术语的名词解释
政府常用术语名词解释
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电力方面各种专业术语的相关名词解释
电力方面各种专业术语的相关名词解释电力是一个广泛涉及多个领域的复杂系统，以下是一些电力方面的专业术语和相关名词的解释：1.电压（Voltage）：电势差或电位差，表示电场中单位正电荷移动的势能差。
电压的单位是伏特（V）。
2.电流（Current）：电荷在电路中流动的现象。
电流的单位是安培（A）。
3.电阻（Resistance）：物体对电流的阻碍作用。
电阻的单位是欧姆（Ω）。
4.电感（Inductance）：线圈对变化的电流产生的感应电动势的特性。
电感的单位是亨利（H）。
5.电容（Capacitance）：电容器储存电荷的能力。
电容的单位是法拉（F）。
6.频率（Frequency）：电信号、电磁波等重复变化的周期性物理量的单位，表示每秒重复变化的次数。
频率的单位是赫兹（Hz）。
7.相位（Phase）：表示电信号、电磁波等在某一特定时刻所处的状态，可以形象地表示为在一段时间内波形的位移。
8.交流电（AC）：方向和大小随时间变化的电流。
在日常生活和工业应用中广泛使用。
9.直流电（DC）：方向和大小不随时间变化的电流。
通常用于电池、电子设备等。
10.正弦波：正弦函数变化的波形，通常用于表示交流电信号。
11.三相交流电：由三个不同相位、频率和幅值的交流电流组成的电力系统，通常用于工业和家庭用电。
12.变压器：一种利用电磁感应原理改变交流电压大小的装置，通常用于升高或降低电力传输电压。
13.发电机：一种将其他形式的能源转化为电能的装置，通常用于水力、火力、风力等发电厂。
14.电动机：一种将电能转化为机械能的装置，通常用于驱动各种机械装置15.变电站：将高压输电线路中的电力转换为适合于各种用户电压等级的装置，通常包括变压器、断路器、隔离开关等设备。
16.输电线路：用于传输电能的线路，通常由架空导线或电缆组成，电压等级一般在几十到几百千伏之间。
17.配电线路：将电能从变电站传输到用户的线路，电压等级一般在几十到几百伏之间。
常用计算机专业术语名词解释大全
13、基带传输：是在线路中直接传送数字信号的电脉冲，是一种最简单的传输方式，适用于近距离通信的局域网。
14、串行通信：数据是逐位地在一条通信线上传输的，较之并行通信速度慢，传输距离远。
15、信宿：通信过程中接收和处理信息的设备或计算机。
16、信源：通信过程中产生和发送信息的设备或计算机。
30、 HDLC：高级数据链路控制规程，是面向比特的数据链路层协议，采用比特填充的首位标识法。
31、 虚电路服务：网络层向运输层提供的一种面向连接的，使所有分组序到达目的系统的可靠的数据传输服务。
32、 阻塞：到达通信子网中某一部分的分组数量过多，使得该部分网络来不及处理，以至引起这部分及至整个网络性能下降的现象。
26、 BSC：面向字符的同步控制协议，又称二进制同步通信，采用字符填充的首尾定界法，属于数据链路层协议。
27、 信息帧：又叫I帧，用于传送有效信息和数据。
28、 控制帧：又叫S帧，用于差错控制和流量控制。
29、 无编号帧：又叫U帧，用于提供链路的建立、拆除以及多种控制功能。
13、 X系列接口标准：是适用公共数据网的宅内电路终接设备和数据终端设备之间的接口，它制定较晚，是一种比较简单的接口。
14、 100系列接口标准：是DTE与不带自动呼叫设备的DCE（如调制解调器）之间的接口。
15、 200系列接口标准：是DTE与带自动呼叫设备的DCE（如网络控制器）之间的接口。
二 3DS或3D Studio
3DS或3D Studio: Three Dimension Studio,三维摄影室。是美国Autodesk公司推出的一套多功能三维动画软件，集实体造型、静态着色和动画创作于一体，极大地普及了三维造型技术。它能够与AutoCAD进行图形信息交换，利用扫描仪输入图形，通过VGA与电视转换接口将动画输出至电视或录像带。
电力基本术语400个名词解释
电力基本术语名词解释4001电力系统发电、输电及配电的所有装置和设备的组合。
2电力网输电、配电的各种装置和设备、变电所、电力线路或电缆的组合3交流系统由交流电压供电的系统。
4直流系统由直流电压供电的系统。
5工频交流系统的标称频率值。
6发电将其他形式的能转换成电能的过程。
7变流、换流改变电流、电压的形式和频率。
8变电通过电力变压器的电能传递。
9输电从发电站向用电地区输送电能。
10配电在一个用电区域内向用户供电11（电力系统的）互联在电力系统之间，通过线路和（或）变流、变电等设备的连接进行电能交换。
12互联系统几个电力系统通过互联线路连接起来的系统。
13异步连接以不同频率运行的交流系统之间的连接。
14短路容量在系统一点上的短路电流与约定电压（通常指运行电压）之乘积。
15系统负荷1）在系统内产生、输送或分配的有功、无功或视在功率。
2）根据用户的特点和性质，例如热力负荷、日无功负荷等划分的一组用户所需的功率。
16尖峰负荷在给定的期间内（例如一天、一个月、一年）的负荷最大值。
17负荷曲线作为时间函数的负荷变化曲线。
18负荷持续时间曲线表示在规定的时间间隔内，负荷等于或超过给定值的持续时间的曲线。
19有功电能可以转换为某些其他形式能的电能。
20无功电能在交流系统内，与电气系统和其所接设备的运行有关的不同电场和磁场之间连续交换的固定电能。
21系统标称电压用以标志或识别系统电压的给定值。
22（系统）运行电压在正常情况下，系统的指定点在指定时刻的电压值。
23系统最高电压在系统正常运行的任何时间，系统中任何一点上所出现的最高运行电压值。
24系统最低电压在系统正常运行的任何时间，系统中任何一点上所出现的最低运行电压值。
注：瞬态过电压（例如由开头操作引起的）及不正常的暂态电压变化均不在内。
25电压等级在电力系统中使用的标称电压值。
26低压通常低于交流电力系统中1000V及其以下的电压等级。
27高压通常高于交流1000V的电压等级。
管理学术语翻译及名词解释
操作者(Operatives) 效率Efficiency (Means) 效果Effectiveness (Ends)管理职能(Management functions) 管理者角色（Management roles）专业技能(technical skills) 人际技能(human skills) 概念技能(conceptual skills) 古典管理理论 (Classical Management Theories）科学管理理论（Scientific Management）行为管理理论(Behavior Management Theories）现代管理理论(Modern Management Theories）一般行政管理理论（组织管理理论）(General Administrative Theories)定量管理学派（Quantitative Management）系统方法（The Systems Approach）权变方法（The Contingency Approach）——也称“情境方法”开发方案(Developing Alternatives ) 程序化决策（programmed Decisions）非程序化决策（ Non－programmed Decisions）组织层次(organizational level)组织生命周期(life-cycle) 环境不确定性程度(environment uncertainty)未来许诺期限(commitments) 资源（resource）：指组织的资产能力（capabilities）:开展企业活动所需要的技能核心竞争力（core competencies):指公司创造价值的主要能力和技能。
Vertical & Lateral Communication（垂直与水平沟通）Formal &Informal Communication(正式与非正式沟通）One-way &two-ways Communication （单向与双向沟通）Verbal &Nonverbal Communication （言语与非言语沟通）职能型结构（functional structure）分部型结构(divisional structure)复杂化（complexity）正规化（formalization）集权化（centralization）职能部门化（functional departmentalization）产品部门化（product departmentalization）地区部门化（geographical departmentalization）过程部门化（process departmentalization）顾客部门化（customer departmentalization）SOURCES（招聘渠道） DERECRUITMENT(解聘）解雇（Firing）临时解雇（Layoffs）绩效模拟测试（Performancesumulationtest）培训(Training)激励（motivation）激励过程（motivation process）Equity Theory （公平理论） Reinforcement Theory(强化理论）需要层次理论(Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs )X理论和Y理论(McGregor’s Theory“X” &TheoryY“Y”)激励—保健理论(Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene)赫茨伯格的激励—保健理论（Motivation－hygiene theory）当代激励理论（Modern Motivation Theory）组织设计organization design期望理论(Expectancy Theory) 挫折理论（Setback Theory）特质理论Trait Theory 行为理论(Behavioral Theories)领导的二维理论(Biaxial theories) 管理方格理论(Managerial grid)关怀维度(Consideration) 成就需要（need for Acheievement）权力需要（need for power）归属需要（need for affiliation)定规维度(Initiating Structure) 权变理论(Contingency Theories)菲德勒的权变模型(Contingency Model 路径-目标理论(Path-goal Theory)战略管理（定义）The set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of an organization管理者为制定组织战略而做的工作。
