒塌>
The Masque of the Red Death <红色死亡的化妆舞会>
C: literary theory
The Poetic Principle <诗歌原理>
The Philosophy of Composition <创作哲学>
Review of Twice-Told Tales 评霍桑的<故事重述>
3 Romantic Poets:
(1) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807—1882) 亨利.华兹渥斯.朗费罗V oices of the Night <夜籁集>--catch the attention
Ballads and Other Poems <歌谣及其它>
Evangeline <伊凡吉林>
Hiawatha or The Song of Hiawatha <海华莎之歌>
The Courtship of Miles Standish <麦尔思.斯丹狄士的求婚>
Tales of a Wayside Inn <路边酒肆的故事>
(2) Walt Whitman (1819—1892) 沃尔特.惠特曼
The greatest Romantic poet in the 19th century
Leaves of Grass (1855)<草叶集>
Drum-taps (1865) <桴鼓集>
(3)Emily Dickinson (1830—1886) 艾米莉.狄金森
Great female productive American poet
Write about common things in daily life
Poetry of Emily Dickson (1955) <艾米莉.狄金森诗集>:
Because I Could Not Stop for Death <因为我不能等待死神>
I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died <我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声>
My Life Closed Twice before Its Close <我从未失掉过这么多但有两次
4 Romantic Novelists:
(1) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804—1864) 纳撒尼尔.霍桑
affected by Puritanism and enlightened by Transcendentalism
pioneer of psychological novel 心理小说的开创者
wrote about the dark side of society and human nature
using symbolism
The Scarlet Letter <红字>
(2) Herman Melville (1819—1891) 赫尔曼.梅尔维尔
sailor and whale-hunter
Moby Dcik <白鯨>
5 Slavery-Abolishing Movement: 废奴运动
Abolitionism
Active movement to end slavery in the U.S. North before the Civil War in the 1860s.
(1) Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811—1896) 哈丽特.比彻.斯托夫人
Uncle Tom‘s Cabin <汤姆叔叔的小屋>
>
A reaction against ―the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism‖
3 great advocators of American realistic literature in the 19th century
William Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯
Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯
Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温
1 Beginning
(1)William Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯
Novelist, literary critic and playwright
Standard-bearer of realistic literature 现实主义文学的旗手
Made for the triumph of realism over romanticism
Remained for over 3 decades the de facto dean of American literature
The Rise of Silas Lapman <赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹>
(2)Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯
Master of psychological realism 心理现实主义的大师
novelist of psychological analysis 心理分析小说家
pioneer of American Stream of Consciousness 意识流文学先驱
Novel of manners 世态小说
Daisy Miller <苔瑟.密勒>
The Portrait of a Lady <贵夫人画像>
2 Local Colorism 乡土文学
Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温
pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔.朗荷恩.
克莱门斯
Famous American humorous novelist
The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) <卡
拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙>
Innocents Abroad (1869) <傻子国外旅行记>
Roughing It (1872) <艰苦岁月>
The Gilded Age (1873) <镀金时代>
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) <汤姆.索亚历险记>
The Prince and the Pauper (1881) <王子和贫儿>
Life on the Mississippi (1883) <密西西比河上>
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1886)<哈克贝里.费恩历险记>
----fathered Modern American literature
A Connecticut Y ankee in King Arthur‘s Court (1889) <在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人>
3 American Naturalism (the last decade of the 19th century)
Naturalism
Late 19th- and early 20th-century literary approach of French origin that
vividly depicted social problems and viewed human beings as helpless victims of larger social and economic forces.
