国际经济与贸易英语论文

国 际 经 济 与 贸 易 论 文
The contribution of foreign trade to China's economic growth analysis Summary: Although in recent years, China's exports continued strong growth,
rapid expansion of trade surplus, rising position in international trade, import and
export commodity structure further optimize. But our economy still shows four uncoordinated: uncoordinated, uncoordinated merchandise trade and trade in
services, foreign trade of the eastern and western uncoordinated, uncoordinated
trade and industrial s peed and efficiency. These uncoordinated has seriously
affected China's foreign trade growth in the quality and efficiency of foreign trade
$ 2 trillion by 2020, by the number of goals, the traditional mode of growth is
difficult to achieve. This paper analyzes the status of China's trade from the start, to clarify the new situation adhere to quality realistic options strategies to improve the quality awareness of products and services, changes in competitive strategy of low
prices, and strive to build the core competitiveness of Chinese enterprises, China's manufacturing to China from the realization of create change.
Keywords: international trade, our manufacturing, our creation
First, the current development of China's foreign trade
China's foreign trade has made remarkable achievements. China's current trade
growth mode presents the following characteristics:
（一）To expand the number of type
Since the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade developed rapidly, with an
average annual growth over the same period the average annual growth rate in the
world of international t rade. Scale to promote the export of China's ranking in
world exports
（二）the processing trade
After China's reform and opening up, the development of processing trade
very quickly, once reached more than 50 percent of China's total imports and exports, up 56.9 percent. In the 21st century, the processing trade has been
gradually replaced by general trade, became the dominant position in China's foreign trade. And the concern is the rapid rise of China's processing trade and foreign direct investment behavior is closely related.
（三）"three capital" enterprises have become the main export
Since the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade by guiding policy and industrial policy, foreign direct investment continues to grow. Foreign
investment in China is mainly to fancy our huge market and low labor costs.
Foreign-invested enterprises to adopt the great quantities of production,
procurement of raw materials in foreign countries, domestic processing, production and export of products. Foreign exports accounted for more than 50% of the country's exports.
（四） the export market structure is relatively simple
With the development of economic globalization and regional economic
integration, China and neighboring countries and regions and regional
economic cooperation with other trade partners booming market
diversification to achieve greater development. However, the proportion of the top ten trading partners of China's total imports and exports, total exports and
total imports are still relatively l arge, top ten trading partners trade has accounted for more than 80% of China's total imports and exports, have declined until 2011 . The United States remained China's largest export market, Japan is still the largest source of imports.
Second, the contribution of foreign trade to economic growth and the main problem of the existence of
（一）Contribution of the Foreign Trade and Economic Growth
1 imported factors of production can directly increase the supply of factors of
a country, for most countries, due to differences in resource endowments, the production can not completely have all the elements required for production, then the imports of production factors become a prerequisite for economic growth; for most developed countries, in the course of its economic take-off, without exception, have obtained through imports from less developed countries stable and cheap industrial raw materials, importing large quantities of these factors of production, on the one hand make up the lack of domestic supply of relevant elements, it also greatly increased the production of corporate profit margins, which is to maintain the level of domestic investment and thus promote economic growth played a significant role in promoting; for most developing countries, not only with the Like developed countries, the need to import some domestic scarce natural resources, and more importantly, developing countries generally lack the ability to produce modern machinery and equipment, advanced equipment imported by obtained from the
developed countries, its economic development played a crucial role.
China's foreign trade in the process of rapid development, some
enterprises lack of scientific management, the overall strength is weak; single means to participate in international competition; product non-price
competitiveness is not strong, the lack of its own brand and marketing network;
low export levels, many products are still in the low end of the international division of the value chain links, the added value is not high. Extensive trade growth mode has not changed fundamentally, economic and social benefits to
be further improved.
2 export development can be "driven" to increase domestic and foreign investment
Factor income of a country's export sector factor income is much higher than import-competing sectors. That is, the average profit margin of the export sector level higher than the average profit margin of import-competing sectors.