计算机专业术语名词解释
项目一1、计算机网络：是指利用通信设备和通信线路将地理位置分散的自主计算机地连在一起，在相应软件（包括网络操作系统、网络数据库、网络协议、网络通信、网络管理和应用软件）的支持下，实现数据通信和资源共享的系统。
2、协议：指两个主机间通信时对传送信息内容的理解，信息表示形式以及各种情况下信号都必须遵守一个共同的协定。
3、体系结构：在ARPA网中，将协议按功能分成了若干层次，如何分层以及各层中具体采用的协议系统。
4、通信协议：计算机网络中，数据处理主要由计算机系统来完成，数据传输则要依靠数据通信系统来完成，而数据通信系统在数据处理和数据传输中应该遵循的各种规程和标准就是网络系统要实现的通信协议。
5、Internet:是世界上规模最大、覆盖面最广、信息资源最丰富、用户最多、影响最广的计算机互联网络，是一个将全世界不同国家、不同地区、不同部门和机构不同类型的计算机和各种计算机网络（国家主干网、广域网、城域网和局域网等）连接在一起形成的全球性网络，也称为国际互联网或因特网。
6、www:万维网是全球信息网World Wide Web的缩写，也称Web或3W，是由欧洲量子物理实验室的英国工程师Lee在1989年率先提出的。
www采用客户机/服务器C/S(Client/Server)工作模式，是Internet上最受欢迎的一种多媒体信息服务系统中，最大的特点是超链接，以超文本标记语言HTML与超文本传输协议HTTP为基础，为用户提供界面一致的信息浏览系统。
7、HTML:超文本标记语言是用于建立超文本/超媒体文档的标记语言，对网页的内容、格式及连接进行描述，而浏览器的作用就是读取WWW站点上的HTML文档，再根据此类文档中的描述组织并显示相应的网页。
8、HTTP:超文本传输协议是WWW客户机与WWW服务器之间的应用层传输协议，是最经常使用的协议之一。
9、URL:用于维持页面到页面的链接信息。
10、SMTP:简单邮件传输协议，用于用户向邮件服务器发送邮件，向用户提供高效、可靠的邮件传输。
名词解释
名词解释1．买单结汇：又称出口押汇或议付，是指议付行在审核单据后确认受益人所交单据符合信用证条款规定的情况下，按信用证的条款买入受益人的汇票和/或单据，按照票面金额扣除从议付日到估计到票款之日的利息，将净数按议付日人民币市场汇价折算成人民币付给信用证的受益人。
2．贸易术语：又称贸易条件、价格术语，价格的构成及有关风险和责任的划分，交货地点（最核心的问题）3．CIF舱底交货，是指买方负担将货物从舱底吊卸到码头的费用4．中性包装；是指商品上和内外包装上不注明生产国别的包装定牌中性：只买方要求在我出口商品和/或包装上使用买方指定的商标或牌名的做法无牌中性：只买方要求在我出口商品和/或包装上免除任何商标或牌名的做法5．什么叫FIO:船方装和卸都不管即船方既不负担装货费，也不负担卸货费6．什么叫ST：理舱平舱FIOST：船方不管装卸，理舱平舱7．滞期费(定程租船)：在规定的装卸期限内，租船人未能完成装卸作业，弥补船方的损失，对超过的时间租船人应向船方支付一定的罚款8．速谴费(定程租船)：租船人在规定的装卸期限内，提前完成装卸作业，则所节省的时间船方要向租船人支付一定的奖金9．仓至仓条款（CIF才有）：即保险公司的责任自被保险货物离保险单所载明的起运地仓库或存储处所开始运输时生效，包括正常运输过程中的海上，陆上，内河和驳船运输在内，直至该项货物到达保险单所载明目的地的收货人的最后仓库或储存处所或被保险人用作分配、分派或非正常运输的其他储存处所为止。
10凭信托收据借单：又称进口押汇，在托收业务中，是代收银行给予进口人凭信托收据提货便利的一种向进口人融通资金的方式10．信用证：又称信用状，是出证人以自身名义开立的一种信用文件，就广义而言，它是指由银行或其他人应客户请求作出的一项书面保证，按此保证，出证人承诺在符合信用证所规定的条件下，兑付汇票或偿付其他付款要求。
11．议付与付款的概念？？信用证付款的特点是终局的，没有追索权，议付的特点有追索权12．发盘邀请:又称发价，在法律上称为“要约”，是买方或卖方向对方提出各项交易条件，并愿意按照这些条件达成交易、订立合同的一种肯定表示？13．空白背书空白抬头：又称略式背书或不记名背书，是指背书人只在票据背面签名，不指定被背书人，即不写明受让人14．国际贸易惯例：简答题1．FOB条件下买卖双方的义务：（一）卖方义务（二）买方义务１装船后通知买方１按约定支付货款２办理货物出口手续2租船订舱支付运费３负担越过船舷之前的风险3办理进口手续４提供已装船的通常单据４负担越过船舷之后的风险5收取货物接受单据2．为什么CIF是装运合同不是到岸价？交货地点：出口国；运输风险：买方；交货方式：象征性交货；运费负担：卖方负担正常运费3．国际多式联运的含义及应具备的条件国际多式联运是在集装箱运输的基础上产生和发展起来的一种综合性的连贯运输方式条件：1必须有一个多式运输合同，2一份包括全程的多式联运单据，3至少有两种不同的运输方式，4国际间的货物运输，5由一个多式运输经营人对全程运输负总责，6全程单一的运费费率4．信用证的特点、作用和风险（一）特点1 开证行承担第一性付款责任2 信用证是一项自足文件3 信用证是单据买卖，银行不管货物（二）作用1 对出口商的作用（1）保证凭单取得货款（2）资金融通♦打包贷款♦议付5.商检证书的作用:1作为交货的品质、数量、包装的依据2索赔的依据3交单结算货款的单据4通关的有效依据6．修改信用证修改信用证应征得所以当事人同意修改通知发出生效不得撤回对修改通知的接受或拒绝应表示出来对同一修改或全部接受或全部拒绝计算题1．出口换汇成本=出口总成本（人民币）/ 出口销售外汇净收入（美圆）2．出口盈亏率=（出口销售人民币净收入－出口总成本）/出口总成本了解1．交易磋商的内容：（1）主要交易条件：品质，数量，包装，价格，交货，支付（2）一般交易条件：检验，索赔，不可抗力，仲裁2．交易磋商的程序：（1）询盘（询价）（2）发盘（3）还盘（4）接受。
专业术语名词解释
专业术语名词解释1.放样：对设计院所供应图纸的结构、尺寸、位置关系（切角等）运用软件或三角函数进行校对，绘制出适合本厂加工的零件图2.下料：依据零件加工明细表、工艺卡片和配料表的要求，将型材切割成所需外形及尺寸的工艺过程。
3.压印：依据零件加工明细表和工艺卡将产品零件编号用钢字码压制到相应部位的工艺过程。
4.制孔：用机械设备在铁塔构件上制出符合标准的孔，可分为冲孔、钻孔和扩孔等制孔方法。
5.割插板槽：将钢管两端或中间割口的工艺。
6.割相贯线：为满意钢管与钢管或板的对接，将钢管的端头割斜截线的工艺。
7. 反变形：分析焊件施焊后可能产生变形的方向和大小，在焊接前应使被焊件发生大小相同、方向相反的变形，以抵消或补偿焊后发生的变形，以达到防止焊后变形的目的。
8.组对、拼装：依据规定的精度和技术要求，将零件连接或固定在一起使之成为部件的过程。
9.焊接：分为熔化焊、非熔化焊两种。
熔化焊是指用电能或可燃物质的化学能熔化不同或同一种物体，实现不同物体的连接或同一物体性能转变的一种热加工方法。
10.开角：把角钢两肢夹角加工成大于90°的过程。
11.合角：把角钢两肢夹角加工成小于90°的过程。
12.试组装：为检验构件或铁塔是否满意设计及安装质量要求进行的组装。
13.制弯：把角钢或板进行弯曲处理的工艺。
分冷曲和热曲，热曲又称之为火曲。
14.切角：指按要求将角钢上的一部分切去，以解决该角钢与其它构件的碰撞问题。
切角方式包括：切小角、切大角、切肢。
a)切小角是指按要求将角钢端头一个肢边切去一个三角形。
b)切大角也称切筋，是指按要求将角钢端头一个肢边靠楞部分切去一个三角形，同时也将角钢楞和另一肢边切去一部分。
c)切肢是指按要求将角钢的一个面切去一部分。
15.打扁：指将角钢的一肢边合到另一肢边的变形加工。
16.铲背：去除角钢外楞直角的工艺，又叫铲棱。
17.刨根：去除角钢内圆弧变为直角的工艺，又叫铲心或去弧。
语言学概论名词解释
语言学概论名词解释（一）1、【语言学】语言学是把语言作为研究对象的科学，是关于语言的理论知识。
+语言学是抽象应用性学科，语言学为语文教学服务，语言学为国家语文政策服务，语言学促进现代化建设2、【具体语言学】以某一种或一些具体语言为研究对象的语言学叫做具体语言学+具体语言学都是研究有关个别语言（或语系、语族）的特殊规律的。
3、【理论语言学】把具体语言研究的成果总结起来，找出语言的一般规律的学科是理论语言学（或普通语言学）。
+它在具体语言研究的基础上总结出一般规律，再用来指导具体语言的研究，理论语言学提供语言学的基本概念、有关语言的一般理论、模式和研究方法，通常包括语言结构的分析和描写的种种原则。
它的内容应该适用于所有或多数语言。
4、【历时语言学】也叫历史语言学，研究语言在不同阶段的历史演变，研究它的语音、语义或词汇、语法等从古到今的发展。
5、【共时语言学】也叫断代语言学，它研究某一时期的具体语言的结构状况。
6、【应用语言学】应用语言学是应用语言学成果于各种有关语言文字实际运用的学科。
