Differential case assignment based on nominal type. Two Types of Nominal Split 1

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常用集成电路名词缩写汇总（第二版）

常⽤集成电路名词缩写汇总（第⼆版）重要说明整个集成电路的设计和⽣产链路很长,相关专有名称很多;本⽂对常见的集成电路相关的名词缩写进⾏了汇总,特别聚焦与集成电路设计领域,意在整理常⽤的数字电路/DC/PT/ICC/DFV/DFT/RTL/ATE相关⽅⾯的知识点,⽅便⼤家快速学习和掌握相关知识,⽅便⼤家查询;同时希望对学⽣将来的培训/⾯试等活动给予最⼤的帮助;⽂章按照字母排序的⽅式进⾏编排,⽅便⼤家查询;本次⽂章内容为第⼆次发布,我们将定期更新,逐步完善;欢迎⼤家提供相关信息⾄xgcl_wei微信号,帮助我们逐步完善内容,⽅便更多的⼈查询和使⽤,感谢您的参与,谢谢!英⽂全称中⽂说明ABV Assertion based verification基于断⾔的验证AES Advanced Encryption Standard⾼级加密标准,是美国政府采⽤的⼀种区块加密标准ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter指模/数转换器或者模数转换器AHB Advanced High Performance Bus⾼级⾼性能总线ALF Advanced Library Format先进（时序）库格式ALU Arithmetic and logic unit算数逻辑单元AMBA Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture⾼级微控制器总线体系ANT antenna天线效应AOP Aspect Oriented Programming⾯向⽅⾯编程APB Advanced Peripheral Bus⾼级外部设备总线API Application Programming Interface应⽤程序编程接⼝APR Auto place and route⾃动布局布线ARM Advanced RISC Machines 英国Acorn公司(ARM公司的前⾝)设计的低功耗成本的第⼀款RISC微处理器。

信息类专业英语翻译

Dynamic topology:As the channel of communicationchanges, some of the neighbors who were reachable on theprevious channel might not be reachable on the currentchannel and vice versa. As a result the topology of the network changes with the change in frequency of operation resulting in route failures and packet loss.Heterogeneity:Different channels may support differenttransmission ranges, data rates and delay characteristics.Spectrum-Handoff delay:For each transition from onechannel to another channel due to the PU’s activity, thereis a delay involved in the transition called Spectrum- Handoff delay.All these factors decrease the predictability of the cause oftransit-delay and subsequent packet loss on the network. Thetime latency during channel hand-off in cognitive networksmight cause the TCP round trip timer to time out. TCP willwrongly recognize the delays and losses due to the abovefactors as network congestion and immediately take steps toreduce the congestion window size knowing not the cause ofpacket delay. This reduces the efficiency of the protocol insuch environments.动态技术：随着信道通信的变化，一些邻进信道的用户在原信道没有发生变化而在新信道发生变化，或者相反。

经济金融术语中英文对照

经济金融术语中英文对照D (2)E (3)F (3)G (5)J (8)K (10)L (11)M (12)N (13)P (13)Q (14)R (15)W (15)X (16)Y (18)Z (19)D打白条 issue IOU大额存单 certificate of deposit（CD）大额提现 withdraw deposits in large amounts大面积滑坡 wide-spread decline大一统的银行体制（all-in-one）mono-bank system呆账（请见“坏账”） bad loans呆账准备金 loan loss reserves（provisions）呆滞贷款 idle loans贷款沉淀 non-performing loans贷款分类 loan classification贷款限额管理 credit control;to impose credit ceiling贷款约束机制 credit disciplinary（constraint）mechanism代理国库 to act as fiscal agent代理金融机构贷款 make loans on behalf of other institutions 戴帽贷款 ear-marked loans倒逼机制 reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition道德风险 moral hazard地区差别 regional disparity第一产业 the primary industry第二产业 the secondary industry第三产业 the service industry;the tertiary industry 递延资产 deferrable assets订货不足 insufficient orders定期存款 time deposits定向募集 raising funds from targeted sources东道国（请见“母国”） host country独立核算 independent accounting短期国债 treasury bills对冲操作 sterilization operation;hedging对非金融部门债权 claims on non-financial sector多种所有制形式 diversified ownershipE恶性通货膨胀 hyperinflation二级市场 secondary marketF发行货币 to issue currency发行总股本 total stock issue法定准备金 required reserves;reserve requirement法人股 institutional shares法人股东 institutional shareholders法治 rule of law房地产投资 real estate investment放松银根 to ease monetary policy非现场稽核 off-site surveillance（or monitoring）非银行金融机构 non-bank financial institutions非赢利性机构 non-profit organizations分税制 assignment of central and local taxes;tax assignment system分业经营segregation of financial business （services）;division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions风险暴露（风险敞口） risk exposure风险管理 risk management风险意识 risk awareness风险资本比例 risk-weighted capital ratios风险资本标准 risk-based capital standard服务事业收入 public service charges;user's charges扶贫 poverty alleviation负增长 negative growth复式预算制double-entry budgeting;capital and current budgetary accountG改革试点 reform experimentation杠杆率 leverage ratio杠杆收购 leveraged buyout高息集资 to raise funds by offering high interest个人股 non-institutional shares根本扭转 fundamental turnaround（or reversal）公开市场操作 open market operations公款私存 deposit public funds in personal accounts公用事业 public utilities公有经济 the state-owned sector;the public sector公有制 public ownership工业成本利润率 profit-to-cost ratio工业增加值 industrial value added供大于求 supply exceeding demand;excessive supply鼓励措施 incentives股份合作企业 joint-equity cooperative enterprises股份制企业 joint-equity enterprises股份制银行 joint-equity banks固定资产贷款 fixed asset loans关税减免 tariff reduction and exemption关税减让 tariff concessions关税优惠 tariff incentives;preferential tariff treatment规范行为 to regularize（or standardize）…behavior规模效益 economies of scale国计民生 national interest and people's livelihood国家对个人其他支出 other government outlays to individuals 国家风险 country risk国际分工 international division of labor国际收支 balance of payments国有独资商业银行 wholly state-owned commercial banks国有经济（部门） the state-owned（or public）sector国有企业 state-owned enterprises（SOEs）国有制 state-ownership国有资产流失 erosion of state assets国债回购 government securities repurchase国债一级自营商 primary underwriters of government securities 过度竞争 excessive competition过度膨胀 excessive expansionH合理预期 rational expectation核心资本 core capital合资企业 joint-venture enterprises红利 dividend宏观经济运营良好 sound macroeconomic performance宏观经济基本状况 macroeconomic fundamentals宏观调控 macroeconomic management（or adjustment）宏观调控目标 macroeconomic objectives（or targets）坏账 bad debt还本付息 debt service换汇成本unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings汇兑在途 funds in float汇兑支出 advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary's bank汇率并轨 unification of exchange rates活期存款 demand deposits汇率失调 exchange rate misalignment混合所有制 diversified（mixed）ownership货币政策态势 monetary policy stance货款拖欠 overdue obligations to suppliers过热J基本建设投资 investment in infrastructure基本经济要素 economic fundamentals基本适度 broadly appropriate基准利率 benchmark interest rate机关团体存款 deposits of non-profit institutions机会成本 opportunity cost激励机制 incentive mechanism积压严重 heavy stockpile;excessive inventory挤提存款 run on banks挤占挪用 unwarranted diversion of（financial）resources（from designated uses）技改投资 investment in technological upgrading技术密集型产品 technology-intensive product计划单列市 municipalities with independent planning status 计划经济 planned economy集体经济 the collective sector加大结构调整力度 to intensify structural adjustment加工贸易 processing trade加快态势 accelerating trend加强税收征管稽查 to enhance tax administration加权价 weighted average price价格放开 price liberalization价格形成机制 pricing mechanism减亏 to reduce losses简化手续 to cut red tape;to simplify（streamline）procedures 交投活跃 brisk trading缴存准备金 to deposit required reserves结构扭曲 structural distortion结构失调 structural imbalance结构性矛盾突出 acute structural imbalance结构优化 structural improvement（optimization）结汇、售汇 sale and purchase of foreign exchange金融脆弱 financial fragility金融动荡 financial turbulence金融风波 financial disturbance金融恐慌 financial panic金融危机 financial crisis金融压抑 financial repression金融衍生物 financial derivatives金融诈骗 financial fraud紧缩银根 to tighten monetary policy紧缩政策 austerity policies;tight financial policies经常账户可兑换 current account convertibility经济特区 special economic zones（SEZs）经济体制改革 economic reform经济增长方式的转变 change in the main source of economic growth（from investment expansion to efficiency gains）经济增长减速 economic slowdown;moderation in economic growth 经济制裁 economic sanction经营自主权 autonomy in management景气回升 recovery in business activity境外投资 overseas investment竞争加剧 intensifying competition局部性金融风波 localized（isolated）financial disturbance 迹象 signs of overheatingK开办人民币业务 to engage in RMB business可维持（可持续）经济增长 sustainable economic growth可变成本 variable cost可自由兑换货币 freely convertible currency控制现金投放 control currency issuance扣除物价因素 in real terms;on inflation-adjusted basis库存产品 inventory跨国银行业务 cross-border banking跨年度采购 cross-year procurement会计准则 accounting standardL来料加工 processing of imported materials for export离岸银行业务 off-shore banking（business）理顺外贸体制 to rationalize foreign trade regime利率杠杆的调节作用 the role of interest rates in resource allocation利润驱动 profit-driven利息回收率 interest collection ratio联行清算 inter-bank settlement连锁企业 franchise（businesses）;chain businesses良性循环 virtuous cycle两极分化growing income disparity;polarization in income distribution零售物价指数 retail price index（RPI）流动性比例 liquidity ratio流动资产周转率/流通速度 velocity of liquid assets流动资金贷款 working capital loans流通体制 distribution system流通网络 distribution network留购（租赁期满时承租人可购买租赁物） hire purchase垄断行业 monopolized industry（sector）乱集资 irregular（illegal）fund raising乱收费 irregular（illegal）charges乱摊派 unjustified（arbitrary）leviesM买方市场 buyer's market卖方市场 seller's market卖出回购证券 matched sale of repo贸易差额 trade balance民间信用 non-institutionalized credit免二减三 exemption of income tax for the first two years ofmaking profit and 50% tax reduction for thefollowing three years明补 explicit subsidy明亏 explicit loss名牌产品 brand products母国（请见“东道国”） home countryN内部控制 internal control内部审计 internal audit内地与香港 the mainland and Hong Kong内债 domestic debt扭亏为盈 to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources 农副产品采购支出 outlays for agricultural procurement农村信用社 rural credit cooperatives（RCCs）P泡沫效应 bubble effect泡沫经济 bubble economy培育新的经济增长点 to tap new sources of economic growth 片面追求发展速度 excessive pursuit of growth平衡发展 balanced development瓶颈制约 bottleneck（constraints）平稳回升 steady recovery铺底流动资金 initial（start-up）working capital普遍回升 broad-based recovery配套改革 concomitant（supporting）reforms配套人民币资金 lQ企业办社会 enterprises burdened with social responsibilities 企业集团战略 corporate group strategy企业兼并重组 company merger and restructuring企业领导班子 enterprise management企业所得税 enterprise（corporate）income tax企业效益 corporate profitability企业资金违规流入股市 irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market欠税 tax arrears欠息 overdue interest强化税收征管 to strengthen tax administration强制措施 enforcement action翘尾因素 carryover effect切一刀 partial application清理收回贷款 clean up and recover loans（破产）清算 liquidation倾斜政策 preferential policy区别对待 differential treatment趋势加强 intensifying trend全球化 globalization权益回报率 returns on equity（ROE）缺乏后劲 unsustainable momentumR绕规模贷款 to circumvent credit ceiling人均国内生产总值 per capita GDP人均收入 per capita income人民币升值压力 upward pressure on the Renminbi（exchange rate）认缴资本 subscribed capital软贷款 soft loans软预算约束 soft budget constraint软着陆 soft landingocal currency funding of…W外部审计 external audit外国直接投资 foreign direct investment （FDI）外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves外汇调剂 foreign exchange swap外汇占款 the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings外向型经济 export-oriented economy外债 external debt外资企业 foreign-funded enterprises完善现代企业制度 to improve the modern enterprise system 完税凭证 tax payment documentation违法经营 illegal business委托存款 entrusted deposits稳步增长 steady growth稳健的银行系统 a sound banking system稳中求进 to make progress while ensuring stability无纸交易 book-entry（or paperless/scriptless）transaction 物价监测 price monitoringX吸纳流动性 to absorb liquidity稀缺经济 scarcity economy洗钱 money laundering系统内调度 fund allocation within a bank系统性金融危机 systemic financial crisis下岗工人 laid-off employees下游企业 down-stream enterprises现场稽核 on-site examination现金滞留（居民手中） cash held outside the banking system 乡镇企业 township and village enterprises（TVEs）消费物价指数 consumer price index（CPI）消费税 excise（consumption）tax消灭财政赤字to balance the budget;to eliminate fiscal deficit销货款回笼 reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system销售平淡 lackluster sales协议外资金额 committed amount of foreign investment新经济增长点 new sources of economic growth新开工项目 new projects;newly started projects新增贷款 incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion新增就业位置 new jobs;new job opportunities信贷规模考核 review the compliance with credit ceilings信号失真 distorted signals信托投资公司 trust and investment companies信息不对称 information asymmetry信息反馈 feedback（information）信息共享系统 information sharing system信息披露 information disclosure信用扩张 credir expansion信用评级 credit rating姓“资”还是姓“社”pertaining to socialism or capitalism;socialist orcaptialist行政措施 administrative measures需求膨胀 demand expansion; excessive demand虚伪存款 window-dressing deposits削减冗员 to shed excess labor force寻租 rent seeking迅速反弹 quick reboundY养老基金 pension fund一刀切universal application;non-discretionary implementation一级市场 primary market应收未收利息 overdue interest银行网点 banking outlets赢利能力 profitability营业税 business tax硬贷款（商业贷款） commercial loans用地审批 to grant land use right有管理的浮动汇率 managed floating exchange rate证券投资 portfolio investment游资（热钱） hot money有市场的产品 marketable products有效供给 effective supply诱发新一轮经济扩张 trigger a new round of economic expansion 逾期贷款 overdue loans;past-due loans与国际惯例接轨to become compatible with internationally accepted与国际市场接轨 to integrate with the world market预算外支出（收入） off-budget （extra-budgetary） expenditure （revenue）预调 pre-emptive adjustment月环比 on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basisZ再贷款 central bank lending在国际金融机构储备头寸 reserve position in international financial institutions在人行存款 deposits at （with） the central bank在途资金 fund in float增加农业投入 to increase investment in agriculture增势减缓 deceleration of growth;moderation of growthmomentum增收节支措施revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures增长平稳 steady growth增值税 value-added tax（VAT）涨幅偏高 higher-than-desirable growth rate;excessive growth 账外账 concealed accounts折旧 depreciation整顿 retrenchment;consolidation政策工具 policy instrument政策性业务 policy-related operations政策性银行 policy banks政策组合 policy mix政府干预 government intervention证券交易清算 settlement of securities transactions证券业务占款 funding of securities purchase支付困难 payment difficulty支付能力 payment capacity直接调控方式向 to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments间接调控方式转变职能转换 transformation of functions职业道德 professional ethics指令性措施 mandatory measures指令性计划 mandatory plan;administered plan制定和实施货币政策 to conduct monetary policy;to formulate and implement monetary policy滞后影响 lagged effect中介机构 intermediaries中央与地方财政 delineation of fiscal responsibilities分灶吃饭重点建设 key construction projects;key investment project周期谷底 bottom（trough）of business cycle周转速度 velocity主办银行 main bank主权风险 sovereign risk注册资本 registered capital逐步到位 to phase in;phased implementation逐步取消 to phase out抓大放小 to seize the big and free the small（to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition）专款专用 use of funds as ear-marked转贷 on-lending转轨经济 transition economy转机 turnaround转折关头 turning point准财政赤字 quasi-fiscal deficit准货币 quasi-money资本不足 under-capitalized资本充足率 capital adequacy ratio资本利润率 return on capital资本账户可兑换 capital account convertibility资不抵债 insolvent;insolvency资产负债表 balance sheet资产负债率liability/asset ratio;ratio of liabilities to assets资产集中 asset concentration资产贡献率 asset contribution factor资产利润率 return on assets （ROA）资产质量 asset quality资产组合 asset portfolio资金成本 cost of funding;cost of capital;financing cost资金到位 fully funded （project）资金宽裕 to have sufficient funds资金利用率 fund utilization rate资金缺口 financing gap资金体外循环 financial disintermediation资金占压 funds tied up自筹投资项目 self-financed projects自有资金 equity fund综合国力 overall national strength（often measured by GDP）综合效益指标 overall efficiency indicator综合治理 comprehensive adjustment（retrenchment）;over-haul 总成交额 total contract value总交易量 total amount of transactions总成本 total cost最后贷款人 lender of last resort。

