英语语言学chapter1languageandlinguistics
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2. cs
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
Langue (语言)vs. parole （言语）
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community (linguistic competence of the speaker implanted by his society)某一语言社区共享的语言规则 Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. (the actual language data)这一语言社区的某一 个人具体根据共享的语言规则所说的具体话语，就好 像是你平时说的话
1. language
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Focus of today: 2. Linguistics
2.1 The Defintion of Linguistics 2.2 The Major Distinctions of Linguistics 2.3 The Branches of Linguistics
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
Synchronic(共时)vs. Diachronic(历时)
Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed
instant /period (usually, but not necessarily,
The science
The objective investigation
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
2.2 The Major Distinctions
Descriptive(描述性) vs. Prescriptive(规定性)
1. language
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Homework:
a. Can we say the body language is a language? b. Do you agree that communication is the only function of the human language?
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Macrolinguistics
The interdisciplinary studies of language are also called macrolinguistics. They are sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics,
(F. de Saussure,Course in General Linguistics,1959:13--14)
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
Competence (语言能力) vs. Performance (语言运用)
Language competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of rules of his language, that is, of its sound sructure, its words, and its grammatical rules.(underlying competence as a system of generative processes)一个说 母语的人在大脑中天生的语言生理模块所具有的理想的语言规则 Language performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in concrete situations. It means the actual saying of something, the act of speech itself. (the actual use of language in concrete situations)对上述语言规则（competence） 在相应语境中的体现 (Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, 1965:3) 2. Linguistics
arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement cultural transmission, interchangeability
1.3 The Functions of Language
Informative, interpersonal, performative, emotive Phatic, recreational, metalingual
the present) as its point of observation. Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history;
therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
Attentions:
Competencevs.performance (psychological aspect) Langue vs. parole (sociological aspect)
Competence vs. Langue
The main branches of general linguistics:
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. Thus, the main branches are
Phonetics Phonology
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
2.1 The Defintion
Generally, we have the following definitions for linguistics:
The scientific study Linguistics is of a language or languages
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Review: 1. Language
System Non-instinctive (arbitrary) Communication Voluntarily produced symbols
1.1 The Definition of Lanugage 1.2 The Design Features of Language
Competence is a property or attribute of each ideal speaker’s mind;(generative ability) langue is a social product, and a set of
speaking conventions.
Performance vs. Parole Performance means the use of language in a concrete
Descriptive linguistics aims to record objectively what people do say or write without commenting on which is the correct way. (recording language data) Prescriptive linguistics aims to tell people what they should say or write. (telling the rules)
computational linguistics, etc.
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Practices:
) is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners. a. Descriptive grammar b. prescriptive grammar c. Pedagogical grammar d. universal grammar ( ) refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in contexts. a. Performance b. competence c. Langue d. parole (answers: c, a) (
The production and reception of sounds The patterns (rules) of sounds and the shape of syllables
Lexicology Syntax Semantics pragmatics
The intenal organization of words The principles of forming and understanding correct sentences The literal meaning of a langauge The implied meaning of a speech in context
situation; parole mainly refers to the written / spoken data of
language.
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
2.3 The Branches of Linguistics
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
Langue (语言)vs. parole （言语）
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community (linguistic competence of the speaker implanted by his society)某一语言社区共享的语言规则 Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. (the actual language data)这一语言社区的某一 个人具体根据共享的语言规则所说的具体话语，就好 像是你平时说的话
1. language
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Focus of today: 2. Linguistics
2.1 The Defintion of Linguistics 2.2 The Major Distinctions of Linguistics 2.3 The Branches of Linguistics
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
Synchronic(共时)vs. Diachronic(历时)
Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed
instant /period (usually, but not necessarily,
The science
The objective investigation
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
2.2 The Major Distinctions
Descriptive(描述性) vs. Prescriptive(规定性)
1. language
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Homework:
a. Can we say the body language is a language? b. Do you agree that communication is the only function of the human language?
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Macrolinguistics
The interdisciplinary studies of language are also called macrolinguistics. They are sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics,
(F. de Saussure,Course in General Linguistics,1959:13--14)
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
Competence (语言能力) vs. Performance (语言运用)
Language competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of rules of his language, that is, of its sound sructure, its words, and its grammatical rules.(underlying competence as a system of generative processes)一个说 母语的人在大脑中天生的语言生理模块所具有的理想的语言规则 Language performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in concrete situations. It means the actual saying of something, the act of speech itself. (the actual use of language in concrete situations)对上述语言规则（competence） 在相应语境中的体现 (Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, 1965:3) 2. Linguistics
arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement cultural transmission, interchangeability
1.3 The Functions of Language
Informative, interpersonal, performative, emotive Phatic, recreational, metalingual
the present) as its point of observation. Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history;
therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.
Chapter 1 langugae & linguistics
Attentions:
Competencevs.performance (psychological aspect) Langue vs. parole (sociological aspect)
Competence vs. Langue
The main branches of general linguistics:
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. Thus, the main branches are
Phonetics Phonology
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
2.1 The Defintion
Generally, we have the following definitions for linguistics:
The scientific study Linguistics is of a language or languages
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Review: 1. Language
System Non-instinctive (arbitrary) Communication Voluntarily produced symbols
1.1 The Definition of Lanugage 1.2 The Design Features of Language
Competence is a property or attribute of each ideal speaker’s mind;(generative ability) langue is a social product, and a set of
speaking conventions.
Performance vs. Parole Performance means the use of language in a concrete
Descriptive linguistics aims to record objectively what people do say or write without commenting on which is the correct way. (recording language data) Prescriptive linguistics aims to tell people what they should say or write. (telling the rules)
computational linguistics, etc.
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
Practices:
) is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners. a. Descriptive grammar b. prescriptive grammar c. Pedagogical grammar d. universal grammar ( ) refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in contexts. a. Performance b. competence c. Langue d. parole (answers: c, a) (
The production and reception of sounds The patterns (rules) of sounds and the shape of syllables
Lexicology Syntax Semantics pragmatics
The intenal organization of words The principles of forming and understanding correct sentences The literal meaning of a langauge The implied meaning of a speech in context
situation; parole mainly refers to the written / spoken data of
language.
2. Linguistics
Chapter 1 language & linguistics
2.3 The Branches of Linguistics
2. Linguistics