+它包括语言教学、机器翻译、人机对话、情报检索、人工智能、词典编纂、文学创作技巧、失语症治疗等有关语言文字运用的研究。
7、【各种类型的语言学】研究语法构造的叫语法学；研究词汇的叫做词汇学；研究语音的语音学；研究语义的叫语义学；研究如何加强语言表现力的是修辞学；研究文字的是文字学。
8、【社会语言学】社会语言学是语言学同其他社会科学相交的边缘学科，建立于20世纪60年代。
+社会语言学的根本目的是要研究人们使用着的活生生的语言是什么样子，随哪些因素而起变化，有什么规律，因此它的研究课题十分广泛，另一方面，还可以研究社会现象及其发展过程在语言中的反映。
9、【心理语言学】心理语言学是语言学和心理学相交的边缘学科，20世纪50年代既已建立。
+心理语言学的研究内容主要是：语言的习得，语言的发生，语言的理解，语言与思维、智力的关系等。
专业术语名词解释
PPT文档演模板
专业术语名词解释
18. MI: Manufacture Instruction (制作指示)
19. ECN: Engineering Change Notice (工程更改通知)
20. MOR：Marketing Order Release OC : Order Confirmation (定单)
盲孔：从一个表面开始，在内层结束，未贯
l
e
穿整板的孔。
埋孔：不经过两外表面，只在某些内层中贯
穿的孔。
盲孔
PPT文档演模板
埋孔
专业术语名词解释
18. HDI
High Density Interconnection :
高密度互联 ----特点：一般线宽/线间小于3mil/3mil
导通孔小于8mil, microvia 一般
23. ISO --International Standards Organization 国 际标准化组织
24. On hold and Release :暂停和释放
25. SPEC : specification 客户规格书
26. WIP: Work in process 正在生产线上生产的 产品
这些也是SMT pad
PPT文档演模板
专业术语名词解释
4. BGA/CSP:
BGA---Ball Grid Array
BGA/CSP
CSP--- Chip Scale package
说明：
它们都是一种封装技术。 在PCB上都表现为一 VIA孔联了一个焊接 PAD。
BGA Pad Line
Via Hole
21. IPC --- The Institute for Interconnecting and packaging Electronic Circuits (美国电子电路互连与封装协会)
专业术语名词解释
专业术语名词解释单线态氧1、单线态氧个π2p*轨道中两个自旋平行的电子，既可以同时占据一个π2p*轨道，自旋相反，也可以分别占据两个π2p*轨道，自旋相反。
两种激发态，S=0，2S+1=1即他们的自旋多重性均为1，是单重态（分别用1Δg和1Σg+表示）。
因此，激发态氧分子又成为单线态氧1O2。
2寿命1ΔgO2：106s~105s1Σg+O2：109s1ΔgO2>>1Σg+O2,因此通常说的单线态氧就是1Δg。
单线态氧的寿命与其所处环境密切相关，在气体环境室温下，可达到1小时以上（有报道为72 分钟），而在溶液中，其寿命仅为微秒甚至纳秒级。
3制备基态氧分子吸收光直接产生1O2是不可能的，跃迁高度禁阻。
可以通过光敏化法、微波放电法和化学方法得到。
1.光敏化法就是在光敏化剂作用下对基态氧进行辐照。
常用的光敏化剂是一种荧光性染料（如荧光黄、亚甲基蓝、叶绿素等），可表示为：敏化剂----hv--->敏化剂T1敏化剂T1+O2(基)----能量传递--->敏化剂+1O22.化学反应制备：H2O2+ClO- ----EtOH--->1O2+H20+Cl-1.主要是1,2-、1,3-及1,4-烯烃的加成：R2C=CR`2+1O2----->---hv或△--->R2CO+R`2CO用（包括好的和坏的）。
例如，在染料光敏化氧化条件下，各种生物成分（蛋白质、氨基酸、核酸等）很容易与氧反应而使有机体损坏，如在动物和人体中会引起蛋白质光氧化疾病等。
活性氧是指化学性质活跃的含氧原子或原子团,如超氧自由基(·O2-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、羟自由基(·OH)等等.活性氧可使类脂中的不饱和脂肪酸发生过氧化反应,破坏细胞膜的结构所谓的活性氧,概括地说,是指机体内或者自然环境中由氧组成,含氧并且性质活泼的物质的总称:主要有一种激发态的氧分子,即一重态氧分子或称单线态氧分子(1O2).:最主要的有二种含氧的自由基,即超氧阴离子(O2·-)和羟自由基(·OH).芴芴是一种有机物，用于制医药（制造抗痉挛药、镇静药，镇痛药，降血压药）、染料（代替蒽醌合成阴丹士林染料）；合成杀虫剂、除草剂；制抗冲击有机玻璃和芴醛树脂；用作湿润剂、洗涤剂、液体闪光剂、消毒剂等。
名词解释
4．不可抗力：是指在买卖合同签订以后，不是由于订约者任何一方当事人的过失或疏忽，而是由于发生了当事人既不能预见又无法避免、无法预防和无法控制的意外事故，以致不能或不能按期履约，遭受意外事故的一方当事人依据法律或合同规定，可以延期履行或解除履行合同而免负损害赔偿责任。
2．贸易术语是在长期的国际贸易实践中产生的，它是用来表示商品的价格构成，说明交货地点，确定风险、责任、费用划分等问题的专门用语。
3．不可抗力是指买卖合同签定以后，不是由于合同当事人一方的过失或疏忽，而是由于发生了合同当事人无法预见、无法预防、无法避免和无法控制的事件，以致不能履行或不能如期履行合同，发生意外事故的一方可以免除履行合同的责任或推迟履行合同。因此，不可抗力是一项免责条款。
1、品质机动幅度——某些初级产品的质量不稳定，为了便于交易顺利进行，在规定其品质指标的同时，可另订一定的品质机动幅度，允许卖方所交的货物的品质指标在一定幅度内有灵活性。
2、中性包装——为了打破某些国家或地区的歧视和限制以及适应转口销售的需要，是出口国家厂商扩大出口的一种促进销售的手段。是指既不标明生产国别、地名和厂商名称，也不标明商标或品牌的包装。
4．自然灾害是仅指恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、火山爆发、洪水等人力不可抗拒的灾害。
5．仲裁是指买卖双方签订仲裁协议，自愿把他们之间的争议交给双方同意的第三者进行裁决，裁决对双方都有约束力，双方必须依照执行。
1．海运提单是指由船长或船公司或其代理人签发的，证明已收到特定货物，允诺将货物运至特定目的地，并交付给收货人的凭证。
1．贸易术语或称为价格条件，是用一个简短的概念或外文缩写来表明商品的价格构成，买卖双方各自负担的责任、费用和风险以及货物所有权转移的界限。
英语词汇术语 名词解释
第二部分名词解释1.English lexicologyEnglish Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the vocabulary of the English language in respect to words and word equivalents.2.w ordA word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.3.vocabularyAll the words in a language together constitute what is known as its vocabulary.4.native wordsWords of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are called native words.5.loan wordsWords borrowed from other languages are called loan words. They are also called foreign words and borrowed words.mon wordsCommon words are also called popular words. They are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. Common words are neutral in style.7.literary wordsLiterary words are words chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. Literary words are formal in style.8.archaic wordsArchaic words are words no longer in common use, although retained for special purpose.9.poetical wordsPoetical words are words that are traditionally used only in poetry.10.colloquial wordsColloquial words are words or expressions mainly used in spoken English and informal writings.11.slang wordsSlang words are language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.12.technical wordsTechnical words are words used in various special fields.13.function wordsFunction