2015年考研英语模拟试题阅读1

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2015考研英语新题型模拟试题及答案1

2015考研英语新题型模拟试题及答案1

2015年英语考研必备资料2015年考研英语新题型模拟试题及答案(1)2015年考研英语新题型模拟试题(1)一、七选五或填空式阅读Passage1English has become the world’s number one language in the 20th century. In every country where is not the native language, especially in the Third World, people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities, if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries.41)__________.42) __________.Nonetheless, a world full of different language will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education, trade and even politics continues.43) __________ .The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper education. According to many studies, only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English, they are already knowledgeable.44) __________ .All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development activities, including education. From a psychological point of view, those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view, the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start.45) __________.There is nothing wrong, however, in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education. But the best thing to do is to have a good education in one’s native language first, then go abroad to have a university in a foreign language.A) If this situation continues, the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations. This phenomenon hasbeen called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities, particularly as a medium of instruction in schools.B) Those who are taught in a foreign language form the start will tend to be imitators and lack self-confidence. They will tend to rely on foreign consultants.C) Suppose you work in a big firm and find and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign businessmen. Now you are looking a place where you can improve your English, especially your spoken English.D) But many people are concerned that English’s dominance will destroy native languages.E) These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages. If these leaders deliver speeches anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well. The citizens of their countries do not understand their leader’s speeches because they are made in a foreign language.F) Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers. You may find the information you need.G) A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English. For example, it has wiped out Hawaiian, Welsh, Scotch Gaelic, Irish, native American languages, and many others. Luckily, some of these languages are now being revived, such as Hawaiian and Welsh, and these languages will live again, hopefully, if dedicated people continue their work of reviving them.Passage 2In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year’s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311. That was a price increase of nearly one –third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer’s share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was 31 percent more than the farmer had received in 1959.But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices.They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. 41) __________.Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlement received $ 790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemen’s profit has increased more than farmer’s. But some economists claim that the middleman’s actual profit was very law. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent.42) __________ .43) __________ .Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners” are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes desert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the over and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 44) __________.Economists remind us many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day’s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family’s table easily and quickly. 45) __________ .It appears that the answer to the question for rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs.A) Thus, as economists point out:” Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor’s plant.”B) They are among the “middlemen” who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?C) “If the housewife wants all of these.” The economists say, “that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of the those who make her work easier.”D) Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don’t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.E) However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment.F) Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.G) By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.Passage3Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel association carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers.41) __________.They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects.42) __________ .Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. 43) __________ .Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. 44) __________ .45) __________.Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.A) The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers including car-rental and sight-seeing services.B) They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.C) Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns.D) As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.E) Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and , conversely, hotels rely uponagencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.F) In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel- Planes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.G) Consequently, the agencies started to pay more attention to the comfort of travel.Passage 4Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs “ .The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry.41) __________ .Some 20,000 tons antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. 42) __________.Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. 43) __________ .With millions of tons animals manure spread onto fields of cops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreadingresistance, he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. 44) __________ .Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. 45) __________ .This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and broken down by conventional treatment.A) They don’t easily degrade or dissolve in water. His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs.B) And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says.C) Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.D) But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.E) His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed.F) They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.G) There is no doubt that the food and drink is always important to the health.Passage 5The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won’t stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it’s soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal.One theory is that is has been “advertised” and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. 41) __________ .They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries.Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called “ the spirit of America .”42)_________ .The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.Regardless of why its spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. 43)__________ . Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own.Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time. When T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere .Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion.44) __________ .The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock “n” roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often on America as well, as being “low-class,” and then as “a danger to our nation’s youth.”45)__________ . And then the music became accepted and was extended and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.A) As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. “happy birthday to you,” for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered.B) But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television, programs are so popular in themselves.C) American in origin, informal clothing has become the world’s first truly universal style.D) The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962.E) American food has become popular around the world too.F) This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.G) It is hardly surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of their culture.Passage 6Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as “Person of the Century by Time magazine on Sunday.A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.“The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological-technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science,” wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a time essay explaining Einstein’s significance. 41) __________ .Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.“What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom’s fight against totalitarianism , Gandhi personifying the great theme of individual struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom,” said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.Einstein was born in Ulm , Germany in 1879. 42) __________ .He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. 43) __________ . Everything else----mass, weight, space, even time itself ----is a variable. And he offered the world his now –famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared ---E=mc244) __________ .45) __________ . Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.A) “Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,” Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time’s choices.” There was less faith in absolutes, not of time and space but also of truth and morality.”Einstein’s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did.B) How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public’s view about Albert Einstein.C) “Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.”D) Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the “Manhattan Project” that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.E) In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school.Applicants prefer rankings, but the school for them most part do not. European schools, in particular, argue that rankings are misleading as they may use a narrow range of often-inappropriate measures which fail to reveal the true competence of unique programs. Several schools have contested and boycotted league tables. Nevertheless, the number of business schools which participate in rankings is actually growing, in part because rankings tell potential customers what they need to know. Since business schools must market to applicants as if they were consumers, most take rankings seriously.___________________________________45____________________________________A ranking is just one factor that underpins the success of schools and MBA programs. The programs must not only rank highly, they must also be known. Schools want their programs---and graduates want their degrees ---to receive instant recognition and respect. Until recently, prominence has been largely overlooked in the assessment of MBA programs, but the Internet now provides another channel of communication and reputation for schools and their market.The MBA is the principal product in the most market-oriented sector of higher education. Given the globalization of business, increased communication, and theability to deliver content to individuals wherever they are, the complexity and competitiveness of this pioneering educational marketplace can only increase.Passage 6Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a about U.S. firms participating global competition. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the are not numbered. There are two extra headings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)A) Entering international marketsB) Satisfying global customersC) Lowering prices by manufacturing overseasD) Facing threats of global marketsE) Recognizing the constraints of global marketsF) Being better than competitionG) Coordinating marketing activitiesWe live in an increasingly interdependent world, and perhaps someday we will live in a “world without borders”, to borrow from the title of a provocative book of 1970s. Globalization is of great significance to both poor and rich nations, since competition now spans beyond borders._____________________________41__________________________________________“The world is too much with us,” said Wordsworth. That could be the main complaint of many U.S. businesses that see themselves threatened by increases in imported goods. Imports were only 1 percent of the U.S. gross national products (GNP) in 1954; they were 6 percent of GNP in 1964 and 10 percent in 1984. The interdependence suggested by such terms as global village and world economy is being recognized by business managers. Therefore, many more U.S. firms, whether they like it or not, will be forced to become part of world markets and global competition. Meanwhile, other nations such as Japan and Germany have had open economies for some time. Their firms are more accustomed to selling in international markets. Hence, U.S. firms have some catching up to do to compete effectively and gain market share in world markets.______________________________42_____________________________________To compete in world markets, firms must have an in depth understanding of customers’ needs. If customers needs differ dramatically across countries and regions, a company must consider how to adapt its products and various elements of the marketing mix to customer needs. If prices must be lowered, the company needs to consider how to design a product to lower manufacturing costs and decide whether to manufacture the product at home or overseas to achieve lower cost. Awell-articulated distribution and logistics system is needed to make goods and services available at the point of sale in sufficient quantities. Firms also need to develop global customer database and information systems to understand and respond to customer needs and purchasing________________________________43_______________________________________Firms must contend with both domestic and global competition. Global competitors could include large multinational and state-owned enterprises that might be market share oriented rather than profit oriented as well as small local firms with other goals. Long-term success comes in part from monitoring, assessing and responding to actions by all sorts of competitors, especially through understanding the competitive and comparative advantages enjoyed by competitors, and finally ensuring success by offering more value, developing superior brand image and product positioning, broader product range, lower prices, higher quality and superior distribution services to more effectively meet customers’ need._________________________________44________________________________________International marketing creates a new level of complexity. In order to face this challenge, firms must consider staffing and allocating responsibilities across marketing units in different countries, and deciding which decision to decentralize or to control from headquarters, whether to develop standardized campaigns and plans, and how much local responsiveness is appropriate._________________________________45______________________________________As firms attempt to market in the international arena, they not only face challenges from different competitors, but need to cope with cultural and economic differences that exist in the marketing infrastructure, such as the financial regulations imposed b local governments, and the impact of government policies, especially protectionist and other policies that may unfairly benefit competitors and create difficulty in market entry. To level the playing field, a firm may decide to begin manufacturing overseas to lower its costs and match the lower prices of strong international competition. Very often, a firm may not find it feasible to go aloneinto foreign markets. In this case, its international marketing endeavor becomes more complex as it joins with a local partner that has specialized knowledge of a specific market and its customers. Some firms find that local partners can force them to change the way they do business. A local partner may insist that the firm accept payment in kind: orange juice or wine in return for machinery, which means a firm has to peddle orange juice or wine around the world.Although the global market is attractive, U.S. firms have been slow to take advantage of it. The United States has always been one of the world’s largest markets. However, ignoring foreign markets and foreign competition has two dangers for U.S. companies: losing market share at home and not profiting from higher growth in markets overseas.2015年考研英语新题型模拟试题答案(1)一、七选五Passage 1 DGAEBPassage 2 BGDACPassage 3 CBFEAPassage 4 EDBFAPassage 5 BFACDPassage 6 CEFADPassage 7 FCEGAPassage 8 DCAFB二、排序题Passage 1 EBCGFPassage 2 FCAGBPassage 3 AGEBDPassage 4 EFBCGPassage 5 BFGAD Passage 6 DFEGC Passage 7 EFBCD Passage 8 BFDGA 三、标题匹配题Passage 1 ECDFA Passage 2 CAFBD Passage 3 BFADC Passage 4 DCGBE Passage 5 DFBCG Passage 6 ABFGE。

