大学英语精读（第三版）Unit_1-5讲稿

⼤学英语精读（第三版）Unit_1-5讲稿
College English
Intensive Reading
Book One
Unit One
Teaching Plan
I. Objectives and Requirements：
1、Reading and Writing Course
教学⽬标：
1. To understand the true meaning of “language learning strategy” and talk about it;
2. To read the text and try to evaluate and practice the strategies introduced in the text;
3. To write a paragraph stating how you plan to develop your listening comprehesion and pay
attention to the use of connectives;
4. To learn some reading techniques and skills: how to read a text and predict the writer’s ideas.;
5. To master the key phrases and some sentence patterns.
教学要求：
1．要求学⽣掌握本单元的中⼼思想和⽂章结构，学会在写作中恰当使⽤关联词。

2．掌握新单词、句型的使⽤⽅法；加强相关听说训练。

3. 掌握阅读技巧：寻找关键词和句。

教学建议：
1．在教学过程中启发学⽣开展关于“学习策略”的探讨，帮助学⽣树⽴和培养⾃主学习、⾃我探究的学习⽅式，掌握必要的学习策略，激发学习潜能。

2．提供最新的资料背景知识，如视频，新闻报道等。

2、Listening and Speaking Course
Unit 1: learn to listen for Names, introduce yourself or others in a conversation, understand and talk about college life.
3、C omprehensive Exercises Book
Unit 1: The students finish the exercises in their spare time.
II. Teaching arrangement & Time Allotment
1）Reading and Writing Course 6 periods
2）Listening and Speaking Course 2 periods (every two weeks)
III. Teaching Methods
Communicative Approach
Learner-centered Teaching
Task-based Learning
Translation Method
Multimedia Approach
IV. Presentation Procedures
Lecture notes
Text: Some Strategies for Learning English
Part I. Background Information:
1. Today’s English: Worldwide over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English has offical status. One out of five of the world’s population speaks some English. And at present one in five is learning English. With economic globalization and China’s opening up to the world, it has become increasingly important for the younger generation to master English. In a sense, English is not teachable, but learnable.
2. Language learning strategies: They are used by learners to complete speaking, reading, vocabulary, listening or writing activities presented in language lessons. Recognizing that there is a task to complete or a problem to solve, language learners will use whatever strategies they possess to attend to the language-learning activity. Possible language learning strategies include: using practice opportunities, self-evaluation, selective attention, time management, reviewing notes taken in class and checking one’s understanding, constantly seeking answers to questions instead of passively receiving information, ect.
3. Input-output balance theory in language learning:Input in language learning refers to information read, seen or heard by the learner, while output refers to what the learner produces in writing or speaking. The input-output balance theory in language learning believes that one can learn a language well through maintaining a balance between input and output.
Part II. Warm-up Activities:
Step 1. Ss Introduce themselves and talk about new college life.
Step 2. Topic-centered Discussion(Group work)
1.Do you enjoy learning English? Why or why not?
2.What do you think is the most effective way of learning English?
3.What is the greatest difficulty you have in your learning of English?
Step 3. T makes a brief introduction to English learning and learning strategies.
Part III. Text Analysis:
Main Ideas: (Summary Writing)
English as an international language is of vital importance for everybody to learn. Learning English is (绝⾮易事) by no means easy. Besides (持续的刻苦努⼒) sustained hard work, we need employ some learning strategies to (促进我们的学习) facilitate our learning.
(我们应当以不同的⽅式对待⽣词) we should deal with new words in different ways. Active words demand constant practice while passive words only need to be recognized. As we try to understand the meaning of a word, we are also reminded of (它们的习惯⽤法) their idiomatic usage.
Listening, speaking, reading and writing are the four basic skills that (我们不断努⼒试图获得的) we are constantly trying to acquire. In order to improve the four skills, we are suggested to listen to English every day, (抓住⼀切机会说英语) seize every opportunity to speak, read widely (难度适中的材料) materials at a proper level of difficulty and write regularly. Listening and reading (为我们提供语⾔输⼊) provide us
with language input and we are expected to (实际运⽤我们所学的东西) put what we have learned into practice through speaking and writing.
Structure:
A strategy refers to a set of carefully planned methods for achieving something that is difficult and may take a long time.
In introducing some strategies, the author adopts the structure of Problem—Strategy within a paragraph to show us the problems in English learning and then proposes strategies to solve the problems. Please scan the text for some examples of the Problem—Strategy structure.
Problems Strategies
1. It is impossible to memorize 1. Deal with ative vocabulary and passive all the new words you are learning. vocabulary differently.
2. Yo u don’t know the idiomatic 2. Watch out for not only the meaning of a usage of some words. word but also the way it is used in daily
life.
3. You may not be able to catch a 3. Listen to it over and over again.
lot after listening to a passage
for the first time.
4. There are few situations for you 4. Seize every opportunity to speak English to practice speaking English at school. with or without a partner.
Part IV. Learning points:
1). Find out the active expressions:
1. by no means not at all
2. at fault responsible for something bad that has happened
3. watch out for look out for; be on (one's) against
4. seek out look for; try to find someone or something, especially when
this is difficult
5. put…into practice carry out or perform
Translate the following into English:
1. 我对⽬前的表现⼀点也不满意。