低偏移，1到4 LVCMOS LVTTL到3.3V LVPECL分频缓冲器 ICS8535-01说明

Low Skew, 1-to-4 LVCMOS/LVTTL-to-3.3V LVPECL Fanout BufferICS8535-01General DescriptionThe ICS8535-01is a low skew,high performance 1-to-4LVCMOS/LVTTL-to-3.3V LVPECL fanout buffer.The ICS8535-01has two single ended clock inputs.the single ended clock input accepts LVCMOS or LVTTL input levels and translate them to 3.3V LVPECL levels.The clock enable is internally synchronized to eliminate runt clock pulses on the output during asynchronous assertion/deassertion of the clock enable pin.Guaranteed output and part-to-part skew characteristics make the ICS8535-01ideal for those applications demanding well defined performance and repeatability.6 7 89 1019 20 18 17 1612345V CC Q2nQ2V CC nc1314151211Q3nQ3V CC V EE CLK_ENQ 0n Q 0Q 1n Q 1V C Cn cC L K 0C L K _S E LC L K 1n c12345678910Q0nQ0V CC Q1nQ1Q2nQ2V CC Q3nQ320191817161514131211V EE CLK_EN CLK_SELCLK0nc CLK1nc nc nc V CCICS8535-0120-Lead VFQFN4mm x 4mm x 0.9body packageK PackageTop ViewICS8535-0120-Lead TSSOP4.4mm x 6.5mm x 0.92body packageG PackageTop ViewPin AssignmentFeatures•Four differential 3.3V LVPECL outputs•Selectable CLK0or CLK1inputs for redundant and multiple frequency fanout applications•CLK0or CLK1can accept the following input levels:LVCMOS or LVTTL•Maximum output frequency:266MHz•T ranslates LVCMOS and LVTTL levels to 3.3V LVPECL levels •Output skew:30ps (maximum)•Part-to-part skew:250ps (maximum)•Propagation delay:1.9ns (maximum)•Additive phase jitter,RMS:<0.09ps (typical)•3.3V operating supply•0°C to 70°C ambient operating temperature •Lead-free (RoHS 6)packagingBlock DiagramICS8535-01 DATA SHEETPin Descriptions and CharacteristicsTable 1.Pin Descriptions 1Table 2.Pin CharacteristicsICS8535-01 DATA SHEETFigure 1.Table 3A.Control Input Function TableCLK0, CLK1CLK_ENnQ0:nQ3Q0:Q3Table 3B.Clock Input Function TableICS8535-01 DATA SHEETAbsolute Maximum RatingsNOTE:Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device.These ratings are stress specifications only.Functional operation of product at these conditions or any conditions beyond those listed in the DC Electrical Characteristics or AC Characteristics is not implied.Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect product reliability.DC Electrical CharacteristicsTable 4A.Power Supply DC Characteristics,V CC =3.3V±5%,T A =0°C to 70°CTable 4B.LVCMOS/LVTTL DC Characteristics,V CC =3.3V±5%,T A =0°C to 70°CTable 4C.LVPECL DC Characteristics,V CC =3.3V±5%,T A =0°C to 70°CCCICS8535-01 DATA SHEETAC CharacteristicsTable5.AC Characteristics,V CC =3.3V±5%,T A =0°C to 70°C 1The part does not add jitter.NOTE 2:Measured from the V CC /2of the input to the differential output crosspoint.NOTE 3:Defined as skew between outputs at the same supply voltage and with equal load conditions.Measured at the output differentialcrosspointsNOTE 4:This parameter is defined in accordance with JEDEC Standard 65.NOTE 5:Defined as skew between outputs on different devices operating at the same supply voltages and with equal load ingthe same type of inputs on each device,the outputs are measured at the differential crosspoints.NOTE 6:Driving only one input clock.ICS8535-01 DATA SHEETAdditive Phase JitterThe spectral purity in a band at a specific offset from the fundamental compared to the power of the fundamental is called the dBc Phase Noise.This value is normally expressed using a Phase noise plot and is most often the specified plot in many applications.Phase noise is defined as the ratio of the noise power present in a 1Hz band at a specified offset from the fundamental frequency to the power value of the fundamental.This ratio is expressed in decibels (dBm)or a ratioof the power in the 1Hz band to the power in the fundamental.When the required offset is specified,the phase noise is called a dBc value,which simply means dBm at a specified offset from the fundamental.By investigating jitter in the frequency domain,we get a betterunderstanding of its effects on the desired application over the entire time record of the signal.It is mathematically possible to calculate an expected bit error rate given a phase noise plot.As with most timing specifications,phase noise measurements have issues.The primary issue relates to the limitations of the equipment.Often the noise floor of the equipment is higher than the noise floorof the device.This is illustrated above.The device meets the noise floor of what is shown,but can actually be lower.The phase noise is dependent on the input source and measurement equipment.N o i s e P o w e r (d B c /H z )Offset Frequency (Hz)Input/Output Additive Phase Jitter at 156.25MHz =0.09ps (typical)1k10k100k1M10M-190-180-170-160-150-140-130-120-110-100-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-100100MICS8535-01 DATA SHEET Parameter MeasurementInformation3.3V Output Load Test CircuitOutput SkewPropagation DelayPart-to-Part SkewOutput Rise/Fall TimeOutput Duty Cycle/Pulse Width/PeriodICS8535-01 DATA SHEETApplications InformationRecommendations for Unused Input PinsInputs:CLK InputFor applications not requiring the use of a clock input,it can be left floating.Though not required,but for additional protection,a 1k Ωresistor can be tied from the CLK input to ground.LVCMOS Control PinsAll control pins have internal pullups;additional resistance is not required but can be added for additional protection.A 1k Ωresistor can be used.Outputs:LVPECL OutputsAll unused LVPECL outputs can be left floating.We recommend that there is no trace attached.Both sides of the differential output pair should either be left floating or terminated.Termination for 3.3V LVPECL OutputsThe clock layout topology shown below is a typical termination for LVPECL outputs.The two different layouts mentioned are recommended only as guidelines.The differential output is a low impedance follower output thatgenerate ECL/LVPECL compatible outputs.Therefore,terminating resistors (DC current path to ground)or current sources must be used for functionality.These outputs are designed to drive 50Ωtransmission lines.Matched impedance techniques should be used to maximize operating frequency and minimize signal distortion.Figure 2A and Figure 2B show two different layouts which arerecommended only as guidelines.Other suitable clock layouts may exist and it would be recommended that the board designerssimulate to guarantee compatibility across all printed circuit and clock component process variations.Figure 2A.3.3V LVPECL Output Termination Figure 2B.3.3V LVPECL Output TerminationICS8535-01 DATA SHEETSchematic ExampleFigure 3shows a schematic example of the ICS8535-01.In this example,the CLK0input is selected.The decoupling capacitors should be physically located near the power pin.For ICS8535-01,the unused clock outputs can be left floating.Figure 3.ICS8535-01Schematic ExampleICS8535-01 DATA SHEETPower ConsiderationsThis section provides information on power dissipation and junction temperature for the ICS8535-01.Equations and example calculations are also provided.1.Power Dissipation.The total power dissipation for the ICS8535-01is the sum of the core power plus the power dissipated in the load(s).The following is the power dissipation for V CC =3.3V +5%=3.465V ,which gives worst case results.NOTE:Please refer to Section 3for details on calculating power dissipated in the load.•Power (core)MAX =V CC_MAX *I EE_MAX =3.465V *50mA =173.25mW •Power (outputs)MAX =30mW/Loaded Output pairIf all outputs are loaded,the total power is 4*30mW =120mWTotal Power_MAX (3.465V ,with all outputs switching)=173.25mW +120mW =293.25mW 2.Junction Temperature.Junction temperature,Tj,is the temperature at the junction of the bond wire and bond pad and directly affects the reliability of the device.The maximum recommended junction temperature is 125°C.The equation for Tj is as follows:Tj =θJA *Pd_total +T A Tj =Junction T emperatureθJA =Junction-to-Ambient Thermal ResistancePd_total =T otal Device Power Dissipation (example calculation is in section 1above)T A =Ambient T emperatureIn order to calculate junction temperature,the appropriate junction-to-ambient thermal resistance θJA must be used.Assuming a moderate air flow of 200linear feet per minute and a multi-layer board,the appropriate value is 66.6°C/W per T able 6A below.Therefore,Tj for an ambient temperature of 70°C with all outputs switching is:70°C +0.293W *66.6°C/W =89.5°C.This is below the limit of 125°C.This calculation is only an example.Tj will obviously vary depending on the number of loaded outputs,supply voltage,air flow and the type of board (single layer or multi-layer).Table 6A.Thermal Resistance θfor 20-Lead TSSOP ,Forced ConvectionNOTE:Most modern PCB designs use multi-layered boards.The data in the second row pertains to most designs.Table 6B.θvs.Air Flow Table for 20-Lead VFQFNICS8535-01 DATA SHEET 3.Calculationsand Equations.The purpose of this section is to derive the power dissipated into the load.LVPECL output driver circuit and termination are shown in Figure4.Figure4.LVPECL Driver Circuit and TerminationT o calculate worst case power dissipation into the load,use the following equations which assume a50Ωload,and a termination voltage of V CC–2V.•For logic high,V OUT=V OH_MAX=V CC_MAX–0.9V(V CC_MAX–V OH_MAX)=0.9V•For logic low,V OUT=V OL_MAX=V CO_MAX–1.7V(V CC_MAX–V OL_MAX)=1.7VPd_H is power dissipation when the output drives high.Pd_L is the power dissipation when the output drives low.Pd_H=[(V OH_MAX–(V CC_MAX–2V))/R L]*(V CC_MAX–V OH_MAX)=[(2V-(V CC_MAX–V OH_MAX))/R L]*(V CC_MAX–V OH_MAX)=[(2V-0.9V)/50Ω]*0.9V=19.8mWPd_L=[(V OL_MAX–(V CC_MAX–2V))/R L]*(V CC_MAX–V OL_MAX)=[(2V–(V CC_MAX–V OL_MAX))/R L]*(V CC_MAX–V OL_MAX)=[(2V–1.7V)/50Ω]*1.7V=10.2mWT otal Power Dissipation per output pair=Pd_H+Pd_L=30mWICS8535-01 DATA SHEETReliability InformationNOTE:Most modern PCB designs use multi-layered boards.The data in the second row pertains to most designs.Table 7B.θvs.Air Flow Table for 20-Lead VFQFNTransistor CountThe transistor count for the IS8535-01is 412.Table 7A.θJA vs.Air Flow Table for a 20-Lead TSSOPICS8535-01 DATA SHEETPackage Outline and Package DimensionsICS8535-01 DATA SHEETPackage Outline and Package Dimensions (continued)Package Outline -K Suffix for 20-Lead VFQFNReference Document:JEDEC Publication 95,MO-220NOTE:The drawing and dimension data originate from IDT package outline drawing PSC-4170,rev03.1.Dimensions and tolerances conform to ASME Y14.5M-19942.All dimensions are in millimeters.All angles are in degrees.3.N is the total number of terminals.4.All specifications comply with JEDEC MO-220.Table 9.Package Dimensions for 20-Lead VFQFNICS8535-01 DATA SHEETOrdering InformationTable10.Ordering InformationICS8535-01 DATA SHEETRevision History SheetICS8535-01 DATA SHEETDISCLAIMER Integrated Device Technology, Inc. (IDT) and its subsidiaries reserve the right to modify the products and/or specifications described herein at any time and at IDT’s sole discretion. All information in this document, including descriptions of product features and performance, is subject to change without notice. Performance specifications and the operating parameters of the described products are determined in the independent state and are not guaranteed to perform the same way when installed in customer products. The information contained herein is provided without representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, including, but not limited to, the suitability of IDT’s products for any particular purpose, an implied warranty of merchantability, or non-infringement of the intellectual property rights of others. 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G.984.3翻译中文

GPON TC层规范概要本建议描述了一个能提供宽带和窄带业务能力的灵活的接入网家族中的GPON(吉比特无源光网络) 的TC(传输汇聚层)的规范。

本建议描述了具有1.244和2.488 Gb/s下行线路速率，0.155、0.622、1.244和2.488 Gb/s上行线路速率的系统。

该建议给出了基于GPON网络的TC层（GTC）的帧结构，信息，测距方法，OAM功能和安全性的规范。

本建议是G.984系列不可缺少的一部分，G.984系列是由一系列接入传输系统共同组成的。

G.984系列和G.983系列的主要不同在于更高的线路比特速率，在这里做了描述。

由于此不同，G.984系列在很多技术细节和特征的处理方式上和G.983系列不同。

两种系统不互通。

1 范围在本建议中：描述了支持包括POTS，数据，视频，租用线和分布业务的灵活的光纤接入网技术。

描述了在用户网络接口和业务网络接口间有传输多业务能力的无源光网络PON的特性。

集中讨论了在光纤上的应用，在铜线和混合系统上的应用在其他标准中规定，例如：xDSL的标准。

规定了业务节点接口和用户网络接口间对传输汇聚层（TC）的要求。

规范了GPON网络中的帧格式、媒质接入方式、测距方法、OAM功能和安全性。

2 引用标准本建议中所包含条文，通过在本建议中引用而构成为本建议的条文。

本标准出版时，所示版本均为有效。

所有建议都会被修订，使用本建议的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。

本建议引用了以下标准或规范：[1]IEEE Standardization 802.3 (2002), Part 3: Carrier sense multiple access with collisiondetection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specifications.[2]ITU-T Recommendation G.983.1 (1998), Broadband optical access systems based on PassiveOptical Networks (PON).[3]ITU-T Recommendation G.983.4 (2001), A broadband optical access system with increasedservice capability using dynamic bandwidth assignment.[4]ITU-T Recommendation G.983.5 (2002), A broadband optical access system with enhancedsurvivability.[5]ITU-T Recommendation I.432.1 (1996), B-ISDN User-Network Interface – Physical LayerSpecification: General characteristics.[6]ITU-T Recommendation I.361 (1999), B-ISDN A TM layer specification.[7]ITU-T Recommendation G.803 (1993), Architecture of transport networks based on thesynchronous digital hierarchy (SDH).[8]ITU-T Recommendation G.704 (1995), Synchronous frame structures used at 1544, 6312,2048, 8448 and 44 736 kbit/s hierarchical levels.[9]ITU-T Recommendation G.707 (2000), Network node interface for the synchronous digitalhierarchy (SDH).[10]ITU-T Recommendation G.984.1 (2003), Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks(G-PON): Service requirement (GSR).[11]ITU-T Recommendation G.984.2 (2003), Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks(G-PON): Physical Media Dependent (PMD) layer Specification.[12]Federal Information Processing Standard 197, Advanced Encryption Standard, NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, November 26, 20013 术语（略）4 缩略词（略）5 约定下面提供了整个建议中的相关信息以增强可读性。

GSM相关的词汇中英对照

GSM相关的词汇中英对照数字、英文1/4比特数 quarter bit numberAGC恢复时间 AGC recovery timeAGC启动时间 AGC attack timeATM技术 asynchronous transfer technics, 异步转移模式，为多种速率信息的情况下研究的一种合适的传输与交换方式。