2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一) .doc

2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一) .doc

2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一)Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a “common law”, or law made by courts 1 a monarch or other central governmental 2 like a legislature. The jury, a 3 of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an 4 part of our common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a 5 feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States. 6 the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result 7 would be obtained using a judge 8 , as many countries do. 9 a jury decides cases after “ 10 ”, or discussions amonga group of people, the jury’s decision is likely to have the11 from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right.Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide 12 among 13 citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government 14 that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and 15 . Jurors, consisting of 16 numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge 17 to the case 18 the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states, 19 jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they are questioned by the lawyers representing the 20 under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than [B]rather than [C]more than [D]or rather2.[A]agency [B]organization [C]institution [D]authority3.[A]panel [B]crew [C]band [D]flock4.[A]innate [B]intact [C]integral [D]integrated5.[A]discriminating [B]distinguishing [C]determining[D]diminishing6.[A]In [B]By [C]After [D]Over7.[A]that [B]which [C]than [D]as8.[A]alike [B]alone [C]altogether [D]apart9.[A]Although [B]Because [C]If [D]While10.[A]deliberations [B]meditations [C]reflections[D]speculations11.[A]outline [B]outcome [C]input [D]intake12.[A]arguments [B]controversies [C]disputes[D]hostilities13.[A]fellow [B]individual [C]personal [D]private14.[A]asserting [B]alleging [C]maintaining [D]testifying15.[A]summoned [B]evoked [C]rallied [D]assembled16.[A]set [B]exact [C]given [D]placed17.[A]allocated [B]allotted [C]appointed [D]assigned18.[A]administers [B]manages [C]oversees [D]presides19.[A]inspective [B]irrespective [C]perspective[D]prospective20.[A]bodies [B]parties [C]sides [D]unitsSectionⅡ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts .Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text OneIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have also begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21. According to the text, it is true that[A] unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B] happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C] unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D] happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A] maintaining it at an average level.[B] escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C] pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D] realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23. The phrase “To date” (Para. 4) can be best replaced by[A] As a result.[B] In addition.[C] At present.[D] Until now.24. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A] One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B] They are independent but existing concurrently[C] One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D] They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25. The sentence “That’s that” (Para. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad[A] and the situation cannot be altered.[B] and happiness remains inaccessible.[C] but they don’t think much about it.[D] but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator? Foremost, the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral, objective third party who is capable of weighing out fairness in theresolution of a conflict. The mediator must be trusted by both parties to come up with a solution that will protect them from shame. While the central issue is justice, the outcome needs to be win-win, no losers. The abilities to listen impartially, suspend judgment, and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally, to function effectively the mediator must have power (financial, status, position), so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment. If one party refused to cooperate, he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole community. If that real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties, the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a man. Usually this is a job for the parents, and they in turn employ the services of a mediator. Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance. Since these services sometimes require reward, money must be saved. Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents. The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame by turning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes. Of course, the higher-ranked the mediator, the higher the cost of the services.Complicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents, which will likely generate conflict between the families. If the parties are not careful, the entire community can take sides. One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect. They might say, “She is sickly.” or “She may notbe able to bear children.” Although none of these statements may be true, and probably everyone knows they aren’t, they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason. Everyone saves face, at least at the surface, and peace is preserved.26. The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A] unbiased judgment of arguments.[B] hard prudence in decision-making.[C] impartial treatment to a conflict.[D] remarkable insight into controversies.27. The author deems it important for a mediator[A] to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B] to be powerful to shame either party.[C] to justify the solution of a conflict.[D] to have high status to fear arguers.28. In some courtiers, young people’ s marriage[A] is independent of their parents’ will.[B] needs careful valuation in advance.[C] costs a small fortune of their family.[D] is usually facilitated by a mediator.29. The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A] they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B] they make their best choice at all risks.[C] the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D] the bride’ s parents dare to offend the mediator.30. It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A] the entire community to offer support.[B] a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C] the outcome of mediation to be acceptable.[D] a valid excuse to spare both sides’ blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet, like its network predecessors, has turned out to be far more social than television, and in this respect, the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home. That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication, however, does not imply that their social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships, or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain. Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact, deepfeelings of affection and obligation, whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds, infrequent contact, and narrow focus. Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties, are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest, local groups. Nonetheless, strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes. People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact, and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.Generally, strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity. The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties. Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do not depend on the distance between parties. People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line. Most of these new relationships are weak. MUDs, newsgroups, and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups, but these on-line “mixers” are typically organized around specific topics, or activities, and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions. Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse. Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it. Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal, or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31. The text is mainly about[A] the dominance of interpersonal communication.[B] strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C] the difference between old and modern relationships.[D] an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32. It is implied in the text that[A] the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B] television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C] strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D] the Internet features every home and community.33. The word “buffer” (Para. 2) can probably be replaced by[A] deviate. [B] alleviate. [C] shield. [D] distract.34. According to the author, the Internet can[A] eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B] weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C] provide people with close physical contacts.[D] enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35. From the text we can infer that[A] the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B] the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C] some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D] random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research, of course. For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made, whether a person who lacks charisma (capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm) can become a leader, and what makes leaders fail. Warren G. Bennis, possibly the possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading, has, together with his co-author, written two best-sellers on the topic. Generally, researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence, birth order, family wealth or stability, level of education, race, or sex. From one leader to the next, there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’ research led to a new and telling discovery: that every leader, regardless of age, had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call a “crucible” (severe test). These events can either make you or break you. For emerging leaders, they do more making than breaking, providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to become leader, there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one, according to the authors. They are: an “adaptive capacity” that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks, heartbreaks, anddifficulties but also learn from them; an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision; a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing; and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace, until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums (formal statements of opinion) are. The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co. Chairman M. Douglas Ivester lasted just 28 months because “his grasp of context was sorrowful.” Among other things, Ivester degraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a $ 200 million class action brought by black employees. Procter & Gamble Co. ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking, too, that the authors found their geezers (whose formative period, as the authors define them,was 1945 to 1954, and who were shaped by World War II) sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood. “Unlike those defeated by time and age, our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between 1991 and 2000, and grew up “virtual, visual, and digital”)— open, willing to take risks, hungry for knowledge and experience, courageous, and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36. The text indicates that leadership research[A] has been a controversial study for years.[B] predicts how a leader comes to be.[C] defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D] probes the mysteries of leadership.37. According to Bennis, the trait shared by leaders consists of[A] top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B] remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C] striking qualities of going through serious trials and sufferings.[D] strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38. The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A] proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B] accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C] shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D] draws important lessons for his/her followers.39. A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A] fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B] helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C] fails to attract people with common concerns.[D] lacks appealing and strength of character.40. The authors’ dictums can be justified by the fact that[A] Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B] Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability.[C] Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D] Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges. Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A] Physical Changes[B] Low Self-Esteem[C] Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D] Emotional Turbulence[E] Interest in the Opposite Sex[F] Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of 9 and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest bysimply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41) __________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that they’re not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent.(42) __________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the opposite—loud and angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43) __________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears become more frightening, pleasures become more exciting, irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable. Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence. Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often, the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior. Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help. They include repeated school absences, slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances, hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.(44) __________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers. This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles; it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45) __________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents. This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents, a normal part of the letting-go process. Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs. This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs. Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents, discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents, awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. 46) These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. 47) All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. 48) No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props (支柱) have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.” 49) When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries. Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process. During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated bythe new. They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners. This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances. 50) If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places, will be pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress, goodwill, and international friendship. If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Your classmate, Bob, suffered a lot from the traffic accident one month ago. Besides, he lost his left leg and felt very sad. Write a letter to1) send out your grief and sympathy,2) offer your assistance, and3) show your best wishes.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1) describe the drawing,2) deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing, and3) suggest counter-measures.You should write about 160—200 words neatly ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)答案详解:Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。