2. 关于空⽓污染⼤多数⼈认为是钢铁⼚的责任。

3. 你们开会的时候当⼼间谍窃听。

4. 科学家们需要寻找实验中的因果关系。

5. 对任何理论，先要融会贯通，才谈得上运⽤⾃如。

(Answers:)
1. I am by no means satisfied with my present performance.
2. As for air pollution, most people believe that steel factories are at fault.
3. Watch out for the spy' s wiretapping when you have the meeting.
4. Scientists need to seek out cause-and-effect relationships in the experiment.
5. One must have thoroughly mastered a theory before one can put it into practice
properly.
2). Word Using
New Words:
1. diligence: n. steady effort; the quality of showing care and effort in what one does
--Diligence is the mother of good fortune, and idleness, its opposite, has never brought a man to the goal of any of his best wishes.
2. prolonged: adj. continuing for a long period of time
--A prolonged period of low interest rates has discouraged people to save their money into the bank.
他⼜问了她⼀个问题，仅仅是为了延长谈话时间。

--He asked her another question just to prolong the conversation.
3. command:n.①possession and mastery ②knowledge of or the ability to use
v.①be in a position to use; have at one’s service ②overlook from a higher position
--Those artists whose paintings are on display show a good command of watercolor. --Speaking frankly, I like a singer with a natural command of melody.
--Many college students today command a large vocabulary.
--The house commands some splendid views of the Summer Palace.
4. sustained: adj. continuing for a long time
--The conference discussion focuses on the sustained development of agriculture.
在医院⾥，惟⼀让我⽀撑下去的就是回家的想法。

--The thought of getting home was the only thing that sustained me in the hospital.
事实证实了他的理论。

--The facts sustained his theory.
c.f. support、sustain、uphold、back
Support: is the most general(最具概括性)
Sustain: refers to support the spirits, vitality, or resolution of; encourage(指⽀持，⿎励，⿎舞…的精神、⽣命⼒、决⼼等): Uphold: is to maintain or affirm in the face of a challenge or strong opposition(指在⾯临挑战和强烈对抗时的镇定和坚定): Back: suggests material or moral support intended to contribute to or assure success(表⽰为取得成功或保证成功⽽作的物质上或道义上的⽀持):
--She is being supported by friends in her effort to surmount the tragedy.
--An unshakable faith sustained him.
--We uphold the principle of racial equality.
--Don't worry. I will back you up.
5. complain: adj. express dissatisfaction, unhappiness, annoyance or pain
--He constantly complains about how he’s treated at work.
Pattern: complain (to sb.) about/of sb./sth.
--Neighbors complained to the police about the noise from the building site.
--US soldiers complained of low morale in Iraq.
6. memorize: vt. commit to memory; learn by heart
--He studied his map, trying to memorize the way to Rose's street.
c.f. memorize、remember、recall、remind、recollect (这五个词都是动词，均有
“记忆，记住，回忆”之意。

