5雅思托福语法之动名词

2017.8
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What? How?
1. 动名词：由动词演变而成的名词，因来源是动词，作名词使用，同时具有一些动词特征，故称为动名词。

2. 动名词的语法功能：
主语
宾语
表语
定语
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动名词作主语
句首或以it形式主语开头，置于句末。

1. 将先前用于阅读文学的时间转移到浅薄的娱乐形式上，普遍降低了文化层次。

Diverting time previously spent in reading literature to trivial forms of entertainment has lowered the level of culture in general.
2. 牛奶已洒，哭已无用。

It is no use crying over spilt milk.
It is no use/ good + doing sth.
3. 现在担心那件事是没用的。

It is no good worrying about that thing now.
4.你这样匆忙离开是很危险的。

It is very risky your going off in such a hurry.
5. 燃烧煤炭和石油产生大量的污染。

Burning coal and oil creates lots of pollution.
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动名词作宾语
介词后面的动词必须+ing，部分动词后面的动词必须+ing。

这些动词有：
acknowledge, admit, advocate, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, forbid, imagine, include, involve,mind, permit, postpone, quit, recommend, require, risk, suggest, can't help, give up, put off 幻灯片5
1. 她一再找借口拖延，不肯去看医生。

She found one excuse after another to postpone going to the doctor.
postpone/ delay/ put off 为近义词，用法一致，+Ving。

2. 他们全都否认曾见过她。

They all denied ever having seen her.
deny having done sth/ deny doing sth
与反义词acknowledge/ admit 用法一致，+Ving。

3.副总统承认受贿。

The Vice President admitted taking brides.
4.计算机系正在考虑在秋季开设晚班。

The computer department is considering offering evening classes in the fall. 幻灯片6
5. 有些人喜欢冒险和尝试新事物。

Some people enjoy taking risks and trying new things.
6. 轴承需要润滑。

The bearings need lubricating.
Sth. needs/ requires/ wants doing/ to be done.
7. 这个问题值得调查。

This problem is worth investigating.
worth adj. n.
Sth. is worth being done. X
Sth. is worth doing sth.
Sth. is worth of doing sth./ to do sth.
It is worthwhile to do sth./ doing sth.
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动名词作表语
1. 学习中最难的环节之一就是保持注意力。

One of the hardest parts of learning is keeping your attention.
2. 人生是画一幅图画，而不是做一道算术题。

Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum.
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动名词作定语
动名词作定语修饰名词，主要表示名词的功能与用途。

1. 这些建议是谈判的现实出发点。

These proposals represent a realistic starting point for negotiation.
2. 更低的房价可大大改善普通人的生活水平。

Cheaper housing would vastly improve the living standards of ordinary people. 幻灯片9
动名词作定语时常与名词搭配构成短语
常用的包括：
dining hall
driving license
living costs
playing ground
sitting room
swimming pool
working condition
drinking water
filling station
operating room
reading room
sleeping pill
washing machine
writing desk
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介词t o+动名词
常见表达：
a d v a n t a g e t o=a d v a n t a g e o f
a s t o
k e y t o
o b j e c t t o
r e s o r t t o
s t i c k t o
a s o p p o s e d t o
b e a
c c u s t o m e
d t o
b e/g e t u s e d t o
b e a d d i
c t e
d t o
o b j e c t i o n t o
w i t h a v i e w t o
a t t a c h i m p o r t a n c e t o
g e t r o u n d t o
w h e n i t c o m e s t o
i n a d d i t i o n t o
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1. 花时间住在另一个国家多有益处。

There can be several advantages to spending time living in another country.
2. 该罪行无疑属于政治性质。

There was no doubt as to the crime being a political one.
3. 掌握英文的关键。

The key to mastering the English language.
4. 我反对你吸烟。

I object to your smoking.
5. 贫困中靠行窃度日。

resort to stealing when in poverty.
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6. 记者应坚持调查真相。

Reporters should stick to investigating the facts.
7. 学生们一起交流思想，而不是单纯照搬书本。

Students discuss ideas, as opposed to just copying from books.
8. 我不习惯被人打扰。

I am not accustomed to being interrupted.
9. 你很快就会习惯使用刹车的。

You will quickly get used to using the brakes.
10. 沉迷于赌博。

be addicted to gambling.
11. 不喜欢熬夜。

feel an objection to sitting up late.
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12. 为得A而努力学习。

study hard with a view to getting an A.
13. 注意改善两国关系。

attach importance to improving the relationship between the two countries.
14. 我有几袋相片，哪天抽空把它们放进相册。

I have got bags of photographs and one day I will get round to putting them in an album.
15. 涉及交研究论文，亚当教授有些严厉。