2015考研英语模拟试题及答案-阅读理解(管理学类)(1-3)

2015考研英语模拟试题及答案-阅读理解(管理学类)(1-3)

2015考研英语备考资料2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案管理学类目录2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案管理学类(1).................................................................................... - 1 - 2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案管理学类(2).................................................................................... - 3 - 2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案管理学类(3).................................................................................... - 6 -2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案管理学类(1)The purpose of an interview is to find out if your goals and the goals of an organization are compatible.Other goals of the interview are:to answer questions successfully,obtain any additional information needed to make a decision,accent your special strengths,establish a positive relationship,show confidence,and to sell yourself.Based on these goals,place yourself in the role of the interviewer and develop anticipated questions and answers to three categories:company data,personal data,and specific job data.You also develop questions which you will ask to determine how well your career goals match the needs of the organization.These questions include both those you would ask before a job offer and those you would ask after a job offer.Prior to the interview,acquaint yourself with the laws pertaining to job discrimination.This knowledge will enhance your chances of being considered on an equal standing with other applicants.To develop confidence,adequately prepare for the interview.Focus on how you can best serve the organization to which you are applying.Then rehearse until the rough edges are smoothed and you sound convincing to those with whom you have practiced.Since the interview will center on you,proper self-management process is divided into four stages:the before stage,the greeting stage,the consultation stage,and the departure stage.The before stage includes writing a confirmation letter,concentrating on appearance and nonverbalcommunication,developing your portfolio,anticipating questions with positive responses,and arriving early.The greeting stage includes greeting everyone courteously,using waiting-room smarts,using your time wisely,and applying proper protocol when meeting the interviewer.The consultation stage includes responsiveness and enthusiasm,knowing when to interject key points,showing sincerity,highlighting your strengths,and listening intently.The departure stage includes leaving on a positive note,expressing appreciation,expressing interest,leaving promptly,and making notes immediately after departure.To save time and money and offer convenience to prospective employees and employers,video taping and satellite videophones may become a common method of interviewing.Being at ease in front of a camera would be important for these types of interviews.Following the interview,write thank-you letters to each person who interviewed you and to those who helped you get the interview.When invited for a second interview,go prepared by using your notes and feedback from the interview to zero in on what the company wants.If the company doesn‘t respond in two weeks,call back or write a follow-up letter.You may get turned down.If so,try to find out why as a means of self-improvement.Following a job offer,take a few days to consider all elements and then call or write a letter either accepting or declining the offer-—whichever is appropriate.If you accept and you are presently employed,write an effective letter of resignation,departing on a positive note.1.The word“compatible”in the first sentence probably means____.[A] in agreement [B] in conflict[C] complementary [D] practicable2.The writer advises you to familiarize yourself with the laws concerning job discrimination so that ____.[A] you can show your prospective employer you have a wide range of knowledge[B] you stand on equal chance of being hired with other applicants to the job[C] you will refuse to give answers to any questions against the current laws[D] you know how to behave within the limit of laws at the interview3.At which stage should you emphasize your qualifications for the job?[A] The before stage.[B] The greeting stage.[C] The consultation stage.[D] The departure stage.4.If you are given a second interview,it is most important for you to____.[A] write a thank-you letter to each person who interviewed you last time[B] find out exactly what the company wants of you[C] learn from the last interview and improve yourself[D] consider all the elements that are important for the job5.The passage is mainly concerned with____.[A] how to manage an interview[B] how to apply for a job vacancy[C] how an applicant should behave during an interview[D] how to make your private goal compatible with those of an organization参考答案:1.[A]2.[B]3.[C]4.[B]5.[A]2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案管理学类(2)At the end of last week, Bodega Aurrerá, a Mexican subsidiary of the world's biggest retailer,Wal-Mart, opened a new store in the village of San Juan Teotihuacán, just north of Mexico City. Normally, such an event would cause little stir. Wal-Mart is already Mexico's biggest retailer too. And its shops seem to go down very well with its millions of bargain-hungry customers. But this particular opening was, in fact, the culmination of months of protests, legal actions,hunger strikes and hyperbole by those determined to stop it.The reason is the location. Just 2.5km (1.6 miles) away is the ancient city of Teotihuac án, probably Mexico's most famous archaeological site. Amongst other attractions, it boasts the third-largest (by volume) pyramid in the world. For many Mexicans, the ancient site,abandoned by its mysterious inhabitants centuries before the Spanish conquerors arrived, remains the ultimate symbol of Mexican identity and nationhood. Thousands troop up to the top of the Pyramid of the Sun to celebrate the summer solstice.To them, the idea of having a Wal-Mart next door is abhorrent. In the words of Homero Aridjis,a writer and one of the leading opponents,“it is like driving the stake of globalisation into the heart of old Mexico.” The controversy is only the latest in a string of protesters' attempts to save Mexican culture from what they see as a creeping menace. They won a famous victory by blocking a McDonalds restaurant from opening in the main square of the pretty southern colonial town of Oaxaca.But this time they were on much thinner ground. For a start, Wal-Mart went through all the appropriate regulatory hoops, even getting permission from the Paris-based International Council on Monuments and Sites, which judged that the store would cause no harm to the nearby ruins.A small stone platform was indeed found during construction of the new car park, but was preserved.Just as importantly, the claim that the new store spoils the famous view from the top of the Pyramid of the Sun is clearly bogus, as anyone who cares to get to the top can testify. The problem is not so much that you can see the Wal-Mart, but one of trying to distinguish it from the 30-odd other ugly, squat buildings that litter the surrounding countryside——to say nothing of the car parks, the electricity pylons and the large power station. Sadly, unrestricted building long ago ruined this particular view, as well as many others in Mexico.To the diehards, the issue counts more than the view. But neither mattered much to the hundreds of locals who queued up for the opening, delighted to be freed of the small and expensive local shops. Despite a legal case pending against Wal-Mart and local officials, brought by an irate local left-wing politician, this is one battle that the American retailer has probably won.注(1):本文选自Economist; 11/13/2004, p42;注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象2001年真题Text 4(其中因2001年真题Text 4只有四个题目,所以本文第4题模仿参照对象为2003年Text 1的第四题);1. Why the opening of Wal-Mart caused stir?[A]Wal-Mart would have severe competition with the local stores.[B]War-Mart would provide them with a larger choice and more benefits.[C]It was said to have ruined the scene of the ancient site.[D]There shouldn‘t be a store near the ancient site.2. From Paragraph 2 we can infer that _________.[A]the ancient city means a lot to the Mexicans[B]a store will be too noisy for the ancient city[C]the ancient city is very mysterious[D]the pyramid is a good place for holding big ceremony3. According to Wal-Mart, it has a good reason to build store there because _______.[A]it proves no harm to the nearby ruins[B]the scene of the ancient sites has been damaged[C]customers want to buy some cheap products[D]it has been widely accepted by the customers there.4. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that _________.[A]the famous view is not as good as it used to be[B]the city lacks planning in building[C]the ancient site is littered with ugly buildings[D]Wal-Mart shouldn‘t be fully responsible for the ruined view.5. Toward the fate of Wal-Mart, the writer‘s attitude can be said to be _________.[A]objective[B]optimistic[C]pessimistic[D]biased答案:CADDB2015考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案管理学类(3)There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns.It is sometimes placed among“situations vacant”,although it does not offer anyone a job,and sometimes it appears among“situation wanted”,although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either.What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application” or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history”is how it is usually expressed.The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is,of course,a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment.It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae (or job history),with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application.“Just put down your name,address,age and whether you have passed any exams” was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school.The letter was really just for openers,it was explained,everything else could and should be saved for the interview.And in those days of full employment the technique worked.The letter proved that you could write and were available for work.Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later,as you moved up the ladder,something slightly more sophisticated was called for.The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest.It might be the aggressive approach.“Your search is over.I am the person you are looking for”was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded.Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt,however,that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.1.The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns____.[A] informs job hunters of the opportunities available[B] promises useful advice to those looking for employment[C] divides available jobs into various types[D] informs employers of people available for work2.Nowadays a demand for this specialised type of service has been created because____.[A] there is a lack of jobs available for university graduates[B] there are so many top-level jobs available[C] great importance is attached to written application[D] jobs are becoming so varied that one needs advice to choose the right one3.In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would____.[A] write an initial letter giving their life history[B] pass some exams before applying for a job[C] have no qualifications other than being able to read and write[D] keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview4.The job history has become such an important document because____.[A] there has been an increase in the number of jobs advertised[B] there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degrees[C] jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadays[D] other supporting experiences for jobs are no longer required5.What does the author think of the new advertisement?[A] Necessary. [B] Fashionable.[C] Superficial. [D] Aggressive.参考答案:1.[B]2.[C]3.[D]4.[B]5.[A]。