)
Memorize:指有意识的下功夫把某事的整个细节都记在脑⼦⾥。

Remember: 表⽰记得，多指⽆意识地回忆起往事。

Recall: 指想⽅设法回忆已经遗忘之事。

Remind: 指经某⼈或某事的提醒⽽回忆起某件已遗忘之事。

Recollect: 含义与recall 接近, 但较为正式, 指⼒图想起久已忘记或稍有点印象的事情。

--Don't write down your PIN number, memorize it.
--He remembers every detail of that occurrence as though it happened yesterday.
--I seem to recall I've met him before somewhere.
--If I forget, please remind me. / Your story reminds me of another.
--He recollect the days of his childhood.
7. crowd: n. a large group of people
v.①happening regularly or all the time ②fill in
--There were crowds of people in the street.
--Hundreds of people crowded into the church for the funeral.
--Range after range of mountains crowd the horizon.
他的脑海⾥充满了奇怪的想法。

--Strange thoughts are crowding his mind.
Collocation:
crowd into crowd around/round
be crowded together crowd sth./sb.out
8. constant: adj. ①gather together in large numbers ②fill in ③loyal and faithful --There was a constant stream of visitors to the house.
--Her clinic has a constant stream of parents wanting help.
--The truck was travelling at a fairly constant speed.
n. something that never changes such as a number or quantity.
这⼀常量⾮常重要，因为它确定了⼀个原⼦中的⼀个电⼦轨道的⼤⼩，周期和能量。

--This constant is very important because it fixes the sizes, period and energy of an electron's orbit in an atom.
9. commit:v.① do (sth.) wrong or illegal ②say that (sb.) will definitely do (sth.) or
must do (sth.) ③ pledge devotion to (sb. or sth.)
--Women commit fewer crimes than men.
--He has clearly committed his government to continuing economic reform.
--The scholarship commits students to teaching in public schools.
--He wasn't yet ready to commit to the relationship.
Collocation:
commit a crime / error / murder / arson / suicide
commit (sb.) to doing sth.
commit oneself to sth.
commit sth. to memory / paper
10. acquaintance:n.① somebody you know a little ② knowledge of sb. or sth.
--She was a casual acquaintance of my family in Vienna.
--He has a passing acquaintance with a lot of different subjects.
--The practice of a lawyer requires acquaintance with court procedures. Collocation:
make sb.’s acquaintance 第⼀次见某⼈
casual acquaintance 偶尔见⾯的⼈
mutual acquaintance 双⽅都认识的⼈
have a passing/nodding acquaintance with sth. 点头之交；对…知之甚少Phrases:
1. be bound to: be certain to
--Someone out there is bound to take notice of what we are doing for the whole region.
--Differences of opinion on various issues are bound to exist.
2. on a … basis: according to a certain rule, spirit or frequency
--Patients are cared for on a “first-come-first-serve” basis.
--12% of Americans report they have difficulty sleeping on a frequent basis.
3. in detail: including all or most particulars or items thoroughly
--Most of these topics have been discussed in detail at the forum.
--You will learn about corporate strategy in detail elsewhere in this course.
4. in addition to: used to add another piece of information to what has just been said
--There is a postage and packing fee in addition to the repair charge.
--Fees may be charged to undergraduate students in addition to tuition and the standard university fees.
5. apart from: as well as, besides
--Apart from his earnings as a football coach, he also owns and runs a chain of sports shops.
--There are three others present at the meeting apart from Mr. Jackson.
--Apart from his uncle, the orphan had no one to take care of him.
English Equivalents of Chinese:
Part V. Further Reading
Proverbs and Quotations
1. Knowledge advances by steps and not by leaps.
2. Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.
3. There is no royal road to learning.
4. Time and tide wait for no man.
5. Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. Part VI. Writing Pattern: Combination: Using Connectives
Connectives refer to words that can join parts of a sentence or different sentences. They are necessary for the establishment of logical relations in an essay.Below are two
Examples
* We haven’t seen her today because she is ill at home.
* After they finished the job, all the workmates went to the bar.
* However he did it, it was very clever.
* I couldn’t solve the problem until he came.
Your Task: Directions: Fill in the blanks with proper connectives from the list below. Make changes where necessary. consequently, due to, nevertheless, as if, only if, whenever, in addition, by the time, also, and, plus, even though, whereas, before, on the other hand, till
1. He asks me lots of questions possible.
2. At that time I made another error, from a good motive.
3. Modesty helps one to go forward, conceit makes one lag behind.
4. He noted that men revealed their height tall.
5. He's stupid, but I like him .
6. You need money and time; , you need diligence.
7.I missed the train and was late for work.
8. bad cold she spent the entire day in bed.
9. She always talks to me she were my sister.
10. He managed to arrive home the rain poured down.
Keys: whenever, even though, whereas, only if, nevertheless, in addition, censequently, due to, as if, before. Reading Activity: How to improve your study habits ____ Part I. Reading Skills:
How to read a text?
It is advisable to read a comprehension passage at least twice: first to obtain a general impression of the text, second to concentrate on the important details. Sometimes a third reading is necessary to check difficult items.
College English Intensive Reading
Book One
Unit Two
Teaching Plan
II.Objectives and Requirements
1）Reading and Writing Course
Objectives:
1.To master the new target words and useful phrases.
2.To make students understand the passage and master one of the reading skills---how to read a
text (part II).
3.To master the grammatical structure —“numeral as attribute” and “the adverbial of concession”.
4.To learn some writing skills of the using of contraction---Reducing clauses to phrases or words.
5.To improve the listening skills for identifying numbers.
6.To learn from Chichester, the protagonist, his courage, his perseverance and his
determination to attain his goal (sailing round the world single-handed). Requirements:
1．要求学⽣掌握本单元的中⼼思想和⽂章结构。

