《人体零件制造》 王远亮典藏版

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2003年《百家讲坛》节目表

2003年《百家讲坛》节目表

备战高考(五)英语(上)
张铁城
备战高考(六)英语(下)
张铁城
科技在我身边(一)人工智能与现代社会
钟义信
二十一世纪我们怎么"管人"
曾湘泉
在文学馆听讲座(三十一)艺术审美的心理机制
金开诚
备战高考(七)生物
陶昌宏
备战高考(八)物理
郑春和
科技在我身边(二)宇宙是从大爆炸中诞生的吗(上)
何香涛
科技在我身边(三)宇宙是从大爆炸中诞生的吗(下)
吴文虎 孙玉石 姚家祥
备战高考(二)语文(下)
姚家祥
量子物理学的实验与哲学基础
安东·泽林格
创新与人文社会科学发展
纪宝成
在文学馆听讲座(二十九)世界上最古老的希腊戏剧(上) 罗锦鳞
备战高考(三)代数(上)
尹濬淼
备战高考(四)代数(下)
尹濬淼
英语成功学(上)
杜子华
英语成功学(下)
杜子华
在文学馆听讲座(三十)世界上最古老的希腊戏剧(下) 罗锦鳞
三·八特别节目(六)妇女与健康
张开宁
三·八特别节目(七)妇女与传媒
卜卫
自动控制发展的历程
王广雄
物理学百年的回顾
周光召
在文学馆听讲座(二十七)鲁迅野草的生命哲学与象征艺 术 光(纤上通)信进展
孙玉石 李淳飞
数字时代的编程
比尔·盖茨
西方的技术
沃尔卡冈·科尼基
数 在字文化学校馆园听与讲教座育(二创十新八)鲁迅野草的生命哲学与象征艺 术 备(战下高)考(一)语文(上)
何镜堂
生态伦理-一场哲学观念的革命
叶平
现代焊接技术
吴林
在文学馆听讲座(二十四)从现代观点看几首旧诗(上) 叶嘉莹

PowerSHAPE基础教程

PowerSHAPE基础教程
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用户坐标系 .................................................................................................................................................................... 33 方框范例 .................................................................................................................................................................... 33 提示:- ................................................................................................................................................................ 39 模具零件用户坐标系对齐定位................................................................................................................................. 41 用户坐标系工具栏 .................................................................................................................................................... 43

书屋藏书目录大全

书屋藏书目录大全

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一、共青团、党政、马列毛邓中特思想系列书籍
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一、共青团、党政、马列毛邓中特思想系列书籍:
二、青年励志系列(教育、经济管理、职场、成功、创业、人生规划)
三、文学艺术类(名著传记、历史小说、音乐、美术、绘画、舞蹈、体育)
四、科普读物类(自然科学、天文地理、科普生活、医疗保健、旅游、工业交通)
五、综合性图书(1 丛书 2 百科全书、类书3 辞典 4 论文集、全集、选集、杂著 5 年鉴、年刊 6 期刊、连续性出版物)。