GSM 泛欧数字蜂窝移动通信系统GSM PLMN接入能力 GSM PLMN access capabilityGSM PLMN连接类型属性 GSM PLMN connection type attributeGSM公共陆地移动网 GSM PLMN用户身份模块：SIMJ-K触发器 J-K flip-flopM-序列 M-sequenceN进制数字信号 n-ary digital systemRS-232总线 RS-232 busA安全地线 safe ground wire安全特性 security feature安装线 hook-up wire按半周进行的多周期控制 multicycle controlled by half-cycle按键电话机 push-button telephone set按需分配多地址 demand assignment multiple access(DAMA)按要求的电信业务 demand telecommunication service按组编码 encode by groupB八木天线 Yagi antenna白噪声 white Gaussian noise白噪声发生器 white noise generator半波偶极子 halfwave dipole半导体存储器 semiconductor memory半导体集成电路 semiconductor integrated circuit半双工操作 semi-duplex operation半字节 Nib包络负反馈 peak envelop negative feed-back包络延时失真 envelop delay distortion薄膜 thin film薄膜混合集成电路 thin film hybrid integrated circuit 保护比（射频） protection ratio (RF)保护时段 guard period保密通信 secure communication报头 header报文分组 packet报文优先等级 message priority报讯 alarm备用工作方式 spare mode背景躁声 background noise倍频 frequency multiplication倍频程 actave倍频程滤波器 octave filter被呼地址修改通知 called address modified notification 被呼用户优先 priority for called subscriber本地PLMN local PLMN本地交换机 local exchange本地移动用户身份 local mobile station identity ( LMSI) 本地震荡器 local oscillator比功率(功率密度) specific power比特 bit比特并行 bit parallel比特号码 bit number (BN)比特流 bit stream比特率 bit rate比特误码率 bit error rate比特序列独立性 bit sequence independence必要带宽 necessary bandwidth闭环电压增益 closed loop voltage gain闭环控制 closed loop control闭路电压 closed circuit voltage边瓣抑制 side lobe suppression边带 sideband边带非线性串扰 sideband non-linear crosstalk边带线性串扰 sideband linear crosstalk边带抑制度 sideband suppression边角辐射 boundary radiation编号制度 numbering plan编解码器 codec编码 encode编码律 encoding law编码器 encoder编码器输出 encoder output编码器总工作时间 encoder overall operate time编码效率 coding efficiency编码信号 coded signal编码约束长度 encoding constraint length编码增益 coding gain编译程序 compiler鞭状天线 whip antenna变频器 converter变频损耗 converter conversion loss变容二极管 variable capacitance diode变形交替传号反转 modified alternate mark inversion便携电台 portable station便携设备 portable equipment便携式载体设备 portable vehicle equipment标称调整率（标称塞入率） nominal justification rate (nominal stuffing rate) 标称值 nominal value标称呼通概率 nominal calling probability标准码实验信号 standard code test signal (SCTS)标准模拟天线 standard artificial antenna标准频率 standard frequency标准时间信号发射 standard-time-signal emission标准实验调制 standard test modulation标准输出功率 standard power output标准输入信号 standard input signal标准输入信号电平 standard input-signal level标准输入信号频率 standard input-signal frequency标准信躁比 standard signal to noise表面安装 surface mounting表示层 presentation layer并串变换器 parallel-serial converter (serializer)并馈垂直天线 shunt-fed vertical antenna并行传输 parallel transmission并行终端 parallel terminal拨号错误概率 dialing mistake probability拨号后延迟 post-dialing delay拨号交换机 dial exchange拨号线路 dial-up line拨号音 dialing tone拨号终端 dial-up terminal波动强度（在给定方向上的） cymomotive force (c. m. f)波段覆盖 wave coverage波峰焊 wave soldering波特 baud泊送过程 Poisson process补充业务 supplementary service (of GSM)补充业务登记 supplementary service registration补充业务询问 supplementary service interrogation补充业务互连 supplementary service interworking捕捉区（一个地面接收台） capture area (of a terrestrial receiving station) 捕捉带 pull-in range捕捉带宽 pull-in banwidth捕捉时间 pull-in time不连续发送 discontinuous transmission (DTX)不连续干扰 discontinuous interference不连续接收 discontinuous reception (DRX)不确定度 uncertainty步谈机 portable mobile stationC采样定理 sampling theorem采样频率 sampling frequency采样周期 sampling period参考边带功率 reference side band power参考差错率 reference error ratio参考当量 reference equivalent参考点 reference point参考结构 reference configuration参考可用场强 reference usable fiend-strength参考灵敏度 reference sensibility参考频率 reference frequency参考时钟 reference clock参考输出功率 reference output power残余边带调制 vestigial sideband modulation残余边带发射 vestigial-sideband emission操作维护中心 operation maintenance center (OMC)操作系统 operation system (OS)侧音消耗 sidetone loss层2转发 layer 2 relay (L2R)插入组装 through hole pachnology插入损耗 insertion loss查号台 information desk差错控制编码 error control coding差错漏检率 residual error rate差分脉冲编码调制（差分脉码调制） differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) 差分四相相移键控 differential quadrature phase keying (DQPSK)差分相移键控 differential phase keying (DPSK)差模电压，平衡电压 differential mode voltage, symmetrical voltage差拍干扰 beat jamming差频失真 difference frequency distortion长期抖动指示器 long-term flicker indicator长期频率稳定度 long-term frequency stability场强灵敏度 field intensity sensibility场效应晶体管 field effect transistor (FET)超长波通信 myriametric wave communication超地平对流层传播 transhorizon tropospheric超地平无线接力系统 transhorizon radio-relay system超高帧 hyperframe超帧 superframe超大规模集成电路 very-large scale integrated circuit (VLSI) 超再生接收机 super-regenerator receiver车载电台 vehicle station撤消 withdrawal成对不等性码（交替码、交变码）paired-disparity code (alternative code, alternating code) 承载业务 bearer service城市交通管制系统 urban traffic control system程序设计技术 programming technique程序设计环境 programming environment程序优化 program optimization程序指令 program command充电 charge充电率 charge rate充电效率 charge efficiency充电终止电压 end-of charge voltage抽样 sampling抽样率 sample rate初级分布线路 primary distribution link初始化 initialization处理增益 processing gain传播时延 propagation delay传播系数 propagation coefficient传导干扰 conducted interference传导杂散发射 conducted spurious emission传递函数 transfer function传递时间 transfer time传声器 microphone传输保密 transmission security传输层协议 transport layer protocol传输集群 transmission trunking传输结束字符 end of transmission character传输媒体 transmission medium传输损耗 transmission loss传输损耗（无线线路的） transmission loss (of a radio link)传输通道 transmission path传输信道 transmission channel传真 facsimile, FAX船舶地球站 ship earth station船舶电台 ship station船舶移动业务 ship movement service船上通信电台 on-board communication station ,ship communication station 船用收音机 ship radio串并变换机 serial to parallel (deserializer)串并行变换 serial-parallel conversion串话 crosstalk垂直方向性图 vertical directivity pattern唇式传声器 lip microphone磁屏蔽 magnetic shielding次级分布线路 secondary distribution link猝发差错 burst error猝发点火控制 burst firing control存储程序控制交换机 stored program controlled switching system\D大规模集成电路 large scale integrated circuit (LSI)大信号信躁比 signal-to-noise ratio of strong signal带成功结果的常规操作 normal operation with successful outcome带宽 bandwidth带内导频单边带 pilot tone-in-band single sideband带内谐波 in-band harmonic带内信令 in-band signalling带内躁声 in-band noise带通滤波器 band-pass filter带外发射 out-of-band emission带外功率 out-of-band power带外衰减 attenuation outside a channel带外信令 out-band signalling带状线 stripline单边带发射 single sideband (SSB) emission单边带发射机 single side-band (SSB) transmitter单边带调制 single side band modulation单边带解调 single side band demodulation单边带信号发生器 single side band signal generaltor单端同步 single-ended synchronization单工、双半工 simplex, halfduplex单工操作 simplex operation单工无线电话机 simplex radio telephone单呼 single call单频双工 single frequency duplex单频信令 single frequency signalling单相对称控制 symmetrical control (single phase)单相非对称控制 asymmetrical control (single phase)单向 one-way单向的 unidirectional单向控制 unidirectional control单信道地面和机载无线电分系统 SINCGARS单信道无绳电话机 single channel cordless telephone单信号方法 single-signal method单音 tone单音脉冲 tone pulse单音脉冲持续时间 tone pulse duration单音脉冲的单音频率 tone frequency of tone pulse单音脉冲上升时间 tone pulse rise time单音脉冲下降时间 tone pulse decay time单音制 individual tone system单元电缆段（中继段） elementary cable section (repeater section)单元再生段 elementary regenerator section (regenerator section)单元增音段，单元中继段 elementary repeater section当被呼移动用户不回答时的呼叫转移 call forwarding on no reply (CFNRy)当被呼移动用户忙时的呼叫转 calling forwarding on mobile subscriber busy (CFB) 当漫游到原籍PLMN国家以外时禁止所有入呼 barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country (BIC-Roam)当前服务的基站 current serving BS当无线信道拥挤时的呼叫转移calling forward on mobile subscriber not reachable (CENRc)刀型天线 blade antenna导频 pilot frequency导频跌落pilot fall down倒L型天线 inverted-L antenna等步的 isochronous等幅电报 continuous wave telegraph等权网（互同步网） democratic network (mutually synchronized network) 等效比特率 equivalent bit rate等效地球半径 equivalent earth radius等效二进制数 equivalent binary content等效全向辐射功率 equivalent isotropically radiated power (e. i. r. p.) 等效卫星线路躁声温度 equivalent satellite link noise temperature低轨道卫星系统 LEO satellite mobile communication system低气压实验 low atmospheric pressure test低时延码激励线性预测编码 low delay CELP (LD-CELP)低通滤波器 low pass filter低温实验 low temperature test低躁声放大器 low noise amplifier地-空路径传播 earth-space path propagation地-空通信设备 ground/air communication equipment地波 ground wave地面连线用户 land line subscriber地面无线电通信 terrestrial radio communication地面站（电台） terrestrial station第N次谐波比 nth harmonic ratio第二代无绳电话系统 cordless telephone system second generation (CT-2) 第三代移动通信系统 third generation mobile systems点波束天线 spot beam antenna点对地区通信 point-area communication点对点通信 point-point communication点至点的GSM PLMN连接 point to point GSM PLMN电报 telegraphy电报电码 telegraph code电波衰落 radio wave fading电池功率 power of battery电池能量 energy capacity of battery电池容量 battery capacity电池组 battery电磁波 electromagnetic wave电磁波反射 reflection of electromagnetic wave电磁波饶射 diffraction of electromagnetic wave电磁波散射 scattering of electromagnetic wave电磁波色射 dispersion of electromagnetic wave电磁波吸收 absorption of electromagnetic wave电磁波折射 refraction of electromagnetic wave电磁场 electromagnetic field电磁发射 electromagnetic field电磁辐射 electromagnetic emission电磁干扰 electromagnetic interference (EMI)电磁感应 electromagnetic induction电磁环境 electromagnetic environment电磁兼容性 electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)电磁兼容性电平 electromagnetic compatibility level 电磁兼容性余量 electromagnetic compatibility margin 电磁脉冲 electromagnetic pulse (EMP)电磁脉冲干扰 electromagnetic pulse jamming电磁敏感度 electromagnetic susceptibility电磁能 electromagnetic energy电磁耦合 electromagnetic coupling电磁屏蔽 electromagnetic shielding电磁屏蔽装置 electromagnetic screen电磁骚扰 electromagnetic disturbance电磁噪声 electromagnetic noise电磁污染 electromagnetic pollution电动势 electromotive force (e. m. f.)电话机 telephone set电话局容量 capacity of telephone exchange电话型电路 telephone-type circuit电话型信道 telephone-type channel电离层 ionosphere电离层波 ionosphere wave电离层传播 ionosphere propagation电离层反射 ionosphere reflection电离层反射传播 ionosphere reflection propagation电离层散射传播 ionosphere scatter propagation电离层折射 ionosphere refraction电离层吸收 ionosphere absorption电离层骚扰 ionosphere disturbance电流探头 current probe电路交换 circuit switching电屏蔽 electric shielding电视电话 video-telephone, viewphone, visual telephone 电台磁方位 magnetic bearing of station电台方位 bearing of station电台航向 heading of station电文编号 message numbering电文队列 message queue电文格式 message format电文交换 message switching电文交换网络 message switching network电文结束代码 end-of-message code电文路由选择 message routing电小天线 electronically small antenna电信管理网络 telecommunication management network (TMN) 电信会议 teleconferencing电压变化 voltage change电压变化持续时间 duration of a voltage change电压变化的发生率 rate of occurrence of voltage changes 电压变化时间间隔 voltage change interval电压波动 voltage fluctuation电压波动波形 voltage fluctuation waveform电压波动量 magnitude of a voltage fluctuation电压不平衡 voltage imbalance, voltage unbalance电压浪涌 voltage surge电压骤降 voltage dip电源 power supply电源电压调整率 line regulation电源抗扰性 mains immunity电源持续工作能力 continuous operation ability of the power supply 电源去耦系数 mains decoupling factor电源骚扰 mains disturbance电子干扰 electronic jamming电子工业协会 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)电子系统工程 electronic system engineering电子自动调谐 electronic automatic tuning电子组装 electronic packaging电阻温度计 resistance thermometer跌落试验 fall down test顶部加载垂直天线 top-loaded vertical antenna定长编码 block code定期频率预报 periodical frequency forecast定时 clocking定时超前 timing advance定时电路 timing circuit定时恢复（定时抽取） timing recovery (timing extration)定时截尾试验 fixed time test定时信号 timing signal定数截尾试验 fixed failure number test定向天线 directional antenna定型试验 type test动态频率分配 dynamic frequency allocation动态信道分配 dynamic channel allocation动态重组 dynamic regrouping动态自动增益控制特性 dynamic AGC characteristic抖动 jitter独立边带 independent sideband独立故障 independent fault端到端业务 teleservice短波传播 short wave propagation短波通信 short wave communication短路保护 short-circuit protection短期抖动指示器 short-term flicker indicator短期频率稳定度 short-term frequency stability短时间中断（供电电压） short interruption (of supply voltage)段终端 section termination对称二元码 symmetrical binary code对地静止卫星 geostationary satellite对地静止卫星轨道 geostationary satellite orbit对地同步卫星 geosynchronous satellite对讲电话机 intercommunicating telephone set对空台 aeronautical station对流层 troposphere对流层波道 troposphere duct对流层传播 troposphere propagation对流层散射传播 troposphere scatter propagation多次调制 multiple modulation多点接入 multipoint access多电平正交调幅 multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 多分转站网 multidrop network多服务器队列 multiserver queue多工 multiplexing多工器 nultiplexer多功能系统 MRS多级处理 multilevel processing多级互连网络 multistage interconnecting network多级卫星线路 multi-satellite link多径 multipath多径传播 multipath propagation多径传播函数 nultipath propagation function多径分集 multipath diversity多径时延 multipath delay多径衰落 multipath fading多径效应 multipath effect多路复接 multiplexing多路接入 multiple access多路信道 multiplexor channel多脉冲线性预测编码 multi-pulse LPC (MPLC)多频信令 multifrequency signalling多普勒频移 Doppler shift多跳路径 multihop path多信道选取 multichannel access (MCA)多信道自动拨号移动通信系统multiple-channel mobile communication system with automatic dialing 多优先级 multiple priority levels多帧 multiframe多址呼叫 multiaddress call多址联接 multiple access多重时帧 multiple timeframe多用户信道 multi-user channelE额定带宽 rated bandwidth额定射频输出功率 rated radio frequency output power额定使用范围 rated operating range额定音频输出功率 rated audio-frequency output power额定值 rated value爱尔兰 erlang恶意呼叫识别 malicious call identification (MCI)耳机（受话器） earphone耳机额定阻抗 rated impedance of earphone二十进制码 binary-coded decimal (BCD) code二十进制转换 binary-to-decimal conversion二十六进制转换 binary-to-hexadecimal conversion二进制码 binary code二进制频移键控 binary frequency shift keying (BFSK)二进制数 binary figure二频制位 binary digit(bit)二频制 two-frequency system二维奇偶验码 horizontal and vertical parity check code二线制 two-wire system二相差分相移键控 binary different phase shift keying (BDPSK)二相相移键控 binary phase shift keying (BPSK)F发报机 telegraph transmitter发射 emisssion发射（或信号）带宽 bandwidth of an emission (or a signal) 发射机 transmitter发射机边带频谱 transmitter sideband spectrum发射机额定输出功率 rated output power of transmitter发射机合路器 transmitter combiner发射机冷却系统 cooling system of transmitter发射机启动时间 transmitter attack time发射机效率 transmitter frequency发射机杂散躁声 spurious transmitter noise发射机之间的互调 iner-transmitter intermodulation发射机对答允许频（相）偏transmitter maximum permissible frequency(phase) deviation 发射类别 class of emission发射频段 transmit frequency band发射余量 emission margin发送 sending发送响度评定值 send loudness rating (SLR)繁忙排队/自动回叫 busy queuing/ callback反馈控制系统 feedback control system反射功率 reflection power反射卫星 reflection satellite反向话音通道 reverse voice channel (RVC)反向控制信道 reverse control channel (RECC)泛欧数字无绳电话系统 digital European cordless telephone 方舱 shelter方向性系数 directivity of an antenna防爆电话机 explosion-proof telephone set防潮 moisture protection防腐蚀 corrosion protection防霉 mould proof仿真头 artificial head仿真耳 artificial ear仿真嘴 artificial mouth仿真天线 dummy antenna放大器 amplifier放大器线性动态范围 linear dynamic range of amplifier放电 discharge放电电压 discharge voltage放电深度 depth of discharge放电率 discharge rate放电特性曲线 discharge character curve非等步的 anisochronous非归零码 nonreturn to zero code (NRZ)非均匀编码 nonuniform encoding非均匀量化 nonuniform quantizing非连续干扰 discontinuous disturbance“非”门 NOT gate非强占优先规则 non-preemptive priority queuing discipline非受控滑动 uncontrolled slip非线性电路 nonlinear circuit非线性失真 nonliear distortion非线性数字调制 nonlinear digital modulation非占空呼叫建立 off-air-call-set-up (OACSU)非专用控制信道 non-dedicated control channel非阻塞互连网络 non-blocking interconnection network分贝 decibel (dB)分辨力 resolution分布参数网络 distributed parameter network分布式功能 distributed function分布式数据库 distributed database分别于是微波通信系统 distributed microwave communication system 分布式移动通信系统 distributed mobile communication system分布路线 distribution link分段加载天线 sectional loaded antenna分机 extension分集 diversity分集改善系数 diversity improvement factor分集间隔 diversity separation分集增益 diversity gain分集接收 diversity reception分接器 demultiplexer分频 frequency division分散定位 distributed channel assignment分散控制方式 decentralized control分散式帧定位信号 distributed frame alignment signal分同步（超同步）卫星 sub-synchronous (super-synchronous) satellite 分谐波 subharmonic分组交换 packet switching分组码 block code分组无线网 packet radio network分组循环分散定位 block cyclic distributed channel assigment分组组装与拆卸 packet assembly and disassembly封闭用户群 closed user group (CUG)峰包功率 peak envelop power峰值 peak value峰值-波纹系数 peak-ripple factor峰值包络检波 peak envelop detection峰值功率 peak power峰值功率等级（移动台的） peak power class (of MS)峰值检波器 peak detector峰值限制 peak limiting蜂窝手持机 cellular handset蜂窝系统 cellular system缝隙天线 slot antenna服务基站 serving BS服务访问点 service access point (SAP)服务弧 service arc服务可保持性 service retainability服务可得到性 service accessibility服务提供部门 service provider服务完善性 service integrity服务小区 serving cell服务易行性 service operability服务支持性 service supportability服务质量 quality of service服务准备时间 service provisioning time符号率 symbol rate幅度检波 amplitude detection幅度量化控制 amplitude quantized cntrol幅度失真 amplitude distortion幅度调制 amplitude modulation (AM)幅频响应 amplitude-frequency response幅相键控 amplitude phase keying (APK)辐射 radiation辐射单元 radiating element辐射方向图 radiation pattern辐射干扰 radiated interference辐射近场区 radiating near-field region辐射能 radiant energy辐射强度 radiation intensity辐射区 radiated area辐射实验场地 radiation test site辐射效率 radiation efficiency辐射源（电磁干扰） emitter (of electromagnetic disturbance)辐射杂散发射 radiated spurious emission辐射阻抗 radiation impedance俯仰角 pitch angle负极 negative electrode负离子 negative ion负荷容量（过荷点） load capacity (overload point)负逻辑 negative logic负码速调整（负脉冲塞入） negative justification (negative pulse stuffing) 负载调整率 load regulation负阻放大器 negative resistance amplifier负阻效应 negative resistance effect负阻振荡 negative resistance oscillation附加符号 additional character附加位 overhead bit复合音 complex sound复接器 multiplexer复节-分接器 muldex复接制 multiple connection system复位 reset复用转接器 transmultiplexer复帧 multiframe副瓣 minor lobe副瓣电平 minor level覆盖区（一个地面发射台的） coverage area (of a terrestrial transmitting station)G概率 probability概率分布 probability distribution概率信息 probabilistic information概率译码 probabilistic decoding干扰 interference干扰参数 interference parameter干扰限值 limit of interference干扰信号 interfering signal干扰抑制 interfering suppression干扰源 interfering resource干线 trunk line感应近场区 reactive near-field region港口操作业务 port operation service港口电台 port station港口管理系统 harbor management system港口交通管理系统 harbor traffic control system高[低]电平输出电流 high (low)-level output current高[低]电平输出电压 high (low)-level output voltage高波 high-angle ray高层功能 high layer function高层协议 high layer protocol高级数据链路控制规程 high level data link control (HDLC) procedure高级通信业务 advanced communication service高级研究计划署 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)高级移动电话系统 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)高频放大器 high frequency amplifier高频提升 high frequency boost高频增益控制 high frequency gain control高斯信道 Gauss channel (AWG)高斯最小频移键控 Guassian minimum shift keying (GMSK)高频制频率时的发射频偏 transmitting frequency deviation of high frequency 高通滤波器 highpass filter高温高湿偏置试验 high temperature high humidity biased testing (HHBT)高温功率老化 burning高温试验 high temperature test告警接收机 warning receiver告警指示信号 alarm indication signal (AIS)戈莱码 Golay code戈帕码 Goppa codes格码调制 trellis codes modulation schemes (TCM)隔离放大器 isolation amplifier个人数字助理 personal digital assistant (PDA)个人电台 personal station (PS)个人电台系统 personal radio system个人识别号码 personal identification number (PIN)个人通信 personal communications个人通信网 personal communication networks (PCN)个人携带电话 personal handy phone (PHP)个人移动性 personal mobility个体接收（在卫星广播业务中） individual reception跟踪保持电路 track and hold circuit跟踪带宽 tracking bandwidth更改地址插入 changed address interception工科医用（的） ISM工科医用频段 ISM frequency band工业干扰 industrial interference工作最高可用频率 operational MUF工作比 duty cycle工作范围 working range工作频率范围 operating frequency range工作站 work station (WS)工作周期 cycle of operation公共分组交换网 public packet switched network公共耦合点 point of common coupling (PCC)公开密匙体制 public key system公路交通管制系统 highway traffic control system公用数据网 public data network公众陆地移动电话网 public land mobile network (PLMN)功能键 function key功能群，功能群令 function group, function grouping功率合成 power synthesis功能控制报文 power control message功率控制电平 power control level功率谱密度 power spectrum density功率损耗 power loss功率因子 power factor供电系统阻抗 supply system impedance共道抑制 co-channel suppression共道信令 co-channel signalling共模电压，不平衡电压 common mode voltage, asymmetrical voltage 共模电流 common mode current共模转换 common code conversion共模干扰 common code interference共模抑制比 common code rejection ratio (CMRR)共模增益 common mode gain共模阻抗 common code impedance共信道再用距离 co-channel re-use distance贡献路线 contribution link固定电台 fixed station固定基地电台 fixed base station固定信道指配 fixed channel assignment固态发射机 solidstate transmitter固有可靠性 inherent reliability固有频差 inherent frequency error故障 fault故障安全 fault safe故障保护 fault protection故障弱化 failsoft故障修复 fault correcting故障原因 fault cause故障准则 fault criteria挂机信号 hang-up signal管理中心 administration center (ADC)广播控制信道（BCCH）划分 BCCH allocation (BA)广播寻呼系统 broadcast paging system广域网 wide area network (WAN)归零码 return to zero code (RZ)归一化的偏置 normalized offset规程 protocol规范 specification规则脉冲激励编码 regular-pulse excitation (RPE)规则脉冲激励长时预测编码 regular-pulse excitation LPC (RPE-LPC)轨道 orbit国际标准 international standard国际单位制 international system of units国际电报电话咨询委员会 CCITT国际电工委员会 IEC国际电信联盟 ITU国际互连网 Internet国际民航组织 ICAO , international civil aviation organization国际通信卫星组织 INTERAT国际海事卫星组织 INMAR-SAT国际无线电干扰特别委员会 CISPR国际无线电干扰委员会 CCIR国际移动识别码 international mobile station equipment identity (IMEI) 国际移动用户识别码 international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)国际原子时间 international automatic time (TAI)国家标准 national standard国家信息基础结构 national information infrastructure (NII)过充电 overcharge过滤带 transition band过放电 overdischarge过荷保护电路 overload protecting circuit过荷分级控制 overload control category过荷控制 overload control过调制 overmodulation过流保护 overcurrent protection过压保护 overvoltage protectionH海岸地球站 coast earth station海岸电台 coast station海事卫星通信 maritime satellite communications汉明距离 Hamming distance汉明码 Hamming code汉明重量 Hamming weight航空地球站 aeronautical earth station航空电台 aeronautical station航空器地球站 aircraft earth station航空器电台 aircraft station航空移动业务 aeronautical mobile service航天器（宇宙飞船） spacecraft毫米波 millimeter wave黑格巴哥码 Hagelbarger code恒比码 constant ratio code恒步的 homochronous恒流电源 constant current power supply恒温恒湿试验 constant temperature and humid test恒压充电 constant voltage charge恒压电源 constant voltage power supply恒电磁波小室 transverse electromagnetic wave cell (TEM cell) 喉式传声器 throat microphone后瓣 back hole厚模电路 thick-film circuit呼叫 call呼叫支持 call hold (HOLD)呼叫存储 call store呼叫等待 call waiting (CW)呼叫改发 call redirection呼叫建立 call establishment呼叫建立时间 call set-up time呼叫接通率 percept of call completed呼叫控制信号 call control signal呼叫清除延时 call clearing delay呼叫释放 call release呼叫序列 calling sequence呼叫转移 call transfer (CT)呼救 distress call呼救系统 distress system呼损率 percept of call lost呼通概率 calling probability互补金属氧化物半导体集成电路complementary MOS integrated circuit (COMOS-IC)互连 interworking互连的考虑 interworking consideration互连功能 interworking function (IWF)互调 intermodulation互调产物（一个发射台的） intermodulation products (of a transmitting stastion) 互调抗扰性 intermodulation immunity互调失真 intermodulation distortion互通性 interoperability互同步网 mutually synchronized network话路输入电平 voice circuit input level话路输入电平差异 voice circuit input level difference话务量 telephone traffic话音活动检测 voice activity detection (VAD)话音激活 voice exciting话音激活率 speech activity话音数字信令 speech digit signalling话音突发 speech spurt环境试验 environment test环境系数 environment factor环境应力筛选 environment stress screening (ESS)环境躁声 ambient noise环路传输 loop transmission环路高频总增益 loop RF overall gain环路可锁定最底（最高）界限角频率loop lockable minimum (maximum) margin angular frequency环路滤波器比例系数 loop filter proportion coefficient环路躁声带宽 loop noise bandwidth环路增益 loop gain环路直流总增益 loop DC overall gain环路自然谐振角频率 loop natural resonant angular frequency环形波 ring wave环形混频器 ring mixer环行器 circulator环行延迟 rounding relay恢复 recovery恢复规程 restoration procedure汇接交换 tandem switching汇接局 tandem office会话（在电信中） conversation (in telecommunication)会话层 session layer会议电话 conference telephone混合ARQ hybrid ARQ混合差错控制 hybrid error control (HEC)混合分集 hybrid diversity混合集成电路 hybrid integrated circuit混合扩频 hybrid spread spectrum混合路径传播 mixed-path propagation混合信道指配 hybrid channel assignment混频器 mixer混频器的寄生响应 mixer spurious response活动模式 active mode“或”门 OR gate“或非”门 NOR gateJ机壳辐射 cabinet radiation机载电台 aircraft station基本传输损耗（无线线路的） basic transmission loss (of a radio link) 基本接入 basic access基本业务（GSM的） basic service (of GSM)基本越区切换规程 basic handover procedure基本最高可用频率 basic maximun usable frequency基波（分量） fundamental (component)基波系数 fundamental factor基带 baseband基地（海岸）（航空）设备 base (coast)(aeronautical) equipment 基地电台 base station (BS)基站控制器 base station controller (BSC)基站识别码 base station identity code (BSIC)基站收发信台 base transceiver station (BTS)基站系统 base station system (BSS)基站区 base station area基准条件 reference condition基准阻抗 reference impedance奇偶校验码 parity check code奇偶校验位 parity bit激活 activation吉尔伯特码 Gilbert code级联码 concatenated code即时业务 demand service急充电 boost charge急剧衰落 flutter fading集成电路 integrated circuit集成电路卡 integrated circuit card集群电话互连 trunked telephone connect集群电话互连器 trunked telephone connector集群基站 trunked base station集群效率 trunking efficiency集群移动电话系统 trunked mobile communication system集体呼叫 group call集体接收（在卫星广播业务中） community reception集中控制方式 centralized control集中式帧定位信号 bunched frame alignment signal计费信息 advice of charge计算机病毒 computer virus计算机辅助测试 computer-aided test (CAT)计算机辅助工程 computer-aided engineering (CAE)计算机辅助管理 computer-aided management (CAM)计算机辅助教学 computer-aided instruction (CAU)。