Professor Adam is kind of strict when it comes to handing in research papers.
16. 受访者除了回答设定的问题外，还可以提出他们认为重要的任何问题。

Respondents are able to raise any issue they believe is important, in addition to answering set questions.
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常见动名词短语
1. be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事
他们正忙着准备周六的活动。

They are busy preparing for an activity on Saturday.
2. spend time (in) doing sth. 花时间做某事
spend time to do X
我同意花下周时间帮克拉克教授布置新的博物馆展览。

I agreed to spend next week helping Professor Clark set up the new museum exhibition. 幻灯片15
3. have success (in) doing sth. 成功做成某事
一大群工作人员可以成功消灭老鼠。

A massive group of volunteers could have success in mice.
4. waste time (in) doing sth. 浪费时间做某事
他无所事事，白白浪费了时间。

He wasted his time doing nothing.
5. have difficulty/ trouble/ a hard time/ a tough time (in) doing sth.
我很难找到文章。

I am having a hard time finding articles.
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There is no doing sth.
= It is impossible to do sth.
There is no accounting for tastes.
= It is impossible to account for tastes.
There is no looking (turning) back.
There is no bearing ... 无法忍受
There is no denying ... 不可否认
There is no describing ... 无法描述
There is no knowing ... 无从知道
There is no mistaking ... 不可能认错
There is no holding/ (stopping) ... 无法阻挡
There is no saying/ (telling) ... 很难说，说不准
There is no reasoning with sb. ...跟某人讲不通道理
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1. 无法预测变化。

There was no predicting the changes.
2. 不知道她下一步会做什么。

There is no knowing what she will do next.
3. 历史的年轮不可阻挡。

There is no holding back the wheel of history.
4. 他们是谁的孩子一清二楚，他们长得都很像乔。

There is no mistaking whose children they are----they all look just like Joe. 幻灯片18
There is no + N + (in) doing sth.
1. 做某事没有坏处。

There is no harm in doing sth. = It does no harm to do.
试试也无妨
There is no harm in trying.
2. 做某事是没用什么意义的。

There is no sense in doing sth. = It is senseless to do sth.
现在为这件事苦恼是没用意义的。

There is no sense in getting upset about it now.
3. There is no point in doing sth.= It is pointless to do sth.
我觉得与他争论没有什么意义。

I could see that there was no point in arguing with him.
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名词从句、状语从句可以简化为动名词。

I don't mind if Guy comes with us, provided he pays for his own meals.
= I don't mind if Guy coming with us, provided he pays for his own meals.
That you fell into the river was the climax of the whole trip.
=Your falling into the river was the climax of the whole trip.
After he had gone that far, George did not want to turn back.
=After having gone that far, George did not want to turn back.
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请使用简化后的从句，即动名词，进行翻译。

1. 我原来不知道这个地区的天气如此糟糕。

2. 我不希望冒项目失败的风险。

3. 你心情焦虑不能成为你对我如此粗暴的理由。

4. 他们的农业体系之所以成功，取决于他们了解河水变化的时间。

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1. 我原来不知道这个地区的天气如此糟糕。

I did not know about the weather being so awful in this area.
2. 我不希望冒项目失败的风险。

I did not want to risk the project going down the drain.
3. 你心情焦虑不能成为你对我如此粗暴的理由。

Your state of anxiety does not justify your being so rude to me.
4. 他们的农业体系之所以成功，取决于他们了解河水变化的时间。

The success of their agriculture system depended upon them knowing when the river would change.
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1. 勇气就是去做自己害怕去做的事情。

2. 最终的目标应该是竭尽全力，乐此不疲。

3. 一切成就的起点都是愿望。

4. 世界是一面镜子，反映出每个人的面孔。

5. 人生的秘诀之一是把绊脚石变成踏脚石。

6.人生最大的乐趣就是去做别人说你做不了的事情。

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7. 玛丽献身于照顾患者。

devote to
8. 能够谈论一件事的确会加强对这件事的记忆。

lead to
9. 你需要注意牢记旧词的新用法。

pay attention to
10. 我们反对建新的商场。

be opposed to
11. 我期盼着再次见到你。

look forward to
12. 安妮喜欢写学期论文，而不喜欢参加考试。

prefer to
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1. 勇气就是去做自己害怕去做的事情。

Courage is doing what you are afraid to do.
2. 最终的目标应该是竭尽全力，乐此不疲。

The ultimate goal should be doing your best and enjoy it.
3. 一切成就的起点都是愿望。

The starting point of all achievements is desire.
4. 世界是一面镜子，反映出每个人的面孔。

The world is a looking glass, and gives back to every man the reflection of his own face.
5. 人生的秘诀之一是把绊脚石变成踏脚石。