1-s2.0-S0927775715303460-main

1-s2.0-S0927775715303460-main

Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154Contents lists available at ScienceDirectColloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical andEngineeringAspectsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c o l s u r faEvaluation of oil-in-water emulsions with cationic–anionic surfactants mixtures for potential use in the oil industryEduardo N.Schulz a ,∗,Rubén E.Ambrusi a ,Daniela B.Miraglia b ,Erica P.Schulz b ,Silvana G.García a ,JoséL.Rodriguez b ,Pablo C.Schulz ba Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión,CONICET—Departamento de Ingeniería Química,Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca,Argentina bInstituto de Química del Sur,CONICET,Departamento de Química,Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca,Argentinah i g h l i g h t s•Theemulsifier proper-ties of sodium oleate(NaOl)–hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB)aqueous mixtures were studied.•The formation of O/W and W/O emulsions was explored and their properties were determined.•It was found that all emulsions were stable on ageing and to temperature rise.•The emulsions were destroyed by contact with quartzite stones.•These mixtures have high potential applicability in the asphalt emulsi-fication for pavement production or sand fixation.g r a p h i c a la b s t r a c tLeft:stones with crude oil emulsion.×100,Crossed polaroids and 1␭retardation plate intercalated,show-ing interference colours in the quartzite stones and sensitive pink of non-birefringent (water)medium.The black zones correspond to stones covered by hydrocarbon.Right:crude oil emulsion,unpolarised light.The emulsion used in both photos was diluted to improvevisualization.a r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 8September 2015Received in revised form 9November 2015Accepted 13November 2015Available online 18November 2015Keywords:Petroleum emulsions Catanionic emulsifier Sodium oleateHexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide Mixed surfactantsa b s t r a c tThe emulsifier properties of sodium oleate (NaOl)-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB)aque-ous mixtures were studied using different proportions of the surfactants.The formation of O/W and W/O emulsions was explored and their properties (viscosity,stability and droplets size distribution)were determined.The mixture with 0.75mole fraction of HTAB without considering the solvent formed very stable and concentrated O/W emulsions,which were destroyed via heterocoagulation by quartzite sand.Thus,these mixtures have high potential applicability in the asphalt emulsification for pavement production or sand fixation.©2015Published by Elsevier B.V.∗Corresponding author.E-mail address:nschulz@.ar (E.N.Schulz)./10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11.0230927-7757/©2015Published by Elsevier B.V.146 E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–1541.IntroductionStable emulsions of heavy oils or bitumen in water are widely used to extract,transport and store petroleum.These emulsions are an alternative to the increase of temperature for the mixing of asphalt with light oils,which involve high costs and technical complexity[1,2].O/W bitumen emulsions have been also employed as combustible in electricity power plants[3].Desire features of these emulsions are high stability and low viscosity.Other applications of asphalt emulsions are road construction and roof water-proofing.In particular,these emulsions have many advantages for road reparation compared to melted asphalt:easier implementation,fewer precautions and no need of special equip-ment,as well as their applicability to wet surfaces,a very attractive characteristic.The speed of rupture of the asphalt emulsion on the mineral substrate is of primary importance.On the one hand, enough time must be allowed for proper mixing of the various com-ponents of the system but,on the other hand,the breaking time must be short enough to permit a rapid re-opening of the road to traffic[4].Bitumen is a high viscosity mixture of hydrocarbons(>104 cP).“Synthetic”bitumen is best known as asphalt and is a petroleum-like material obtained as a residue from the distillation of petroleum[5]with a consistency varying from viscous liquid to glassy solid.Asphalt is commonly employed as a binder of aggre-gates for road pavement[6].Asphalt emulsions are commonly either anionic or cationic. Their rupture in contact with stones is caused by the destabiliza-tion of the emulsifier.Polyvalent cations,such as Ca+2and Mg+2(in basic stones such as calcareous ones),react with anionic surfactants producing uncharged insoluble soaps while the negative charge of acid siliceous surfaces reacts with cationic surfactants causing elec-trostatic adsorption.The adsorbed cationic surfactants show their hydrocarbon chains out of the stones’surface,causing its hydropho-bization and thus increasing the tendency of asphalt to adsorb on the stones,promoting the adhesion between the hydrocarbon and the mineral surfaces.Moreover,the surfactant monolayer reduces the affinity of the stones’surface towards water,thus reducing its tendency to destroy the pavement.Water penetration causes strip-ping of the bitumen from the aggregate particles,consequently endangering the subgrade layer as well as the base course[7].A catanionic(anionic–cationic surfactant mixture)emulsifier will have both the advantages of cationic and anionic emulsions. However,in general cationic–anionic surfactant mixtures tend to precipitate in some proportions.We have previously studied a catanionic mixture which does not precipitate in any proportion [8–10].Sodium oleate(NaOl)–hexadecyltrimethylammonium bro-mide(HTAB)mixtures form soluble systems at all NaOl–HTAB proportions.This mixture does not precipitate at any composition because to steric hindrances,which were attributed to the affinity of the NaOl double bond to water via hydrogen bonding.Thus NaOl acts as a surfactant having two hydrophilic groups,the carboxylate and the double bond.This causes a curvature of the aggregate/water surface which favours the O/W emulsification[6–8].NaOl is a nat-ural,biodegradable soap which is innocuous for the environment. HTAB has bactericide capacity but it is not dispersed in the environ-ment because it is strongly adsorbed by the negative stones’surface and remains below the asphalt layer.Thus,the system NaOl–HTAB seems to have interesting features that makes it attractive for prac-tical applications,especially in the petroleum industry.In the present work the emulsifier capability of different mix-tures of NaOl–HTAB with Argentine crude oil(CO)and with model liquid paraffin(LP)has been studied.The behaviour of the emul-sions in contact with a petrous substrate has been also studied in order to evaluate their possible use in pavement production.Our findings are of practical and theoretical interest in the oil emulsions field and set the basis for the future study of the emulsification properties for heavy oil.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsFor paraffin emulsions,extra dense liquid paraffin(LP)EWE with viscosity Seyboldt340s and75centi-Stokes was used as purchased.Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide(HTAB, C16H32N(CH3)3Br>99%)was from Fluka.Sodium oleate(NaOL, C18H33O2Na>99%)was from Aldrich.Both chemicals were of ana-lytical grade and were used as purchased.The crude oil(CO)of35◦API(0.870g cm−3)has kinematic vis-cosity10.7mm2s−1and dynamic viscosity96.7cp(both at20◦C) and does not contain aromatic compounds,asphaltenes or other chemicals[11].It has been kindly supplied by the Petrobras Bahia Blanca refinery and is from the Neuquen oilfield(Argentina).The stones were from the Pigüéquarry(Argentina)and were selected because of their poor performance to produce pavements with commercial asphalt emulsions.Their treatment with a com-mercial asphalt emulsion achieved only an incomplete coverage of the stones’surface,which leaves the pavement vulnerable to water penetration[12].LP and CO were selected because of their easier manipulation than heavy oils and bitumen.Once the possibility of using the mix-ture for emulsifying hydrocarbons is stated,it is possible to study the formation of bitumen emulsions.We used Argentinian crude oil,which is free of asphaltenes,due to a matter of availability.Tri-distillated water was used and the measurements were per-formed twice.2.2.EmulsionsAqueous emulsifier solutions of HTAB and NaOL with0.1M were prepared at the mole fractions of HTAB in the surfactant mixture without considering the solvent(˛HTAB)0.1;0.25;0.3;0.50;0.7;0.75;0.9and1.Each emulsion was stirred for15min with a steel helix stirring electric device at800rpm after the addition of the second phase.Emulsions of Argentine petroleum were prepared according to two procedures:a)The aqueous surfactant solution(50mL)was added in aliquotsof2mL to50mL of CO under stirring.Then,15mL of each sam-ple was put in a graduate tube and stoppered.The volume of the emulsion was determined immediately,after24h and after a week’s time.The emulsions were observed by means of a micro-scope.b)The CO(50mL)was added to50mL of the aqueous surfactantsolution in aliquots of2mL under stirring and the emulsions were observed as in procedure a.An additional observation was made after14months.Since the Argentine petroleum was paraffinic(see below),we used for the main determinations a model emulsion with liquid paraffin which facilitates the observation because it is colourless. The model emulsions were prepared with surfactant mixture(0.1M in water)with˛HTAB=0.1;0.25;0.50and0.75.Then,60mL of liquid paraffin was added to40mL of the aqueous surfactant solutions and stirred during15min.The systems were transferred to graduated tubes and the volumes of emulsion,remnant water and remainder paraffin were recorded.Samples of the freshly prepared emulsions for microscopic observation were kept in separated sealed vials.Samples with˛HTAB=0.25;0.50and0.75were observed in a microscope Nikon Eclipse E-200POL Polarizing,Tokyo,Japan.E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–154147Table1Volumes of W/O emulsion and remnant(non-emulsified)water in10mL samples as a function of the surfactant composition.A week old samples after centrifugation.␣HTAB00.10.30.50.70.91V W/Oemulsion/mL 2.9 1.20.3 3.30.20.50.2V water/mL7.18.89.7* 6.79.8**9.59.8****W/O/W emulsion.**O/W emulsion.