人力资源常用英语单词表

精选了一些常用的人力资源英语，希望对大家有所帮助哦16PF 卡特尔16 种人格因素测试360-degree appraisal 360 度评估360-degree feedback 360 度反馈7S 7S 原则/模型New 7S 新7S 原则/模型80/20 principle 80/20 法则AAR-After Action Review 行动后学习机制Ability Test 能力测试Ability of Manager 管理者的能力Absence Management 缺勤管理Absence rate 缺勤率Absent without Leave 无故缺勤擅离职守Absenteeism 缺勤Accident Insurance 意外伤害保险Accident Investigation 事故调查Accident Loss 事故损失Accident Work Injury 工伤事故Achievement Need 成就需求Achievement Test 成就测试Action Learning 行动（为）学习法Administer 管理者Administrative Level 管理层次Administrative Line 直线式管理Adverse Impact 负面影响Advertisement Recruiting 广告招聘Affective Commitment 情感认同Affiliation Need 归属需求Age Composition 年龄结构Age Discrimination 年龄歧视Age Retirement 因龄退休Agreement Content 协议内容Allowance 津贴Annual Bonus 年终分红Annual Leave 年假Annuity/Pension 退休金Applicant-Initiated Recruitment 自荐式招聘Application Blank 申请表Appraisal Feedback 考评反馈Appraisal Interview 考评面谈Appraisal Standardization 考评标准化Attendance 考勤Attendance Rate 出勤率Attitude Survey 态度调查Attribution Theory 归因理论Authority 职权Availability Forecast 供给预测Background Investigation 背景调查BARS-Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale Method 行为锚定等级法Basic Skill 基础技能Behavior Modeling 行为模拟Behavioral Rating 工作方式考核法BEI-behavior event interview 行为事件访谈法Benchmark Job 基准职位Benchmarking Management 标杆管理Benefit Plan 福利计划Benefit/Welfare 福利Board Interview 会议型面试BOS-Behavior Observation Scale 行为观察量表Borter-Lawler's theory of Expectency 波特—劳勒期望激励理论Bottom-Line Concept 底线概念Boundaryless Organizational Structure 无疆界组织结构Brainstorm Ideas 头脑风暴法Broadbanding Pay Structure 扁平薪资结构BSC-balanced scorecard 平衡计分卡Business Necessity 经营上的必要性Cafeteria-Style Benefit 自助式福利CAI-Computer-assisted Instruction 电脑辅助指导Campus Recruiting 校园招聘Career Anchors 职业锚/职业动机Career Counseling 职业咨询Career Development Method 职业发展方法Career Planning 职业规划career plateau 职业高原Career Stage 职业阶段Career-Long Employment 终身雇佣制Case Studay Training Method 案例研究培训法CIPP-Context,Input,Process,Product CIPP 评估模型Cognitive Aptitude Test 认知能力测试Colleague Appraisal 同事考评Comparative Appraisal Method 比较评估法Compensable Factor 报酬要素Compensation & Benefit 薪酬福利Compensatory Time Off 补假Competence-Based Interview 基于能力的面试Competency Assessment 能力评估Competency 胜任特征Competency Model 胜任特征模型Competency-Based Pay/Skill-Based Pay 技能工资Conciliation 调解Conflict 冲突Conflict Management 冲突管理Core Competency 核心竞争力Core Value 核心价值观Core Worker 核心员工Core Workforce 核心工作团队Corporate Culture 企业文化Corporate Identity 企业识别Corporate Image 企业形象Cost Per Hire 单位招聘成本Culture Shock 文化冲突Cumulative Trauma Disorder 累积性工伤Delphi Analysis 德尔菲分析Differential Piece Rate 差额计件工资Dimission 离职Dimission Interview 离职面谈Dimission Rate 离职率dismissal reason 解雇理由disparate treatment 差别性对待distribute bonus/profit sharing 分红diversity management 多样性管理diversity training 多样化培训division structure 事业部结构Downsizing 裁员Early Retirement 提前退休Early Retirement Factor 提前退休因素Earnings 薪资Education 学历Education Subsidy 教育津贴EEO-Equal Employment Opportunity 公平就业机会Effect Factors of Career Planning 职业规划影响因素Effect Factors of Development 开发影响因素Effective Working Hour 有效工时Efficiency of Labor 劳动效率Efficiency Wage 效率工资Electronic Meeting 电子会议Emotional Appeal 感召力Employee Attitude Surveys 员工态度调查Employee Career Management 员工职业生涯管理Employee Manual 员工手册Employee Potential 员工潜能Employee Safety and Health 员工安全和健康Employee Security 员工安全Employee Skill 员工技能Employee Surplus 员工过剩Employee Survey 员工测评Employee Training Method 员工培训方法Employee Turnover 员工流动Employee Turnover Rate 员工流动率Employee Under Training 受训员工Employee-Centered Job Redesign 以员工为中心的工作再设计Employees Bonus 雇员红利Employment 雇用Employment Consultant 招聘顾问Employment Contract Renewal 雇用合同续签Employment Diseases 职业病Employment History 工作经历Employment Objective 应聘职位Employment Offer/Enrollment 录用Employment Relationship 员工关系Employment Separation Certificate 离职证明书Empowerment 激励自主Entitlement 授权法EQ-Emotional Quotient 情感智商Equal Pay For Equal Work 同工同酬Equity Theory 公平理论E-Recruit 网络招聘ERM-Employee Relationship Management 员工关系管理Excellent Leader 优秀领导Executive Ability 执行力Executive Compensation 管理层薪资水平Executive Development Program 主管发展计划Executive Director 执行董事Executive Management 行政管理Executive Marketing Director 市场执行总监Executive Recruiters 高级猎头公司Executive Salaries 管理层工资Exit Interview 离职面谈Expectancy Theory 期望理论Expectation 期望值Expected Salary 期望薪水Expiry of Employment 雇用期满Exploit of HR 人力资源开发External Costs 外部成本External Employment 外部招聘External Environment of HR 人力资源外部环境External Equity 外部公平环境Extra Work 加班Extrinsic Rewards 外部奖励Fiedler Contingency Model 费德勒的权变模型First Impression Effect 初次印象效应Five-Day Workweek 每周五天工作制Fixed Term Appointment 固定期聘用Fixed Term Contract 固定任期合同Fixed Term Staff 固定期合同工FJA-Functional Job Analysis 功能性工作分析法Flat Organizational Structure 扁平化组织结构Flex Place 弹性工作地点Flex Plan 弹性工作计划flex time 弹性工作时间Formal Organization 正式组织Front-Line Manager 基层管理人员Full-Time 全职Function 职能Function of HRM 人力资源管理职能Functional Department 职能部门Funeral Leave 丧假Goal Conflict 目标冲突Group Congeniality/Cohesiveness 群体凝集力Guaranteed Employment Offer 雇用信Halo Effect 晕轮效应Headhunting 猎头Health Insurance 健康保险Hierarchy of Needs Theory 需要层次理论High Performance Organization 高绩效组织High-Performance Work System 高绩效工作系统Holiday Pay 假日薪水Horizontal Career Path 横向职业途径Housing/Rental Allowance 住房补贴HR Information System 人力资源信息系统HR Manager 人力资源经理HR Officer 人力资源主任HR Policy 人力资源政策HRCI-Human Resource Certification Institute 人力资源认证机构HRD-Human Resource Development 人力资源开发HRM-Human Resource Management 人力资源管理HRP-Human Resource Planning 人力资源规划Human Relations Movement 人际关系运动Hygiene Factor 保健因素Incentive Compensation/Reward Payment/Premium 奖金Incentive Plan 激励计划Incentive-Suggestion System 奖励建议制度Independent Contractor 合同工Indirect Financial Compensation 间接经济报酬Individual Incentive Plan 个人奖金方案Individual Income Tax 个人所得税Individual Interview 个别谈话Individual Retirement Account 个人退休账户Industrial Injury Compensation 工伤补偿Informal Communication 非正式沟通Informal Organization 非正式组织In-House Training 在公司内的培训Initial Interview 初试Insurance Benefit 保险福利Internal Environment of HR 人力资源内部环境Internal Equity 内部公平Internal Growth Strategy 内部成长战略Internal Job Posting 内部职位公开招聘Internal Recruitment 内部招聘Internal Recruitment Environment 内部招聘环境Interpersonal Skill 人际交往能力Interview Appraisal 面谈考评Interview Content 面试内容Interview Method 访谈法Interview Objective 面试目标Interview Planning List 面试计划表Intrinsic Reward 内在奖励JAS-Job Analysis Schedule 工作分析计划表Job 工作、职业Job Account 工作统计Job Aid 工作辅助Job Assignment 工作分配Job Analysis 工作分析Job Analysis Methods 工作分析方法Job Analysis Process 工作分析流程Job Attitude 工作态度Job Bidding 竞争上岗Job Card 工作单Job Characteristic 工作因素Job Characteristics Model 工作特性模式Job Classification 职位分类Job Code 工作编号，职位编号Job Context 工作背景Job Description 职位描述，工作说明Job Design 工作设计Job Enlargement 工作扩大化Job Enrichment 工作丰富化Job Evaluation 工作评估Job Identification 工作识别Job Involvement 工作投入Job Inventory 工作测量表Job Knowledge Test 业务知识测试Job Morale 工作情绪Job Performance 工作表现Job Plan 工作计划Job Posting 公开招聘Job Pricing 工作定价Job Qualification and Restriction 工作任职条件和资格Job Rotation 工作轮换Job Satisfaction 工作满意度Job Security 工作安全感Job Scope 工作范围Job Sharing 临时性工作分担Job Specialization 工作专业化Job Specification 工作要求细则Job Standard 工作标准Job Stress 工作压力Job Surrounding 工作环境Job Vacancy 职业空缺，岗位空缺Job-hop 跳槽频繁者J．S．Adams Equity Theory 亚当斯的公平理论Karoshi 过劳死KPI-key Process Indication 企业关键业绩指标Knowledge Database 知识数据库Knowledge Management 知识管理KSA－knowledge ,skill, attitude 知识，技能，态度Labor Condition 劳动条件Labor Contract 劳动合同，雇佣合同Labor Contract Renewal 劳动合同续签Labor Cost 劳动成本Labor Demand Forecast 劳动力需求预测Labor Discipline 劳动纪律Labor Dispute 劳动纠纷Labor Insurance 劳保Labor Laws 劳动法Labor Management Relations Act 《劳动关系法》Labor Market 劳动力市场Labor Protection 劳动保护Labor Relation 劳动关系Labor Reserve 劳动力储备Labor Shortage 劳动力短缺Labor-Management 劳动管理Lateral Communication 横向沟通Lateral Thinking 横向思维Leader Attach Training 领导者匹配训练Leaderless Group Discussion 无领导小组讨论法Leader-Member Relation 上下级关系Leader-Participation Model 领导参与模式Leadership 领导能力Learning Curve 学习曲线Learning Organization 学习型组织Learning Performance Test 学习绩效测试Legitimate Power 合法权力Level-to-Level Administration 分级管理Life Cycle Theory of Leadership 领导生命周期理论Line Manager 直线经理Line Authority 直线职权Line Structure 直线结构Long-Range Strategy 长期策略Long-Term Contract 长期合同Lower Management 基层管理Lower-Order Need 低层次需求Lump Sum Bonus/Pay Incentive 绩效奖金Management Assessment Center 管理评价中心Management Psychology 管理心理学Management Right 管理权Management Risk 管理风险Management Tool 管理工具Management Training 管理培训Managerial Art 管理艺术Managerial Authority 管理权威Managerial Function 管理职能Managerial Grid Theory 管理方格理论Marital Status 婚姻状况Market Price 市场工资Markov Analysis 马尔可夫分析过程Marriage Leave 婚假Matrix Structure 矩阵结构MBO-Management By Objective 目标管理Medical Insurance 医疗保险Medical/Physical Ability Inspection/Physical Ability Test 体检Merit Pay 绩效工资Merit Raise 绩效加薪Minimum Wage 最低工资Mission Installation Allowance 出差津贴Motivational Factor 激励因素Motivational Pattern 激励方式Motivation-hygiene Theory 激励保健论Needs Assessment 需求评估Nepotism 裙带关系No Financial Compensation 非经济报酬Noncontributory Plan 非付费退休金计划Nondiscrimination Rule 非歧视性原则No-Pay Study Leave 无薪进修假期Normal Retirement 正常退休observation method 观察法occupational choice 职业选择occupational disease 职业病occupational environment 职业环境occupational guidance 职业指导,就业指导offer letter 录用通知书on boarding training 入职培训on-the-job training 在职培训organization 组织organization change and development 组织变革与发展organization character 组织特征organization design 组织设计organization development appraisal 组织发展评价organization development method 组织发展方法organization environment 组织环境organization goal 组织目标organization renewal 组织革新organization size 组织规模organization structure 组织结构organizational analysis 组织分析organizational authority 组织职权organizational career planning 组织职业规划organizational climate 组织气候organizational commitment 组织认同感organizational function 组织职能organizational level 组织层次organizational merger 组织合并organizational orientation 组织定位orientation objective 岗前培训目标orientation period 岗前培训阶段overtime hour 加班工时overtime wage 加班工资overtime work 加班part-time job 兼职pay card 工资卡pay cheque/employee paycheck 工资支票pay compression 压缩工资Pay day 发薪日pay equity 报酬公平pay freeze 工资冻结pay grade 工资等级pay range 工资幅度pay rate 工资率pay slip/envelop 工资单pay survey 薪酬调查pay/salary rate standard 工资率标准payroll system 工资管理系统Payroll tax 工资所得税payroll/wage analysis 工资分析payroll/wage form 工资形式payroll/wage fund 工资基金pension plan 退休金计划pension/retirement benefit 退休福利people-first value " 以人为本"的价值观performance appraisal 绩效评估performance appraisal interview 绩效评估面谈performance appraisal objective 绩效评估目标performance appraisal period 考评期performance appraisal principle 绩效评估原则performance feedback 绩效反馈performance management system 绩效管理制度performance standard 绩效标准performance-reward relationship 绩效与报酬关系periodic salary adjustment 定期薪资调整personal character 个人性格,个性personal grievance 个人抱怨personal information record 人事档案personal leave 事假personality test 个性测试Personality-Job Fit Theory 性格与工作搭配理论personnel selection 选拔personnel test 人格测验品格测验Peter M. Senge's Theory of Learning Organization 彼德．圣吉的学习型组织理论physiological need 生理需要piece-rate system 计件工资制pink slip 解雇通知point method 因素计点法position analysis questionnaire 职位分析问卷法position description 职位描述position vacant 招聘职位positional level 职位层次positional title 职称post wage system 岗位工资制power distance 权力距离practice 实习premium plan/incentive system/reward system 奖金制pre-natal/maternity leave 产假prescribed group 正式群体primary welfare 基本福利prize contest 奖励竞争probationary term/probation period 试用期professional certificate 职业资格证书professional competence/capacity 专业能力professional ethics 职业道德professional examination 专业考试professional manager 职业经理人promote/demote 晋升/降职psychic reward 精神奖励psychological characteristic/feature 心理特征psychological contract 心理/精神契约psychological factor 心理因素psychological goal 心理目标psychological phenomenon 心理现象psychological test/psychometry 心理测验心理测试questionnaire method 问卷调查法quit rate 离职率Race Discrimination 种族歧视Ranking Method 排序法Rater Bias 评估偏差Rating Certificate 等级证书Ratio Analysis 比率分析法Recreation Leave Allowance 休假津贴Recreation/Sabbatical Leave 休假Recruiter 招聘人员Recruitment 招聘Recruitment Ditch 招聘渠道Recruitment Examination 招聘考试Recruitment Method 招聘方法Regular Earning/Pay/Wage 固定工资Renege 违约Resignation 辞职Resume 简历Resumption from Leave 销假Retiree System 退休制度Retirement 退休Retirement Age 退休年龄Retirement Fund 退休基金Role Playing 角色扮演Roles of HRM 人力资源管理角色Situational Interview 情景面试Standard Labor Cost 标准人工成本Standard Wage Rate 标准工资率Statutory Holidays 法定假期Statutory Right 法定权利Stress Interview 压力面试Stress Source 压力来源Strike 罢工Supplement Pay 补充报酬Survey Feedback 调查反馈Talent 人才Time Management 时间管理Timework Work 计时工作Trainer 培训师Training 培训Training &Development Manager 培训经理Training Administration 培训管理Training Item 培训项目Training Needs Analysis 培训需求分析Training Outcome 培训结果Training Plan 培训计划Training Specialist 培训专员Transfer 调动Treatment 待遇Turnover 人事变动Unemployment 失业Unemployment Compensation 失业津贴Unemployment Insurance 失业保险Unemployment Rate 失业率Unregistered Employment 隐性就业Vacation 假期VPT-Vocational Preference Test 职业性向测试Wage Rate Per Hour 计时工资Wage Standard 工资标准Wage Structure 工资结构Wage System 工资制度Wage-Incentive Plan 奖励工资制Welfare Management 福利管理Work Age 工龄Work Attitude 工作态度Work Behavior 工作行为Work Demand 工作要求Work Efficiency 工作效率Work Pressure 工作压力Written Examination 笔试Wrongful Discharge 不当解雇。