One of the secrets of life is to make stepping stones out of stumbling stones.
6.人生最大的乐趣就是去做别人说你做不了的事情。

The greatest pleasure in life is doing what others say you cannot do.
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7. 玛丽献身于照顾患者。

devote to
Mary devoted her life to caring for the sick.
8. 能够谈论一件事的确会加强对这件事的记忆。

lead to
Being able to talk about an event does lead to having a stronger memory of that event.
9. 你需要注意牢记旧词的新用法。

pay attention to
You need to pay attention to remembering new usages of old words.
10. 我们反对建新的商场。

be opposed to
We were opposed to building a new shopping mall.
11. 我期盼着再次见到你。

look forward to
I am looking forward to seeing you again.
12. 安妮喜欢写学期论文，而不喜欢参加考试。

prefer to
Ann prefers writing a term paper to taking an examination.
1.How can I get to…
（我该怎么去……）
2.Where is the nearest…
（最近的……在哪里）
3.What’s the best way to…
（去……怎么走最好）
4.Is this the right way for…
（这是去……的正确方向吗）
5.Is there…near here?
（这里附近有……吗）
6.Do you know how I can find…
（你知道我该怎么找到……）
7.Which direction is…
（……在哪个方向）
1.toilet/restroom（洗手间）
2.supermarket（超市）
3.restaurant（餐厅）
4.café（咖啡馆）
5.shopping mall（商场）
rmation counter（服务台）
7.police station（警察局）
8.hospital（医院）
9.cinema（电影院）
10.airport（机场）
11.railway station（火车站）
12.bus stop（公交车站）
13.ticket office（售票处）
14.museum（博物馆）
15.store/shop（商店）
试着来组一些句子
如果急着上洗手间，可以问：
Is there a toilet near here?
（这附近有洗手间吗）
如果丢了东西要找警察，可以问：
Where’s the nearest police station?
（最近的警察局在哪）
如果你赶时间去机场，可以问：
What’s the best way to the airport?
（去机场最好怎么走）
以上是问路的方法，接下来我们看看回答和指路的方法。

首先，我们要了解基本的方向。

这是前后左右：
↖Left front↖左前↑forward↑
前
↗Right front↗
右前
←Left←西（Center）
中
→Right→
右
↙Left rear↙左后↓backward↓
后
↘Right rear↘
右后
这是东南西北：
↖Northwest↖北西↑North↑
北
↗Northeast↗
北东
←West←西（Center）
中
→East→
东
↙Southwest↙南西↓South↓
南
↘Southeast↘
南东
（注意复合方向的表述和汉语正好相反，比如东北=北东）
实际指路时经常这么说：
Take a left'，'go left'，'turn left'和'make a left'都代表同样的意思：左转。

Opposite'，'across from'，和facing都代表同一个意思－在同一条街道上，但在另一边。

1.直走：go straight/forward
2.回头：turn back/go backward
3.左转：turn left
4.右转：turn right
5.上楼：go upstairs
6.下楼：go downstairs
7.过马路：cross the street/road
8.第一个路口左转：take the first on the left
9.第二个路口右转：take the second on the right
10.丁字路口左转：turn left at the T-junction
11.十字路口右转：turn right at the crossroads
12.过桥：go over the bridge
13.过河：go across the river
14.经过：go past
15.沿着路走下去：follow the road down
16.一直走：keep walking/driving
经常用到的与位置有关的介词
1.附近：near
2.隔壁：next to
3.靠着：beside
4.周围：around
5.两个地点之间：between
6.尽头：at the end of
7.在背面：at the back of/behind
8.在前面：in front of/before
9.在上面：above/over
10.在下面：below/under
11.在对面：opposite
试着来组一些句子
The cinema is next to the shopping mall,you need to take the second on the left and keep walking for 500 meters.
（电影院就在商场隔壁，你要在第二个路口左转然后步行500米）
五、回答别人问路（指路）的表示方法：
1．Go along the street until you come to the traffic lights.沿这条路一直走到红绿灯那儿。

2．Turn right/left at the second crossing.(Take the second turning on the right/left.)在第二个十字路口向右/左转弯。

3．Take a number 46 bus,and get off at the square.坐46路公共汽车，在广场下车。

4．It's on the corner of Huaihai Street and Xizang Road.在淮海路和西藏路的路口。

5．Go straight ahead along the bund and then turn left.沿着外滩往前走，然后往走转弯。

6．It's only about ten minutes'walk.那儿离这儿只有走大约10分钟的路。

⑴It's only about ten minutes'walk.(D)那儿离这儿只有走大约10分钟的路。

二．回答句型
1.回答Where's the(nearest)…?可用以下简单的答语：
It's over there.在那边It\'s behind the…在…后面
It's next to the…在…旁边It\'s in front of the…它就在…前面
It's near the…它在…附近It\'s on the right/left of the…它在…右/左边
It's outside the…它在…外面It\'s on the other side of the…它在…对面
2.回答Which is the way to…please?和How can I get to…?等问路的话时，可根据具体情况，将下列有关句子组织起来用：
Walk along this road/street.沿着这条路/街走。