Thus, it will have a substantial increase in domestic investment, "cause" part of the domestic export sector inflows factor in domestic factor mobility
mechanism is relatively smooth conditions, a large number of elements of the
inflow means export sector. In addition to the increase driven by domestic
investment outside the rapid development of the export sector will a ttract
some foreign investors to enter. As an important component of the foreign
demand for capital formation, which directly affects the formation of capital, which is directly related to the speed of economic growth. Coupled with the operation of foreign capital into the domestic counterpart funds, so active in
the entire national chain and become an incentive for economic growth.
3 can be driven by the expansion of exports to increase domestic employment
Foreign trade impact on a country's domestic employment levels, especially
as our country such a large developing country with rich labor resources, the significance is undoubtedly a far-reaching and significant. American economist Anne. Kruger has made a study of this system. Professor Kruger that the choice of open trade strategy will also help job growth in developing countries. 30 years of reform and opening up, China's foreign trade to GDP growth rate higher than the
rate of rapid development, while the export commodity structure has also undergone major changes, from the export of primary products to manufactured
goods into the main productive labor time intensive products industry has developed rapidly. Exports increased requirements to increase production, increase production and thus increasing employment needs. Professor Kruger believes compatible with different trading strategies trade policies will directly affect technology choice for all i ndustries, thus affecting the industrial c apital / labor ratio.
4 Foreign trade can promote the formation of economies of scale
Traditional international t rade theory usually assumes constant returns to scale, that foreign trade does not exist economies of scale. In practice, however, the reality is assumed that the development of international trade is not consistent. U.S. economist Paul Krugman · R · believes that countries are increasingly similar, more imperfect market competition today, instead of the economies of scale factor
endowments differences have become the main reason for the promotion of trade development. We know that many industry only reach a certain size in order to reduce costs, relying solely on the size of a small domestic market often can not be achieved. And one country to vigorously promote exports, expand the international market, the domestic industry can be formed that economies of scale to create the conditions.
（二） At present the problems of China's foreign trade
1. A low price competition caused by the gradual increase in anti-dumping
investigation
According to China's Ministry of Commerce statistics, in June 2011, China's state-sponsored by other anti-dumping investigations has reached more than 600 since. In 2010 alone, China's anti-dumping investigation of 51 cases, involving 1.79 billion U.S. dollars, h as for 13 consecutive years as the world's anti-dumping investigations than any other country. Anti-dumping is for dumping purposes, the
so-called dumping refers to the export price of a product at a price lower than the normal value of the market into another country. Dumping appeared, some countries are considered to be unfair trade practices and to be resisted by the legislative anti-dumping measures to protect the domestic industry. According to "Anti-Dumping Agreement," the implementation of anti-dumping measures must
have three basic elements: dumping, the causal link between the damage, dumping
and injury.Because our products generally have a clear price advantage, making international competitors and trading partners to take defensive or offensive trade
measures against Chinese products, and anti-dumping measures is most likely to
be used. Also according to "Anti-Dumping Agreement" provides for products from
non-market economy countries, the normal price in determining the dumping, the importing countries generally use the price "alternative country" as the base price. Many trading partner of our products, as a non-market economy country, in determining the margin of dumping of the product is often deviated from WTO
rules, select the price of other "alternative country" as determined in accordance with the normal price of the product. As the "alternative country" system flexibility so as to abuse of the importing country, "cut right amount of
and irrationality,
freedom" in determining the dumping country when looking for an alternative to
open the door.
2.Economies of scale and social imbalance
Currently, there are 172 kinds of commodity production in the world, "China's manufacturing" has been in many countries around the world, penetrated into
every corner of life, many countries consumers irresistible products. The scale of China's manufacturing expanded rapidly in the rapid increase in the share of world manufacturing the same time, there is a lot of regret: product exports nearly 30% share in total exports, the common feature of these products is the low
value-added, the price is very low , net of costs, the profit is very low, some products even price gains of only a few cents. U.S. exports equivalent to a Boeing airliner of 200 000 -30 million color TV sets exports.
China's economic development is still stuck on to consume natural resources at
the expense of environmental quality development model. Rely on putting in a lot
of natural resources and social resources in many areas has made the world's
market share, but also caused a rather severe environmental problems. Environmental pollution and ecological destruction is increasingly becoming the
impact of global economic and social development issues, and to become the focus
of people's attention.