twk-elektronik 磁致伸缩位移传感器 mpn msn 系列 canopen 接口用户手册

⏹ Model MPN: Proﬁle version ⏹ Model MSN: Rod version⏹ Measuring strokes from 25 to 7600 mm ⏹ Contactless, robust system ⏹ Resolution up to 2 µm ⏹ Linearity better than 0.01 %⏹ 4 positions measurable simultaneously⏹ CANopen interface according toencoder proﬁle DS-406/3.1⏹ Transmission rate up to 1 MBaud ⏹ Parameterisable via the bus ⏹ Protection types up to IP 68⏹ Operating temperature range -40 °C ... +75 °C ⏹ Rod version pressure stability up to 350 barStructure and operationThe displacement transducers operate according to the principle of run time measurement between two points of a magnetostrictive waveguide. One point is determined by a moveable position magnet, whose distance from the null point corresponds to the section to be measured. The run time of an emitted impulse is directly proportionate to this section. Con-version to a measuring signal takes place in the downstream electronics.The waveguide is housed in a pressure-resistant stainless steel tube or extruded proﬁle. To the rear of this is a die-cast aluminium housing containing the electronics in SMD tech-nology.In the rod version, the position magnet is located in a ring, which is guided over the rod without contact. In the proﬁle version, it is located either in a slider, which is linked to the moving part of the machine via a ball joint, or it moves as a liftable position magnet, without wear, over the proﬁle.Standard measuring strokes☐ Up to 1000 mm in 50 mm steps☐ Up to 5000 mm in 250 mm steps (proﬁle version: MPN) ☐ Up to 7600 mm in 250 mm steps (rod version: MSN)Characteristics of CANopenThe MXN magnetostrictive displacement transducers corres-pond to encoder proﬁle DS-406/3.1 (CANopen standard DS-301/3.0) and can be connected directly to the ﬁeld bus. Their measured data are converted to displacement-proportionate, bus-capable output signals in the sensor and are transmitted directly to the CANopen master.Properties from CANopenThe CAN interface is designed for serial data transmission of max. 1 MBaud according to CAN standard ISO 11898. In addition to useful data transmission via PDO (Process Data Object), the CANopen protocol supports extensive monito-ring and diagnostic functions via SDO (Service Data Object), which can be conﬁgured via the EDS ﬁle on installation.Displacement transducer output dataThe displacement transducer supplies a freely-conﬁgurable data block (PDO) of max. 8 bytes. This provides the follo-wing data as default:- Position (32-bit integer value)- Speed (16-bit integer value)- Status of the 4 limit values (1 byte)Each displacement transducer provides four PDOs. PDO1 to PDO4 correspond to magnets 1 to 4.Selectable parameters per magnet- Preset- Operating range - 4 limit values Operating modesLike programming the parameters, the operating modes are selected via the SDOs. The following settings are possible:Asynchronous: Independent data transfer in a selectablecycle from 1 - 65535 msSynchronous: Data transfer following request (SYNC message) by the control systemGreen Red Meaning On Off Normal functionOn On Magnet not detected or incorrect number of magnets Off On Initialisation error FlashingFlashingOperating voltage not in the speciﬁed rangeBlockdiagramShieldS - V + V S CAN -CAN +Useful measuring range Measuring length21DisplacementMagnetElectrical connectionsMating connector on soldered connection sideSocketPin Wire Signal 1gray CAN -2pinkCAN +3not connected 4not connected 5brown + V s (+ 24 VDC)6white- V s (0 VDC)Node address and baud rate settingEach Magnosens with CANopen interface has an LMT address, via which clear assignment in the CAN network is guaranteed. This is comprised of the TWK manufacturer ID, the product ID and the serial number. The node address and baud rate are set via the LMT service. The default settings are:- Baud rate: 125 kBaud - Node address: 127EDS ﬁleThe EDS ﬁle - for integrating the sensor into CANopenproject planning software - and the CANopen manual in PDF format are contained on the enclosed diskette.DiagnosisThe LEDs (green/red) in the sensor head are used for ad-justment and additionally provide information on the sensor status.Technical data⏹ Supply voltage24 VDC (+20 / -15%)range V s :Polarity reversal protection ⏹ Supply current I s : 90 mA (typical)⏹ Resolution:Displacement in µm 25Speed in mm/s0.20.5⏹ Linearity0.01% (min. 40 µm) ⏹ Repeatability: < 0.001% (min. 2.5 µm)⏹ Hysteresis:< 4 µm⏹ Temperature drift:< 15 ppm / °C ⏹Meas. cycle time (appr.): 1 ms to 2400 mm 2 ms to 4800 mm 4 ms to 7600 mmmeas. length⏹ Op. temperature range: - 40 °C to + 75 °C ⏹ Dew point, humidity:90% rel. humidity, nocondensation⏹ Shock test: 100 g to IEC Standard 68-2-27⏹ Vibration test: 15 g / 10 to 2000 Hz toIEC Standard 68-2-6⏹ Protection type ☐ Proﬁle IP 65☐ RodIP 67, IP 68 with cable outlet ⏹ Op. pressure for rod: Max. 350 bar⏹ EMC test:EN 50081-1, EN 50082-2,EN 61000-4-2/3/4/6⏹ Output:⏹ Interface: CAN to ISO-DIS 11898⏹ Protocol:CANopen (encoder proﬁle)⏹ Signal transmission:Differential signal as perRS485⏹ Transmission rate: Max. 1 MBit/s ⏹ Default address: 127⏹ Default baud rate:125 kBaud⏹ Mating connector: ⏹ Connection type: 6-pin connector M16⏹ Housing:Nickel-plated die-cast zinc(straight or angled 90°)⏹ Contacts: Socket, Ag ⏹ Wire connection: Soldering⏹ Wire cross-section: Max. 0.75 mm 2⏹ Cable strain relief: Pg 7 or Pg 9⏹ Max. cable diameter: 6 mm (Pg 7), 8 mm (Pg 9)⏹ Protection type:IP 67Multi-magnet measurementCANopen sensor MXN enables 4 positions to be measured simultaneously. Please note that the distance between the in-dividual magnets must be at least 75 mm in this case.Baud rates and cable lengthsBaud rate [kBaud]102050125250Cable length max. [m]500025001000500250Baud rate [kBaud]5008001000Cable length max. [m]1005025* The basic versions according to the data sheet bear the number01. Deviations are identiﬁed with a variant number and are documented in the factory.** Magnosens with CANopen interface are basically designed formeasuring 4 positions. However, they may also be operated withone magnet.*** The displacement and speed resolutions cannot be set viaCANopen. The resolution desired for displacement must be speciﬁed on ordering and therefore also determines theresolution for speed.Order code format ⏹ Displacement transducerMPN 1 / 1000 S 002 - 4 L 01Electrical andmechanical variants *L = Connector version M16No. of poss. magnets** (With CANopen always 4)Displacement resolution in µm***Signal curve:S = positively ascending on movement from the ﬂange towards rod end(With CANopen always S)Measuring stroke in mm MSN Design MSN (rod):1 = With threaded connection M 18 x 1.52 = With threaded connection 16 UNF ¾ "MPN (proﬁle):1 = Position slider Central ball joint 2 = Position slider Front ball joint3 = Liftable position magnet ModelMPN = Proﬁle version MSN = Rod versionScope of delivery:Rod: Sensor, nut (order magnet separately)Proﬁle: Sensor, 1 position magnet, 2 mounting clamps up to 1250 mm + 1 clamp for each additional 500 mm.The scope of delivery includes a CD with the EDS ﬁle and a CANopen manual in PDF format.Accessories⏹ Position magnets for MSNPR02 Standard position ring (ø 33 mm) PR03 Liftable position magnet⏹ Position magnets for MPNPS01 Position slider, central ball joint PS02 Position slider, front ball joint PR03 Liftable position magnet⏹ Straight mating connector, order separatelySTK6GS42 Pg 7 STK6GS47 Pg 9⏹ 90° angled mating connector, order separatelySTK6WS43 Pg 7 STK6WS51 Pg 9⏹ Installation materialMB-MP-01 Mounting clamps for proﬁle version NT-MP-01 M5 sliding block for proﬁle versionCable outlet and version with two M16 connectors or 2 x 5 pin M12 + 4 pin M8 - connectors on request.Dimensions in mm Modell: MSN (rod version)Modell: MPN (proﬁle version)Central balljoint PS01Front ball joint PS02Liftable position magnet PR03Note: On installation of the MAGNOSENS, careful shielding from magnetic and electromagnetic ﬁelds must be ensured. The cableshield must be mounted on the connector and connected to ground at the evaluation electronics. All data sheets and manuals are also available in the Internet underwww.twk.deSliding block: Studded nut in T slotWith measuring strokes of 1000 mm and over, mechanical rod support is recom-mended.The sensor‘s fastening should be manuf-actured from non-magnetic materials (e.g.: brass, plastic). Note installation instruction MWA10318 on installation in magnetisable materials.Liftable position magnet: Wherever possible, use non-magnetisable material for fastening this. If magnetisable material is used, the position magnet must be mounted via a non-magnetisab-le spacer washer with a minimum thickness of 5 mm using non-magnetisable bolts.Option: KabelausgangMeasuring lenght > 5000 mmOption: 2 x connector M16。

博士学位论文中英文摘要

博士学位论文中英文摘要作者姓名：刘波论文题目：板振动问题的新解法作者简介：刘波，男，1981年12月出生，2007年9月师从于北京航空航天大学邢誉峰教授，于2010年1月获博士学位。

中文摘要板壳动力学问题的精确求解与数值求解是弹性力学理论中关注的两个主要问题，板壳结构在航空航天等工程领域应用极为广泛。

本文研究板振动问题的新解法，核心内容包括板振动问题的精确解法、数值解法及考虑热磁弹性板振动问题的数值解法，还包括圆柱薄壳自由振动问题的精确与数值解法，其中一些研究取得突破性进展：1．求得了矩形各向同性及正交各向异性薄板、中厚板在多种边界条件下横向及面内自由振动本征值问题的新精确解。

主要成果有：1）矩形薄板自由振动的新精确解：纳维（C. L. Navier, 1785-1836）的逆法和莱维（M. Lévy, 1838-1910）的半逆法是板壳振动问题的经典求解方法，二者分别假设板壳的两个本征值或两个本征值之一为已知，分别可用于求解四边简支和对边简支矩形板壳振动问题的精确解。

近一百年来大批力学家，包括我国学者的工作，都没有突破这个范围。

本文突破了逆法和半逆法假设两个或一个本征值已知的局限，把两个本征值都看作未知量，用分离变量法求得了各向同性及正交各向异性矩形薄板在简支、固支任意组合边界下振动的精确解，其中含邻边固支的三种情况是用半逆法无法求解的。

由于本文方法不同于逆法，是直接求解，因此在论文中被称作直接分离变量法。

2）矩形板面内自由振动的新精确解：面内振动也是动力学中的一个重要研究方向，瑞利（Lord Rayleigh, 1842-1919）在1894年求得了四边简支矩形板面内自由振动的精确解。

由于面内振动的本征值问题是两个耦合微分方程，不易求解，因此直至2006年Gorman才求得了各向同性矩形板在对边简支且对边边界条件对称情况下的精确解，但存在重频、漏频和识别模态问题。

本文不要求对边边界条件对称，采用直接分离变量法求得了各向同性和正交各向异性矩形板在一组对边为两种简支边界的任意组合，另外一组对边为简支、固支、自由任意组合边界的所有情况的精确解，并且不存在重频、漏频和识别模态问题。

成本会计英文术语

成本会计中英文术语非正常毁损Abnormal spoilage 生产成本法Absorption costing账户分析法Account analysis method 会计回报率Accounting rate of return 权责发生制下会计回报率Accrual accounting rate of return 作业Activity作业基础的预算管理Activity-based budgeting作业成本法Activity-based costing 作业管理Activity-based management 实际成本Actual cost实际成本法Actual costing调整分配率途径Adjusted allocation-rate approach允许的成本Allowable cost鉴定成本Appraisal costs 拟构成本Artificial costs注意力导向Attention directing 自治Autonomy平均成本Average cost平均等候时间Average waiting time 反冲成本法Backflush costing 平衡记分卡Balanced scorecard批次级成本Batch-level costs观念系统Belief systems 标杆管理Benchmarking账面价值Book value瓶颈Bottleneck边界系统Boundary systems盈亏平衡点Breakeven point预算Budget预算成本Budgeted cost预算松弛Budgetary slack预算间接成本分配率Budgeted indirect-cost rate捆绑产品Bundled product业务功能成本Business function costs 副产品Byproducts资本预算Capital budgeting储囤成本Carrying costs现金预算Cash budget因果图Cause-and-effect diagram 财务管理认证Certified in financial management注册管理会计师Certified management accountant财务总监Chief financial officer决定系数Coefficient of determination共谋定价Collusive pricing共同成本Common cost完整往复成本Complete reciprocated costs 合成单位Composite unit商讨会法Conference method 遵循质量Conformance quality 常数Constant固定毛利率NRV 法Constant gross-margin percentage NRV method约束条件Constraint滚动预算Continuous budget, rolling budget 贡献收益表Contribution income statement 边际贡献Contribution margin单位边际贡献Contribution margin per unit 边际贡献率Contribution margin percentage 边际贡献比例Contribution margin ratio 控制Control控制图Control chart可控性Controllability可控成本Controllable cost主计长Controller加工成本Conversion costs成本Cost成本会计Cost accounting成本会计标准委员会Cost accounting standards board成本汇集Cost accumulation成本分配Cost allocation成本分配基础Cost-allocation base成本分配基础Cost-application base 成本归集Cost assignment成本一收益权衡Cost-benefit approach 成本中心Cost center成本动因Cost driver成本估计Cost estimation成本函数Cost function成本层级Cost hierarchy成本流入Cost incurrence成本领先Cost leadership成本管理Cost management成本对象Cost object资本成本Cost of capital产品制造成本Cost of goods manufactured 成本库Cost pool成本预测Cost predictions成本追溯Cost tracing质量成本Costs of quality, quality costs 本量利分析Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis累计平均时间学习模型Cumulative average-time learning model当前成本Current cost客户成本层级Customer cost hierarchy客户生命周期成本Customer life-cycle costs 客户盈利分析Customer-profitability analysis 客户回应时间Customer-response time客户服务Customer service分权Decentralization决策模型Decision model决策表Decision table经营杠杆水平Degree of operating leverage 分母水平Denominator level生产数量差异Denominator-level variance, Output-level overhead variance, Production-volume variance因变量Dependent variable产品或服务设计Design of products, services, or processes设计质量Design quality设计锁定成本Designed-in costs, locked-in costs诊断控制系统Diagnostic control systems差异成本Differential cost差异收入Differential revenue直接分配法Direct allocation method直接成本法Direct costing成本对象的直接成本Direct costs of a cost object直接生产人工成本Direct manufacturing labor costs直接材料成本Direct material costs直接材料存货Direct material inventory 直接材料混合差异Direct material mix variance直接材料产量差异Direct material yield variance 直接法Direct method折现率Discount rate现金流量折现法Discounted cash flow (DCF) methods酌量性成本Discretionary costs 发送Distribution减少规模Downsizing向下需求旋转Downward demand spiral双重定价Dual pricing双成本分配率法Dual-rate cost-allocation method, dual-rate method倾销Dumping次优化决策制定Dysfunctional decision making, Incongruent decision making, suboptimal decision making经济订单数量Economic order quantity (EOQ) 经济增加值Economic value added有效性Effectiveness效率Efficiency效率差异Efficiency variance, usage variance 努力Effort技术成本Engineered costs约当产量Equivalent units事项Event预期货币价值Expected monetary value, expected value经验曲线Experience curve外部失败成本External failure cost设施支持成本Facility-sustaining costs 工厂间接费用Factory overhead costs 有利差异Favorable variance反馈Feedback财务主管Finance director财务会计Financial accounting财务预算Financial budget财务计划模型Financial planning models 产成品存货Finished goods inventory 先进先出分步法First-in, first-out (FIFO) process-costing method 固定成本Fixed cost 固定间接费用弹性预算差异Fixed overhead flexible-budget variance固定间接费用耗费差异Fixed overhead spending variance弹性预算Flexible budget弹性预算差异Flexible-budget variance 产品全部成本Full costs of the product 目标一致性Goal congruence毛利率Gross margin percentage 增长构成Growth component高低法High-low method同质的成本库Homogenous cost pool基本报酬率Hurdle rate混合成本核算系统Hybrid costing system 空置时间Idle time假设成本Imputed costs增量成本Incremental cost增量成本分配法Incremental cost-allocation method增量收入Incremental revenue增量收入分配法Incremental revenue-allocation method增量单位时间学习模型Incremental unit-time learning model自变量Independent variable成本对象的间接成本Indirect costs of a cost object间接成本分配率Indirect-cost rate间接制造成本Indirect manufacturing costs 工业工程法Industrial engineering method, Work-measurement method通货膨胀Inflation价格差异Input-price variance, price variance, rate variance内制Insourcing检验点Inspection point管理会计师协会Institute of Management Accountants交互式控制系统Interactive control systems 截距项Intercept中间产品Intermediate product 内部失败成本Internal failure costs 内含报酬率法Internal rate-of-return (IRR) method产品存货成本Inventoriable costs 存货管理Inventory management 投资Investment投资中心Investment center批次Job分批成本记录Job-cost record, job-cost sheet 分批法Job-costing system 联合成本Joint costs联产品Joint products即时制生产Just-in-time (JIT) production, lean production即时制采购Just-in-time (JIT) purchasing 改进法预算Kaizen budgeting人工时间记录Labor-time record学习曲线Learning curve生命周期预算Life-cycle budgeting 生命周期成本法Life-cycle costing 业务管理Line management线形成本函数Linear cost function 线性规划Linear programming 主产品Main product自产/夕卜购决策Make-or-buy decisions 管理会计Management accounting 例外管理Management by exception 管理控制系统Management control system 制造单元Manufacturing cells生产周期时间Manufacturing cycle time, Manufacturing lead time分配的制造费用Manufacturing overhead allocated, Manufacturing overhead applied 制造类企业Manufacturing-sector companies 安全边际Margin of safety市场营销Marketing市场分额差异Market-share variance 市场规模差异Market-size variance 全面预算Master budget全面预算生产能力利用Master-budget capacity utilization材料需求规划Materials requirements planning用料单Materials-requisition record 商业类企业Merchandising-sector companies 混合成本Mixed cost, semivariable cost 道德风险Moral hazard 动机Motivation多重共线性Multicollinearity 多变量回归Multiple regression 净利润Net income净现值法Net present value (NPV) method 净可实现值法Net realizable value (NPV) method 名义回报率Nominal rate of return 非线性成本函数Nonlinear cost function 非价值增加成本Nonvalue-added cost 正常生产能力利用Normal capacity utilization正常成本法Normal costing 正常毁损Normal spoilage 目标函数Objective function 准时表现On-time performance 一次性特殊订单One-time-only special order 经营预算Operating budget 营业部门Operating department 营业利润Operating income 经营杠杆Operating leverage 经营Operation经营成本核算系统Operation-costing system 机会成本Opportunity cost资本机会成本Opportunity cost of capital 采购订单成本Ordering costs 组织架构Organization structure 结果Outcomes产出单位成本Output unit-level costs 外部采购Outsourcing分配过多的间接成本Overabsorbed indirect costs, Overapplied indirect costs, overallocated indirect costs 加班奖金Overtime premium 帕累托图Pareto Diagram 局部生产力Partial productivity 回收期法Payback method 最大负荷定价Peak-load pricing 完全竞争市场Perfectly competitive market 期间成本Period costs实物计量法Physical measure method 计划Planning现实的生产能力Practical capacity 掠夺性定价Predatory pricing预防成本Prevention costs转入成本Previous department costs, transferred-in costs价格折扣Price discount区别定价Price discrimination价格恢复构成Price-recovery component 主要成本Prime costs预测报表Pro forma statements概率Probability概率分布Probability distribution问题解决Problem solving分步成本核算系统Process-costing system 产品Product产品成本Product cost产品成本互补Product-cost cross-subsidization 产品差异化Product differentiation 产品生命周期Product life cycle 产品组合决策Product mix decisions 成本高计的产品Product overcosting 产品支持成本Product-sustaining costs 成本少计的产品Product undercosting 生产Production生产部门Production department生产量水平Production-denominator level 生产力Productivity生产力构成Productivity component 利润中心Profit center按比例分配Proration采购订单提前量Purchasing-order lead time 采购成本Purchasing costsPV 图PV graph定性因素Qualitative factors质量Quality定量因素Quantitative factors真实回报率Real rate of return交互分配法Reciprocal allocation method, reciprocal method业务流程再造Reengineering精练化成本系统Refined costing system 回归分析Regression analysis相关成本Relevant costs相关范围Relevant range 相关收入Relevant revenues 再订购点Reorder point要求的回报率Required rate of return 研发Research and development 剩余收益Residual income剩余项Residual term责任会计Responsibility accounting 责任中心Responsibility center 投资报酬率Return on investment 收入分配Revenue allocation 收入中心Revenue center 收入动因Revenue driver 收入对象Revenue object 收入Revenues返工Rework合适规模Rightsizing安全库存Safety stock销售组合Sales mix销售组合差异Sales mix variance销售数量差异Sales-quantity variance 分离点销售价值法Sales value at splitoff method销售数额差异Sales-volume variance业务记录Scorekeeping废料Scrap销售价格差异Selling-price variance敏感性分析Sensitivity analysis可分离成本Separable costs阶梯法Sequential allocation method, step-down allocation method, step-down method顺序追溯Sequential tracing服务部门Service department, supporting department服务类企业Service-sector companies 服务支持成本Service-sustaining costs 单变量回归Simple regression单一成本分配率法single-rate cost-allocation method, single-rate method斜率系数Slope coefficient 原始凭证Source document 设定分析Specification analysis 分离点Splitoff point毁损Spoilage人事管理Staff management单一个体成本分配法Stand-alone cost-allocation method单一个体收入分配法Stand-alone revenue-allocation method标准Standard标准成本Standard cost标准成本法Standard costing估计系数标准差Standard error of the estimation coefficient标准投入Standard input 标准价格Standard price 静态预算Static budget静态预算差异Static budget variance 阶梯式成本函数Step cost function 脱销成本Stockout costs战略成本管理Strategic cost management 战略Strategy沉没成本Sunk costs超级变动成本法Super-variable costing, throughput costing供应链Supply chain单位目标成本Target cost per unit单位目标营业利润Target operating income per unit目标价格Target price目标投资回报率Target rate of return on investment 理论生产能力Theoretical capacity 约束理论Theory of constraints 物料贡献Throughput contribution 时间动因Time driver货币时间价值Time value of money全要素生产力Total factor productivity (TFP) 全部间接费用差异Total-overhead variance 转移价格Transfer price触发点Trigger point不确定性Uncertainty分配不足的间接成本underabsorbed indirect costs, underapplied indirect costs, underallocated indirect costs不利差异Unfavorable variance 单位成本Unit cost未用生产能力Unused capacity价值增加成本Value-added cost价值链Value chain价值工程Value engineering变动成本Variable cost变动成本法Variable costing变动间接费用效率差异Variable overhead efficiency variance变动间接费用弹性预算差异Variable overhead flexible-budget variance变动间接费用耗费差异Variable overhead spending variance差异Variance加权平均的分步法Weighted-average process-costing method在产品存货Work-in-process inventory 在产品Work-in-process。