***Multiple emulsion.Unless stated otherwise,all observations were made with×100 magnification.Nonetheless,scale bars were added to the photos. As both phases are transparent and colourless,a drop of aqueous solution of methylene blue was added to determine the nature of the emulsion.In all cases the dye diffused amongst the emulsion droplets,thus all emulsions were O/W.The emulsions remained stable during the microscope observations although no stabilizer was added(such as a gelatine solution)[13].The viscosity(Á)of emulsions was measured with a Vibro Viscometer SV-10/SV100calibrated with tri-distilled water (Á=0.89cP at25◦C).The hydrocarbon/water volume ratio in the emulsions was mea-sured using a modified Dean-Stark apparatus[2].To evaluate the effectiveness of stones in destructing the emul-sion and the hydrocarbon deposition on the stones’surface,a powder of the stones was put in contact with the different emul-sions and observed under the microscope.In order to reproduce the procedure in real working conditions,the mineral substrate was used as received,without any pre-treatment.The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the stones employed in the test of stability of emulsion was made in a Phillips PW1710 diffractometer with Cu anode and curved graphite monocromator operated at54kW and30mA.FT-IR measurements were performed with an Infrared Spec-trophotometer(Nicolet FT-IR,Model Nexus470)to test the CO structure.The size distribution of droplets was determined with a com-puter program(Pixcavator IA).As a size reference,the width of the hair in Fig.3a was used(a similar method was used for other magnifications).Averages and variances values were computed by the minimum variance linear unbiased method[14]and the Student t function was employed to compute the error intervals.Confidence level was 0.90.Errors of derived data were computed with the error expan-sion method.3.ResultsThe X-ray diffractogram(Fig.1in Supplementary information, SI)indicates that the stones’nature is clastic sedimentary rock—S0, formed by silica(ortho-quartzite).The petroleum FT-IR spectrum(not shown)showed only paraffinic hydrocarbon peaks(CH3;CH2stretching vibra-tions at3000–2850cm−1and CH3;CH2bending vibrations at 1480–1350cm−1).3.1.Petroleum emulsionsChanging the order of addition of the components while stir-ring produced two different kinds of emulsions.The addition of the surfactant aqueous solution to crude oil produced a W/O emul-sion(see Fig.1).Freshly prepared samples did not show significant phase separation.The emulsion could be separated by centrifuga-tion at2000rpm only after a week from preparation.Due to the petroleum colour,a Cole-Palmer Iluminator41720-series was used. Table1shows the relative volumes of emulsion as a function of the mixture composition.Pure NaOl(˛HTAB=0)had poor emulsifying capacity,but the addition of a small amount of HTAB(˛HTAB=0.1) produced a good W/O emulsion with small polydisperse droplets (Fig.1a).Further addition of HTAB produced a very polydisperse W/O emulsion(Fig.1b and c).With˛HTAB=0.3two kinds of emul-sions appeared:the W/O and a multiple emulsion O/W/O,and with ˛HTAB=0.7there coexist W/O and O/W emulsions.As we desired O/W emulsions we employed procedure b:addi-tion of the crude oil to the surfactant solution under stirring.Fig.2 shows microscopic images of two of the emulsions obtained with ˛HTAB=0.75.The concentrated emulsion was diluted with water to improve the observation.3.2.Paraffin emulsionsOwing to the difficulty caused by the strong colour of the crude oil to the visual examination and microphotographs analysis,we decided to make model emulsions with liquid paraffin,which is colourless and whose composition and viscosity are similar to that of the crude oil.Since the amount of surfactant affects the size of the droplets,we have used the same amount of surfactant in all the emulsions to compare the effect of the mixture composition.On the basis of the preceding results,we used only surfactant solutions having˛HTAB=0.1;0.25;0.5and0.75.Since we were interested in O/W emulsions,these were prepared by dropping the paraffin to the aqueous emulgent solution under stirring.The nature of the emulsion(O/W)was determined by diffusion of a drop of a methylene blue aqueous solution in the continuous phase, viewed through the microscope(Fig.2in the SI).Fig.3shows the emulsions obtained with different surfactant compositions.The size distribution of droplets was graphically determined using a computer program(Pixcavator IA)on the pho-tomicrographs.The freshly prepared emulsions did not show remnant water or paraffin.The viscosity(Á)of the emulsion at25◦C were13.20cP for ˛HTAB=0.25;47.00cP for˛HTAB=0.5and382.00cP for˛HTAB=0.75. The droplets size distribution is shown in Fig.4.The particle size of an emulsion is one of the most important characteristics[13].Droplets size and droplets size distribution can be used as indexes of state of an emulsion and are intimately related to their stability,resistance to creaming,rheology,and chemical reactivity[15].Two emulsions may have the same average droplet diameter and yet exhibit quite dissimilar behaviours because of differences in their distribution of diameters.The droplet size distribution for˛HTAB=0.25is unimodal and broad while that for˛HTAB=0.50is multimodal with lower maxima. When˛HTAB is0.75the distribution is a narrow,unimodal and cen-tred in the smaller size.Emulsions with a droplet-size distribution with a maximum of low diameter droplets and with this maximum sharply defined represent a situation of maximum stability[16].To study the stability of the emulsions,these were aged in sealed graduated tubes.The separation of emulsion and water when the systems were aged can be seen in Fig.5.The emulsions still remained stable after14months.(Fig.3in SI).The aged emulsion with˛HTAB=0.75had a LP content73%V/V. Natural bitumen emulsions contain between70and80%V/V of bitumen separated by tiny layer of water,while asphaltic emulsions usually contain about60%V/V[9].The size distribution is shifted towards smaller droplets when aged,as shown in Fig.6for˛HTAB=0.25(the other surfactant com-positions showed similar behaviour).To determine the efficiency of the surfactant mixtures to emul-sify LP,20mL of emulsion having˛HTAB=0.25was completed to 100mL with liquid paraffin and stirred.After a day,there was1mL of supernatant paraffin,i.e.1.412g of surfactant mixture was capa-ble of emulsifying91mL of paraffin.The size distribution of droplets148E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154Fig.1.W/O emulsions produced by dropping aqueous surfactant solution to crude oil under stirring.×100.(a)˛HTAB =0.1,(b)˛HTAB =0.7,(c)˛HTAB =1.The bar corresponds to 0.2mm.Fig.2.O/W emulsion obtained by dropping crude oil to the aqueous surfactant solution under stirring.˛HTAB =0.75,×100.(a)emulsion diluted with 25%water,(b)emulsion diluted with 50%water.The bar corresponds to 0.2mm.was almost unimodal and is shown in Fig.7.After one year only 20mL of paraffin was separated while the remaining emulsion was stable (see Fig.3in SI)with the separation of the remnant water (below)and paraffin (above).Similar results were obtained with the other compositions.No agglomeration or coalescence was observed during the microscope observations,even after one hour of preparing the sam-ples.To test the temperature stability of emulsions,samples of the three emulsions (with ˛HTAB =0.25,0.5,and 0.75)were placed between slides and heated with a temperature-controlled stage at the microscope.Photos were taken at different temperatures up to the ebullition of water (Fig.8).Vapour bubbles and LP droplets differentiate by the aspect of their borders as a consequence of the different refractive index:the borders are black and thick in the vapour bubbles and light grey in the LP droplets.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.25became more fluid at 83◦C and the larger droplets disappeared but the smaller ones were retained.At 111.5◦C the emulsion flowed and the water started to boil.Fig.8band c shows the vapour bubbles that grew with increasing temper-ature.The oil droplets are smaller.At a temperature of 118◦C the emulsion started to break,to be almost completely broken at 119◦C.Fig.9shows the evolution of the droplets size with the raising tem-perature:the multimodal distribution of larger droplets trends to form a bimodal distribution of smaller droplets.Emulsions with ˛HTAB =0.5remained stable up to 103◦C,when vapour bubbles appeared.At 115◦C the system flowed and at 124.5◦C it collapsed.Fig.10shows the evolution of the size distribu-tion of droplets with raising temperature:it remained multimodal but shifted towards smaller droplets.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75became fluid at 83.6◦C and the excess of water was separated forming small domains that started to disappear at 104◦C.Some bubbles of vapour appeared and grew with the increasing temperature.Some emulsion was remained up to 122◦C.The size of oil droplets was reduced when the temper-ature was increased from 37.5◦C to 67.5◦C,and the distribution became narrower.Further increase of temperature did not affectE.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–154149Fig.3.microscope photos of fresh emulsions having˛HTAB=0.25(a)×100,0.5(b)×100,0.75(c)×100and0.75(d)×400.The line in photo(a)is a hair,having0.090mm in width,and used to calibrate the size of droplets.Bars in photos a–c correspond to0.2mm,in photo d,to0.1mm.Fig.4.size distribution of freshly prepared emulsion having˛HTAB=0.25,˛HTAB=0.50and˛HTAB=0.75.Distribution parameters: :number average, standard deviation, Max:maximum.the size distribution.Fig.11shows the size distribution of droplets as a function of temperature.The stability of the emulsions was not affected by two freeze–thaw cycles between−5and25◦C,with8h in each tem-perature.In conclusion,the three compositions gave emulsions stable up to the temperature of water boiling.The size distribution in all cases is shifted to smaller droplets when temperature is increased.The size behaviour on ageing and heating of emulsions is rather unusual.A possible explanation may be creaming of large oil droplets and therefore shifting the size distribution of the remain-ing emulsion down.Since samples were taken from different parts of the emulsion,the large droplets probably collapse giving rise to the narrow non-emulsified oil layer.Another possible explanation may be a rearrangement of the surfactant molecules in the droplets interface.Oleate molecules can fold to expose the double bond at the interface,since they tend to form hydrogen bonds with water with their␲electrons[17].This may lead to an average packing parameter of the mixture of surfactants that favours the formation of a hydrocarbon droplet with a given curvature generating a nar-150E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154Fig.5.Dependence on time of the volume percent of remnant emulsion (full symbols)and water (open symbols),᭿ᮀ:˛HTAB =0.75; :˛HTAB =0.50;᭹ :˛HTAB =0.25.010********60708000.050.10.150.20.250.3D / mmf / %Fig.6.Evolution with time of emulsion prepared with ˛HTAB =0.25.rower size distribution.This mechanism needs some time,and willbe accelerated with temperature.As suggested by Anton et al.