Third, adhere to the "quality win" strategy
Improve the quality of trade growth quality and efficiency of export goods is a sign
of the national spirit, not only related to the efficiency o f enterprises, b ut also
related to the international image of our products. To better implement the "quality win" strategy, companies must the consumer's point of view, the product selectivity
in durability, aesthetics, functionality, reliability, service, compliance, reputation and other aspects of comprehensive improve product and service quality, and increase
the added value of export products, and further optimize the export structure, to
create its own brand of high-value and enhance the international competitiveness
of export enterprises.
（一）increase the export of non-price competitiveness
Provided to meet the needs or desires of the target consumer products is the key to successful operation. Products are anything to offer to the market to
meet the needs and desires in the market include physical goods, services,
experiences, events, people, places, property, organization, information and
ideas. Non-marketing guru Philip. Kotler believes Products include core
product, expected product, additional p roducts and potential interests, basic
products five levels, e ach level adds more customer value, customer value hierarchy constituted. From the essence of today's product competitiveness is
not what companies in factory production, but other than that they increase
the plant in the form of other values, such as packaging, services, advertising, customer advice, financing, delivery arrangements and people seriously. Consumers generally from the factor characteristics and quality of products, product mix and quality of service, product prices and other judges he contacted products.
1.Grasp customer price psychology, clever set commodity prices
As the product information asymmetry, as well as non-professional consumers to buy, consumers in the purchase of goods, especially in the less familiar items to buy their own, always consciously or unconsciously, with the price and quality of goods intrinsic value linked to the price of goods as an important yardstick to measure the quality of the merits and value of size. They tend to believe that commodity prices are high, it means that the product is good quality, g reat value; low commodity prices, t hen the difference in the quality of goods, small value. Enterprises in the correct pricing strategy, t he
price must be in-depth study of the psychological impact on consumers, their prices grasp the psychological characteristics and can not take the low-price strategy.
2 manufacturing customer perceived value
Conventional wisdom is that as long as the price of the product is lower than competitors can seize more market . Reflect changes in the market price is the most sensitive factor for competitive products on the market position and market share has a direct impact . However, this effect is only limited in the industrial economy era , when corporate mission is to manufacture products
and sell products , but in the knowledge economy era , the task has become a manufacturing enterprise value and transfer value to the enterprise market competition into energy consumer competitive price competition rather than
the value created by the product . The key goal of marketing is to correctly determine the customer's needs and desires , and more effective than competitors better target customers transferred the desired product or service , these products or services to meet consumer needs or solve the problems they
face tool. If the competition between enterprises blindly stuck in price competition stage , it will not only damage the interests of enterprises , and consumers are not necessarily derive a higher value because of price competition is necessarily accompanied by low-quality products and services
and may also undermine the corporate image. With differentiated products ,
high value-added services , such as core technical capabilities to compete , the benefits accruing to compete more generous than the low bleed . Companies
can earn huge profits , but also to compete for market share is more than the low significance. With the success of the enterprise should be a strength , corporate profits s hould be derived from the value of the market, but never
against opponents should be the purpose of business .
Combined with the status quo of China's specific n ational conditions
and development of enterprises, the paper argues that treat green, technical barriers and trade friction from abroad, to calmly. On the one hand should
change their concepts, trade friction is clearly in the process of rapid economic development, a normal phenomenon, it i s difficult to avoid, and objectively
rational measure friction, the impact of barriers to trade and the economy. On the other hand should take this as an opportunity to improve the capability of independent innovation, enhance scientific and technological content of
products. In addition, from the perspective of consumer psychology, low price competition for corporate branding strategy with hazards, Chinese enterprises should make full sense of urgency and mission, and strive to improve the value of the products, attention to technology investment, enhance product
development and management, led export products.
References:
1．LiYushi.Changes in China's foreign trade
2．LiJiaqin:On the Realization of Foreign Trade both a fundamental shift several issues
3．YiShuoxiang:Changes in the competitive and comparative advantage of
the growth mode
4．JianXinghua:On China's foreign trade growth mode transformation
5．LongGuoqiang:Foreign trade growth mode where to start
6．ZhaoShuiqin:Reflections transformation of foreign trade growth mode 7．LiJunsheng:China's foreign trade and economic growth
8．LiYuju:Accelerate the transformation of China's foreign trade growth 9．GuoKesha:The contribution of foreign trade to China's economic growth analysis
10．XuJianbin: the current development of China's foreign trade。