15年考研英语一第一篇阅读理解text1

15年考研英语一第一篇阅读理解text1

15年考研英语一第一篇阅读理解text11.文章主题:15年考研英语一第一篇阅读理解text12.文章内容:1)15年考研英语一第一篇阅读理解text1是考研英语阅读理解部分的一部分,为考研英语学习者提供了一种高质量的阅读材料,对于增强考生英语阅读能力、丰富词汇积累、提高语言表达能力都具有积极的意义。

2)text1可能涉及的话题包括但不限于:文化、历史、社会现象等各个方面。

它的题材可能是丰富多彩的,题材能够给考生带来的新鲜感是十分重要的,它需要考生有一定的文化底蕴,具备一定的逻辑思维能力,同时通过不断的练习积累,不断的提高自己阅读水平。

text1看似简单的语言可能隐藏着丰富的内涵,下文将会具体分析。

3.高质量的文章结构:1)文章概述:本文主要讲述15年考研英语一第一篇阅读理解text1的相关内容,作为考研英语学习者的重要学习资料,text1的内容涉及广泛,需要考生有一定的文化底蕴和逻辑思维能力。

2)文章中段:我们将对text1的不同话题进行深入分析,包括文化、历史、社会现象等方面的内容,并就如何提高阅读能力进行探讨,为考生在备考过程中提供一定的指导方针。

3)文章结尾:总结15年考研英语一第一篇阅读理解text1对考研英语学习者的重要性以及如何有效进行学习的方法,为考生提供一定的帮助。

4. 总结:15年考研英语一第一篇阅读理解text1对考研英语学习者来说是一份宝贵的学习资料,通过对text1话题的深入分析可以增强考生的阅读能力、丰富词汇积累、提高语言表达能力,为备考考研英语提供有力支持。

对于英语学习者来说,如何有效掌握text1的内容,并不断提高自己的英语阅读水平是十分重要的,需要考生在备考过程中引起足够重视,不断积累经验,提高综合素质。

15年考研英语一第一篇阅读理解text15. 文化和历史话题的分析:1)文化和历史是text1可能涉及的重要话题之一。

在text1中,可能会讨论到一些特定文化、历史事件和人物,让考生有机会了解不同国家和地区的文化和历史,进而提高跨文化交流能力。

2015年全国硕士研究生招生测验英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案

2015年全国硕士研究生招生测验英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案

2015年全国硕士研究生招生测验英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 astudy published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends andunrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. AsJames Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourthcousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Whythis similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us tosimilar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us inchoosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkablefindings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this couldhelp 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say theresearchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data tocheck ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension1、What2、Concluded223、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、see23Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)原标题:2015 年考研英语一真题答案(完整版)TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandalsand the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and standdown. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is onthe wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularlypolarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embodya spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. Andso, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (notcounting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royalfamilies have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for anon-controversial butrespected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, theirvery history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges andinequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and theincreasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolicheart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesseshave day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party withthe international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the Britishroyals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.24It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled)granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a prettyhierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because theyprovide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as Englishhistory shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.[B]used to enjoy high public support.[C]was unpopular among European royals.[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[B] Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.2524. The British royals have most to fear because Charles[A]takes a tough line on political issues.[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25. D Carlos, a lesson for all MonarchiesTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whetherpolice can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person duringan arrest.26California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the oldassumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard,the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications arediscernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers anddefendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of asmartphone- a vaststorehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled thatpolice dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arresteewithout a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone maycontain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recentcorrespondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much theeasier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimesdemands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosionand accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digitalnecessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of thepassenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of[A] tolerance.27[B] indifference.[C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble to[A] getting into ones residence.[B] handing ones historical records.[C] scanning ones correspondences.[D] going through ones wallet.29. In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.2826. Bcheck suspects phone contents without being authorized.27.Cdisapproval28.A getting into ones residence29. D citizens privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitutionText 3The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief MarciaMcNott announcedtoday. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysisare contributing to the Published research findings.Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics boardof reviewing Manut will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board ofReviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatisticsboardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientificresearch and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of the SBoRE group, sayshe expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behindthe establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will notonly be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places thatmay want to model their approach after Science.John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome stepforwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review,and this damages the quality of what theypublish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential thanexpert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal ofthe American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.29Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly commonin published research,according to David Vaux,a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, hewrote in 2012,but journals should also take a tougher line,engaging reviewers who are statistically literate andeditors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has somemerit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyinthe first place.31. It can be learned from graph I that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase flagged up (.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Sciences circulation.[D]set an example for other journals3034. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.B marked33. D set an example for other journals34. C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText4Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of ourcollapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society should be profit and themarket we the people who create the society we want, not profit.31Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose,of a moral language with ingovernment, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence ofmoral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it wouldfore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, forconspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the widedearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This ishacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of theWorld in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking butthe terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knewof what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how thestories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens inthe organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrinehas been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what waswritten or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. MsBrooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked noquestions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. Accordign to the first two graphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.3237. It can be inferred from graph 3 that(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defence(A) revealed a cunning personality.(B) centered on trivial issues.(C) was hardly convincing.(D) was part of a conspiracy.39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A) generally distorted values.(B) unfair wealth distribution.(C) a marginalized lifestyle.(D) a rigid moral code.40 Which of the following is suggested in the last graph?(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.33(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37. Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38. C was hardly convincing39. A generally distorted values40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart BIn the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable onefrom the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings forindividual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of Englishgrammar.(41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind ofspeech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension toconsist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You inferinformation you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is inquestion is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or true meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy,or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)34This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers fromdifferent historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of thesame words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about textscan play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)Suchdimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(oftenunacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller,more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and actas useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the readingcomponent of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course?Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely todiffer considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class willencourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context.On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well aspossible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or referencemight have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about itsvalidity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far lessresponsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily asmouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual andcontextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures(so35especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude thatwe bring to the text.41.C 42.E 43.G 44.B 45.APart CRead the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translationshould be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration-onethe great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerfuland diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny ofan uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with theirvaried ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups ofEnglishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted totransplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar toAmerica, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintainingold-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at firstscarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in manyways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed theAtlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In themeantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-totwelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost instorms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew thevessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorderof events, The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden. Thecolonists first glimpseof the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real36treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.46)在多种强大的动机驱动下,这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家,其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(工学类14套)

2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(工学类14套)

Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920,for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people. Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes,particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth. 1. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned? [A] Types of mass transportation. [B] Instability of urban life. [C] How supply and demand determine land use. [D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion. 2. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago? [A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth. [B] To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation. [C] To show mass transportation changed many cities. [D] To contrast their rate of growth. 3. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion? [A] It was expensive. [B] It happened too slowly. [C] It was unplanned. [D] It created a demand for public transportation. 4. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city, [A] that is large. [B] that is used as a model for land development. [C] where the development of land exceeded population growth. [D] with an excellent mass transportation system. Vocabulary 1. revise 改变 2. fabric 结构 3. catalyze 催化,加速 4. sort out 把……分门别类,拣选 5. omnibus 公共汽车/马车 6. trolley (美)有轨电车,(英)⽆轨电车 7. periphery 周围,边缘 8. sprawl 建筑物⽆计划延伸,蔓延,四⾯⼋⽅散开 9. lot ⼩⽚⼟地 10. underscore 强调,在下⾯划横线 11. transit lines 运输线路 12. subdivision (出售的)⼩块⼟地,再划分⼩区 写作⽅法与⽂章⼤意 ⽂章论述了“公共交通从三⽅⾯改变了城市的社会和经济结构。

2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟试题、答案及解题分析

2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟试题、答案及解题分析

2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟试题、答案及解题分析阅读:It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight, but at the cost of requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates,can survive well on a sporadic food supply, but can gen- erate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, there- fore, one might assume that smaller, more active,animals could prey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.Anaerobic glcolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine tri- phosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present-in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles' wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a verte- brate are proportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their moreactive neighbors: the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.There are limitations, however, to this compensa- tion. The glycogen reserves of any animal are good, at most, for only about two minutes at maximum effort, after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resyn- thesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid,a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort, for example, the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this inter- minably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately, muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.1. What is the text mainly about?。

2015年考研英语阅读

2015年考研英语阅读

2015年Text 11---①King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.”②But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.③So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? ④Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?2---①The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. ②When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity.3---①It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity as heads of state. ②And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra).③But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.4---①Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. ②Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.③At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.5---①The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. ②Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters).③Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes itincreasingly difficult to maintain the right image.6---①While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.7---①It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. ②The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.③He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service —as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. ④Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21、According to the first two paragraphs, king Juan Carl of span__________.[A] eased his relationship with his rivals[B] used to enjoy high public support[C] was unpopular among European royals[D] ended his regin in embarrassment22、Monarchs are kept as head of state in European mostly__________.[A] to give voters more public figures to look up to[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear”because Charles__________.[A] fails to adapt himself to his future role.[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C] takes republicans as his potential allies.[D] takes a tough line on political issues.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats2015年Text 21---①Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? ②The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.2---①California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. ②It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.3---①The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. ②Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.4---①They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, going through a suspect’s purse.②The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. ③But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home.④A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. ⑤The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.5---①Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. ②But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.③Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.6---①As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. ②In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.③They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant.④The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.7---①But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. ②New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections.③Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to__________.[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of__________.[A] disapproval [B] indifference[C] tolerance[D] cautiousness28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to__________.[A] going through one’s wallet[B] handling one’s historical records[C] scanning one’s correspondences[D] getting into one’s residence29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that__________.[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed[B] the court is giving police less room for action[C] phones are used to store sensitive information[D] citizens’ privacy is not effective protected30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that__________.[A]the Constitution should be implemented flexibly[B]principles of the Constitution should never be altered[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution[D]new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution2015年Text 31---①The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.②The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.2---①“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. ②Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE).③Manuscripts will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. ④The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.3---①Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overa ll drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”4---①Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”②He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.③This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”5---①John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology at Stanford University in California, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue”. ②“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish.③I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. ④But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine,the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.6---①Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyse data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist.②Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in Nature in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”.③Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that i t relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph I that__________.[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32.The phrase“flagged up ”(Para.2) is the closest in meaning to__________.[A] found.[B] revised.[C] marked[D] stored33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may__________.[A] pose a threat to all its peers[B] meet with strong opposition[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D] set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now__________.[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science2015年Text 41---①Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.②Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. ③But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit ”.2---①Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.”②This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .3---①As the hacking trial concludes ─finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge ─the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.②Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. ③This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. ④Others await trial. ⑤This saga still unfolds.4---①In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.②One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. ③The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.5---①In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. ②Perhaps we should not be so surprised.③For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. ④The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.⑤Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.6---①The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.②It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. ③Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by__________.[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D] the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________.[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions38. The author believes the Rebekah Brooks’s defence __________.[A] was hardly convincing[B] centered on trivial issues[C] revealed a cunning personality[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows__________.[A] a marginalized lifestyle [B] unfair wealth distribution[C] generally distorted values [D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[C] Common humanity is central news reporting.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.。

2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(哲学类)(12套)

2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(哲学类)(12套)

2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(哲学类)目录2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(1) (2)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(2) (6)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(3) (10)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(4) (15)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(5) (19)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(6) (22)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(7) (27)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(8) (31)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(9) (36)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(10) (40)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(11) (44)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(12) (49)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(1)Hidden valley looks a lot like the dozens of other camps that dot the woods of central Maine. There's a lake, some soccer fields and horses. But the campers make the difference. They're all American parents who have adopted kids from China. They're at Hidden Valley to find bridges from their children's old worlds to the new. Diana Becker of Montville,Maine, watches her 3-year-old daughter Mika dance to a Chinese version of “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star.”“Her soul is Chinese,” she says,“but really she's growing up American.”Hidden Valley and a handful of other “culture camps” serving families with children from overseas reflect the huge rise in the number of foreign adoptions, from 7,093 in 1990 to 15,774 last year. Most children come from Russia (4,491last year) and China (4,206) but there are also thousands of others adopted annually from South America, Asia and Eastern Europe. After cutting through what can be miles of red tape,parents often come home to find a new dilemma. “At first you think,'I need a child',” says Sandy Lachter of Washington, D.C., who with her husband, Steve, adopted Amelia, 5, from China in 1995. “Then you think, 'What does the child need?' ”The culture camps give families a place to find answers to those kinds of questions. Most grew out of local support groups; Hidden Valley was started last year by the Boston chapter of Families with Children fromChina, which includes 650 families. While parents address weighty issues like how to raise kids in a mixed-race family, their children just have fun riding horses, singing Chinese songs or making scallion pancakes. “My philosophy of camping is that they could be doing anything, as long as they see other Chinese kids with white parents,” says the director,Peter Kassen, whose adopted daughters Hope and Lily are 6 and 4.The camp is a continuation of language and dance classes many of the kids attend during the year. “When we rented out a theater for 'Mulan,' it was packed,” says Stephen Chen of Boston, whose adopted daughter Lindsay is 4. Classes in Chinese language, art and calligraphy are taught by experts, like Renne Lu of the Greater Boston Chinese Cultural Center. “Our mission is to preserve the heritage,” Lu says.Kids who are veteran campers say the experience helps them understand their complex heritage. Sixteen-year-old Alex was born in India and adopted by Kathy and David Brinton of Boulder, Colo., when he was 7. “I went through a stage where I hated India, hated everything about it,” he says. “You just couldn't mention India to me.” But after six sessions at the East India Colorado Heritage Camp, held at Snow Mountain Ranch in Estes Park, Colo., he hopes to travel to India after he graduates from high school next year.Camp can be a learning experience for the whole family. Whitney Ning,23, a counselor for four years, says the Korea Heritage Camp helpedher become closer to her parents. “They were hesitant at first,” she says,“but when they saw how much it meant to me, they became very supportive.” Sometimes the most direct route around the world is across a campfire.注(1):本文选自Newsweek; 10/04/99, p75;注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 1;1. Why American parents come to Hidden Valley?[A]It has a large gathering of adopted children.[B]Parents want to find a place to exchange their ideas.[C]It helps children adapt to the new culture well.[D]It is a very good place for relaxation.2. Which of the following is not the advantage of the culture camp?[A]It well reflects the increasing foreign adoptions.[B]Parents can find the answers to their questions in raising the adopted children.[C]Children can learn a lot in culture camp.[D]It helps the adopted children have a better understanding of their complex heritage.3. The expression “miles of red tape”(Line 5, Paragraph 2) most probably means _________.[A]a number of choices[B]many hard journeys[C]a lot of difficulties[D]most troublesome procedures4. What is Alex‘s attitude toward India now?[A]Strong disapproval.[B]Reserved consent.[C]Slight contempt[D]Enthusiastic support5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Foreign adoption is a common phenomenon in America.[B]Children can do whatever they want to do in the culture camp.[C]Both parents and their adopted children can benefit from the culture camp.[D]Children can receive best education in the culture camp.答案:CADBC2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(2)In this week's Nature, a group of zoologists led by Andrew Whiten of the University of St Andrews in Scotland and Christophe Boesch of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany,have provided that evidence. They have synthesised the results from seven chimpanzee-research centres scattered across Africa, and shown that chimps can, indeed, do more than just pass on the odd behaviour pattern here and there. Individual groups of chimps exhibit behavioural “complexes'' that are recognisably different from those of other groups,yet seem to have no connection with environmental or genetic differences between the groups. If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.The problem that confronted Dr Whiten and Dr Boesch was how to disentangle which of chimpanzees' many behaviour patterns are genetically instinctive, which are learnt by individuals in isolation (and so are not cultural, because not copied from others) and which are culturally transmitted (by animals copying one another)。