[18]mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants may be considered as 1:1complexes and the remain-der molecules of the surfactant in excess.The Ol.HTA complex has a large hydrophilic part formed by one N(CH 3)3+group from HTA +ion,and the COO −and CH CH groups of Ol −ion.As previously mentioned it has been found that the double bond has affinity to water,forming H-bonds with the ␲electrons [19–21].The tail of the oleate ion is thus folded to put the CH CH group in contact with water in aggregates such as micelles or air/water monolayers [6–8].This produces a structure of the complex like a cone with the hydrophilic part at the basis,i.e.favouring a curved surface convex to the water.The behaviour of another cationic–anionic surfactant mixture which does not precipitate at any proportion (although it forms a coacervate in some proportions),sodium 10-undecenoate-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide [19,22,23],was explained by the same phenomenon.This explains why the O/W emulsion isfavoured and why the system does not precipitate even at the 1:1proportion.Similar reasons have been proposed in literature for other cationic/anionic surfactant mixtures which do not precipitate [24].The mixture with ˛HTAB =0.75is the best to produce O/W emulsions,i.e.once the 1:1complex was formed,two thirds of the hydrophilic HTAB molecules remain free.Then,the system is formed by an excess of hydrophilic surfactant which promotes O/W emulsion formation,and the complex which has a structure that accommodates to the same oil/water interface geometry.The droplets size decreases with time and with increasing tem-perature probably due to that part of the surfactant that remained in the aqueous phase and migrate by diffusion to the droplets sur-face.This takes time but is accelerated by the temperature rise.The molecules and 1:1complexes arriving to the oil/water inter-face must accommodate increasing the surface area,what may only occur with a diminution of the droplets’size when the total oil volume is constant.E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–1541511020304050607080900.0000.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.1800.200D / mmf / %Max 0.035 mm = 0.039 mm = 0.025 mmFig.7.size distribution of droplets for ˛HTAB =0.25saturated withparaffin.Fig.8.Evolution of emulsions with temperature,microscope photos ×100of emulsion width ˛HTAB =0.25(a)at 48◦C,(b)102◦C,(c)at 111.5◦C.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.5(d)at 38◦C,(e)at 100◦C,(f)at 103◦C.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75(g)at 37.7◦C,(h)at 83.5◦C,(i)at 109◦C.The bars correspond to 0.2mm.3.3.Destruction of emulsion by stonesThe emulsions were put in contact with powdered stones and observed under microscope to determine their applicability in the production of pavements.The emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75showed the best performance in the previous experiments so it was theonly one evaluated for this purpose.The droplets were clustered on the stones’surface and were subsequently destroyed.The destruc-tion of the emulsion was very rapid and finished in 15min.Fig.12shows the evolution of the CO emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75in contact with the powdered stones which were almost completely covered.152E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154010203040506000.0050.010.0150.020.025D / mmf / %Fig.9.Evolution of the size distribution of droplets with temperature for ˛HTAB =0.2505101520250.0050.010.0150.020.0250.030.0350.040.045D / mmf / %Fig.10.Evolution of the size distribution of droplets with temperature for ˛HTAB =0.50.Fig.11.Size distribution of droplets having ˛HTAB =0.75as a function of temperature.E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–154153Fig.12.Photomicrographs of the emulsion destruction in contact with stones.×100,˛HTAB=0.75.(a)Diluted CO emulsion just added to the stones,(b)after5min,droplets were aggregated close to the stones,(c)after10min,(d)after30min,(e)after24h,(f)commercial cationic emulsion after30min.Photos a,b and f with polarized light and 1␭retardation plate intercalated.The other photos are with unpolarised light.Bars indicate0.2mm.The crude oil emulsion was previously diluted with20%water to improve visualization.The clear regions are water between stones.The destruction of the emulsion by stones seems to follow the mechanism called heteroflocculation[25],i.e.the oil droplets clus-ter together around the stones followed by their coalescence on the solid surface.In this sense,some HTAB molecules dissolved in the aqueous phase may hydrophobize the rock surface improving the adherence of the oil.The breaking time of emulsions is known to be affected by the nature of the aggregate and its specific area,humidity,surfactant concentration,pH,and temperature[4],therefore the speed of breaking in roads industry may be different to that found in our lab-oratory conditions.Due to the short time of breaking,this emulsion may be useful as an imprinting irrigation,i.e.irrigation of surfaces to produce a transition surface with the new asphaltic layer ensuring the anchoring of this layer,or to stabilize sands[26].154 E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–1544.ConclusionsNaOl–HTAB mixtures revealed to be good O/W emulsifiers.The system having˛HTAB=0.75gave the largest volume of emulsion having a narrow unimodal size distribution with smaller droplets. This emulsion has a relatively high viscosity.All emulsions were stable on ageing and to temperature rise.The emulsions were destroyed by contact with quartzite stones.These properties may be useful for different applications in petroleum industry such as their use as fuels,transport and pavement production.AknowledgementsENS is an assistant researcher of the Argentine National Council of Scientific and Technical Researches(CONICET),EPS is an adjunct researcher of CONICET.REA has a post-doctoral fellowship of CON-ICET.This research was supported by a grant of the Universidad Nacional del Sur.Appendix A.Supplementary dataSupplementary data associated with this article can be found,in the online version,at /10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11. 023.References[1]N.Delgado,F.Ysambertt,C.Montiel,G.Chávez,A.Cáceres,B.Bravo,N.Márquez,Evaluation of oil-in-water emulsions with non-ionic and anionicsurfactants mixtures for potential use in the oil industry,Rev.Téc.Ing.Univ.Zulia30(2)(2007)118–127(in Spanish).[2]L.Schramm,Surfactants:Fundamentals and Applications in the PetroleumIndustry,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,2000.[3]H.Rivas,X.Gutiérrez,Surfactants:behavior and some of their applications inthe petroleum industry,Acta Cient.Venez.50(Suppl.No.1)(1999)54–65. [4]M.Bourrel,C.Chambu,Cationic asphalt emulsions:breaking on mineralsubstrates,in:Proceedings2nd World Surfactant Congress1988,IV,Paris,1988,pp.145–161.[5]G.Urbina-Villalba,M.García-Sucre,Effect of non-homogeneous spatialdistributions of surfactants on the stability of high-content bitumen-in-water emulsions,Interciencia25(9)(2000)415–422.[6]M.Chappat,Some applications of emulsions,Colloids Surf.A Phys.Eng.Aspects91(1994)57–77.[7]W.S.Abdulla,M.T.Obaidat,N.M.Abu-Sa’da,Influence of aggregate type andgradation on voids of asphalt concrete pavements,J.Mater.Civil Eng.1988 (1988)76–85.[8]N.El-Kadi,F.Martins,D.Clausse,P.C.Schulz,Critical micelle concentration ofaqueous hexadecyltrimetylammonium bromide–sodium oleate mixtures,Colloid Polym.Sci.281(2003)353–362.[9]D.B.Miraglia,E.N.Schulz,J.L.M.Rodriguez,P.C.Schulz,D.Salinas,Sodiumoleate–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide mixtures,J.Colloid Interface Sci.351(2010)197–202.[10]D.B.Miraglia,J.L.M.Rodríguez,R.M.Minardi,P.C.Schulz,Critical micelleconcentration and hlb of the sodium oleate–hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide mixed system,J.Surfactants Deterg.14(2011)401–408.[11]P.V.Messina,O.Pieroni,V.Verdinelli,P.C.Schulz,Regarding the effect thatdifferent twin tailed surfactants have on a solid stabilized petroleumemulsion,Colloid Polym.Sci.286(2008)191–199.[12]V.Verdinelli,M.A.Morini,P.V.Messina,P.C.Schulz,S.Alvarez,Study ofcompatibility of quartzite stones–Pigüéquarry–with asphalt emulsions,in: Proceedings of the XXXIV Reunión del Asfalto Dr.Alfredo Pinilla,Mar delPlata,Argentina,2006(in Spanish).[13]B.H.Bishop,J.L.Wulfinghoff,Practical Emulsions,vol.1,3rd ed.,ChemicalPublishing Co.,Inc.,New York,1968.[14]J.Mandel,Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data,Interscience,New York,1964,pp.134–137.[15]P.Becher,Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology,vol.1,Dekker,New York andBasel,1983,pp.369.[16]P.Becher,Emulsions Theory and Practice,American Chemical SocietyMonograph Series No.162,2nd ed.,R.E.Krieger Pub.Co.,New York,1977. [17]P.Messina,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,Aqueous sodium oleate-sodiumdehydrocholate mixtures at low concentration,Colloid Polym.Sci.281(11) (2003)1082–1091.[18]R.E.Anton,D.Gomez,A.Graciaa,chaise,J.L.Salaguer,Surfactant–oil–water systems near the affinity inversion part ix:optimumformulation and phase behavior of mixed anionic–cationic systems,J.Dispersion Sci.Technol.14(4)(1993)401–416.[19]M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,The catanionic system sodiumundecenoate-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide at low concentration,Colloid Polym.Sci.282(6)(2004)633–641,and references therein.[20]M.L.Ferreira,M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,A computational study ofthe structure and behaviour of the aqueous mixed system sodiumunsaturated carboxylate–dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,J.Phys.Chem.110(2006)17600–17606.[21]M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,E.Junquera,E.Aicart,Effect of doublebonds in the formation of sodium dodecanoate and sodium10-undecenoate mixed micelles in water,J.Phys.Chem.B111(2007)11692–11699.[22]M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,M.L.Ferreira,Unusual volumetric andhydration behavior of the catanionic system sodium undecenoate—dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,Colloid Polym.Sci.283(2005)1016–1024.[23]M.B.Sierra,P.V.Messina,M.A.Morini,J.M.Ruso,G.Prieto,P.C.Schulz,F.Sarmiento,The nature of the coacervate formed in the aqueousdodecyltrimethylammonium bromide–sodium10-undecenoate mixtures,Colloids Surf.A:Phys.Eng.Aspects277(2006)75–82.[24]G.Kume,M.Gallotti,G.Nunes,Review on anionic/cationic surfactantmixtures,J.Surfactants Deterg.11(2008)1–11.[25]R.A.Mercado,V.Sadtler,P.Marchal,L.Chopin,J.L.Salager,Heteroflocculationof a cationic oil-in-water emulsion resulting from Fontainebleau’sandstone powder addition as a model for asphalt emulsion breakup,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.51(2012)11688–11694.[26]K.P.George,Stabilization of sands by asphalt emulsion,Transp.Res.Rec.1976(1976)51–56.。