words are usually short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries and so forth, which serve grammatically than anything else.14.content wordsContent words are words which are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.15.basic word stockThe basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. These words have four obvious characteristics: national character, stability, word-forming ability and ability to form collocations. They are words which are most frequently used and which are essential to the construction of sentences and to life.16.neologismNeologisms are new words or new meanings for established words.17.obsolete wordsObsolete words are words completely out of current use.18.morphemeThe morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.19.allomorphAn allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.20.free morphemeA free morpheme is one which can be uttered alone with meaning. It can exist on its ownwithout a bound morpheme. A free morpheme is a word, in the traditional sense.21.bound morphemeA bound morpheme is one which cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appearwith at least one other morpheme, free or bound.22.rootA root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning ofthe word.23.free rootFree roots are free morphemes. They belong to the basic word-stock and provide the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.24.bound rootBound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. They were once words, yet in Modern English they are not words. They cannot exit on their own. Nor can they be used to form new words.25.affixAffix is a “collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.” They are considered bound morphemes.26.inflectional affixAffixes attached to the end of words to indicate such grammatical relationships as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree are inflectional affixes.27.derivational affixDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.28.prefixIn derivation, the affix added before the base is called prefix.29.suffixIn derivation, the affix added after the base is called suffix.30.hybridA hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different languages.31.simple wordA simple word is a word consisting of one free root (or one morpheme).32.word-formation rulesWord-formation rules are the rules which define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.33.stemA stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have beenremoved.34.baseA base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added; it may also be defined as “aform to which a rule of word-formation is applied”.poundingCompounding or composition is a word formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new word.36. compoundWords formed through compounding are called compounds.36.string compoundWhen the first element of a noun compound is itself a compound, such a compound is called a string compound.37.derivationDerivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form to an already existing word.bining formA combining form is a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek,but which now occurs only in derivatives.39.prefixationPrefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.40. suffixationSuffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.41. differentiating suffixesDifferentiating suffixes are those suffixes which convey subtle nuances of meaning.42. conversionConversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.43. functional shiftSince in conversion the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, conversion is called by some linguists “functional shift”.44. derivation by zero suffixSince the relationship between a base of one word-class and a corresponding derived word of another by suffixation is parallel to a shift of the same base from one word-class to another without suffixation, conversion is called by some linguists “derivation by zero suffix”.45. partial conversionSome adjectives are used as nouns when preceded by the definite article, yet these converted nouns take on only some of the features of the noun. Therefore, such adjective noun conversion is partial