Unit 2 Assignment( case analysis)

ranches. In this case, the issue of interpersonal relationship plays a crucial role in management.Mangaging Your Company CulturallyIn order to further expand its activities, USAHP, an American multinational company, purchased a plant in Axcala, Mexico, from a Mexican group called PAMEX. At the moment this plant has over 500 employees and produces a million cases of products per month. The plant has state of the art technology with almost completely automatic production lines. The two companies have very different ways of conducting business.For the managers and engineers remaining from the previous company, the culture change accompanying USAHP’s acquisition of the Axcala plant was enormous. Most of the employees felt, accurately, that their jobs were at sick because of the remarkable differences in philosophy between the two companies. PAMEX promoted, rewarded, and retained employeed based on their loyalty to the firm and to their immediate supervisors, and on interpersonal (usually family) connections. In contrast, USAHP’s policy is to hire technical experts to start as supervisors and on A `interpersonal (usually family )connections. In contrast, USAHP’s policy is to hire technical experts to start as supervisors and then grow within the company, advancing to managerial positions. Similar differences were apparent in the reward systems of the two companies. Under PAMEX, managers’salaries were based on their friendships with the owner or the Board of Directors of the company. As a result, their salaries were far larger than the USAHP salary structure allowed, given their training, performance and experience.However, one of USAHP’s first steps raised questions about the fairness of the company’s reward system. Employees in all cultures view fairness as an important aspect of worker-organization relationships and react negatively to actions that they perceive are unfair. However, the way in which “fairness”is defined varies across cultures, focusing on in-group relationships in Mexico and on “ objective” assessments of credentials and performance in the US. In sum, in the new plant rewards, promotions, and retention were based on objective measures of individual performance. Each of these changes was appropriate given the strategic model on the basis of which USAHP operated. But, for the PAMEX employees, they created uncertainty and ambiguity and directly threatened their job security. To make matters worse, they were imposed by outsiders, who in many ways had carelessly exaggerated their alien status.In many ways, the Axcalan acquisition provides a textbook case of the kinds of problems that can occur when business operations cross cultural bounfaries. In this case, the American firm attempts to introduce change to its newly-aquired Mexican operations, which inevitably engenders resistance.Explore interculturally1, What can you learn about Mexican culture from the reward system of PAMEX?They pay much attention to the interpersonal relationships , in other words, they want their people to be both easy-going (sociable) and capable. And it’s common for people to connect the official business with personal emotion which shows they have a rather loose attitude towards the so-called system or rules.2.What can you learn avout American culture from the reward system of USAHP ?They are more strict about the principles and standards and usually tell the personal term with official business apart.The most essential component to judge a person’s reward is “ objective”assessments of credentials and performance, they hardly put the in-group relationship into account.3.How do you explain the phenomenon in this case, applying the theory of the relationship between humans? What cultural differences caused the resistance of the local staff in PAMEX after acquisition?The way in which “fairness” is defined varies across cultures, focusing on in-group relationships in Mexico and on “ objective” assessments of credentials and performance in the US. In sum, in the new plant rewards, promotions, and retention were based on objective measures of individual performance.4.If you were one of the managers from USAHP, concerning the local culture, what measures will take to promote the motivation of the original staff in PAMEX?1.)Combine two reward system together, make interpersonal relationship and own’s ability works as 70% &30% .2.)Introduction to the CaseThe following cases illustrate the cultural difference prsented by Hofstede. The first case talks about the “uncertainty avoidance”dimension. The second case shows the “individualism-collectivism”dimension, in which a Chinese professor tends to seek help from people in her own culture and expects them to look after her.The ScenarioCertain or Not CertainIn China, the staff who are working at the Foreign affairs Office often get international calls from foreign teachers. Before foreign teachers come to China, they frequently ask the staff for information. The staff often tell them that they will discover everything they need to know once they arrive in China. Some foreign teachers are doubtful of that, and continue to call. The staff repeat again and again that the Foreign Affairs Office and the teaching departments will arrange everything for them. Besides, every foreign teacher has a contact person to help with problems about teaching and daily life when they are in China.Permission to Use the LibraryOne day, Professor Wang wanted to get access to some particular books for her research work. She discovered that the books were available in the library of another university. She was unsure whether she coulf get the books she wanted since she didn’t have library privileges at that university. Fortunately, when she went there, she happened to meet a former classmate, who was working as the librarian. With the help of her classmate, she had no trouble getting the books she needed.Some years later, Professor Wang went to America as a visiting scholar. When she ran into the same proble, her instant thought was to turn to her network of commections to ask for help. Instead of getting help, she was told that she could call to find out if there were any special procedures for using the library in another unversity. She realized that she would receive the same service in America whether or not she had friends working there.Explore interculturally1, What can we learn from the first case? Use Hofstede’s “ Uncertainty avoidance” dimension to explain your answer.2. If you are in America, what will you do to get a book you need? What can we learn from this case? Use Hofstede’s “ individualism-collectivisim dimension to explain your answer.3. Please discuss the following topics with your partners” What does” friend” mean to Chinese? What does “friend” mean to Americans? Are there any different implications?。

Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems

Proceedings of the IASTED International ConferenceParallel and Distributed Computing and SystemsNovember3-6,1999,MIT,Boston,USAParallel Reﬁnement of Unstructured MeshesJos´e G.Casta˜n os and John E.SavageDepartment of Computer ScienceBrown UniversityE-mail:jgc,jes@AbstractIn this paper we describe a parallel-reﬁnement al-gorithm for unstructuredﬁnite element meshes based on the longest-edge bisection of triangles and tetrahedrons. This algorithm is implemented in P ARED,a system that supports the parallel adaptive solution of PDEs.We dis-cuss the design of such an algorithm for distributed mem-ory machines including the problem of propagating reﬁne-ment across processor boundaries to obtain meshes that are conforming and non-degenerate.We also demonstrate that the meshes obtained by this algorithm are equivalent to the ones obtained using the serial longest-edge reﬁne-ment method.Weﬁnally report on the performance of this reﬁnement algorithm on a network of workstations.Keywords:mesh reﬁnement,unstructured meshes,ﬁnite element methods,adaptation.1.IntroductionTheﬁnite element method(FEM)is a powerful and successful technique for the numerical solution of partial differential equations.When applied to problems that ex-hibit highly localized or moving physical phenomena,such as occurs on the study of turbulence inﬂuidﬂows,it is de-sirable to compute their solutions adaptively.In such cases, adaptive computation has the potential to signiﬁcantly im-prove the quality of the numerical simulations by focusing the available computational resources on regions of high relative error.Unfortunately,the complexity of algorithms and soft-ware for mesh adaptation in a parallel or distributed en-vironment is signiﬁcantly greater than that it is for non-adaptive computations.Because a portion of the given mesh and its corresponding equations and unknowns is as-signed to each processor,the reﬁnement(coarsening)of a mesh element might cause the reﬁnement(coarsening)of adjacent elements some of which might be in neighboring processors.To maintain approximately the same number of elements and vertices on every processor a mesh must be dynamically repartitioned after it is reﬁned and portions of the mesh migrated between processors to balance the work.In this paper we discuss a method for the paral-lel reﬁnement of two-and three-dimensional unstructured meshes.Our reﬁnement method is based on Rivara’s serial bisection algorithm[1,2,3]in which a triangle or tetrahe-dron is bisected by its longest edge.Alternative efforts to parallelize this algorithm for two-dimensional meshes by Jones and Plassman[4]use randomized heuristics to reﬁne adjacent elements located in different processors.The parallel mesh reﬁnement algorithm discussed in this paper has been implemented as part of P ARED[5,6,7], an object oriented system for the parallel adaptive solu-tion of partial differential equations that we have devel-oped.P ARED provides a variety of solvers,handles selec-tive mesh reﬁnement and coarsening,mesh repartitioning for load balancing,and interprocessor mesh migration.2.Adaptive Mesh ReﬁnementIn theﬁnite element method a given domain is di-vided into a set of non-overlapping elements such as tri-angles or quadrilaterals in2D and tetrahedrons or hexahe-drons in3D.The set of elements and its as-sociated vertices form a mesh.With theaddition of boundary conditions,a set of linear equations is then constructed and solved.In this paper we concentrate on the reﬁnement of conforming unstructured meshes com-posed of triangles or tetrahedrons.On unstructured meshes, a vertex can have a varying number of elements adjacent to it.Unstructured meshes are well suited to modeling do-mains that have complex geometry.A mesh is said to be conforming if the triangles and tetrahedrons intersect only at their shared vertices,edges or faces.The FEM can also be applied to non-conforming meshes,but conformality is a property that greatly simpliﬁes the method.It is also as-sumed to be a requirement in this paper.The rate of convergence and quality of the solutions provided by the FEM depends heavily on the number,size and shape of the mesh elements.The condition number(a)(b)(c)Figure1:The reﬁnement of the mesh in using a nested reﬁnement algorithm creates a forest of trees as shown in and.The dotted lines identify the leaf triangles.of the matrices used in the FEM and the approximation error are related to the minimum and maximum angle of all the elements in the mesh[8].In three dimensions,the solid angle of all tetrahedrons and their ratio of the radius of the circumsphere to the inscribed sphere(which implies a bounded minimum angle)are usually used as measures of the quality of the mesh[9,10].A mesh is non-degenerate if its interior angles are never too small or too large.For a given shape,the approximation error increases with ele-ment size(),which is usually measured by the length of the longest edge of an element.The goal of adaptive computation is to optimize the computational resources used in the simulation.This goal can be achieved by reﬁning a mesh to increase its resolution on regions of high relative error in static problems or by re-ﬁning and coarsening the mesh to follow physical anoma-lies in transient problems[11].The adaptation of the mesh can be performed by changing the order of the polynomi-als used in the approximation(-reﬁnement),by modifying the structure of the mesh(-reﬁnement),or a combination of both(-reﬁnement).Although it is possible to replace an old mesh with a new one with smaller elements,most -reﬁnement algorithms divide each element in a selected set of elements from the current mesh into two or more nested subelements.In P ARED,when an element is reﬁned,it does not get destroyed.Instead,the reﬁned element inserts itself into a tree,where the root of each tree is an element in the initial mesh and the leaves of the trees are the unreﬁned elements as illustrated in Figure1.Therefore,the reﬁned mesh forms a forest of reﬁnement trees.These trees are used in many of our algorithms.Error estimates are used to determine regions where adaptation is necessary.These estimates are obtained from previously computed solutions of the system of equations. After adaptation imbalances may result in the work as-signed to processors in a parallel or distributed environ-ment.Efﬁcient use of resources may require that elements and vertices be reassigned to processors at runtime.There-fore,any such system for the parallel adaptive solution of PDEs must integrate subsystems for solving equations,adapting a mesh,ﬁnding a good assignment of work to processors,migrating portions of a mesh according to anew assignment,and handling interprocessor communica-tion efﬁciently.3.P ARED:An OverviewP ARED is a system of the kind described in the lastparagraph.It provides a number of standard iterativesolvers such as Conjugate Gradient and GMRES and pre-conditioned versions thereof.It also provides both-and -reﬁnement of meshes,algorithms for adaptation,graph repartitioning using standard techniques[12]and our ownParallel Nested Repartitioning(PNR)[7,13],and work mi-gration.P ARED runs on distributed memory parallel comput-ers such as the IBM SP-2and networks of workstations.These machines consist of coarse-grained nodes connectedthrough a high to moderate latency network.Each nodecannot directly address a memory location in another node. In P ARED nodes exchange messages using MPI(Message Passing Interface)[14,15,16].Because each message has a high startup cost,efﬁcient message passing algorithms must minimize the number of messages delivered.Thus, it is better to send a few large messages rather than many small ones.This is a very important constraint and has a signiﬁcant impact on the design of message passing algo-rithms.P ARED can be run interactively(so that the user canvisualize the changes in the mesh that results from meshadaptation,partitioning and migration)or without directintervention from the user.The user controls the systemthrough a GUI in a distinguished node called the coordina-tor,.This node collects information from all the other processors(such as its elements and vertices).This tool uses OpenGL[17]to permit the user to view3D meshes from different angles.Through the coordinator,the user can also give instructions to all processors such as specify-ing when and how to adapt the mesh or which strategy to use when repartitioning the mesh.In our computation,we assume that an initial coarse mesh is given and that it is loaded into the coordinator.The initial mesh can then be partitioned using one of a num-ber of serial graph partitioning algorithms and distributed between the processors.P ARED then starts the simulation. Based on some adaptation criterion[18],P ARED adapts the mesh using the algorithms explained in Section5.Af-ter the adaptation phase,P ARED determines if a workload imbalance exists due to increases and decreases in the num-ber of mesh elements on individual processors.If so,it invokes a procedure to decide how to repartition mesh el-ements between processors;and then moves the elements and vertices.We have found that PNR gives partitions with a quality comparable to those provided by standard meth-ods such as Recursive Spectral Bisection[19]but which(b)(a)Figure2:Mesh representation in a distributed memory ma-chine using remote references.handles much larger problems than can be handled by stan-dard methods.3.1.Object-Oriented Mesh RepresentationsIn P ARED every element of the mesh is assigned to a unique processor.V ertices are shared between two or more processors if they lie on a boundary between parti-tions.Each of these processors has a copy of the shared vertices and vertices refer to each other using remote ref-erences,a concept used in object-oriented programming. This is illustrated in Figure2on which the remote refer-ences(marked with dashed arrows)are used to maintain the consistency of multiple copies of the same vertex in differ-ent processors.Remote references are functionally similar to standard C pointers but they address objects in a different address space.A processor can use remote references to invoke meth-ods on objects located in a different processor.In this case, the method invocations and arguments destined to remote processors are marshalled into messages that contain the memory addresses of the remote objects.In the destina-tion processors these addresses are converted to pointers to objects of the corresponding type through which the meth-ods are invoked.Because the different nodes are inher-ently trusted and MPI guarantees reliable communication, P ARED does not incur the overhead traditionally associated with distributed object systems.Another idea commonly found in object oriented pro-gramming and which is used in P ARED is that of smart pointers.An object can be destroyed when there are no more references to it.In P ARED vertices are shared be-tween several elements and each vertex counts the number of elements referring to it.When an element is created, the reference count of its vertices is incremented.Simi-larly,when the element is destroyed,the reference count of its vertices is decremented.When the reference count of a vertex reaches zero,the vertex is no longer attached to any element located in the processor and can be destroyed.If a vertex is shared,then some other processor might have a re-mote reference to it.In that case,before a copy of a shared vertex is destroyed,it informs the copies in other processors to delete their references to itself.This procedure insures that the shared vertex can then be safely destroyed without leaving dangerous dangling pointers referring to it in other processors.Smart pointers and remote references provide a simple replication mechanism that is tightly integrated with our mesh data structures.In adaptive computation,the struc-ture of the mesh evolves during the computation.During the adaptation phase,elements and vertices are created and destroyed.They may also be assigned to a different pro-cessor to rebalance the work.As explained above,remote references and smart pointers greatly simplify the task of creating dynamic meshes.4.Adaptation Using the Longest Edge Bisec-tion AlgorithmMany-reﬁnement techniques[20,21,22]have been proposed to serially reﬁne triangular and tetrahedral meshes.One widely used method is the longest-edge bisec-tion algorithm proposed by Rivara[1,2].This is a recursive procedure(see Figure3)that in two dimensions splits each triangle from a selected set of triangles by adding an edge between the midpoint of its longest side to the opposite vertex.In the case that makes a neighboring triangle,,non-conforming,then is reﬁned using the same algorithm.This may cause the reﬁnement to prop-agate throughout the mesh.Nevertheless,this procedure is guaranteed to terminate because the edges it bisects in-crease in length.Building on the work of Rosenberg and Stenger[23]on bisection of triangles,Rivara[1,2]shows that this reﬁnement procedure provably produces two di-mensional meshes in which the smallest angle of the re-ﬁned mesh is no less than half of the smallest angle of the original mesh.The longest-edge bisection algorithm can be general-ized to three dimensions[3]where a tetrahedron is bisected into two tetrahedrons by inserting a triangle between the midpoint of its longest edge and the two vertices not in-cluded in this edge.The reﬁnement propagates to neigh-boring tetrahedrons in a similar way.This procedure is also guaranteed to terminate,but unlike the two dimensional case,there is no known bound on the size of the small-est angle.Nevertheless,experiments conducted by Rivara [3]suggest that this method does not produce degenerate meshes.In two dimensions there are several variations on the algorithm.For example a triangle can initially be bisected by the longest edge,but then its children are bisected by the non-conforming edge,even if it is that is not their longest edge[1].In three dimensions,the bisection is always per-formed by the longest edge so that matching faces in neigh-boring tetrahedrons are always bisected by the same com-mon edge.Bisect()let,and be vertices of the trianglelet be the longest side of and let be the midpoint ofbisect by the edge,generating two new triangles andwhile is a non-conforming vertex doﬁnd the non-conforming triangle adjacent to the edgeBisect()end whileFigure3:Longest edge(Rivara)bisection algorithm for triangular meshes.Because in P ARED reﬁned elements are not destroyed in the reﬁnement tree,the mesh can be coarsened by replac-ing all the children of an element by their parent.If a parent element is selected for coarsening,it is important that all the elements that are adjacent to the longest edge of are also selected for coarsening.If neighbors are located in different processors then only a simple message exchange is necessary.This algorithm generates conforming meshes: a vertex is removed only if all the elements that contain that vertex are all coarsened.It does not propagate like the re-ﬁnement algorithm and it is much simpler to implement in parallel.For this reason,in the rest of the paper we will focus on the reﬁnement of meshes.5.Parallel Longest-Edge ReﬁnementThe longest-edge bisection algorithm and many other mesh reﬁnement algorithms that propagate the reﬁnement to guarantee conformality of the mesh are not local.The reﬁnement of one particular triangle or tetrahedron can propagate through the mesh and potentially cause changes in regions far removed from.If neighboring elements are located in different processors,it is necessary to prop-agate this reﬁnement across processor boundaries to main-tain the conformality of the mesh.In our parallel longest edge bisection algorithm each processor iterates between a serial phase,in which there is no communication,and a parallel phase,in which each processor sends and receives messages from other proces-sors.In the serial phase,processor selects a setof its elements for reﬁnement and reﬁnes them using the serial longest edge bisection algorithms outlined earlier. The reﬁnement often creates shared vertices in the bound-ary between adjacent processors.To minimize the number of messages exchanged between and,delays the propagation of reﬁnement to until has reﬁned all the elements in.The serial phase terminates when has no more elements to reﬁne.A processor informs an adjacent processor that some of its elements need to be reﬁned by sending a mes-sage from to containing the non-conforming edges and the vertices to be inserted at their midpoint.Each edge is identiﬁed by its endpoints and and its remote ref-erences(see Figure4).If and are sharedvertices,(a)(c)(b)Figure4:In the parallel longest edge bisection algo-rithm some elements(shaded)are initially selected for re-ﬁnement.If the reﬁnement creates a new(black)ver-tex on a processor boundary,the reﬁnement propagates to neighbors.Finally the references are updated accord-ingly.then has a remote reference to copies of and lo-cated in processor.These references are included in the message,so that can identify the non-conforming edge and insert the new vertex.A similar strategy can be used when the edge is reﬁned several times during the re-ﬁnement phase,but in this case,the vertex is not located at the midpoint of.Different processors can be in different phases during the reﬁnement.For example,at any given time a processor can be reﬁning some of its elements(serial phase)while neighboring processors have reﬁned all their elements and are waiting for propagation messages(parallel phase)from adjacent processors.waits until it has no elements to reﬁne before receiving a message from.For every non-conforming edge included in a message to,creates its shared copy of the midpoint(unless it already exists) and inserts the new non-conforming elements adjacent to into a new set of elements to be reﬁned.The copy of in must also have a remote reference to the copy of in.For this reason,when propagates the reﬁne-ment to it also includes in the message a reference to its copies of shared vertices.These steps are illustrated in Figure4.then enters the serial phase again,where the elements in are reﬁned.(c)(b)(a)Figure5:Both processors select(shaded)mesh el-ements for reﬁnement.The reﬁnement propagates to a neighboring processor resulting in more elements be-ing reﬁned.5.1.The Challenge of Reﬁning in ParallelThe description of the parallel reﬁnement algorithm is not complete because reﬁnement propagation across pro-cessor boundaries can create two synchronization prob-lems.Theﬁrst problem,adaptation collision,occurs when two(or more)processors decide to reﬁne adjacent elements (one in each processor)during the serial phase,creating two(or more)vertex copies over a shared edge,one in each processor.It is important that all copies refer to the same logical vertex because in a numerical simulation each ver-tex must include the contribution of all the elements around it(see Figure5).The second problem that arises,termination detection, is the determination that a reﬁnement phase is complete. The serial reﬁnement algorithm terminates when the pro-cessor has no more elements to reﬁne.In the parallel ver-sion termination is a global decision that cannot be deter-mined by an individual processor and requires a collabora-tive effort of all the processors involved in the reﬁnement. Although a processor may have adapted all of its mesh elements in,it cannot determine whether this condition holds for all other processors.For example,at any given time,no processor might have any more elements to re-ﬁne.Nevertheless,the reﬁnement cannot terminate because there might be some propagation messages in transit.The algorithm for detecting the termination of parallel reﬁnement is based on Dijkstra’s general distributed termi-nation algorithm[24,25].A global termination condition is reached when no element is selected for reﬁnement.Hence if is the set of all elements in the mesh currently marked for reﬁnement,then the algorithmﬁnishes when.The termination detection procedure uses message ac-knowledgments.For every propagation message that receives,it maintains the identity of its source()and to which processors it propagated reﬁnements.Each prop-agation message is acknowledged.acknowledges to after it has reﬁned all the non-conforming elements created by’s message and has also received acknowledgments from all the processors to which it propagated reﬁnements.A processor can be in two states:an inactive state is one in which has no elements to reﬁne(it cannot send new propagation messages to other processors)but can re-ceive messages.If receives a propagation message from a neighboring processor,it moves from an inactive state to an active state,selects the elements for reﬁnement as spec-iﬁed in the message and proceeds to reﬁne them.Let be the set of elements in needing reﬁnement.A processor becomes inactive when:has received an acknowledgment for every propa-gation message it has sent.has acknowledged every propagation message it has received..Using this deﬁnition,a processor might have no more elements to reﬁne()but it might still be in an active state waiting for acknowledgments from adjacent processors.When a processor becomes inactive,sends an acknowledgment to the processors whose propagation message caused to move from an inactive state to an active state.We assume that the reﬁnement is started by the coordi-nator processor,.At this stage,is in the active state while all the processors are in the inactive state.ini-tiates the reﬁnement by sending the appropriate messages to other processors.This message also speciﬁes the adapta-tion criterion to use to select the elements for reﬁnement in.When a processor receives a message from,it changes to an active state,selects some elements for reﬁne-ment either explicitly or by using the speciﬁed adaptation criterion,and then reﬁnes them using the serial bisection algorithm,keeping track of the vertices created over shared edges as described earlier.When itﬁnishes reﬁning its ele-ments,sends a message to each processor on whose shared edges created a shared vertex.then listens for messages.Only when has reﬁned all the elements speciﬁed by and is not waiting for any acknowledgment message from other processors does it sends an acknowledgment to .Global termination is detected when the coordinator becomes inactive.When receives an acknowledgment from every processor this implies that no processor is re-ﬁning an element and that no processor is waiting for an acknowledgment.Hence it is safe to terminate the reﬁne-ment.then broadcasts this fact to all the other proces-sors.6.Properties of Meshes Reﬁned in ParallelOur parallel reﬁnement algorithm is guaranteed to ter-minate.In every serial phase the longest edge bisectionLet be a set of elements to be reﬁnedwhile there is an element dobisect by its longest edgeinsert any non-conforming element intoend whileFigure6:General longest-edge bisection(GLB)algorithm.algorithm is used.In this algorithm the reﬁnement prop-agates towards progressively longer edges and will even-tually reach the longest edge in each processor.Between processors the reﬁnement also propagates towards longer edges.Global termination is detected by using the global termination detection procedure described in the previous section.The resulting mesh is conforming.Every time a new vertex is created over a shared edge,the reﬁnement propagates to adjacent processors.Because every element is always bisected by its longest edge,for triangular meshes the results by Rosenberg and Stenger on the size of the min-imum angle of two-dimensional meshes also hold.It is not immediately obvious if the resulting meshes obtained by the serial and parallel longest edge bisection al-gorithms are the same or if different partitions of the mesh generate the same reﬁned mesh.As we mentioned earlier, messages can arrive from different sources in different or-ders and elements may be selected for reﬁnement in differ-ent sequences.We now show that the meshes that result from reﬁning a set of elements from a given mesh using the serial and parallel algorithms described in Sections4and5,re-spectively,are the same.In this proof we use the general longest-edge bisection(GLB)algorithm outlined in Figure 6where the order in which elements are reﬁned is not spec-iﬁed.In a parallel environment,this order depends on the partition of the mesh between processors.After showing that the resulting reﬁned mesh is independent of the order in which the elements are reﬁned using the serial GLB al-gorithm,we show that every possible distribution of ele-ments between processors and every order of parallel re-ﬁnement yields the same mesh as would be produced by the serial algorithm.Theorem6.1The mesh that results from the reﬁnement of a selected set of elements of a given mesh using the GLB algorithm is independent of the order in which the elements are reﬁned.Proof:An element is reﬁned using the GLBalgorithm if it is in the initial set or reﬁnementpropagates to it.An element is reﬁnedif one of its neighbors creates a non-conformingvertex at the midpoint of one of its edges.Thereﬁnement of by its longest edge divides theelement into two nested subelements andcalled the children of.These children are inturn reﬁned by their longest edge if one of their edges is non-conforming.The reﬁnement proce-dure creates a forest of trees of nested elements where the root of each tree is an element in theinitial mesh and the leaves are unreﬁned ele-ments.For every element,let be the reﬁnement tree of nested elements rooted atwhen the reﬁnement procedure terminates. Using the GLB procedure elements can be se-lected for reﬁnement in different orders,creating possible different reﬁnement histories.To show that this cannot happen we assume the converse, namely,that two reﬁnement histories and generate different reﬁned meshes,and establish a contradiction.Thus,assume that there is an ele-ment such that the reﬁnement trees and,associated with the reﬁnement histories and of respectively,are different.Be-cause the root of and is the same in both reﬁnement histories,there is a place where both treesﬁrst differ.That is,starting at the root,there is an element that is common to both trees but for some reason,its children are different.Be-cause is always bisected by the longest edge, the children of are different only when is reﬁned in one reﬁnement history and it is not re-ﬁned in the other.In other words,in only one of the histories does have children.Because is reﬁned in only one reﬁnement his-tory,then,the initial set of elements to reﬁne.This implies that must have been reﬁned because one of its edges became non-conforming during one of the reﬁnement histo-ries.Let be the set of elements that are present in both reﬁnement histories,but are re-ﬁned in and not in.We deﬁne in a similar way.For each reﬁnement history,every time an ele-ment is reﬁned,it is assigned an increasing num-ber.Select an element from either or that has the lowest number.Assume that we choose from so that is reﬁned in but not in.In,is reﬁned because a neigh-boring element created a non-conforming ver-tex at the midpoint of their shared edge.There-fore is reﬁned in but not in because otherwise it would cause to be reﬁned in both sequences.This implies that is also in and has a lower reﬁnement number than con-。