It\'s about…metres from here.从这里大约…米。

Take the lst/…turning on the left/right.在第…个转弯处左/右转。

It\'s about…meters along on the right/left.沿右边/左边大约…米。

Walk on and turn left/right.继续走再向左/右转。

Turn right/left at the traffic lights.You\'ll find the…on the right/left.
在交通灯右/左转，你会发现……在右/左边。

Go on until you reach the end of the road/street.You\'ll see the…in front of you. 继续走一直到路/街的尽头，你就会看到……在你的面前。

Go down this street/road until you reach the 1st/2nd/…traffic lights.Turn
right/left.At the end of the road/street you\'ll see the…
沿着这条街/路走一直到达第一/二……交通灯，右/左转，在街/路的尽头你会看到…
1.It’s between the cinema and the fruit shop.
2.It’s next to/in front of/behind/on the left(right)side of the library.
3.It’s in/on/to the south/north/west/east of the park.
4.Go down/along this street until you see the tall red building.You can’t miss it.
5.Turn right/left at the first/second crossing/turning/corner.
6.Sorry,I don’t know.I’m a stranger here,too
7.Take a left=Make a left=Turn left向左转.
光讲take a left不明确时,可以加上路名Take a left on Hemphill Ave.
e/Get down Hemphill Ave about five blocks.由Hemphill街往下走约五个blocks.
9.You will see a BP gas station on your left.在你的左手边你会看到一座BP加油站.
10.Keep going 50 yards before you come to a fork road.继续走50码,直到你走到一个三叉路口.
keep going=continue straight=keep straight
11.Make a right,pass two stop signs and you will run into a Wal Mart.
向右转,经过二个Stop sign,你就会遇到Wal Mart.
You’ll run into it!=You can’t miss it!
12.The post office is just right across the street of it.邮局就在Wal Mart的正对面
13.Straight on.一直走下去
14.Go along/down this street and turn left at the second crossing.
沿着这条街走,在第二个十字路口左拐
15.It’s about 1 kilometer from here.距这里约一公里。

16.It is far from her,you’d better take a bus/taxi.离这里有点远，你最好坐公共汽车或的士去。

17.Take a number 46 bus,and get off at the square.坐46路公共汽车，在广场下车。

18.You can take Bus No.103.
19.It will take about 20/twenty minutes’ bus there.大概要做20分钟的公车。

20.I’m sorry.I have no idea where it is.对不起，我不知道它在哪儿。

三.交通工具
on foot by air/plane;on a plane by taxi;on a taxi by bike/on a bike by bus;in/on a bus
by boat/ship/sea;on a boat/ship by metro/subway
5.方向词语
前ahead of…in front of…at the front of…后behind…at/on the back of……
左on the/your left右on the/your right
东east西west南south北north in the east/west/south/north of…
be far from距离某处很远be nearby距离某处很近go straight across/to/through径直走过/向/过cross(over)穿过(某条街道)be next to紧邻go up/down向上(北)/向下(南)go back/back/back up向回走go east/west/south/north向东/南/西/北go on/along…till you meet…沿…一直走，直到…be on sb's left/right在某人的左边/右边be the
first/second/third from the left/right从左/右数第一/二/三个directly opposite和…相对 on the other side of the road在路的对面be located behind/in front of坐落
在…的前面/后面be on the corner of A street and B street在A和B街交汇的拐角处be in the corner of在…的角落里
Could you do me a favor? 能够帮我忙吗？Take care 保重！ Please say it again 请再说一次How are you? 你好吗？ Anyway 总之Fine. Thank you 谢谢你，我很好！ Of course 当然Have a nice trip 祝你旅途平安！ By the way 顺便提一下That＇s right 你说的对May I ask something? 我想问点事情Yes, I think so 我也这样认。

Is there a police station here? 附近有警察局吗？Where is the toilet 厕所在哪里？ What time is it now? 现在几点了？Where are you from? 你是从哪里来的？ I am tired 我很累Whom should I ask to? 我应该问谁？ As soon as possible 近快---What is this for? 这是做什么的？Please help me 请帮助我It is important 这非常重要 I feel sick 我感觉不舒服I＇m in a hurry 我时间很急 I＇m lost 我迷路了。