conversion.46. acronymyAcronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.47. initialismInitialism is a type of shortening, using the first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.48. acronymAcronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms are pronounced as words.49. clippingClipping is a process of forming new words by the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.50. blendingBlending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.51. portmanteau wordThe result of blending is called a blend, or portmanteau word.52. back-formationBack-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.53. reduplicationReduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1) of one word; (2) of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels;(3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.54. words from proper namesThey refer to words which come from such proper nouns as names of people, names of places, names of books and trade names.55. neoclassical formationNeoclassical formation denotes the process by which new words are formed from elementsderived from Latin and Greek.56. conventionalityMost English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense. There is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other. Such a relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meaning is called conventionality.57. motivationMotivation refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense.58. phonetic motivationIn modern English, some words have sounds that suggest their meaning, for these words were created by imitating natural sounds or noise. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. Such a kind of connection between the word symbol and its sense is called phonetic motivation.59. morphological motivationCompounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of some are the sum of the morphemes combined. If one knows the meaning of each morpheme, one can figure out the meaning of the word. Such a kind of connection between the word symbol and its sense is called morphological motivation.60. semantic motivationSemantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and the figurative sense of the word.61. echoic word/onomatopoeic wordWords motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.62. grammatical meaningGrammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as word-class, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.63. inflectional paradigmWhen used in actual speech, words appear in different forms. The set of grammatical forms of a words is called its inflectional paradigm.64. lexical meaningLexical meaning is the notion that the word conveys. It is constant in all the content wordswithin or without context.65. denotative meaningDenotative meaning is sometimes called the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all speakers of the same language.66. connotative meaningConnotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one‟s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning ofa word.67. social or stylistic meaningSocial meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.68. affective meaningAffective meaning indicates the speaker‟s feeling and attitudes towards the person or thing in question.69. purr wordsPurr words are those used not as a mere statement of fact, but to express the speaker‟s approval of the person or thing he is talking about.70. snarl wordsSnarl words are those words which always show disapproval or contempt on the part of the speaker.71. componential analysisComponential analysis is the process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components.72. semantic features/sense componentsThe analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features or sense components.73. polysemyPolysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. There are words that have two or three senses, and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred.However, when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings, the result is polysemy.74. primary meaningFrom the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaning is the primary meaning.75. central meaningSynchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The