2．掌握新单词、句型的使⽤⽅法；加强相关听说训练。

3. 掌握阅读技巧：寻找关键词和句。

Suggestions：
1．在教学过程中要求学⽣讨论有关理想的问题，怎样能实现⾃⼰的理想，应该向Francis Chichester 学什么。

2．提供最新的资料背景知识，如视频，新闻报道等。

2）Listening and Speaking Course
Unit 2: learn to identity numbers and ask for and give directions
Comprehensive exercises
Unit 2: The students finish the exercises in their spare time.
III.T eaching arrangement & Time Allotment
1）Reading and Writing Course 6 periods
2）Listening and Speaking Course 2 periods (every two weeks)
IV.Teaching Methods
Communicative Approach Learner-centered Teaching
Task-based Learning Translation Method
Multimedia Approach
V.Presentation Procedures
Lecture notes
Section A: Sailing round the world
PartⅠ.Introduction
1. Lead-in and Introductory Remarks
Have you dreamed of sailing or flying round the world? Have you heard of the figures in history, who sailed around the world. Perhaps you have. You may have heard of Zhen He (in Song Dynasty), who led a clipper ship with plenty of crew, sailed to as far as Africa. You may also have heard of Columbus, who sailed to America, thus discovered the new continent. But have you heard of our protagonist, Francis Chichester. Indeed, many people have traveled round the world, but no one else has done it the way Sir Francis Chichester did. We are in a world where more and more people begin to show great interest in adventures. This text or Sir Francis Chichester's adventurous experience may help to enlighten us, just as the text mentioned, "In doing so, he had undoubtedly learnt something about himself. Moreover, in the modern age when human beings depend much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride."
2. Warm-up activity---discussion and presentation
1.If you could sail to any place in the world, where would you like to go? Why?
2.If you decided to sail round the world, what would you need to take with you on
the boat?
3.Montesquieu, the famous French thinker and philosopher, once said, “It is
always the adventurer who accomplishes great things.” How do you understand this saying of his?
3. Background information
(1) Knights, knighthood, knighthood ceremony
Knights were the highest class of fighting men in Europe during the Middle Ages. There were other classes of fighting men, such as the lowly foot soldiers. But the knights, who fought on horseback, were the aristocrats of the battlefield. The great heroes of the time, both in history and in fact, were knights. By the year 1500 the time
of the knight as fighting man was over. Hired foot soldiers replaced the mounted knights. But knighthood did not die out altogether. Today in Great Britain, knighthood is an honorary award given to outstanding people in recognition of some remarkable work they have done. A man with the rank of knight is called "Sir" (prefixed to his whole name or given name, but not to his surname alone), and his wife, "Lady". A woman with the same rank is called "Dame". Knighthood ceremony: The King or Queen takes the sword of the person being honored or borrows one from someone present at the ceremony. The person about to be knighted kneels at one knee and bows his head respectfully in front of the King or Queen. The King or Queen touches with the sword first the left shoulder of the person bowing before him or her then the right shoulder and finally the top of the bowed head. While doing this the King or queen says, "We dub thee Sir _______."
(2) Sir Francis Chichester