人体复原工程

人体复原工程

晨星出版吳清忠◎著人體復原工程人體使用手冊2前言從來沒想過我有一天會成為暢銷書作家,《人體使用手冊》本來只是我自己養生的心得記錄,用來提供給朋友養生參考的電子檔。

有一次朋友問我能不能把檔案傳給他的朋友,我毫不考慮的同意了。

我的想法是寫這本電子書的初衷只是想分享我自己的健康經驗,他的朋友多半是健康出了問題,和一個人的健康相比,書的版權顯然沒有那麼重要。

經過了三年,有一天在臺北的一家餐和老闆交換名片時,她很驚訝的告訴我正在看我的書。

由於我從沒出版過書,怎麼會有人看我的書?可是當她從櫃子裡拿出影印的書時,那確實是我寫的。

回家後趕緊上網,才知道已經是當年大陸網路最熱的一本書,網路上到處都能下載。

沒多久,一家臺灣的出版社找上了門,書就這麼出版了。

雖然平面書出版了,可是我給出版商開了一個條件,必須在網路上公開宣示,繼續維持免費的網路版自由傳播。

二○○六年,書在中國大陸的網路書店成了年度暢銷榜的書,我就這麼成了暢銷書的作家。

《人體使用手冊》在二○○二年就完稿,已經是六年前的事了。

這六年間,我遇見了幾位很好的老師,學習了許多新東西。

我自己和家人的健康也在不斷的進步之中。

人體的復原過程,是這六年來最主要的體會。

我不是醫生,我的研究只是養生的心得,是每一個人都能自己做的。

把自己的身體當成企業一樣的管理在中學的國文課本中,經常要讀古文。

在課文的後面都有作者的簡介,常常看到簡介中有「略通歧黃」的加註。

有一次看清宮的連續劇「康熙皇帝」,劇中康熙在外打仗時生了病,宮廷裡的禦醫開了藥方,需要經過幾個軍機大臣過目才能放行。

顯然自古以來的中國,醫學不完全是專業領域,是每一個中文達到一定水準的人都能修習的科學。

學習的程度並不像今天僅止於常識,而是達到可以開立處方的水準。

今天的醫療法律限制只有醫生才能開立處方,無意中也限制了人們思考和學習醫學的界限。

記得有一天,一個成功的企業家請我吃飯,告訴我他最近一次身體檢查,查出大腸裡長了幾個腫瘤,希望我給他一點建議。

台湾新代数控系统SYNTEC CNC应用手册V10 3

台湾新代数控系统SYNTEC CNC应用手册V10 3

台湾新代数控系统SYNTEC CNC应用手册V10 31 3.01 : reV 30 /60/8002 : et ad 技科代新 : yb 册手用应 CNC CETNYS册手用应CNC CETNYS 2 3. 0 1 V 安宏张 82/50/8002 序程机调牙攻随追之本版6.401.01V对针为正修牙攻性刚 40 2. 0 1 V 亿春赖 01/80/6002 明关开拨指6 ovres卡轴加增30 明 RSC CLP 正修 .2 1. 0 1 V 亿春赖 31/60/6002 20 明正修 .1 0. 0 1 V 稿定版初 10 本版后改者作期日改纪容内改次项记新本版册手用应 CNC CETNYS 367 ................................................................ .......................................................................表配分源资67 ..................................................................... ................................. NOITINIFED RETSIGER CLM4.357 .................................................................. .......... 表照对码描扫盘键 CP 准标於对相 TIB C/S3.396 .............................................................. .....................................................................明面介统系96 ..................................................................... ................................明面介CLPgtCNCTIB S2.355 .............................................................. .....................................................................明面介统系55 ..................................................................... ............................... 明面介CNCgtCLPTIB C1.355 .............................................................. ................................................. : RSC 面介REDDAL.382 ......................................................... .............................................................................. :明.262 ................................................................. ............................ 5 统系明定设态组板 O/I6.152 .................................................................. ...................................... ENIFED NIP 头接卡轴4CMP42 ............................................................. ....................................................... 明用使卡轴4CMP32 ................................................................. .................................. ENIFED NIP 头接卡轴4OVRES22 ........................................................... .................................................... 明用使卡轴4OVRES12 ............................................................... ............................................ 明定设与用选卡轴12 ................................................................. ........................................................... :明格规卡轴5.102 .................................................................. ..................................................... 义定 O/I I049 吋4.0102 ............................................................. ................................................................ 义定 O/I I049 吋991 ................................................................ ................................................... 义定 O/I 板面作操二第91 ................................................................. ............................................................... 义定O/I 床铣91 ..................................................................... .................................... 义定 O/I键按板面幕萤4.181 .................................................................. ................................... : 明用使TUO61NTNI61BT71 .................................................... .................................................................... :明用使1YALER61 ........................................................... ............................................................明用使 2YALER61 ............................................................ .................................................... :明用使组模台子端 3.141 .................:明用使板面二第及格规 ECRUOSTNERRUCTUO61BT、NI61BT 用使配搭5OIP31 ................................. 明用使格规 KNIS TNRRUCTUO61BT及 NI61BT 用使配搭4OIP21 ............................................................. ......... :明用使板面作操二第及 2YALER 用使配搭3OIP21 ............................................................. .......................................................... 明用使卡 O/I2.111 .............................................................. ......................................................................... 三构架统系01 ................................................................. ......................................................................二构架统系9 .................................................................. .......................................................................一构架统系7 ...................................................................... .......................... :明构架统系 CNC CETNYS1.16 ............................................................... ..................................................................... 图构架统系 .1 目册手用应 CNC CETNYS4531 ............................................................... ....................................................... : 断诊体硬 CNC 1.5531 ................................................................. ........................................ 断诊统系 CNCCETNYS .5431 ....................................................... ........................................................................ ......... :偿补距节331 ................................................................ ........................................................................ :偿补隙背231 ................................................................ ................................................................ : 偿补精9.4131 ................................................................. ..................................... : 位定轴主卡位定 005A 三031 ................................................................ ................................................... 骤步关相点原寻 8.4。