central meaning of a word can be considered the most frequently occurring meaning.76. radiationRadiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.77. concatenationConcatenation, meaning “linking together”, is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.78. homonymyHomonymy is the linguistic phenomenon that pairs or groups of words, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.79. homonymHomonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning, but are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.80. perfect homonymPerfect homonyms are words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning.81. homophoneWords identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.82. homographHomographs are words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning.83. synonymySynonymy is the semantic relation of similarity.84. synonymA synonym can be defined as one of two or more words in the English language which havethe same or very nearly the same essential meaning.85. complete synonymComplete synonyms, also known as absolute synonyms , are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual, associative meanings, etc.. Synonyms of this type are interchangeable in every way.86. relative synonymRelative synonyms, or more accurately quasi-synonymous words, are words similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality, or differences in affective meaning, in stylistic meaning or in collocation and distribution.87. the double scale pattern of synonymsThere are in English countless pairs of synonyms in which a native term exists side by side with the one borrowed from French, Latin, or Greek. This is called the double scale pattern of synonyms.88. the triple scale pattern of synonymsThe triple scale pattern of synonyms refers to a group of synonyms in which native, French and Latin or Greek words co-exist.89. antonymyAntonymy is the semantic relation of oppositeness.90. antonymAntonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.91. contrariesContraries or contrary terms are antonyms which can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved. Antonyms of this kind form part of scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.92. complementariesComplementaries or contradictories are antonyms which represent a type of binary semantic opposition. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other. Another distinctive feature of this category is that such antonyms are non-gradable.93. conversivesConversives, also called relative terms, consist of relational opposites. The pairs of antonyms indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. This type also includes reverse terms, which comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse thequality, action or state of the other.94. root antonymsAntonyms with different roots are called root antonyms.95. derivational antonymsDerivational antonyms are words with the same roots having negative affixes.96. marked member in an antonymous pairIn some antonymous pairs, one member is used more widely and can frequently be used to subsume the other but not vise versa. This member always carries a certain implication of distinctiveness. It is called the marked member.97. unmarked member in an antonymous pairIn some antonymous pairs, one member is used less frequently and is subsumed by the other.This member carries no particular implication. It is called the unmarked member.98. hyponymyHyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.99. hyponym/subordianteWhen two words have the relationship of semantic inclusion, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word. This specific word is known as hyponym or subordiante .100. superordiante term/upper termWhen two words have the relationship of semantic inclusion, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word. This general word is known as superordiante term or upper term.101. semantic fieldAccording to Jost Trier, the whole vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized meaning areas. These meaning areas are called semantic fields. Words in each field are semantically related and define one another.102. contextContext is used in different