He was a British adventurer ,born in England in 1901. On Aug. 27,1966, he set off to
sail round the world alone in his yacht, the “Gipsy Moth IV”and finished his great voyage on May 28, 1967. He died in 1972, left two books behind：the lonely sea and sky; the gipsy moth circles the world.
(3) Clipper Ship:
It was a sailing ship of the 19th century, well known for its beauty as well as its speed. It was a long, slim, graceful vessel with projecting bow and radically streamline hull, carrying an exceptionally large spread of sail on three tall masts.
(4) Cape Horn
A steep headland at the south of Horn Island(合恩岛), Chile(智利). It is generally considered the southernmost point of South America. All the water between South America and the Antarctic Ocean is squeezed this narrow shallow gap. Sometimes the waves there may be as high as 50 feet. The Cape Horn route around South America is one of the most dangerous
nautical(海上的) passages. Both sailors and passengers fear it because of the many sailing mishap that have occurred there.
(5) The Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean is also called the Antarctic Ocean, the ocean comprising the southern reaches of the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian Oceans, surrounding the Antarctic continent.
(6) Queen Elizabeth II (1926- )
Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and head of the Commonwealth(英联邦)，since 1952.
(7)Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603)
Queen of England (1533-1603). She was one of the most powerful rulers in the English history. The time when she reigned (在位) is called the Elizabethan Age, and it was a long period of 45 years, when England became very rich and powerful. Part II. New Words and Useful Expressions:
New Words:
1. single-handed: adj. & adv.(done) by one person alone
Mary accomplished the task by her single-handed efforts
This man has changed the whole situation almost single-handed.
The job cannot be done single-handed
2. retire: vi. ＆vt. 退下，离开；（正式⽤语）就寝；（指军队）撤退，退却；退休，退职，退役；
Collocation：retire from …(to…) 从……退下/出（⾄…… ）
retire from the world 隐居，成为隐⼠retire to bed就寝
retire into oneself （因沉缅于⾃⼰的思想⽽）不和⼈交际；苦思不语
Derivative：retired adj. 退职的，退休的，退役的retired pay 退休⾦
retiring adj. 孤独缄默的；害羞的
retirement 隐退，退休，隐居
Collocation: retirement pension 养⽼⾦retirement age达到退休
go into/come out of retirement 离职/复职
1) He to his bedroom. 他回到他的卧室。

(retired)
2) I am reaching age.我快到退休年龄了。

(retiring)
3) There have been several in my office recently.最近我那办公室⾥有⼏个⼈退休了。

(retirements)
4) He will ____ from the army next year.明年他要退役。

(retire)
5) Mary had a gentle _____ disposition.玛莉性格温柔⽽腼腆。

(retiring)
6) They are all ____ cadres.他们都是退休⼲部。

(retired)
3. voyage: n. a long journey (by sea, by land or through outer space)
A voyage to the moon will be available to common people, I’m sure.
vi. go on a (sea) journey; sail
Sir Frances Drake was the first man who voyaged around the world.
Synonym: voyage, journey, travel, trip, tour, expedition, excursion and cruise 这⼏个词都是名词，都有“旅⾏”、“旅程”之意。

voyage指在⽔上旅⾏，尤指海上旅⾏，也可指空中旅⾏。

例如：In those days, the voyage to Australia was long and dangerous
journey最普通⽤词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅⾏，也指⽔上或空中的旅⾏。

例如：At first I was afraid the long journey would be too much for her.
travel泛指旅⾏的⾏为⽽不指某次具体的旅⾏，多指到远⽅作长期旅⾏，不强调直接⽬的地，单、复数均可⽤。

例如：Her interests are politics, music, and travel
trip普通⽤词，⼝语多⽤，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅⾏。