经济金融术语中英文对照

英语作文-如何进行集成电路设计中的芯片布局与布线优化

英语作文-如何进行集成电路设计中的芯片布局与布线优化Integrated Circuit (IC) design plays a pivotal role in modern electronics, shaping the functionality and performance of electronic devices. A crucial aspect of IC design is chip layout and routing optimization, which directly impacts the final product's efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of chip layout and routing optimization in IC design, exploring key strategies and considerations.### Understanding Chip Layout。

Chip layout refers to the physical arrangement of components on an integrated circuit. It involves placing transistors, capacitors, resistors, and interconnects in a way that optimizes performance while minimizing space utilization. Efficient chip layout design is essential for achieving high functionality and manufacturability. Here are some fundamental principles to consider:1. Component Placement: Strategically placing components based on their functions and interdependencies is crucial. Grouping related components together reduces signal propagation delays and improves overall circuit performance.2. Signal Integrity: Ensuring signal integrity is paramount in chip layout design. Minimizing signal distortion, crosstalk, and electromagnetic interference requires careful routing and shielding techniques.3. Power Distribution: Proper distribution of power and ground lines is essential for stable operation and reducing noise. Decoupling capacitors and power rails should be strategically positioned to minimize voltage drops and ensure reliable power supply.4. Manufacturability: Considering manufacturing constraints such as lithography, etching, and packaging processes is vital. Designing layouts that are compatible with manufacturing technologies helps reduce production costs and yield issues.### Chip Routing Optimization。

随机分组存在的问题英语作文

随机分组存在的问题英语作文Title: The Pitfalls of Random Grouping in Experimental DesignRandom grouping, a cornerstone of experimental methodology, promises to eliminate bias and enhance the internal validity of research. However, beneath its seemingly flawless facade lie several inherent issues that researchers must navigate with caution.One of the most common problems associated with random grouping is the potential for inadequate sample sizes within each group. If the total sample size is small, randomization may lead to unequal distribution of key variables, undermining the comparability of groups. For instance, a study on the effects of a new drug might inadvertently end up with a disproportionately high number of patients with a specific pre-existing condition in one group, skewing the results.While random grouping bolsters internal validity by ensuring that groups are initially equivalent, it does not guarantee external validity—the extent to which findings can be generalized to the broader population. Randomizationmight create groups that do not accurately representreal-world conditions or diverse demographics, limiting the applicability of the research outcomes.Despite the intention of random grouping to mitigate bias, researchers themselves can unintentionally introduce bias through their expectations and interactions with participants. For example, a researcher's nonverbal cues or differential treatment based on group assignment can influence participant behavior, leading to confounding variables that compromise the integrity of the randomization process.In longitudinal studies, random grouping can be complicated by participant dropout, which may not occur randomly across groups. Participants may leave a study due to unforeseen circumstances or because they are experiencing negative effects from the intervention. Uneven dropout rates can disrupt the balance achieved through randomization, potentially biasing the results.Random grouping raises ethical questions when participants are assigned to control groups that do not receive an intervention, especially in cases where the intervention could provide benefit. Researchers must carefully consider the ethical implications of withholding potentially beneficialtreatments from control groups, particularly in medical studies.Random grouping remains a vital tool in experimental design, yet its implementation is fraught with challenges that require careful management. By acknowledging these pitfalls, researchers can take steps to mitigate their impact, such as increasing sample sizes, employing blinding techniques, and conducting thorough ethical reviews. Ultimately, understanding the limitations of random grouping is essential for conducting rigorous and reliable scientific research.。

病理科切片会诊流程

病理科切片会诊流程英文回答：Consultation Process for Pathology Slide Review.1. Request for review. The requesting physician submitsa request for slide review through the pathology department's electronic or paper-based system. The request includes patient demographics, clinical information, relevant imaging or laboratory results, and specific questions for the pathologist.2. Case assignment. The pathology department assigns the case to a pathologist who is subspecialized in the relevant field. For example, a case involving a breast biopsy would be assigned to a breast pathologist.3. Review of materials. The pathologist reviews the submitted materials, including the slide(s), clinical information, and any other relevant data. The reviewprocess may involve microscopy, immunohistochemistry, or other specialized techniques.4. Consultation report. Based on the review, the pathologist prepares a consultation report that includes:A description of the findings, including gross and microscopic observations.A diagnosis or differential diagnosis.Recommendations for further testing or treatment.5. Transmission of report. The consultation report is transmitted to the requesting physician through the same electronic or paper-based system used for the initial request.6. Follow-up. The pathologist may be available for follow-up discussions with the requesting physician to clarify the results or provide additional interpretation.中文回答：病理科切片会诊流程。

RULE16-WORKPERIOD,OVERTIME,…

RULE 16 - WORK PERIOD, OVERTIME, COMPENSATORY TIME ANDHOLIDAY PAYSection 1. Work PeriodThe work period for all employees shall be as designated by the City Manager.Section 2. Pay PeriodThe pay period shall be every 14 days. The beginning and ending dates of the pay period shall be as designated by the Management Services Director.Section 3. Meal BreaksA. The general policy of the City pertaining to meal breaks is that all employees shall eat ontheir own time. They shall be allowed to cease work for a meal break to be specified by Department Directors or designated Division Heads, and shall not be paid for that time.A meal break will normally last for one hour.B. Department Directors may adjust the length of the meal break when it will contribute tothe effectiveness of the department.C. Fire Department employees who work more than a 40-hour week, and Police Departmentemployees designated by the Police Chief, shall receive a paid meal period. In order to qualify for paid meal breaks, employees must be on call during their entire work shift and not leave the work premises unless authorized and must respond to duty calls duringmeal periods if necessary. Failure to respond to duty calls will be grounds for disciplinary action.Section 4. Rest BreaksRest breaks shall not be a mandatory benefit of employment with the City and are provided in accordance with Department policy. When rest breaks are permitted, they may not be accumulated or used for any other purpose.Section 5. On-Call Duty and Standby DutyOn-call procedures shall be established by the appropriate Department Director after coordination with the Human Resources Director, for the purpose of providing emergency service after hours, on weekends and on holidays. Pay shall be established for on-call duty by the Department Director and the Human Resources Director with the City Manager’s approval. When the on-call responsibilities result in a stringent restriction of an employee’s activities as recognized by the Fair Labor Standards Act, the employee shall be considered on standby duty and shall be compensated in accordance with the Fair Labor Standards Act.Section 6. OvertimeA. Effective July 1, 2011, overtime is defined as time worked in addition to regularlyscheduled hours of work in one work period in excess of 40 hours per 7-day work period for all classes of non-exempt full time employees. All paid leave taken in lieu of hours worked, except leave taken as compensatory time, shall be counted as hours worked for purposes of overtime calculations. Payment for hours worked on a holiday, as part of the regularly scheduled hours of work, shall be compensated as provided by this rule.B. Part-time employees shall be compensated for overtime when the needs of thedepartment require scheduling the employee to work more hours in one work period thana full time employee of the same class.Section 7. Overtime AuthorizationOvertime may be authorized and required by the Department Director when it is clearly in the best interest of the City. Overtime shall be authorized in advance by the Department Director unless emergency situations preclude advance authorization.Section 8. Overtime CompensationA. Employees excluded from overtime compensation include all exempt employees.Exempt employees shall be responsible for planning and accomplishing work assigned to them regardless of the time required.B. Overtime compensation for non-exempt employees shall be computed in accordancewith the Fair Labor Standards Act and adjusted rate of pay including applicable shiftdifferential, on call pay and assignment pays. If overtime is to be paid, it must berecorded and paid, at one and one-half time, on the payroll immediately following theconclusion of the pay period in which the overtime was worked. If overtime is to beapplied to compensatory time, it must be recorded at one and one-half time.C. The decision to pay overtime or record it as compensatory time shall be at the discretionof the Department Director.Section 9. Compensatory TimeA. Compensatory time shall not accrue beyond seventy-two (72) hours maximum for FireDepartment personnel working more than a forty (40) hour week. All other non-exempt employees shall not accrue beyond sixty (60) hours maximum in FY 13/14 and sixty-five(65) hours in FY 14/15 unless otherwise negotiated as part of a Memorandum ofUnderstanding.B. Accumulated compensatory time shall be paid:1. When the accrued compensatory time exceeds the maximum. Payment will be forthat amount which exceeds the maximum.2. Upon the separation for any reason, including death of the employee.3. When authorized by the Department Director.C. The time at which an employee will take compensatory time off shall be chosen by theemployee with the approval of the Department Director based on whether the employee’s absence would interfere with the Department’s operation.Section 10. HolidaysA. When possible without decreasing the effectiveness of the various municipal services, allemployees, except temporary employees and regular part-time employees scheduled to work less than 1040 hours per year, shall be allowed ten (10) observed paid holidays and one (1) personal holiday. The observed holidays shall be provided as follows:B. When an official holiday falls on Sunday, it will be observed on the following Monday.When an official holiday falls on Saturday, it will be observed on the preceding Friday. C. Compensation or paid time off when not working a Holiday.1. Full-time employees shall receive 8 hours of paid time off on a holiday when theholiday falls on a regularly scheduled workday.2. In addition, such employees working an alternative work schedule of other than 8hours, 5 days a week, may take available vacation leave or compensatory leave onthe holiday to equal the number of hours normally worked on that day.3. When a holiday falls on a non-scheduled work day, employees shall be provided 8hours of paid time off on an alternate day during the pay period. When operationalrequirements do not permit an alternate day off in lieu of the official holiday, non-exempt employees will receive 8 hours of holiday pay. Full-time employees workingan alternative work schedule of other than 8 hours, 5 days a week, may takeavailable vacation leave or compensatory leave on the alternate day to equal thenumber of hours normally worked on the holiday.4. Regular part-time employees who are scheduled to work at least 1040 hours per yearshall be provided paid time off for holidays on a prorated basis. The prorated basisshall be calculated based on the position’s number of budgeted hours.5. Department Directors have the discretion of requiring employees to return to a regularschedule of five 8-hour days for the week in which the holiday occurs.6. Employees who are in sworn, non-exempt employee groups shall receive holiday payas stated in the applicable Memorandum of Understanding.7. Employees in Section 10.C.6 will be paid the equivalent of their personal holiday onthe pay date that represents the first full pay period of the calendar year.D. Compensation or paid time off when working a Holiday.1. Non-exempt employees who work a holiday shall receive compensation at one andone-half times their rate of pay for each hour worked on a holiday. In addition, full-time, non-exempt employees shall receive 8 hours of holiday pay, or 8 hours of paidtime off during the pay period. Regular non-exempt, part-time employees who arescheduled to work at least 1040 hours per year and who work a holiday shall beprovided holiday pay on a prorated basis, or paid time off on an alternate day duringthe pay period. The prorated basis shall be calculated based on the position’snumber of budgeted hours.2. Employees who are in sworn, non-exempt employee groups shall receive holiday payas stated in the applicable Memorandum of Understanding.3. Fire Department employees who work more than a 40-hour week will not be giventime off in lieu of official holidays. These Fire Department employees who work aholiday shall receive 11.2 hours pay. In addition, such employees will be awarded 2.8 hours of holiday time off with pay.4. At the Department Director’s discretion, full-time exempt employees who work aholiday may be provided the equivalent hours of paid time off on an alternate dayduring the pay period. Further, regular part-time exempt employees may be provided, at the discretion of the Department Director, with paid time off on an alternate day ona prorated basis. The prorated basis shall be calculated based on the position’snumber of budgeted hour.5. Employees in Section 10.D.2 will be paid the equivalent of their personal holiday onthe pay date that represents the first full pay period of the calendar year.E. Holiday Pay When Employee is on Leave or Separates from City Service1. Employees shall receive no additional pay and shall not be charged with vacation orsick leave time while on paid leave when a holiday occurs.2. Employees must work or be on paid leave the last scheduled work day before theholiday and the first scheduled work day after the holiday to be paid for the holiday.3. An employee who is separated from City service when the last day worked is the lastworking day before a holiday shall not be paid for the holiday.F. Except as noted in Sections 10.C.7 and 10.D.5, all employees shall receive payment forholiday worked on the payroll immediately following the conclusion of the pay period in which the work was performed.G. Except as noted in Sections 10.C.7 and 10.D.5, the personal holiday must be usedduring the tax year and cannot be accrued or paid in lieu of time off.H. Employees must complete and submit a leave request form for approval prior to the dateof the personal holiday. If the request is denied by the Department Director, the reasons shall be stated on the form. Failure to request the personal holiday leave prior to thedate shall be sufficient reason to deny the leave. In a bona fide emergency, theDepartment Director may approve the personal holiday leave after the fact. Thedetermination as to whether a bona fide emergency existed shall be at the sole discretion of the Department Director.Section 11. Recording of TimeThe following procedure shall be used to record time worked, compensatory time, and leave credits used in increments of less than one complete hour.(a) 05 - 15 minutes = .25 hour(b) 16 - 30 minutes = .50 hour(c) 31 - 45 minutes = .75 hour(d) 46 - 59 minutes = 1.00 hourRevised – June, 2008 – Resolution No. 4203Revised – June, 2011 – Resolution No. 4519 Revised – November, 2013 – Resolution No. 4728。

