启蒙运动英文简介

Encyclopedie
The first Encyclopedia (百科全书) is considered to be the pinnacle (顶点) of the Enlightenment period. It was compiled by Denis Diderot in 1751-1772.
The Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought (寻求)to use the power of reason (理性) in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted (促进) intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance (偏执) and abuses in Church and state. Originating about 1650–1700, it was sparked by philosophers among them were Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), John Locke (1632–1704), mathematician Isaac Newton (1643–1727) and others. Ruling princes often endorsed (赞同) and fostered (培养) Enlightenment figures and even attempted to apply (应用) their ideas of government. The Enlightenment flourished (繁 荣兴旺) until about 1790–1800, after which the emphasis on reason gave way to Romanticism‘s emphasis on emotion and a Counter-Enlightenment gained force
Voltaire
He was an outspoken (直言, 坦率的) supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship (审查) laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist (辩论者), he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day. His most famous work is Candide.
Encyclopedie
It had contributions from hundreds of leading intellectuals (知识分子) called philosophes. Among them were Voltaire (1694– 1778), Rousseau (1712– 1778) and Montesquieu (1689–1755). Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume set were sold, half of them outside France.
Voltaire
In Candide, Voltaire demonstrates a variety of irredeemable (无法挽救的) evils in the world, leading many critics to contend that (争辩道) Voltaire's treatment of evil—specifically the theological problem of evil—is the focus of the work. Heavily referenced in the text are the Lisbon earthquake, disease, and the sinking of ships in storms. Also, war, thievery, and murder— evils of human design—are explored as extensively in Candide as are environmental ills.
The Theological Problem of Evil
• • • • • God exists. God is omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good. A perfectly good being would want to prevent all evils. An omniscient being knows every way in which evils can come into existence. An omnipotent being, who knows every way in which an evil can come into existence, has the power to prevent that evil from coming into existence. A being who knows every way in which an evil can come into existence, who is able to prevent that evil from coming into existence, and who wants to do so, would prevent the existence of that evil. If there exists an omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good being, then no evil exists. Evil exists (logical contradiction) 逻辑矛盾
The Enlightenment
18 century: Enlightenment
Belief in natural law and universal order Confidence in human reason Rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues Secular view of the world General sense of progress and perfectibility
“The Enlightenment is mankind‘s final coming of age, the emancipation (解放) of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance (无知) and error.“ -Immanuel Kant
“The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said ‘This is mine,’ and found people naï (天真的) enough to believe him, that man was ve the true founder of civil society. From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of listening to this impostor; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody.”
Diderot德尼· 狄德罗
Denis Diderot was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent person during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the Encyclopedie.•ຫໍສະໝຸດ • •Voltaire
While on his deathbed, he was asked to renounce Satan, to which he responded:
"This is no time for making new enemies."
Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought.
Result
• • • • • Atlantic Revolution American Revolution American Declaration of Independence The United States Bill of Rights the French Declaration of rights of Man and of the Citizen • Polish–Lithuanian Constitution of May 3 1791
Voltaire
He was famous for his wit and for his advocacy (提倡) of civil liberties (公民自由), including freedom of religion, free trade, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets.
Rousseau
Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men (1754). For Rousseau, civil society was a trick (伎俩) perpetrated by the powerful on the weak in order to maintain their power or wealth. He had a belief in the “Noble Savage” (高尚蛮人, 圣洁 野性).