senses. In its narrowest sense, context refers to the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. In a broad sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.103. linguistic contextThe lexical , grammatical, and verbal context in its broad sense are called linguistic context.104. lexical contextLexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words.105. grammatical contextIn some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word is influenced by the syntactic structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context.106. verbal context in its broad senseThe entire passage, or even the entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting in which a word occurs is called the verbal context of the word in its broad sense.107. extra-linguistic context/context of situationIt refers to the actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs and the entire cultural background against which a word or an utterance or a speech event has to be set.108. ambiguityAmbiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.109. lexical ambiguityLexical ambiguity is the ambiguity of meaning due to polysemy.110. structural ambiguityStructural ambiguity is the ambiguity of meaning arising from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.111. historical cause of semantic changeIt often happens that though a word retains its original form, its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed. This is the historical cause of semantic change.112. social cause of semantic changeChange in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic change.113. linguistic cause of semantic changeThe change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system. One type such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole, e.g. gold is used for …gold medal”. The other type of such change occurs when new meanings developed in one part of speech are passed on to other parts of speech from the same lexical base.114. psychological cause of semantic changeThis is the change of word meaning owing to various psychological motives: love, respect, courtesy suspicion, pessimism, sarcasm, irony, contempt, hatred, etc. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are due to psychological factors.115. euphemismPeople have a tendency to use mild, agreeable language when speaking of an unpleasant or embarrassing fact (such as death, disease, unfortunate events or crime), and of taboo subjects as sex and the excretive processes of the body. These mild, agreeable languages are euphemisms.116. grandiloquenceGrandiloquence refers to the use of long, important-sounding words for effect.117. cynicismCynicism is the desire to sneer and to be sarcastic.118. restriction of meaning/specializationRestriction of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the subjects it had previously denoted.119. extension of meaning/generalizationExtension of meaning means the widening of a word‟s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.120. degeneration of meaning/pejorationDegeneration of meaning is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.121. elevation of meaning/ ameliorationElevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance, or a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time.122. metaphorMetaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning.123. idiomAn idiom may be defined as a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.124. phrase idiomPhrase idioms are those idioms which have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word, and which correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable ofa given syntactic function.125. clause idiomClause idioms are those idioms containing a verb and an object and/or a complement.126. sentence idiomProverbs and typical conversational expressions are called sentence idioms.127. AmericanismA word, phrase, or usage originating in or peculiar to American English is calledAmericanism.128. big wordsBig words are “high-sounding, mouth-filling” words, or words seeming important oradmirable but often having no meaning.129. prescriptive dictionaryA prescriptive dictionary is one regarded as the norm of spelling, meaning, and usage