语言学第三章chapter3 PPT
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
▪ English has only eight inflectional morphemes: ▪ -’s: possessive ▪ -s: plural ▪ -s: 3rd person present singular ▪ -ing: present participle ▪ -ed: past tense and past participle ▪ -en: past participle ▪ -er: comparative ▪ -est: superlative
andbutbecauseifwhenonaboveinitthethat大家应该也有点累了稍作休息大家有疑问的可以询问和交流322boundmorpheme?boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemeseitherfreeorboundtoformaword
▪ Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem. They can change the meaning or function of the word. Impossible, unbelievable, enrich
▪ Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem. They can also change the meaning or function of the word. hopeless, kindness
Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme
▪ Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word, creating an entirely new word. Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.
Summary
Lexical morpheme
Free morpheme
morpheme
Functional morpheme
Derivational morpheme
Bound morpheme
Inflectional morpheme
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
▪ Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. They are the phonological (spoken) or orthographic (written) forms which realize morphemes. They are minimal carriers of meaning.
3.4 Types of Word Formation
▪ Word formation or word building is the creation of new words, which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways. The most important ways are compounding and derivation.
▪ b. verb compounds noun + verb: vacuum-clean, manhandle verb + verb: sleepwalk adjective + verb: dry-clean
▪ c. adjective compounds noun + adjective: color-blind, snow-white verb + adjective: stir-crazy adjective + adjective: dark-blue, pale-yellow
▪ Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird
▪ Stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships
Lexical (open) morphemes vs Functional (close) morphemes
▪ Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey. Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy
which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words. ▪ un -+-ly → unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely ▪ -fy → purify; simplify; falsify; amplify
3.2 Morpheme
▪ It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
▪ tourists: tour; -ist; -s ▪ talks; talker; talked; talking ▪ Types of morpheme: free morpheme
▪ Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.
3.4.1 Compounding
▪ Definition: putting two words together. The first element receives the main stress, and the second one determines the new word’s class.
▪ Functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words: and, but, because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that
大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
3.2.2 Bound morpheme
▪ Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. They are actually affixes, including prefixes and suffixes: -ly, un-, -ist, -s, -er, -ed, -ing. In some languages, there are also infixes.
3.4.2 Derivation
3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)
3.1 Introduction
▪ Definition of morphology ▪ Morphology is a branch of grammar
Derivational morphemes vs
Inflectional morphemes
▪ Derivational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem. –ness, -less, -ful, -ly; re-, pre-, dis-, co-, im-, un-
3.4.2 Derivation
▪ Definition: adding affixes to other words or morphemes
Chapter 3 Mo
3.2 Morpheme
3.2.1 Free morpheme 3.2.2 Bound morpheme
outline
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
3.4 Types of Word Formation
3.4.1 Compounding
Allomorph
Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.
{-s} (plurality) [-z]: meanings [-s]: maps [-iz]: watches [-ai-]: mice [-i:-]: feet [0]: deer
{-ed} past tense [-t]: talked [-d]: stayed [-id]: created ( phonological) -d: changed -ed : worked (orthographic)
▪ Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
Inflectional morphemes in English
and bound morpheme
3.2.1 Free morpheme
▪ Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, talk, etc.
Stem
▪ A stem may be: ▪ a simple stem consisting of only one
morpheme, in which case the root and the stem are the same: work, talk ▪ a root plus a derivational affix: workers ▪ two or more roots: work\shops
▪ typewriter, workshop, tractor-driver, blackboard
Types of compound words
▪ a. noun compounds noun + noun: armchair, rainbow verb + noun: pickpocket, washcloth adjective + noun: bluebird, highchair
andbutbecauseifwhenonaboveinitthethat大家应该也有点累了稍作休息大家有疑问的可以询问和交流322boundmorpheme?boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemeseitherfreeorboundtoformaword
▪ Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem. They can change the meaning or function of the word. Impossible, unbelievable, enrich
▪ Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem. They can also change the meaning or function of the word. hopeless, kindness
Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme
▪ Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word, creating an entirely new word. Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.
Summary
Lexical morpheme
Free morpheme
morpheme
Functional morpheme
Derivational morpheme
Bound morpheme
Inflectional morpheme
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
▪ Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. They are the phonological (spoken) or orthographic (written) forms which realize morphemes. They are minimal carriers of meaning.
3.4 Types of Word Formation
▪ Word formation or word building is the creation of new words, which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways. The most important ways are compounding and derivation.
▪ b. verb compounds noun + verb: vacuum-clean, manhandle verb + verb: sleepwalk adjective + verb: dry-clean
▪ c. adjective compounds noun + adjective: color-blind, snow-white verb + adjective: stir-crazy adjective + adjective: dark-blue, pale-yellow
▪ Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird
▪ Stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships
Lexical (open) morphemes vs Functional (close) morphemes
▪ Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey. Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy
which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words. ▪ un -+-ly → unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely ▪ -fy → purify; simplify; falsify; amplify
3.2 Morpheme
▪ It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
▪ tourists: tour; -ist; -s ▪ talks; talker; talked; talking ▪ Types of morpheme: free morpheme
▪ Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.
3.4.1 Compounding
▪ Definition: putting two words together. The first element receives the main stress, and the second one determines the new word’s class.
▪ Functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words: and, but, because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that
大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
3.2.2 Bound morpheme
▪ Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. They are actually affixes, including prefixes and suffixes: -ly, un-, -ist, -s, -er, -ed, -ing. In some languages, there are also infixes.
3.4.2 Derivation
3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)
3.1 Introduction
▪ Definition of morphology ▪ Morphology is a branch of grammar
Derivational morphemes vs
Inflectional morphemes
▪ Derivational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem. –ness, -less, -ful, -ly; re-, pre-, dis-, co-, im-, un-
3.4.2 Derivation
▪ Definition: adding affixes to other words or morphemes
Chapter 3 Mo
3.2 Morpheme
3.2.1 Free morpheme 3.2.2 Bound morpheme
outline
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
3.4 Types of Word Formation
3.4.1 Compounding
Allomorph
Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.
{-s} (plurality) [-z]: meanings [-s]: maps [-iz]: watches [-ai-]: mice [-i:-]: feet [0]: deer
{-ed} past tense [-t]: talked [-d]: stayed [-id]: created ( phonological) -d: changed -ed : worked (orthographic)
▪ Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
Inflectional morphemes in English
and bound morpheme
3.2.1 Free morpheme
▪ Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, talk, etc.
Stem
▪ A stem may be: ▪ a simple stem consisting of only one
morpheme, in which case the root and the stem are the same: work, talk ▪ a root plus a derivational affix: workers ▪ two or more roots: work\shops
▪ typewriter, workshop, tractor-driver, blackboard
Types of compound words
▪ a. noun compounds noun + noun: armchair, rainbow verb + noun: pickpocket, washcloth adjective + noun: bluebird, highchair