央视百家讲坛2003年目录

央视百家讲坛2003年目录

央视【百家讲坛】2003(完结)1.6.孔祥智《社会的源动力:小城镇,大战略》(未看)。

1.7.欧阳中石《面对缪斯女神:我的书法观》(未看)。

1.8.王一川《智慧的痛苦:走向文化的多元化生》(未看)。

1.9.马军《饮用水水质与水处理技术》(未看)。

1.10.柏士珍、刘鸿儒、唐旭、金碚《社会的源动力:金融资产管理与发展》(未看)。

————1.13.吴良镛《建筑不是房子:中国建筑文化的研究与创造》(未看)。

1.14.彭一刚《建筑不是房子:建筑设计中的文化理念》(未看)。

1.15.钱绍武《在文学馆听讲座:漫谈艺术》(未看)。

1.16.齐康《建筑不是房子:地区建筑文化分析》(未看)。

1.17.何镜堂《建筑不是房子:建筑设计的地域、文化和时代特征》(未看)。

————1.20.叶平《地球成长史:生态伦理——一场哲学观念的革命》。

人与自然的关系。

1.21.吴林《现代焊接技术》(未看)。

1.22.叶嘉莹《在文学馆听讲座:从现代观点看几首旧诗(上)》(未看)。

1.23.陈自明《不停息的旋律:美妙神奇的外国民歌(上)》(未看)。

1.24.陈自明《不停息的旋律:美妙神奇的外国民歌(下)》(未看)。

————1.27.曾志《文明的发动机:科学与社会》(未看)。

1.28.约翰·吉伯森《二十一世纪科技》(未看)。

1.29.叶嘉莹《在文学馆听讲座:从现代观点看几首旧诗(下)》(未看)。

1.30.刘光鼎《社会的源动力:中国油气资源的二次创业》(未看)。

1.31.孙立宁《机器人技术发展状况》(未看)。

————停播————2.17-3.4.《揭秘中华古文化》(共12集)3.5.张李玺《女人说话:妇女与婚姻家庭》(未找到视频)。

(已下载音频,存360网盘)3.6.刘伯红《女人说话:妇女与就业》(未看)。

3.7.荣维毅《女人说话:妇女与参政》(未看)。

————3.10.信春鹰《女人说话:妇女与法律》(未看)。

3.11.郑新蓉《女人说话:妇女与教育》(未看)。

人体中的“奇珍异宝”

人体中的“奇珍异宝”
,
,
安 之 所 以 头 大 是 因为 他 患 了巨 人 症

在博物馆 里 另有 一 件

硕 大无朋 的 脑袋 疾 苦 已 随 尘 梦 了 尚留奇骨在 人 间 皇家
外 科 学 院 的 病 理 博 物馆 里 有 一 件最 古 老 的 超 级 巨 头 标 本 己 有 二 百 多年 的 历 史 其 价
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就 不 治而 死 这 个 患 者竟 能得 天 独厚 延 命多 年 实是
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畸 形 人 都 是 短 命的 你有很 高 的 科 学 价


奇 异 的胃 中 香 肠
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值 死后 务 必 让 我 解 剖 研 究
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伯利 安 一 扰
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生怀 疑是 肉瘤 便 对 患 都作 了 局 部 胃 切 除术 条 肥 大的 香 肠
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结 果 出 乎詹森 意 料 之 外 的 是 胃壁 上 竟 有 三
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半 另
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8 岁的 男 子 主 诉每 当疲 标 本取 自一 个 4
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劳 而用 力 时总觉 气促 常有 消 化不 良 趋向 能 他 自忖
用 碱剂缓解 从未发 现 呕 吐 和 黑 粪

长不大的老男孩 他们为玩具设计自己的梦

长不大的老男孩 他们为玩具设计自己的梦

样刺激。我们有时还可以通过想象力千 ¨ 镜义语言设
火星移民外交部长。当时地球的 “ 宗教 已经沦为统治
阶层的一种 “ 控制工具 ,所 以 “ 地球人”认为 “ 信仰 自由 是 “ 不和谐 的并会受到 “ 强烈谴责 的。大多
l 8O
数不堪“ 宗教” 束缚 地的 人离开了地球移 到 l r 火 , 极少数的人仍暂时 地球。虽然矛盾摩擦不断 , f I I “ 火 务 星移民”仍一A作为 “ 地球联 ”的成员参加联
后推 手仍 是个秘 ,我 f I ' J 知道 的不过 足 “ 冰… 俑 … ・ 于 是,饥 人们 小 { } 1 足一 个简 的玩 偶 , l r 』
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于自己的背景、故事线等等。
事有了延 长,让观众有 了更多的遄想,本来看似 而 见的结局又变得扑明迷离起来。 ”通过两位爱好者的介

铝合金铸造 书籍

铝合金铸造 书籍

铝合金铸造书籍
以下是关于铝合金铸造的书籍:
《铝合金铸造工艺》由刘素海编写,全面介绍了铝合金的生产工艺、铸造设备及其使用、铸造铝合金的方法和铝合金的表面处理等内容,适合从事铝合金铸造工艺研究的人员阅读。

《铝合金的铸造工艺与控制》由李炳文、郭萌编著,主要介绍了铝合金铸造工艺及其控制方法,内容包括铸造方法、铝合金铸件缺陷及其防治等,适合从事材料科学与工程领域的人员研究。

《现代铝合金铸造工艺》由朱海洋、于海建、周蓉等人编写,内容涉及铝合金铸造工艺、测试技术、应用方法等方面的知识,同时介绍了铝合金造型模具和铸造仿真等方面的内容,深入浅出,适合从事铝合金铸造工艺研究的人员阅读。

《金属材料塑性成形技术》是一本关于金属材料塑性加工方面的书籍,虽然不是专门介绍铝合金铸造技术的书,但是对于从事铜、铝、镁铸造方面的人员也是非常有参考价值的。

此外,还有《铝合金熔炼与铸造技术》等书籍可供选择。

可以根据自己的需求和兴趣选择合适的书籍进行阅读。

大尺寸无核心yag系列激光晶体的生长装置及其生长方法

大尺寸无核心yag系列激光晶体的生长装置及其生长方法

大尺寸无核心yag系列激光晶体的生长装置及其生长
方法
一种大尺寸无核心YAG系列激光晶体的生长装置及其生长方法,属于激光晶体结晶工艺学领域。

该生长装置主要采用电阻加热钼坩埚提拉法。

晶体生长方法分为两个步骤四个阶段。

通过该发明可获得直径35\~50mm的大尺寸、高浓度(可达%)、无核心、无位错、无散射的YAG系列激光晶体,并且该生长技术工艺稳定、生长周期短、成本低、晶体成品率高,大于85%。

以上内容仅供参考,建议查阅关于大尺寸无核心YAG系列激光晶体的生长装置及其生长方法的资料,或者咨询相关专家以获取更准确的信息。

030918人体零件制造-王远亮

030918人体零件制造-王远亮

主讲人简介:王远亮,男,1984年毕业于成都科技大学,获硕士学位;1996年于重庆大学获博士学位;1999年于德国Aachen Technique University访问研究。