2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题

2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题

2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题William Shakespeare described old age as “second childishness”—— sans teeth,sans eyes,sans taste. In the case of taste he may,musically speaking,have been even more perceptive than he realized. A paper in Neurology by Giovanni Frisoni and his colleagues at the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimer's Disease in Brescia,Italy,shows that one form of senile dementia can affect musical desires in ways that suggest a regression,if not to infancy,then at least to a patient's teens.Frontotemporal dementia is caused,as its name suggests,by damage to the front and sides of the brain. These regions are concerned with speech,and with such “higher” functions as abstract thinking and judgment. Frontotemporal damage therefore produces different symptoms from the loss of memory associated with Alzheimer's disease,a more familiar dementia that affects the hippocampus and amygdala in the middle of the brain. Frontotemporal dementia is also rarer than Alzheimer's. In the past five years the centre in Brescia has treated some 1,500 Alzheimer's patients;it has seen only 46 with frontotemporal dementia.Two of those patients interested Dr Frisoni. One was a 68-year-old lawyer,the other a73-year-old housewife. Both had undamaged memories,but displayed the sorts of defect associated with frontotemporal dementia-a diagnosis that was confirmed by brain scanning. About two years after he was first diagnosed the lawyer,once a classica l music lover whoreferred to pop music as “mere noise”,started listening to the Italian pop band “883”。

2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(法学类)

2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(法学类)

Vicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by Law When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting. It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence. Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally - admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings. 1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’ human beings isA. not very high.B. high.C. contemptuous.D. critical. 2. The main idea of this passage is A. vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law. B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence. C. to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports. D. people are bloodthirsty in sports. 3. That the author mentions the old Romans is A. To compare the old Romans with today’s people. B. to give an example. C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better. D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty. 4. How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?A. Three.B. Five.C. Six.D. Seven. 5. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is A. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves. B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law. C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system. D. to show law is the main instrument of social change. Vocabulary 1.relish 从……获得乐处,享受 y 狂欢,放纵 3.arena 竞技场,活动或⽃争的场所 4.blood-thirsty 残忍的,嗜⾎的 5.bear-baiting 逗熊游戏 6.bull-fight ⽃⽜ 7.batter 猛击,连续地猛打/捶,乱打 8.pulp 成纸浆,成软块 9.burst into flames 突然燃烧起来/着⽕ 10.grim 令⼈窒息的,简陋的 11.coop up 把……关起来 写作⽅法与⽂章⼤意 作者采取先对⽐、后分析的写作⼿法。

2015年考研英语一真题及答案

2015年考研英语一真题及答案

2015年考研英语一真题及答案【题目1】阅读理解部分Passage 1 (2015年考研英语一真题)Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The balance of power between Western and Eastern nations has undergone significant changes since the end of the colonization era, reshaping the global political landscape. The traditional Western powers, Europe and the United States, have faced challenges from emerging Eastern countries such as China and India. This shift has had a profound impact on global institutions and governance.The easternization of the world is not a new phenomenon. Historically, power has shifted between the East and the West, with major shifts occurring in the past, such as China's rise to become the most powerful nation of the time during the Tang Dynasty. Now, a similar transition is happening again. China and India are rising once more, not through colonization or military conquest, but through rapid economic development and innovation.In the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Europe, driving economic growth and technological advancement that allowed Western nations to dominate the world stage. At the same time, colonization enabled European powers to exploit resources and establish political control over vast territories, extending their influence to other regions.However, after World War II, the balance of power started to shift. The process of decolonization gained momentum and many colonies in Asia and Africa attained independence. This marked the beginning of a new era, in which former colonies became major players in international politics. The rise of China and India, in particular, has had a profound impact on the global balance of power.China's rapid economic growth and industrialization, combined with its large population and military power, have positioned it as a global superpower and a major challenger to Western dominance. Similarly, India's economic development and growing influence have contributed to shaping the new world order.The rise of Eastern nations has also impacted global governance. International organizations like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have undergone reforms to give emerging economies more voice and representation. The establishment of alternative institutions like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) by China further signifies the changing dynamics of global governance.China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a massive infrastructure project spanning across Asia, Africa, and Europe, is another example of its increasing global influence. This initiative aims to enhance connectivity and promote economic cooperation between countries involved, while also extending China's geopolitical influence.In conclusion, the balance of power between Western and Eastern nations has shifted, with emerging Eastern countries like China and India challenging the traditional Western powers. This shift has influenced globalinstitutions and governance, marking a transition in the global political landscape. The rise of China and India, along with their growing influence and economic development, has reshaped the dynamics of the world order.【答案1】1. D) Economic development and innovation.2. A) The Industrial Revolution.3. C) Decolonization.4. B) China and India.Passage 2 (2015年考研英语一真题)Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.In recent years, the concept of "ecosystem services" has been gaining more attention as a means to highlight the value of nature in supporting human well-being. Ecosystem services refer to the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning services (e.g. food, water), regulating services (e.g. climate regulation, flood control), cultural services (e.g. recreation, spiritual values), and supporting services (e.g. nutrient cycling, soil formation).Recognizing the importance of ecosystem services is crucial for sustainable development. However, in many cases, the true value of these services is not fully appreciated or reflected in decision-making processes. Consequently, ecosystems are often undervalued and continue to be degraded, leading to negative impacts on human societies.One key challenge in valuing ecosystem services is that many of them are not traded in markets and lack a specific price, making it difficult to quantify their economic worth. For instance, while timber from a forest can be assigned a monetary value as it is traded in the market, the value of the forest as a whole in terms of regulating climate or providing recreational opportunities is not easily determined.Moreover, ecosystem services are often considered as "public goods" - goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous in nature. This means that once they are provided, they cannot be easily withheld from others, and one individual's use of the services does not diminish their availability to others. This characteristic creates a free-rider problem, where individuals can benefit from ecosystem services without contributing to their maintenance or conservation.Efforts have been made to address these challenges and incorporate the value of nature in decision-making processes. One approach is to develop methods for valuing ecosystem services. This involves estimating their economic worth using techniques such as market pricing, cost-benefit analysis, and stated preference methods.Another approach is to integrate the concept of ecosystem services into policy development and planning. By recognizing the benefits provided by nature, policymakers can make more informed decisions that take into account the long-term impacts on ecosystems and human well-being.【答案2】6. C) The undervaluation and degradation of ecosystems.7. D) They lack a specific price.8. B) They are non-excludable and non-rivalrous in nature.9. C) Develop methods for valuing ecosystem services.10. A) Incorporate the value of nature into decision-making processes.。

2015年考研英语一作文模拟试卷及答案

2015年考研英语一作文模拟试卷及答案

考研英语(一)作文模拟试卷模拟题一:PART ADirections:Write an email to the editor of your local newspaper, stating your point of view on reading extensively.预测范文Dear Editors,I have been reading your newspaper for many years with great enthusiasm and interest. Now I would like to render my own idea on reading extensively.Nowadays few of us read extensively after we leave school. This tendency is rather disturbing, for one should know that reading extensively are no less necessary to one’s mental life than fresh air to one’s physical life. From reading extensively, we can derive companionship, experience and instruction. First and foremost, a good book is our faithful friend. It can increase our contentment when we are cheerful and happy, and lessen our pain when we are sad or lonely. Furthermore, reading extensively can also offer us a wide range of experiences.Though with the advent of TV and Internet, books are no longer read as extensively as they once were, nothing can replace the role that reading extensively plays in our lives.Yours sincerely,Li Ming参考译文尊敬的编辑:多年来我一直怀着极大的热情和兴趣阅读贵报。