(1)Stephen Crane (1871—1900) 斯蒂芬.克兰
American novelist and poet
Writer and journalist
Novels:
Maggie, A Girl of the Street <街头女郎玛琪>
----the first naturalistic work in American literature history
The Red Badge of Courage <红色英勇勋章>
(2)Theodore Dreiser (1871—1945) 西奥多.德莱塞
American naturalistic writer
Journalist
Sister Carrie <嘉莉妹妹>
Jennie Gerhardt <珍妮姑娘>
The Financier <金融家>
The Titan <巨头>
The ―Genius‖ <天才>
An American Tragedy <美国的悲剧>----the greatest American novel
(3) O. Henry (1862—1910) 欧.亨利
William Sydney 威廉.辛德尼
Short-story writers:
The Gift of Magi <麦琪的礼物>
The Cop and The Anthem <警察与赞美诗>
Ironic coincidence and surprising ending
(4) Jack London (1876—1916) 杰克.伦敦
Martin Eden <马丁.伊登>----semi-autobiography
The Call of the Wild <野性的呼唤>
White Fang <白芳>
4 muckrakers 黑幕揭发者
journalists in majority
expose the greed and cruelty of big businesses as well as the corruption of political circles
①Upton Sinclair (1878—1968) 厄普顿.辛克莱
The Jungle <屠场>--Chicago slaughterhouse
②David Graham Phillips (1867—1911) 大卫.格雷厄姆.菲利普斯
③Robert Herrick (1868—1938) 罗伯特.赫里克
V American Modernism (1918—1945) 现代主义时期
American Modernism first began in poetry.
Chicago : the revolutionary center against traditional poetry
Poetry <诗刊> (a magazine)
(I) Poems Between Two Centuries ( the 19th and 20th centuries):
3 types of poems:
A: Chicago Poets
Adhere to the tradition of Whitman
Reflect feelings of laboring people
(1)Carl Sandburg (1878—1967)卡尔.桑德堡
American modern poet and biographical writer
Benefit from his humble personal backgrounds and rich experience Write plain poems for plain people “为朴素的人民写朴素的诗”To be sound of the people 成为“人民的声音”
Contribution to colloquial style of American literature
be awarded the American Poetry Society prize in 1919 and 1920 be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Complete Poems in 1950
<诗歌全集>
In Reckless Ecstasy <心醉神迷>
Chicago Poems <芝加哥诗集>
Famous Imagist poems:
Fog <雾>
Lost <失落>
The Harbor <港口>←→Chicago <芝加哥>
Cool Tombs <清冷的墓>
I Am the People, the Mob <我是人民群众>
The People, Y es <人民，是的>
The American Songbag <美国歌集>
--folk songs of cowboys, vagabond and black people
Biography of Lincoln (6 volumes) <林肯传>
1 autobiography
1 historical novel
Cornhuskers <碾米机>
Smoke and Steel <烟与钢>
Good Morning, America <早安，美国>
Collected Poems <诗集>
B: Leading figures in the poetic revolution
Imagism and New-poetry Movement
(1)Ezra Pound (1885—1972) 埃兹拉.庞德
a Established Imagism（意象派）with British poet T. E. Hulme in 1908; (1908—1917) T. E. 休姆(1883—1917)
b Suggested 3 principles for Imagism with Richard Aldington （理查德.奥尔丁顿）and Hilda Doolittle (1886—1961)（希尔达.杜利特尔）
c Sponsore
d V orticism (漩涡主义) with painter Windham Lewis (1882—1957) (温德姆.刘易斯) in 1914;
d th
e leading role in poetic renovation and renaissance in the first 25 years o
f the 20th century
e father o
f modern American poetry
Personae (1909) 《人物》
Exultations (1909) 《狂喜》
Cathay (1915) 译著《华夏》
Homage to Sextus Propertius (1917) 《向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬》
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley <休.赛尔温.毛伯利> (1920)
The Cantos <诗章>
(2)William Carlos Williams (1883—1963)威廉.卡洛斯.威廉斯
The Red Wheelbarrow <红色手推车>
Paterson <佩特森>
unique theory on literary composition
―say it! No ideas but in things.‖ (Book I, Paterson)“思想仅寓于事物中”
Free verse and accentual verse 自由体诗、重音诗
a most important figure in modern American poetry
(3) T. S. Eliot (1888—1972) T. S. 艾略特
famous American poet, playwright and critic
major figure in New Poetry Movement
a key to modern British and American poetry了解现代美国诗歌的钥匙
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock <J. 阿尔弗雷德.普鲁弗洛克的情歌> Gerontion <小老头>
The Waste Land <荒原>
The Hollow Men <空心人>
Ash-Wednesday <圣灰节>
Four Quartets <四个四重奏>
(4) E. E. Cummings (1894—1962) 卡明斯
Poet and modern painter
Against traditional poetry with bold attempts at composing poems
Unique style
Cubism & Dadaism--guide his poems 以立体派、达达派风格指导诗歌创作Tulips and Chimneys <郁金香和烟囱>
XLI Poems <诗四十一首>
Is 5 <是5>
No thanks <不谢>
Complete Poems <全集>
Drama: Him <他>
Santa Claus <圣诞老人>
Prose:
The Enormous Room--4 months‘ wrong experience in prison <巨大的房间>
Eimi—his experience in Russia <艾米>
Six Non-lectures—speeches at Harvard <六个非讲座> C: in-between poets
1 Robert Frost (1874—1963) 罗伯特.弗罗斯特
Robert Frost (1874-1963):
Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry.