现任重庆大学教授,博士生导师。

重庆大学生物工程学院副院长,中国生物材料委员会委员,中国生物复合材料学会理事,重庆高分子材料学会理事长,重庆生物材料及人工器官委员会主任。

长期从事生物材料及组织工程、生物医学工程领域的生物材料与组织工程方面的研究。

内容简介:人体健康是每一个人都关心的事情。

真正的人体健康是涉及社会、心理、机体功能的一种正常状态,否则就会生病。

有些天灾人祸及不可逆转的恶性机体损伤或损失,就会造成人体“零件”的丢失。

丢失的人体部件可否像机械零件那样更换?答案是肯定的。

科学界特别是生物医学工程学家,医学家等科学家努力的目标。

这有赖于生物学、生物材料学、医学、生物工程学等学科的进步。

中国是世界上的人口大国,我们在这样的健康问题上特别是关于健康的前沿领域方面应该有足够的发言权。

王远亮将为您介绍人体零件制造这个富有挑战性的学科前沿问题的解决思路与方法。

本讲座分为以下几个部分:1.什么是人体“零件”制造1)组织工程的概念2)组织工程的起因与发展3)组织工程的研究现状1998年,美国:投入组织工程研究 35 亿USD,年增长率22.5%,卷入科学家2500人,公司40多个,预计获利800亿USD。

欧盟:Biomat计划也相继投入组织工程材料研究。

2.组织工程的研究对象与方法1)组织工程的研究对象2)种子细胞(自体细胞,自体间质细胞,干细胞,不死细胞等)细胞种子来源:异体细胞;自体细胞;原位组织细胞;原位基质细胞;原位基质干细胞;骨髓基质干细胞;胚胎干细胞;克隆胚细胞。

3)支架材料:天然材料;合成材料。

支架成型技术:制孔法;3D Printing ;Fused Positing;Rapid Prototyping。

4)三维培养及培养系统5)应力生长关系6)生长因子7)在体移植8)体内的重建3.人体组织的制造;人体器官的制造。

品质和服务的最高境界——客户放心——日本大同弹簧株式会社社长小粥光伦谈话笔录

品质和服务的最高境界——客户放心——日本大同弹簧株式会社社长小粥光伦谈话笔录

品质和服务的最高境界——客户放心——日本大同弹簧株式
会社社长小粥光伦谈话笔录
佚名
【期刊名称】《模具制造》
【年(卷),期】2008(8)11
【摘要】2008年10月9日上午,日本大同弹簧株式会社社长小粥光伦先生在上海太同弹簧有限公司副总经理姜国春先生的陪同下,莅临《模具制造》杂志社。

《模具制造》杂志社社长谭超武先生与小粥光伦先生进行了近3个小时轻松愉快而有建设性的交谈,其中有许多令人深受启发的观点,也有许多值得中国企业学习借鉴的内容。

现将两位社长谈话的内容整理出来,以飨读者。

【总页数】3页(PI0017-I0019)
【关键词】株式会社;弹簧;大同;日本;粥;客户;服务;品质
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TH135;TS972.116
【相关文献】
1.上海中羽持续为客户提供延伸服务——访上海中羽工业钻石股份有限公司董事长田羽先生和株式会社日本东方金刚石工具研究所代表取缔役社长五味正人先生 [J], 汪莉
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欢迎阅读精彩文章请随时关注我们的最新文章欢迎阅读精彩文章请随时关注我们的最新文章 9月18日《人体零件制造》王远亮主讲人简介王远亮,男,1984年毕业于成都科技大学,获硕士学位;1996年于重庆大学获博士学位;1999年于德国Aachen Technique University访问研究。

现任重庆大学教授,博士生导师。

重庆大学生物工程学院副院长,中国生物材料委员会委员,中国生物复合材料学会理事,重庆高分子材料学会理事长,重庆生物材料及人工器官委员会主任。

长期从事生物材料及组织工程、生物医学工程领域的生物材料与组织工程方面的研究。

内容简介人体健康是每一个人都关心的事情。

真正的人体健康是涉及社会、心理、机体功能的一种正常状态,否则就会生病。

有些天灾人祸及不可逆转的恶性机体损伤或损失,就会造成人体“零件”的丢失。

丢失的人体部件可否像机械零件那样更换?答案是肯定的。

科学界特别是生物医学工程学家,医学家等科学家努力的目标。

这有赖于生物学、生物材料学、医学、生物工程学等学科的进步。

中国是世界上的人口大国,我们在这样的健康问题上特别是关于健康的前沿领域方面应该有足够的发言权。

王远亮将为您介绍人体零件制造这个富有挑战性的学科前沿问题的解决思路与方法。

本讲座分为以下几个部分:1. 什么是人体“零件”制造1)组织工程的概念2)组织工程的起因与发展3)组织工程的研究现状1998年,美国:投入组织工程研究 35 亿USD,年增长率22.5%,卷入科学家2500人,公司40多个,预计获利800亿USD.欧盟:Biomat计划也相继投入组织工程材料研究。

2. 组织工程的研究对象与方法1)组织工程的研究对象2)种子细胞(自体细胞,自体间质细胞,干细胞,不死细胞等)细胞种子来源:异体细胞;自体细胞;原位组织细胞;原位基质细胞;原位基质干细胞;骨髓基质干细胞;胚胎干细胞;克隆胚细胞。

3)支架材料:天然材料;合成材料。

支架成型技术:制孔法;3D Printing ;Fused Positing;Rapid Prototyping. 4)三维培养及培养系统5)应力生长关系6)生长因子7)在体移植8)体内的重建3. 人体组织的制造;人体器官的制造。

a 体内形成:体内移植;体内生长。

b 体外形成c 制造技术与方法1.假体 2.异种移植3.克隆 4.组织工程《人体零件制造》(全文)同学们好,今天很幸运跟大家一起来讨论一个相关于人类健康的问题。

那我们现在首先要考虑一个问题,我们最怕听到三种声音,你们说是哪三种。

大概一下子想不起来,我想第一种是属于我们所见到的一种,“哎呀”老了,什么意思呢?就是这个人到了一定年龄以后,这一个生理的器官逐渐衰老,这个衰老的器官该怎么办呢?换掉。

我们现在人类已经进入很大程度上的老龄化阶段,美国2010年,大于50岁以上的就超过了32%。

我们国家也有一个统计,在2010年,大约60岁以上的超过24%。

你可以算一算,我们人口基数是13亿,这样算下来,是多大的一个数啊。

第二个声音呢,最怕听到的是“砰”,哎呀,糟了。

车子给撞上了。

战场上也是“砰”一枪打过去,不是打断了人的腿就是穿过人的胸。

那么这些组织损伤创伤,目前已经逐年上升,从我们国家的统计数字上看,已经达到了临床住院数目的第二位。

第三个声音就是你们可能经常听到的声音“咔嚓”,什么意思呢?人生病了到医院去了,组织器官坏了,医生拿一个剪刀就给你剪掉了,手术化疗。

我们面临这么多的,这个数据是很大的。

可以说心血管疾病。

今天我早上就碰到一个院士谈这个问题,1.5个亿啊,那可不是个小数目,仅仅只是心血管。

一个数目就可以达到这么大。

我们可以想像一下,这些坏掉的器官,我们说换掉,怎么换,拿什么去换?这就是我们今天讨论的论题,我们叫做《人体零件制造》,人体零件制造目前比较流行的办法有四种,第一种假体。