2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(理学类10套)

2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(理学类10套)

Scientists have known since 1952 that DNA is the basic stuff of heredity. They've known its chemical structure since 1953. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins, the basic building blocks of life. But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during the past half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues are doing now. Collins leads the Human Genome Project, a 15-year effort to draw the first detailed map of every nook and cranny and gene in human DNA. Anderson, who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations, is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases. What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less than a biomedical revolution. Like Silicon Valley pirates reverse-engineering a computer chip to steal a competitor's secrets, genetic engineers are decoding life's molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reverse the natural course of disease. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug, a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease. And that's just the beginning. For all the fevered work being done, however, science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect human—or even a perfect tomato. Much more research is needed before gene therapy becomes commonplace, and many diseases will take decades to conquer, if they can be conquered at all. In the short run, the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening. Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed. In some cases the knowledge may lead to treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects. Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease, for example, could follow a low-fat diet. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective, they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein. But in other instances, almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations. (409 words) 1. It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues _____. [A] know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program [B] have found the basic building blocks of life [C] have accomplished some genetic discovery during the past half-century [D] are making a breakthrough in DNA 2. Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that ______. [A] time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA [B] human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients [C] gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases [D] information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases 3. The word “pirate” (line 2, paragraph 3) means______. [A] one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea [B] one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization [C] to take (something) by piracy [D] to make use of or reproduce (another's work) without authorization 4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_____. [A] engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being [B] it‘s impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato [C] many diseases will never be conquered by human beings [D] doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in the long run 5. The best title for the text may be ______. [A] DNA and Heredity [B] The Genetic Revolution [C] A Biomedical Revolution [D] How to Apply Genetic Technology 词汇注释 stuff 物质 preamble 开端 nook and cranny 排列 potency ⼒量 susceptible 易受感染的 predisposition 易患病的体质 难句讲解 1. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins, the basic building blocks of life. [简析] 本句话的主⼲是“They know that…”。

2015年考研英语(一)阅读理解

2015年考研英语(一)阅读理解

2015年英语(一)的阅读理解Part A部分与2014年相比没有太大改变,考生在考试过程中应继续秉承正确的方法——先读题目,了解题目的要求,再有目的地回到原文中找正确答案。

Text 4 的文章整体来讲不算难,如果对Murdoch (默多克)传媒帝国下属的news of the world (《世界新闻报》)的telephone hacking(电话窃听)丑闻有所了解的话,这篇文章做起来应该是得心应手的,所以多了解背景知识对我们的英语考试有很大帮助。

第36题,According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by_____. 问Elisabeth因为什么感到生气。

第一段和第二段都是围绕Elisabeth的话展开的,第一段有一个明显的提示词because of,这句话就非常清晰的解释了Elisabeth生气的原因,Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market。

(诚信崩塌是因为公众都接受这样一个观点:社会的“分拣机制”应该是能盈利的和能做交易的)。

与A选项对应,the consequences of the current sorting mechanism。

(现行分拣机制的后果)。

其实就是说Elisabeth主要是因为“dearth of integrity”或“integrity had collapsed”生气,而这正是现行“sorting mechanism”的结果。

第37题,It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that______. 可以从第3段推断出什么。

2015年考研英一阅读题

2015年考研英一阅读题

有关考研“英语一”的阅读题有关考研“英语一”的阅读题如下:Title: The Rise of Online ShoppingThe rise of online shopping has transformed the way we shop, offering unprecedented convenience and choice. With the click of a button, consumers can purchase products from the comfort of their homes, avoiding long lines and crowds. However, this trend has not been without its critics. Some argue that the rise of online shopping has led to the decline of traditional brick-and-mortar stores, while others fear that it may lead to a loss of personal touch in retail transactions.One of the main benefits of online shopping is convenience. No longer do consumers need to travel to physical stores, saving time and effort. They can shop at any time of day or night, from anywhere with an internet connection. This flexibility has made online shopping particularly popular among busy professionals and those with hectic schedules.Another advantage of online shopping is the wider choice it offers. With the click of a mouse, consumers can compare prices and products from multiple retailers, quickly and easily. This allows them to find the best deals and customize their purchases to their needs and preferences. However, critics point to the lack of personal touch in online shopping. Unlike traditional stores, online retailers often lack the ability to provide tailored advice or recommendations based on a customer's preferences or needs. This can lead to a less personalized shopping experience.In addition, there are concerns about the impact of online shopping on brick-and-mortar stores. As more consumers turn to online shopping, traditional retailers may find it increasingly difficult to attract customers and remain profitable. This could lead to a decrease in employment opportunities in the retail industry and a rise in store closures.Overall, the rise of online shopping represents a seismic shift in the retail industry. While it offers convenience and choice, it also poses challenges and has its downsides. The key for retailers will be to find ways to capitalize on the benefits of online shopping while minimizing its potential drawbacks.。

2015考研英语阅读模拟题及答案(教育学类15套)

2015考研英语阅读模拟题及答案(教育学类15套)

Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless. The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent,and in most cases the dropouts,while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates. Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’ “The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.” 1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out. 2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities. 3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation. Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent. As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. ’s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields. As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job. 1.The author states that many educators feel that [A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus. [B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study. [C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout. [D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members. 2.Research has shown that [A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment. [B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies. [C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out. [D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree. 3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D. [A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out. [B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate. [C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs. [D] does not vary in difficulty among universities. 4.After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that [A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree. [B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree. [C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts. [D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions. 5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in [A] salary for Ph. D. too low. [B] academic requirement too high. [C] salary for dropouts too high. [D] 1000 positions. 答案详解 1. A. 许多教育⼯作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习,特别是有些学科。