The Road Not Taken
Mending Wall
Fire and Ice
Acquainted with the Night
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
―New England poet‖
My butterfly <我的蝴蝶>
A Boy‘s Will <少年的意志>
North of Boston <波士顿以北>
Mountain Interval <山间>
New Hampshire <新罕布什尔>
West-Running Brook <向西流去的小溪>
A Further Range <又一片牧场>
Mending Wall <修墙>
After Apple-Picking <摘苹果之后>
The Birches <白桦树>
A Witness Tree <见证树>
Steeple Bush <尖塔丛>
A Masque of Mercy <假慈悲>
Collected Poems <诗选>
Complete Poems <诗歌全集>
In the Clearing <林间空地>
won Pulitzer Prize 4 times
Appointed as professor or visiting poet by dozens of universities
Be entitled ―national poet‖ by American senate at age of 75
Recited his poem The Gift Outright on Inauguration Day of John Kennedy <全心全意的奉献>
Last poem at age of 88
(II) American Drama
Disapproved by Puritanism, American drama started late and developed slowly. European drama entered its heyday at the end of the 19th century. Many small theatres appeared in America under the influence of European drama. Famous ones are as follows:
Washington Square Theatre in 1915→Theatre Guild in 1919剧院协会Provincetown Theatre in 1915 普罗文斯敦剧社
Group Theatre in 1931 同仁剧社
1 Great playwright of the 1920s
Eugene O‘Neil (1888—1953) 尤金.奥尼尔
America‘s greatest playwright
American Shakespeare
A prize-winning playwright:
4 times won the Pulitzer Prize (1920; 1922; 1928; 1957)
and one time won the Nobel Prize (1936)
Beyond the Horizon <天边外>--the Pulitzer Prize in 1920
(reality destroy people‘s ideal life)
Anna Christie <安娜.克里斯蒂>–the Pulitzer Prize in 1922
the Nobel Prize in 1936 for the above two
Bound East for Cardiff <东航加迪夫> (1916)
In the Zone 《在这一带》(1917)
The Long V oyage Home 《漫长的返航》(1917)
The Moon of the Caribbean 《加勒比的月亮》(1918)
Emperor Jones <琼斯皇帝> (1920)
The Hairy Ape <毛猿> (1922)
--workers be treated as animals in capitalist society
Desire under the Elms <榆树下的欲望> (1924)
--bourgeoisie families fought for property and its consequences
The Great God Brown <大神布朗> (1926)
Strange Interlude <奇妙的插曲> (1928)
Lazarus Laughed <拉散路笑了>
Mourning Becomes Electra <悲悼> (1931)
Ah, Wilderness <啊，荒野> (the only comedy)
The Iceman Cometh <卖冰的人来了>--people‘s void and despair during the 30s crisis
Long Day‘s Journey into Night （on stage after death）<进入黑夜的漫长旅程>--the Pulitzer Prize in 1957
The above two underlined –the best works
2 playwrights of the 1930s
Clifford Odets (1906—1963) 克利福德.奥德茨
born in Philadelphia and reared in the Bronx
quit school at 15 to become an actor
a founder of Group Theatre after acting with the Theatre Guild
Waiting for Lefty <等待老左> (one-act play dealing with a taxi strike)
(III) Novels Between Two World Wars
1 Lost Generation----Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) 厄内斯特.海明威
Outstanding modern American novelist
journalist & war experience
Three stories and Ten Poems (1923) 《三篇短篇小说和十首诗》
In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代里》
--a new shining literary star with unique style
The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照样升起》—the first long novel
A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》
Death in the Afternoon (1932) 《午后之死》
Green Hills of Africa (1935) 《非洲的青山》
Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》
To Have and Have Not (1937) 《富有与贫穷》
For whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》
Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954
2 The Age of Jazz----F. Scott Fitzgerald
outstanding American novelist
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896—1940) 弗.司各特.菲茨杰拉德
The Romantic Egoist 《浪漫的利己主义者》―→
This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》
Flappers and Philosophers (1921) 《轻佻女郎与哲学家》
Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》
The Beautiful and Damned (1922) 《漂亮冤家》
The Diamond as Big as the Ritz 《大如里兹饭店的钻石》(a short story) The Great Gatsby (1925) 《大人物盖茨比》
All the Sad Y oung Men (1926) 《一代悲哀的年轻人》
---(a collection of short stories)
Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》
The Last Tycoon (1941) 《最后的一个巨头》
3 Literature of Depression:
①John Steinbeck （1902—1968）约翰.斯坦贝克
American novelist
Write long novels, plays, short stories, travel notes and news etc.