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NELS36University of Massachusetts,AmherstOct29,2005Two Types of Nominal Split1Julie Anne Legate,University of Delawarejlegate@ IntroductionDiﬀerential case assignment based on nominal type.e.g.Spanish objects dative-marked based on animacy,speciﬁcity(1) a.vimossaw.1pl aDATJuanJuan“We saw Juan”b.vimossaw.1pl lathecasahousedeofJuanJuan“We saw Juan’s house”e.g.Guugu Yimidhirr objects accusative-marked if pronominal,otherwise absolutive(Haviland1979)(2) a.OGabiirr-ngun girl-ERG nga-nhi1sg-ACCgunda-yhit-Past“The girl hit me”(51) b.OBiiba father yarrga-aga-mu-nboy-GEN-mu-ERGgudaadog.ABSgunda-yhit-Past“The boy’s father hit the dog”(57)Guugu Yimidhirr transitive subject ergative-marked if non-pronominal,nominative otherwise(Haviland 1979)(3) a.Dyidyii-ndabird-ERG nganhi1sg-ACCdyinda-ypeck-Pastngaabaayhead.ABS“The bird pecked me[in the]head”(58)b.Yarramanhorse.ABS ngayu1sg.NOMbiiba-agafather-ABESmaa-nitake-Past“I got the horse from my father”(54)cf intransitive subjects:1Thank you to Avery Andrews,Karlos Arregi,Mark Baker,Noam Chomsky,Ken Hale,Irene Heim,Sabine Iatridou,Mary Laughren,Jason Merchant,Andrew Nevins,Charles Yang,the audiences at the Ergativity Workshop(University of Toronto, October2002),the Penn Linguistics Colloquium(2005),and WCCFL(Simon Fraser University,2005)and the audiences at the linguistic colloquia at New York University(2003),University of Connecticut(2003),McGill University(2003),Cornell University(2004),University of Delaware(2005)for comments and discussion on sections of this work.Glosses in some examples have been regularized for clarity.In Pama-Nyungan examples,rC indicates a retroﬂex consonant,Ch indicates a dental consonant,Cy indicates a palatal consonant,ng is the velar nasal.1(4) a.Dyaarbasnake.ABS bubugroundbarrgaalongganaundersidebarrgaalonggada-ycome-Past“The snake came[by an]underground[route].”(64)b.Ngayu1sg.NOM dhada-ago-NPastgan.gaarrCooktown.ALL“I’ll go to Cooktown”(52)Silverstein(1976):this diﬀerential case-marking follows a nominal hierarchy“This hierarchy expresses the semantic naturalness for a lexically-speciﬁed noun phrase to func-tion as an agent of a true transitive verb,and inversely the naturalness of functioning as a patient of such.”(113)Hierarchy adapted from Dixon(1994):(5)1st personbad objectsACC 2nd person→→>3rd person>proper names>human>animate>←←inanimatebad subjectsERGInteraction of multiple hierarchies?(6) a.animacyhuman>animate>inanimateb.deﬁnitenesspronoun>proper noun>deﬁnite>speciﬁc>nonspeciﬁcc.person1st/2nd>3rd1.Hierarchy as part of the grammar or a consequence of the grammar:•Aissen(2003);imports hierarchies into grammar using harmonic alignment in Optimality Theory(Prince&Smolensky1993),combined with a constraint favouring morphological expression(*ø)and a constraint punishing morphological expression(*STRUC).2•Kiparsky(2004);reinterprets hierarchies based on structure of DP:pronouns,determiners,propernames head DP;claims ergative case is assigned to NPs not DPs.•Carnie(2005b)(building on e.g.Diesing1992,Jelinek1993,Diesing&Jelinek1995,Jelinek&Carnie2003);reinterprets hierarchies based on position of DPs in clause structure;ergative=non-speciﬁc/asserted/...=within VP,accusative=deﬁnite/presupposed/...=outside VP.2.Hierarchy as a functional or diachronic phenomenon:•Dixon(1994)(also Moravcsik1978,Comrie1989,inter alia)“Those participants at the left-hand end of the hierarchy are most likely to be agents,tobe in A function,and those at the right-hand end are most likely to be patients,to be inO function.It is plainly most natural and economical to‘mark’a participant when it isin an unaccustomed role.”(85)•Garrett(1990)(also Giv´o n1994,Lightfoot1999inter alia);gives diachronic explanation–ergativesarise from reanalysis of instrumentals=inanimate“the universality of the hierarchy[..]should not mislead us into assigning it too muchtheoretical signiﬁcance.”(262)2See Carnie(2005a)for a criticism of Aissen’s approach.2Today:•Leave aside whether hierarchy has a grammatical source,or is better viewed as an output condition.•Focus on how the diﬀerential case marking is implemented in the grammar.Proposal:Two types of case splits based on nominal type1.Diﬀerential Syntax Splits:abstract Case assignment is non-uniform2.Diﬀerential Morphology Splits:abstract Case assignment is uniform;morphological realization isnon-uniformUnderstanding diﬀerential morphology splits requires understanding the relationship between abstract Case and morphological case.•Abstract Case features are assigned syntactically•Post-syntactically,these features are realized morphologically realized based on the Elsewhere Condi-tion(Anderson1969,Kiparsky1973,Halle&Marantz1993,Halle1997)Lexical items compete for insertion into terminal nodes,with more speciﬁc items inserted in preference to less speciﬁc.(7)Hypothetical lexical entries for realization of case featuresa.[Dative]↔-Xb.[Accusative]↔-Yc.(elsewhere)↔-ZAssumptions for ergative languages(Legate2002,2005):3•A=inherent ERG(see Woolford1997)assigned by v.•O=structural ACC from v•S=structural NOM from(ﬁnite)T•highest DP raises to the speciﬁer of TP for EPP3In one class of ergative languages(like Georgian),v does not assign structural accusative Case.Instead,transitive objects receive structural nominative Case from(ﬁnite)T under closest c-command.See Legate(2005b)for details.3(8)TP ¨¨¨¨r r r r SUBJ[ERG]¨¨¨¨r r r r Tv P ¨¨¨¨¨r r r r r t SUBJ ¨¨¨¨r r r r v ERG,ACC VP ¨¨r r V OBJ[ACC]TP ¨¨¨¨r r r r Subj [NOM]¨¨¨r r r T NOM v P ¨¨r r t Subj ¨r v VP 1Diﬀerential Morphology SplitsCase splits based on nominal type are ubiquitous in Pama-Nyungan languages.Reconstructed for Proto-Pama-Nyungan (e.g.Dixon 1980,Blake 1987):•*-lu Ergative•*-øNominative/Absolutive•*-nya Accusative (pronouns,proper names?,other nominals?)Not always as simple as pronouns vs nouns;e.g.Gumbaynggir (Gumbaynggiric;Eades 1979):(9) a.Ergative-Absolutive:pronouns (3),nounsb.Ergative-Nominative-Accusative:pronouns (1sg,1pl incl,1pl excl,2dual,2pl),kinship terms,section namesc.Nominative-Accusative:pronouns (1du incl,1du excl,2sg)For many Pama-Nyungan languages,these are diﬀerential morphology splits.Crucial observation:•When a nominal in O position fails to bear accusative,there is no accusative form of the nominal in the language.•When a nominal in A position fails to bear ergative,there is no ergative form of the nominal in the language.Claim:Abstract Case assignment is uniform,morphological realization varies.4•Transitive objects are assigned abstract accusative Case in the syntax.–If the morphology has a realization of accusative for that nominal,it is inserted.Result:“ac-cusative”.–If the morphology does not have a realization of accusative for that nominal,the default is inserted.Result:“absolutive”.•Transitive subjects are assigned abstract(inherent)ergative Case in the syntax.–If the morphology has a realization of ergative for that nominal,it is inserted.Result:“ergative”.–If the morphology does not have a realization of ergative for that nominal,the default is inserted.Result:“nominative”.e.g.Djapu(Yuulngu;Morphy1983)(10)Summary of Case Patterns in Djapua.Ergative-Absolutive:wh-words(except yol“who”),determiners/demonstratives,lower animate,inanimateb.Ergative-Nominative-Accusative:human,higher animatec.Nominative-Accusative:pronouns(11)ERG-NOM-ACC:humana.A-Omak maybe rlinygu-nalready-IMgalka-y’sorcerer-ERGba:pa-’ngali-nfather-KinProp-ACCdharpu-ngalspear-Perf“Maybe a sorcerer has already speared your father”(111) b.SNgarritj Ngarritj.NOM nha:-masee-UNMwa:yin-guanimal-DAT“Ngarritj is looking for animal(s)”(38)(12)NOM-ACC:pronounsa.Amirlipishoulder.blade.ABS ngayihe.NOMyurruFUTdharpu-ma-npierce-UNM-IMgarapa-yspear-INSTR“He pierces the shoulder blade with a one-pronged spear”(39) b.Swanha-ngumi where-LOC ngayi he.NOM“Where is he?”(34) c.Oyaka yaka nheyou.NOMnganyahim.ACCdhipalithat.ALLgurrunhu-rrlay.down-POTbarrku-mafar-ALL“Don’t put him down way over there”(102)5(13)ERG-ABS:non-human nounsa.Adharpu-ngal pierce-PERF ngarra-n1sg-ACCdhandurrung-dhuhorn-ERGgatapanga-ybuﬀalo-ERG‘The buﬀalo’s horn has pierced me’(127) b.Smutika’car.ABS nhawi-yi-nwhatsit-INCHO-PERFrirrakaysound.ABSg¨a rri-nenter-PERFdhipalthis.ALL‘the sound of a car has gone into this[tape recorder]’(71) c.Ongali1DUALINCL.NOM dj¨a mamakebunhbushelter.ABSdjamarrkulhi-w’children-DAT‘We’ll make a shelter for the children’(38)All elements in a DP(intact or split)must be case-marked,and must match for case.(14)Case Matchesa.nganapurru-nggalangu-w1pl.Excl-OblS-DAT djamarrkurli-w’children-DATyumurrku-wsmall.pl-DATdhiya-kuthis-DATDjapu-wDjapu-DAT“for these our small Djapu children”(123)b.balathen ngayihe.NOMga:rri-nya-mara-menter-NMLSR-CAUS-UNMbirrka’mirranything.ABSrdung’rtungpalpitating.ABSngurikal-yithat.OBL-ANAPH yolngu-wal person-OBL“Then he puts some other palpitating thing into that person”(40)c.djamarrkurli’children.ABS Milyin-guMilyin-DATnhina-’nhinasit-REDUP.UNMngunhathat.LOCgali’-ngurside-LOC“Milyin’s children are sitting over there”(43)The combination of a demonstrative(ERG-ABS),and a human noun(ERG-NOM-ACC)or pronoun(NOM-ACC)results in case mismatches:(15)Case Mismatchesa.wungay’honey.ABS marrtji-nyago-PAST.NONINDICngunhi-ny-dhithat.ABS-PRO-ANAPHyolngu-nperson-ACCwapirti-warrtju-na-puyngu-nha-nystingray-spear.PL-NMLSR-INHAB-ACC-PRO weka-nhagive-PAST.NONINDIC“We would go and give honey to those people who were spearing stingrays(lit‘to those stingray-spearing people’)”(110)b.ngayihe.NOM ngunhiTHATnganyahim.ACCnguliIRREALbuthuwa-nygive.birth.to.UNM-PROngunhi-yithat.ABS-ANAPHyutjuwala-nsmall.one-ACC“...when it gives birth to the small one”(129)c.dhuwathis.ABS nheyou.NOMyurruFUTliliHITHERdha:parngunsuccessfulrongiyi-rrreturn-UNM“YOU will return empty handed[but not I]”(84)6Consider the realization of ngunhi(nydhi)yolngun‘that.ABS person.ACC’“that person(Accusative)”(16)Realization of“that[accusative]”(58)a.[Ergative]↔nguringib.[Dative]↔ngurikic.[Originator]↔ngurikingd.[Oblique]↔ngurikale.(elsewhere)↔ngunhi(17)Realization of“person”“[accusative]”4(34)a.person↔yolngub.Lexical entries for Case featuresi.[Accusative]↔-nha/human nounii.[Oblique]↔-gal/human nouniii.[Originator]↔-gungu/human nouniv.[Ergative]↔-dhu/nounv.[Dative]↔-gu/nounvi.(elsewhere)↔-ø/noune.g.Kugu Nganhcara(Middle Paman,Smith&Johnson2000)(18) a.ERG-ABS:nouns,adjectives,demonstrativesb.NOM-ACC:pronounsCase is marked on theﬁnal element of a DP and on pronouns.Optional placement of a pronoun initially in the DP results in case mismatches.(19) a.nhi-la3sg-NOM pama-ngman-ERGnhi-ngu3sg-DATpukpe-wuchild-DATku’adog.ABSwaa-ngugive-3sgDAT‘The man gave a dog to the child’(Smith&Johnson2000:401)b.nhi-la3sg-NOM pukpe-ngchild-ERGnhu-nha3sg-ACCkuyuwoman.ABSyukuthingmuka-ng-nhastone-INSTR-3sgACCpekathrow.at‘The child threw a stone at the woman’(Smith&Johnson2000:390)Consider the realization of nhila pukpeng‘3sg.NOM child.ERG’“the child”(ergative)(20)Realization of“3sg pronoun”(ergative)(389)a.[Accusative]↔nhunhab.[Dative]↔nhinguc.[Ablative]↔nhingurumud.(elsewhere)↔nhila(21)Realization of“child”(ergative)a.child↔pukpeb.Lexical entries for Case features(389)i.[Ergative]↔-ng(u)4These are the underlying forms posited by Morphy;phonological considerations result in the surface pronunciations.7ii.[Dative]↔-wu,-naiii.[Ablative]↔-m,-namiv.[Comitative]↔-rav.[Privative]↔-yivi.[Locative]↔-ng(a),-nvii.[Vocative]↔-nviii.(elsewhere)↔-øConsider the realization of nhunha kuyu‘3sg.ACC woman.ABS’“the woman”(accusative)(22)Realization of“3sg pronoun”(accusative)(397)a.[Accusative]↔nhunhab.[Dative]↔nhinguc.[Ablative]↔nhingurumud.(elsewhere)↔nhila(23)Realization of“woman”(accusative)a.woman↔kuyub.Lexical entries for Case features(389)i.[Ergative]↔-ng(u)ii.[Dative]↔-wu,-naiii.[Ablative]↔-m,-namiv.[Comitative]↔-rav.[Privative]↔-yivi.[Locative]↔-ng(a),-nvii.[Vocative]↔-nviii.(elsewhere)↔-øe.g.Margany(Maric,Breen1981).(24) a.ERG-ABS:nouns/adjectives,demonstrativesb.NOM-ACC:pronounsCombination of pronoun and adjective/secondary predicate leads to case mismatches: (25)Case Mismatchesa.matyabefore ngaya1sg.NOMbalga-nnganda-lahit-HAB-PASTyurdi,meat/animal.ABSnhanga-ngguyoung-ERG‘I used to kill alot of kangaroos when I was young’(307,336)b.gurruny-dyualone-ERG ngaya1sg.NOMdhumba-:nhibuild-RECPAST‘I built it on my own’(342)c.nhula3sg.NOM waba:nhigo-RecPastgurrunyualone.ABS“He would go on his own”(349)Consider the realization of ngaya...nhanga-nggu‘1sg.NOM young.ERG’“I...young”(ergative) (26)“1sg pronoun”(ergative)(303)8a.[Accusative]↔ngahab.[Genitive]↔ngatyuc.[Dative]↔ngatyungud.[Instrumental]↔ngatyundue.[Locative]↔ngatyundaf.[Locative-Proximate]↔ngatyunbityag.[Allative]↔ngatyundhadih.[Ablative]↔ngatyunmundui.(elsewhere)↔ngaya(27)“young”(ergative)a.young↔nhangab.Lexical entries for Case features5(306-311)i.[Ergative]↔-ngguii.[Dative]↔-guiii.[Allative]↔-dhadiiv.[Ablative]↔-munduv.[Locative-Proximate]↔-bityavi.[Locative-Perlative]↔-marnrdivii.[Locative]↔-nggaviii.(elsewhere)↔-ø2Diﬀerential Syntax Nominal SplitsCharacteristics:•diﬀerential marking is a property of the DP as a whole•diﬀerential marking is only dependent on properties that project to the DP as a whole •no DP-internal case mismatches•case-marked forms of non-marked DP are available elsewhere in the language Claim:diﬀerential Case assignment in the syntaxe.g.Hindi dative objectsCase marking dependent on animacy,speciﬁcity=properties of the DP as a whole.(28) a.ilaa-neIla-ERG ekonebacce-ko/*baccaachild-DAT/child.ABSut h aayaalift.PERF“Ila lifted a child”b.ilaa-neIla-ERG haarnecklace.ABSut h aayaalift.PERF“Ila lifted a/the necklace”5A few phonologically-conditioned allomorphs have been ignored for simplicity.9c.ilaa-neIla-ERG haar-konecklace-DATut h aayaalift.PERF“Ila lifted the/*a necklace”(Mohanan1990)The dative suﬃx-ko is available for unmarked object DPs in other contexts:(29) a.raam-neRam-ERG kuttaadog.ABSbecaasell.PERF“Ram sold a dog”b.raam-neRam-ERG kutte-kodog-DATk h aanaafood.ABSdiyaagive.PERF“Ram gave a dog food”c.raam-neRam-ERG kutte-kodog-DATbecaasell.PERF“Ram sold the dog”Furthermore,the case present on the DP is determined not only by the properties of the DP,but also by the verb.The alternation between dative and absolutive objects only possible for verbs that allow both animate and inanimate objects.Verbs like lik h“write”only allow inanimate objects,and dative is not possible,even with speciﬁc inanimates (Mohanan1990:105-106)(30) a.ilaa-neIla-ERG yahthis.ABSk h atletter.ABSlik h aawrite-PERF“Ila wrote this letter”b.*ilaa-neIla-ERG isthis.NABSk h at-koletter-DATlik h aawrite-PERF“Ila wrote this letter”(Mohanan1990)e.g.Dative experiencer subjects:case marking dependent on thematic role=property of the DP as a whole.(31) a.tushar-koTushar-DAT caandmoon.ABSdik h aabecome.visible-PERF“Tushar saw the moon”(Mohanan1994:141)b.siitaa-koSita-DAT larkeboys.ABSpasandlikethebe.PAST“Sita likes the boys”(Mahajan1991:7)e.g.Spanish objects:Dative marking dependent on the animacy(and speciﬁcity)of the DP as a whole,not on a particular word within the DP.(32) a.vimossaw.1pl aDATJuanJuan“We saw Juan”b.vimossaw.1pl lathecasahousedeofJuanJuan“We saw Juan’s house”10Dative marking available for inanimates in other contexts:(33)JuanJuan entr´oenteredaDATmimycasahouse“Juan entered my house”Even identical DPs,diﬀering only in speciﬁcity:(34) a.JuanJuan buscalook.forunaasecretatriasecretary“Juan is looking for a secretary”b.JuanJuan buscalook.foraDATunaasecretatriasecretary“Juan is looking for a(speciﬁc)secretary”3SummaryTwo distinct types of case splits dependent on the type of nominal:•Diﬀerential syntax splits:diﬀerential abstract Case assignment in the syntax(e.g.Hindi dative objects, dative experiencer subject,Spanish dative objects)•Diﬀerential morphology splits:uniform abstract Case assignment in the syntax;diﬀerential morpho-logical realization based on availability of morphology to realize the case features(e.g.Djapu,Kugu Nganhcara,Margany)Diﬀerential morphology splits require distinction between abstract Case assigned in syntax,and its(imper-fect)realization in the morphology.ReferencesAissen,Judith.2003.“Diﬀerential Object marking:Iconicity vs.Economy.”Natural Language and Lin-guistic Theory21.3:435-483.Anderson,Stephen.1969.West Scandinavian Vowel Systems and the Ordering of Phonological Rules. Doctoral dissertation,MIT,Cambridge,Mass.Blake,Barry.1987.Australian Aboriginal Grammar.London:Croom Helm.Breen,J.G.1981.“Margany and Gunya”Handbook of Australian Languages Volume2,274-394.Carnie,Andrew.2005a.“Some remarks on Markedness Hierarchies:A Reply to Aissen1999and2003.”Coyote Working Papers in Linguistics14.Carnie,Andrew.2005b.“A phase-geometic apporach to multiple marking systems.”Martha McGinnis, Norvin Richards(eds.)Perspectives on Phases.MIT Working Papers in Linguistics49:87-102. Comrie,nguage universals and linguistic typology.Chicago:University of Chicago. Diesing,Molly.1992.Indeﬁnites.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.Diesing,Molly&Eloise Jelinek.1995.“Distributing Arguments.”Natural Language Semantics3:123-167. Dixon,R.M.W.1980.The Languages of Australia.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Dixon,R.M.W.1994.Ergativity.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Eades,Diana.1979.“Gumbaynggir.”In R.M.W.Dixon and Barry J.Blake(eds.)Handbook of Australian Languages,Vol1,244-361.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.Filimonova,Elena.2005.“The noun phrase hierarchy and relational marking:Problems and counterevi-dence.”Linguistic Typology9:77-113.Garrett,Andrew.1990.“The origin of NP split ergativity.”Language66.11Halle,Morris&Alec Marantz.1993.“Distributed Morphology and the Pieces of Inﬂection.”In Kenneth Hale&S.Jay Keyser(eds.),The View from Building20,111-176.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press. Haviland,John.1979.“Guugu Yimidhirr.”In RMW Dixon&Barry J.Blake(eds),Handbook of Australian Languages Vol1,26-180.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.Jelinek,Eloise.1993.“Ergative‘splits’and argument type.”MIT Working Papers in Linguistics18:15-42. Jelinek,Eloise&Andrew Carnie.2003.“Argument Hierarchies and the Mapping Principle.”In Andrew Carnie,Heidi Harley&MaryAnn Willie(eds).Formal Approaches to Function in Grammar,265-296. Amsterdam:John Benjamins.Kiparsky,1973.“Elsewhere”in Phonology.In A Festschrift for Morris Halle,ed.Stephen Anderson and Paul Kiparsky,93-106.New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston.Kiparsky,Paul.2004.“Universals constrain change;change results in typological generalizations.”Stanford ms.Legate,Julie Anne.2002a.“Split Absolutive.”Paper presented at The Ergativity Workshop,University of Toronto,Canada.Legate,Julie Anne.2002b.“Warlpiri:Theoretical Implications.”MIT Dissertation.Legate,Julie Anne.2005.“Split Absolutive.”In Alana Johns,Diane Massam,&Juvenal Ndayiragije(eds.), Ergativity:Emerging Issues.Dordrecht:Kluwer.Legate,Julie Anne.2005b.“Morphological and Abstract Case.”University of Delaware ms.Lightfoot,David.1999.The development of language.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.Mahajan,Anoop.1990.The A/A-bar Distinction and Movement Theory.MIT Dissertation.Mohanan,T.1994.Argument Structure in Hindi.Stanford,CA:CSLI Publications.Moravcsik,Edith.1978.“On the distribution of ergative and accusative patterns.”Lingua45:233-279. Morphy,Frances.1983.“Djapu,a Yolngu dialect”.In R.M.W.Dixon&Barry J.Blake(eds.),Handbook of Australian Languages,Volume3,1-188.John Benjamins:Amsterdam.Silverstein,Michael.1976.Hierarchy of features and ergativity.In RMW Dixon(ed),Grammatial Categories in Australian Language,112-71.Canberra:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.Smith,Ian&Steve Johnson.2000.“Kugu Nganhcara.”Handbook of Australian Languages Volume5, 357-489.Woolford,Ellen.1997.“Four-way Case Systems:Ergative,Nominative,Objective,and Accusative.”Natural Language and Linguistic Theory15:181-227.12。

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