你比如说腿掉了,给你装一个假体上去,腿就好了,对吧。

所以这一个是属于,这个叫性能替代。

另外一种呢,光这样性能替代,达不到一个功能的需求。

这个不是我们的目标,我们的生活质量在逐渐提高。

我们需要生活质量,那该怎么办呢?就想了其他的三种办法。

我们可不可以把动物的器官和组织搬到人身上来呢?可以的。

那么我们还可不可以用现在最流行的一种技术。

克隆行不行。

第三个,我们想用组织工程的办法制造一些零件出来,行不行。

我们下面可能重点呢,就谈这后三个问题。

最重要的呢,我们把重点可能要放在组织工程上面。

第一个问题呢,就已经达到了现在的替代医学。

构成了一个非常强劲的趋势,制造了零件需要替代。

所以就有很多替代的方式。

异种移植是其中的一种,异种移植的这种方式。

从17世纪就开始了,记得1682年苏联的一个大贵族生病了,他就是一个车祸造成的。

把这个颅盖骨给揭掉了,一个医生给他想了一个办法,把狗的颅盖骨装到他的脑壳上去了。

很好,据说手术是很成功的。

可惜的是教会不允许,劝这个贵族赶快把那一块东西拿下来,最终丢掉了贵族的生命。

从这以后,人们开始了很多的探索,应用了蛙皮,狒狒的心脏,猴子的心脏,猴子的肝脏,青蛙的这个腿的肌肉,很多的这种移植方式。

这种移植方式给我们带来了一个很难逾越的一个障碍,那导致了一种叫做排斥效应。

所以这种排斥效应目前来讲,还没有很好的办法去解决它。

我们国家曾经立了很大的一个项目,我跟那个首席科学家讨论过多次,他就是准备现在进展到猪跟人相近的关系,最亲密。

能不能把猪的脏器组织搬到人身上来用,那么还是没有找到合乎这种排斥反应的这种有效手段之前。

它还是不能够行。

第二种办法,就是我们所讲的克隆。

“克隆”这个词大概是多利绵羊问世以后,全世界都是轰动和震惊的一个事情。

但是我们要知道,克隆并不是一个神秘的事情,什么叫“克隆”呢,“克隆”就是一个功能单元的再现。

多利绵羊是怎么做的呢?拿一个绵羊A,它的乳腺细胞,把它细胞核抽出来,再找一个绵羊B,把那个B的这个卵子细胞核给它抽掉,然后把绵羊A的这个核细胞注入到这一个绵羊的卵细胞里边,然后构成一个信息载体,全息克隆。

这个信息载体在转入到绵阳C的身上,让它妊娠发育。

“克隆”就成了一个最时髦的名词了。

我们讲了,它只是一个功能单元的再现。

所以我们可以从分子水平着手,所以叫“基因克隆”。

我们可以从细胞水平着手,原来叫核移植,现在叫全息克隆。

但是我们也可以从组织和器官的这个角度去看它,我们制造一个胚细胞出来,然后按生物学发育的方式,有效地发育成为一个我们需要的组织出来。

目前来讲,科学已经进入到可以制造55种零件。

可以制造,是否进入临床,还有待于相关的重复和有些伦理学的讨论。

另外一个,“克隆”是一个全个体的“克隆”。

那么这个就更早一点,记得有一个做青蛙的,克隆出来以后,小蝌蚪,长得很好。

可是长是长了,你们知道青蛙是要掉尾巴的,对吧。

等着那个尾巴一掉了以后呢,它克隆的这个青蛙,最后也就死掉了。

可惜啊,那时候没有把握到现在这种技术,所以现代的技术已经进展到,克隆一个个体是没有问题的。

很多国家已经把这个人体的胚做好了,放在那儿了,他就可以把一个人造出来了。

那么造人是不是一种道德的行为需要讨论。

但是有一点,发展到至今,出现一个治疗性克隆。

就是说,我只管组织和器官这一部分,我不做整个个体。

那么在我们医学来说,肯定是一大幸事。

这是相关克隆的一种进步。

克隆进步和异种移植。

比异种移植的进步就大多了。

因为克隆它可以是自体的细胞克隆,避免了一种异种排斥效应。

那么这种方式,还需要很多的技术关键。

因为只能够造一些相关的零件和技术,让一个肝细胞分化成为自身的组织,还有一定的难度。

还是有待时日。

目前有一个最热门的科学它叫组织工程。

组织工程按道理讲,它是一个从20世纪50年代,上个世纪20世纪50年代就已经开始的事情。

那个时候人们做的是简单替代方式。

现在到了1977年,美国把两大派的科学家召集在一起,开了一个会。

一派的科学家,是做这个叫残疾人救助计划,那也就是原来做假体的那部分,或者说它是做整体器官的那部分。

另一部分人,就是搞生物技术的这一帮人。

他是做基因分子水平上操作的人,这两家人坐在一起了,一想啊,对呀。

我们中间还有一条路没走出来啊。

从分子怎么能够构成一个组织呢。

怎么能够构成一个器官呢,如果我们能够做得成,是不是就可以直接往人身上用呢,那么这一个该做的事情,我们应该给它取一个什么名字呢?当时就命名为“组织工程”,所谓“组织工程”,就是利用生命科学和工程科学的原理和方法,在我们了解了人体的生理和病理的机制之后,再有目的地去制造一些我们所需要的人体部件。

这个人体部件就需要三大组成部分,第一个组成部分就是组织细胞。

第二个组成部分就是三维支架。

第三个组成部分就是一个培养系统。

我们现在先看第一个组成部分,就是组织细胞问题。

因为我们人体的进化发展到今天,最大程度上的这一个异种移植和超急性排斥反应。

最鲜明的特点就是由于它细胞的一些表达的蛋白质分子,如果我们能够找到一种细胞。

它跟我们人体能够完全相融,那么在我们人体身上。

它就不会造成那种超急性排斥反应,或者是免疫排斥反应,这个细胞来源多不多呢?现在的答案就有五六个。

第一个就是你自己的细胞,那个人生病了,我可以从里边取出一个细胞来,让它再扩张,这个细胞就够用了。

但是你要知道,我们人体的细胞一旦分化到一个中间状态以后,它的活力是非常有限的,所以这一个是我们目前在探讨过程当中的一个问题,就是人体自身取得的这种细胞。

它的活力可否再借用“克隆”。

那种细胞让它激活,再回到它的原始状态,重新进行一次胚胎发育的这种过程。

第二种就是干细胞,我可以从你缺损的那个机制当中,取一个干细胞出来,或者取多少个干细胞出来。

这个干细胞,什么叫干细胞,sted cells,“树干”,干(gàn)不念干(gān),就是干细胞。

干细胞的最大特点,它是多功能的,全息性的。

只要在适当的条件下,它就可以有的分化,成为你的定向组织,这是目前极度要热烈研究的一个热点问题。

这个有两种干细胞,第一种叫机制干细胞,就是你原位组织部位取出来的干细胞。

另外一种干细胞,更全的话呢,它是一种组织胚胎中骨髓里面分离出来的,那么这种是自身的。

因此它不会产生这种排异反应。

但是,有道定向分化是目前这一个组织细胞当中,极度要解决的一个难题,它的培养,曾经有过这么一个实验。

美国的MIT的昂纳斯做这个皮肤,做了三十多年。

但是,他做的仅仅还是一个支架的皮肤,他没有一个活性。

他最后跟那个NASA合作,NASA是美国航空航天局的,他两个合作起来,构造了一个非常复杂的培养系统当中的那个培养液。

这个培养液从谁想到的呢?想到一个我们当初,每个人都生活过的那个环节,羊水这样一个状态,把羊水拿出来,再把这个表皮上面的表皮细胞,那个角质细胞装在一个支架材料上面,最后逐步分化,长成五层。

你们现在才知道,我们的表皮看上去很简单,它除了真皮层,外表背,五层。

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