Of Mice and Men (1937) 《鼠与人》
The Grapes of Wrath (1938) 《愤怒的葡萄》
②John Dos Passos (1896—1970) 约翰.多斯.帕索斯
American novelist & social historian
Write novels, plays, reportage, travel notes and prose etc.
Manhattan Transfer (1925) 《曼哈顿中转站》
U.S. A. 《美国》三部曲：
The Forty-Second Parallel (1930) 《北纬四十二度》
1919 (1932) 《一九一九》
The Big Money (1936) 《赚大钱》
His achievement in composition earned him reputation
4 Literature of the South / the Southern Renaissance
The Virginia Review 《弗吉尼亚评论》(1925)
The Fugitives “逃亡者派”/ Agrarian“重农学派”
The Fugitives 《逃亡者》杂志
Southern Review 《南方评论》杂志→
Kenyon Review 《肯庸评论》杂志→
The New Criticism 新批评派
(1)William Faulkner (1897—1962) 威廉.福克纳
modern novelist
19 novels and 3 collections of more than 70 short stories
The Marble Faun (1924) 《玉石收神》
The Sound and the Fury (1929) 《喧哗与骚动》
Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》
Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》
(2)Katherine Anne Porter (1890—1980) 凯瑟琳.安.波特
female writer born in Texas of a family with a long southern heritage educated in convent and private schools
later traveled widely
the settings for her fiction, in addition to her native state, include Mexico, where she lived for some time, and Germany, where she resided more briefly.
The Flowering Judas (1930) 《开花的紫荆树》
The Leaning Tower (1944) 《斜塔》
A Ship of Fools (1962) 《愚人船》
(3)John Crowe Ransom (1888—1974) 约翰.克劳伍.兰塞姆
Tennessee poet
A Rhodes Scholar at Oxford (1913)
A member of the English department of V anderbilt University
A leader of the Agrarian
An editor of The Fugitives
Founded and edited Kenyon Review
Placed stress on New Criticism
Contributed to the Agrarian anthology: I‘ll Take My Stand
5 Other famous novelists in the 1920s
(1)Gertrude Stein (1874—1946) 格特鲁德.斯泰因/斯坦
Born in Pennsylvania
Educated abroad
Went abroad in 1902 where she lived until her death
Her salon in France
Three Lives (1909) 《三个女人的一生》
(2)Sherwood Anderson (1876—1941) 舍伍德.安德森
Windy McPherson‘s Son (1916) 《饶舌的麦克逊的儿子》
Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 《小城畸人》
The Triumph of the Egg and Other stories (1921) 《鸡蛋的胜利及其它》
Death in the Woods and Other Stories (1933) 《林中之死及其它》
A Story-Teller‘s Story (1924) 《讲故事人的故事》
(3)Sinclair Lewis (1885—1951) 辛克莱.刘易斯
Editor & journalist
22 novels
novelist of social problems 社会问题小说家
plot: escape--seek--compromise
first American author awarded the Nobel Prize (in 1930)
Our Mr. Wrenn (1941) 《我们的霍恩先生》
Babbitt (1922) 《巴比特》
Main Street (1920) 《大街》
Arrowsmith (1925) 《阿罗史密斯》
Elmer Gantry (1927) 《艾尔默.甘特利》
Dodsworth (1929) 《多滋沃斯》
It Can‘t Happen Here (1935) 《这不可能在这里发生》
6 Female Writers
(1)Edith Wharton (1862—1937) 伊迪丝.华顿
Born in a distinguished New Y ork family。