但在较通俗、随便的⽤法中可代替journey。

例如：They went on a honeymoon trip to Beijing. 他们前往北京度蜜⽉。

tour n. 周游，巡⾏，游历（常伴有“回到原出发点”之意，距离可短可长）
例如：They're going on a world tour. 他们正在环球旅⾏。

expedition n.远征，探险（指长距离的，艰⾟的甚⾄危险的旅⾏，⽬的⼀般是考察、探险或征服等，但不是观光，游览。

）
例如: They planned to organize a scientific expedition. 他们计划组织⼀次科学考察。

excursion:较正式⽤词，常指不超过⼀天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘⽕车或轮船往返特定景点的远⾜旅游。

例如: We shall make an excursion to Hangzhou this weekend.
这个周末我们将去杭州旅⾏。

cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。

例如: One thing I'd like to do is go on a Mediterranean cruise.
我想做的⼀件事就是乘船来⼀次地中海之旅。

4. cover: vt.1) pass over or travel (a certain distance)
They were hoping to cover 40 miles yesterday.
2) place or spread sth. upon, over, or in front of (sth.)
The floods covered thousands of towns
3) hide; protect
He laughed loudly to cover his fear.
5. previously: adv. before the present time or the time referred to
She was previously employed as a tour guide.
I had posted the letter two months previously.
6. attempt n.effort to do sth. 开始做；尝试；企图（常被不定式和以at或on引导的
介词短语所修饰）
He made no attempt at escaping
vt. try开始做；尝试；企图
He attempted a joke, but no one laughed.
Patterns: attempt to do sth.; attempt sth.
Someone had attempted to open the car door
We attempted the puzzle but had to give up.
attemptable adj. 可以尝试的
联想记忆：tempt v. 怂恿；吸引某⼈
Pattern：tempt sb. into sth./doing sth. ⿎动某⼈做某事；吸引某⼈做某事
Derivative: temptation n. 诱惑
1. The prisoner to escape but failed. 囚犯们企图逃狱，但失败了。

(attempted)
2.My early at learning to drive were unsuccessful.我曾经⼏次打算学开车，却都没有学成。

(attempts)
3. I think it is an plan.我看这是个可以尝试的⽅案。

(attemptable)
4. Nothing would him into going to the cinema.什么也不能吸引他去看电影。

(tempt)
5.He ommitted corruption because he gave way to of money.因经不住⾦钱的诱惑，他犯了贪污罪。

(temptation) 7. dissuade:vt. prevent (sb.) from doing sth. by giving reasons
pattern: dissuade sb. from doing sth./sth
He dissuaded his friend from gambling.
persuade 是dissuade 的反义词，表⽰“说服”、“劝说”。

Pattern：persuade sb. to do sth./into doing sth. persuade sb. out of doing sth.
例如：Tom tried to dissuade me from joining the book club.
Tom tried to persuade me out of joining the book club.
8.contact：vt.get in touch with
Do you often contact your former classmates?
n.state of touching or communication
After he entered the university, he came into contact with many new ideas.
I have been out of contact with her for several years.
The pilot tried to make contact with his base, but failed.
Collocation: come/bring into contact with 接触到; (使) 与......交往；
make / establish contact with 与…取得联系
be out of / break off / lose contact with 与…失去联系
be / get / stay in contact with 与…保持联系
contact lens隐形眼镜
联想记忆：touch v. n.接触，联系
keep in touch with sb. /sth. 与．．．．．．保持接触、联系
lose /be out of touch with sb.与某⼈失去联系
get in /into touch with与某⼈联系
9. accomplish: vt. finish successfully; achieve (a purpose); carry out (a plan, etc.)
The committee has accomplished a revolutionary task.
Women can accomplish anything men can do.
Collocation: accomplish a mission 完成⼀次使命accomplish a task 完成⼀项任务
accomplish one’s goal / purpose 实现⽬标accomplish one’s plan 实现计划
accomplish one’ s promise 实现诺⾔
Synonym:accomplish, complete & finish 这⼏个词都是动词，都有“完成”之意。

accomplish正式⽤词，强调⼀个过程的完成；也可指依靠努⼒达到⼀定⽬的，或取得⼀定的结果。

例如：The explorers accomplished the voyage in three weeks
complete侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补⾜缺少的部分等。