2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一) .doc

2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一) .doc

2015年考研英语冲刺模拟试题及答案解析(一)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a “common law”, or law made by courts 1 a monarch or other central governmental 2 like a legislature. The jury, a 3 of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an 4 part of our common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a 5 feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States. 6 the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result 7 would be obtained using a judge 8 , as many countries do. 9 a jury decides cases after “10 ”,or discussions among a group of people, the jury’s decision is likely to have the 11 from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right.Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide 12 among 13 citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government 14 that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and 15 . Jurors, consisting of 16 numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge 17 to the case 18 the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states, 19 jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they are questioned by the lawyers representing the 20 under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than [B]rather than [C]more than [D]or rather2.[A]agency [B]organization [C]institution [D]authority3.[A]panel [B]crew [C]band [D]flock4.[A]innate [B]intact [C]integral [D]integrated5.[A]discriminating [B]distinguishing [C]determining[D]diminishing6.[A]In [B]By [C]After [D]Over7.[A]that [B]which [C]than [D]as8.[A]alike [B]alone [C]altogether [D]apart9.[A]Although [B]Because [C]If [D]While10.[A]deliberations [B]meditations [C]reflections [D]speculations11.[A]outline [B]outcome [C]input [D]intake12.[A]arguments [B]controversies [C]disputes [D]hostilities13.[A]fellow [B]individual [C]personal [D]private14.[A]asserting [B]alleging [C]maintaining [D]testifying15.[A]summoned [B]evoked [C]rallied [D]assembled16.[A]set [B]exact [C]given [D]placed17.[A]allocated [B]allotted [C]appointed [D]assigned18.[A]administers [B]manages [C]oversees [D]presides19.[A]inspective [B]irrespective [C]perspective [D]prospective20.[A]bodies [B]parties [C]sides [D]unitsSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts .Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text OneIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling —happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have also begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21. According to the text, it is true that[A] unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B] happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C] unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D] happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A] maintaining it at an average level.[B] escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C] pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D] realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23. The phrase “To date”(Para. 4) can be best replaced by[A] As a result.[B] In addition.[C] At present.[D] Until now.24. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A] One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B] They are independent but existing concurrently[C] One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D] They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25. The sentence “That’s that”(Para. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad[A] and the situation cannot be altered.[B] and happiness remains inaccessible.[C] but they don’t think much about it.[D] but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator? Foremost, the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral, objective third party who is capable of weighing out fairness in the resolution of a conflict. The mediator must be trusted by both parties to come up with a solution that will protect them from shame. While the central issue is justice, the outcome needs to be win-win, no losers. The abilities to listen impartially, suspend judgment, and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally, to function effectively the mediator must have power (financial, status, position), so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment. If one party refused to cooperate, he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole community. Ifthat real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties, the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a man. Usually this is a job for the parents, and they in turn employ the services of a mediator. Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance. Since these services sometimes require reward, money must be saved. Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents. The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame by turning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes. Of course, the higher-ranked the mediator, the higher the cost of the services.Complicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents, which will likely generate conflict between the families. If the parties are not careful, the entire community can take sides. One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect. They might say, “She is sickly.”or “She may not be able to bear children.”Although none of these statements may be true, and probably everyone knows they aren’t, they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason. Everyone saves face, at least at the surface, and peace is preserved.26. The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A] unbiased judgment of arguments.[B] hard prudence in decision-making.[C] impartial treatment to a conflict.[D] remarkable insight into controversies.27. The author deems it important for a mediator[A] to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B] to be powerful to shame either party.[C] to justify the solution of a conflict.[D] to have high status to fear arguers.28. In some courtiers, young people’s marriage[A] is independent of their parents’will.[B] needs careful valuation in advance.[C] costs a small fortune of their family.[D] is usually facilitated by a mediator.29. The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A] they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B] they make their best choice at all risks.[C] the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D] the bride’s parents dare to offend the mediator.30. It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A] the entire community to offer support.[B] a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C] the outcome of mediation to be acceptable.[D] a valid excuse to spare both sides’blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet, like its network predecessors, has turned out to be far more social than television, and in this respect, the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home. That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication, however, does not imply that their social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships, or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain. Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact, deep feelings of affection and obligation, whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds, infrequent contact, and narrow focus. Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties, are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest, local groups. Nonetheless, strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes. People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact, and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.Generally, strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity. The Internet potentially reduces the importance ofphysical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties. Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do not depend on the distance between parties. People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line. Most of these new relationships are weak. MUDs, newsgroups, and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups, but these on-line “mixers”are typically organized around specific topics, or activities, and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions. Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse. Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it. Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal, or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31. The text is mainly about[A] the dominance of interpersonal communication.[B] strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C] the difference between old and modern relationships.[D] an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32. It is implied in the text that[A] the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B] television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C] strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D] the Internet features every home and community.33. The word “buffer”(Para. 2) can probably be replaced by[A] deviate. [B] alleviate. [C] shield. [D] distract.34. According to the author, the Internet can[A] eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B] weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C] provide people with close physical contacts.[D] enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35. From the text we can infer that[A] the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B] the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C] some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D] random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research, of course. For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made, whether a person who lacks charisma (capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm) can become a leader, and what makes leaders fail. Warren G. Bennis, possibly the possibly the world’s foremostexpert on leading, has, together with his co-author, written two best-sellers on the topic. Generally, researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence, birth order, family wealth or stability, level of education, race, or sex. From one leader to the next, there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’research led to a new and telling discovery: that every leader, regardless of age, had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call a “crucible”(severe test). These events can either make you or break you. For emerging leaders, they do more making than breaking, providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to become leader, there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one, according to the authors. They are: an “adaptive capacity”that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks, heartbreaks, and difficulties but also learn from them; an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision; a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing; and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace, until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums (formal statements of opinion) are. The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co. Chairman M. Douglas Ivester lasted just 28 months because “his grasp of context was sorrowful.”Among other things, Ivester degraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a $ 200 million class action brought by black employees. Procter & Gamble Co. ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking, too, that the authors found their geezers (whose formative period, as the authors define them,was 1945 to 1954, and who were shaped by World War II) sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood. “Unlike those defeated by time and age, our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between 1991 and 2000, and grew up “virtual, visual, and digital”)—open, willing to take risks, hungry for knowledge and experience, courageous, and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36. The text indicates that leadership research[A] has been a controversial study for years.[B] predicts how a leader comes to be.[C] defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D] probes the mysteries of leadership.37. According to Bennis, the trait shared by leaders consists of[A] top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B] remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C] striking qualities of going through serious trials and sufferings.[D] strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38. The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A] proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B] accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C] shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D] draws important lessons for his/her followers.39. A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A] fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B] helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C] fails to attract people with common concerns.[D] lacks appealing and strength of character.40. The authors’dictums can be justified by the fact that[A] Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B] Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability.[C] Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D] Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges. Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] Physical Changes[B] Low Self-Esteem[C] Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D] Emotional Turbulence[E] Interest in the Opposite Sex[F] Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of 9 and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41) __________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that they’re not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent.(42) __________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the opposite—loud and angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43) __________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears become more frightening, pleasures becomemore exciting, irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable. Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence. Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often, the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior. Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help. They include repeated school absences, slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances, hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.(44) __________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers. This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles; it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45) __________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents. This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents, a normal part of the letting-go process. Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs. This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs. Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents, discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity. Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents, awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.46) These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. 47) All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness. Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. 48) No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props (支柱) have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”49) When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries. Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process. During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners. This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances. 50) If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places, will be pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress, goodwill, and international friendship. If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Your classmate, Bob, suffered a lot from the traffic accident one month ago. Besides, he lost his left leg and felt very sad. Write a letter to1) send out your grief and sympathy,2) offer your assistance, and3) show your best wishes.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1) describe the drawing,2) deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing, and3) suggest counter-measures.You should write about 160—200 words neatly ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案详解:Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。

2015考研英语(一)阅读真题答案

2015考研英语(一)阅读真题答案

2015考研英语(⼀)阅读真题答案 2015年的考研⼤战已经结束了,店铺考研英语频道⼩编在考后第⼀时间为⼤家提供2015年考研英语真题及答案,欢迎⼤家参考和借鉴,⼤家可以按ctrl+D收藏我们的⽹站,了解更多最新的考研信息! 21.D ended his reign in embarrassment. 22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status 23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy 24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised. 25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies 26. C check suspect's phone contents without being authorized. 27.A disapproval 28.A getting into one's residence 29. C citizens' privacy is not effectively protected 30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution 31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks 32.B marked 33. D set an example for other journals 34. C has room for further improvement 35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers 36. D the consequences of the current sorting mechanism 37. A more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking 38. C was hardly convincing 39. B generally distorted values 40. D moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper >>> 推荐阅读:2015考研英语真题及答案专题。

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To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is neededfor the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing。

”One suchcause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animalshave rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respondforcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the publicand thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of theanimal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on publicfunding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearingallegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed thatanyone would deliberately harm an animal。

For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights boothat a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers notto use anything that comes from or is animals—no meat , no fur, nomedicines, Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccinescome from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I wouldhave to say yes。

”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers。

”Such well-meaningpeople just don't understand。

Scientists must communicate their message to the public in acompassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need tomake clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hipreplacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even apet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed toproduce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animalresearch seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。

Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middleschool classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respondto letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged andacquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be openedto tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, becausethe ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community shouldactively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as StephenCooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is areal possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the preciousembers of medical progress。

26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to
[A] call on scientists to take some actions。

[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights。

[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research。

[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement。

27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
[A] cruel but natural。

[B] inhuman and unacceptable。

[C] inevitable but vicious。

[D] pointless and wasteful。

28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show thepublic’s
[A] discontent with animal research。

[B] ignorance about medical science。

[C] indifference to epidemics。

[D] anxiety about animal rights。

29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animalrights advocates, scientists should
[A] communicate more with the public。

[B] employ hi-tech means in research。

[C] feel no shame for their cause。

[D] strive to develop new cures。

30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
[A] a well-known humanist。

[B] a medical practitioner。

[C] an enthusiast in animal rights。

[D] a supporter of animal research。

答案:26:A 27:B 28:B 29:A 30:D。

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