是⽐finish正式的⽤语。

例如：The building will be completed by the end of this month
finish与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着⼿的事。

例如：She had finished her housework when her husband came home
10. conquer: vt.defeat; win victory over; overcome
The Normans conquered England in the 11th century.
You must conquer your bad habit of smoking.
Synonym:conquer, beat & defeat 这三个词都是动词，都有“打败”、“胜过”之意。

conquer指的是通过武⼒、⽃争或坚强的意志把某事或某物、某⼈置于⾃⼰的控制之下。

例如：The Spanish conquered the New World in the 16th century
beat强调对⼿被彻底打败，该词常⽤在正式场合，可⽤于描写任何⽐赛。

例如：Our army has never been beaten yet.
defeat是应⽤范围很⼴的普通⽤语。

意指打败敌⼈、对⼿，也可指在选举中落选，希望、计划受挫等。

例如：They hoped to defeat the enemy at sea
Useful Expression:
1. set out: to begin a course of action, start, e.g.
There being no bus, they had to set out on foot.
set out on a journey round the world (动⾝周游世界)
2. give up: stop doing or having (something);
1) give someone else possession of something you have
An old man gave up his seat on the bus to a lady with a baby
2) abandon hope for sth. or the attempt to do sth
The boy gave up answering the question because it is too difficult.
3) allow yourself or someone else to be caught by the police or enemy soldiers
The criminal went to the police station to give himself up
4) devote one’s time, life, etc. to
During World War II millions of soldiers gave up their lives.
give up & give in
give up 除了表⽰“认输”和“停⽌”时外，后接名词或动名词作宾语。

give in 表⽰“屈服；投降；让步”时后⾯没有宾语；但表⽰“交上；呈上”时后⾯接名词宾语。

They argued back and forth until finally Buzz gave in.
Give your exam papers in when you’ve finished.
3.be determined to do / about doing sth.: have a strong will to (do)
He is determined about giving up smoking
Columbus was determined to prove that India could be reached by sailing west.
be determined to do sth. & make up one’s mind to do sth.
be determined to do sth. 侧重某⼈的决⼼。

make up one’s mind to do sth. 则强调某⼈打定主意，不再动摇
We are determined to devote ourselves to just causes.
At last we made up our minds to tell her the truth.
4. all by oneself: completely alone; without any help
You can't go home all by yourself in the dark.
We finished this task all by ourselves.
“anyone had previously sailed alone”in the sentence is an attributive clause modifying the word “distance”, it means “He did not pay any attention to/ He was not influenced by what others said”. We can see his character that when he is determined to do something he will never give it up.
5. in spite of: regardless of
Jack went to school in spite of the heavy snow.
in spite of 和despite 两者意义相同，后⾯均跟名词，可以互换。

但是，despite 本⾝是介词，不能与of 连⽤。

例如：
We had a wonderful holiday in spite of / despite the weather
6. by far:by a large degree or amount …得多; 最…
Celine Dion is by far the best singer I know.
Jane says Bob’s explanation is clearer by far.
by far 和so far 是两个⽐较容易混淆的词组。

by far 有“…得多；最…；显然”的意思，⽤于修饰⽐较级和最⾼级形式的形容词和副词，强调数量、程度等。

例如：This is by far the better of the two.
⽽so far 的意思是“迄今为⽌；就此范围⽽⾔”。

例如：The weather has been hot so far this summer.
7. turn over: 1) (cause to ) fall over; upset
The car turned over three times after the crash.
The nurse turned the patient over and gave him an injection.
2) give the control of sth. to sb.
She turned over the work to her assistant and had a talk with us.
3) think over
I turned the idea over (in my mind) for a week before replying.
Collocation: turn aside (使)闪开；拒绝同情或⽀持turn down 拒绝；关⼩，调低
turn in 转⾝进⼊；上缴turn to 求助于turn on turn off
8. can't help doing sth.: cannot avoid doing sth.
I couldn't help laughing when I saw his new haircut.
can't help doing sth. 和cannot help but do sth. 是两个⽐较容易混淆的词组。

can't help doing sth.意为“禁不住”、“情不⾃禁”，⽽cannot help but do sth. 则有“不得不做…”之意。