ofEnglish words.130. descriptive dictionaryA descriptive dictionary is one which registers the language and bases standard of correctnesson usage.131. monolingual dictionariesMonolingual dictionaries are written in one language, that is, the headwords or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language. The monolingual dictionary is rather a late development because the earliest dictionaries were all bilingual.132. bilingual dictionariesBilingual dictionaries are the ones compiled in two languages.133. linguistic dictionariesLinguistic dictionaries aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language.They usually cover such areas as spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical function, usage and etymology, etc. These dictionaries can be monolingual and bilingual.134. encyclopedic dictionariesAn encyclopedia is not concerned with the language purpose but provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword. There the reader cannot find pronunciation or meanings or usages but other information. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristicsof both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedia. In such dictionaries one can find the general information as in a linguistic dictionary and limited encyclopedic information as well.135 unabridged dictionariesAn unabridged dictionaries is an unshortened dictionary. Theoretically, it is a complete record of all the words in use. But such a dictionary is the most complete description of words available to us. It provides a great quantity of basic information about a word. It should be large in scope and size, containing at least 200,000 headwords.136. desk dictionariesDesk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.As they are dictionaries that one finds most used on desks, they are called desk dictionaries.137. pocket dictionariesPocket dictionaries have about 50, 000 entries or fewer. Such a dictionary provides only the spelling and pronunciation of each word with a few most common meanings. They contain only a few or no examples. Their advantages are being inexpensive and easy to carry.138. specialized dictionariesSpecial dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can find in a general unabridged one.139. etymologyThe branch of linguistics that deals with the origin and historical development of a linguistic form as shown by determining its basic elements, earliest known use, and changes in form and meaning, tracing its transmission from one language to another, identifying its cognates in other languages, and reconstructing its ancestral form where possible.140. synchronic dictionariesSynchronic dictionaries describe the vocabulary of a certain period or at a certain period or at a certain stage of the development of the language, providing the form, meaning, usage, etc. of the words of the period.141. diachronic dictionariesDiachronic dictionaries show how the form, meaning, usage, etc. of words have developed throughout the history of the language.142. ideological dictionariesIdeological dictionaries are the ones which deal with ideas or concepts, not with words as such. Words expressing related ideas are grouped under separate heads which are in turn grouped into subclasses and classes. Taken together, a system is formed into which, theoretically, a word can be included and related to a number of other words.。
名词解释
1.术语和名词解释（1）（A）暂时硬度：由于钙，镁重碳酸盐的存在而形成水的硬度叫做暂时硬度。
（B）永久硬度：由溶于水的钙，镁等氧化物，氯化物，硝酸盐或硫酸盐的存在而形成的水硬度叫做永久硬度，又叫做非碳酸盐硬度.（2）（A）软水：指不含或含较少可溶性钙，镁化合物的水。
（B）硬水：指含有溶解的矿物质成分的水。
（3）ppm：用溶质质量占全部溶液质量的百分比来表示的浓度，也称为百万分比浓度。
（4）CMC值：使水的表面张力达到最低值所对应的表面活性剂的最低浓度就叫做表面活性剂的“临界胶束浓度”，也叫做“临界胶团浓度”，通常以CMC表达。
（5）HLB值：表面活性剂为具有亲水基团和亲油基团的两亲分子，表面活性剂分子中亲水基和亲油基之间的大小和力量平衡程度的量，定义为表面活性剂的亲水亲油平衡值。
（6）浊点：由于溶解度的丧失会使溶液由澄清状态变为浑浊状态，使非离子表面活性剂水溶液性能发生突变的温度称为“浊点”，是该类表面活性剂使用温度的上限。
（7）Krafft点：当温度升高至某一温度时，离子型表面活性剂在水中的溶解度急剧升高，该温度称为Krafft点（8）BOD值：生物化学需氧量，定义为在有氧条件下，好氧微生物氧化分解单位体积中有机物所消耗游离氧的数量。
越大，污染越严重。
（9）COD值：化学需氧量，在一定条件下，用强氧化剂处理水样时所消耗的氧化剂的量。
越大，污染越严重。
（10）（A）乳化：一种液体以微小的液滴分散在另一种与其不相溶的液体中。
（B）分散：一种固体以微小的颗粒分散在一种液体中。
（11）轧余率：（浸轧后织物重-浸轧前织物重）/浸轧前织物重╳100%（12）表面张力：由于液体表面分子与液体内部分子受力情况不同而产生的与液面相切、使液面收缩的力就是液体的表面张力。
（13）表面自由能：恒温恒压条件下增加单位表面积所引起体系自由能的增加量，叫做比表面自由能，简称表面自由能。
第十十一章（1）（A）缩水：在洗涤条件下湿处理时，纺织品的纵向和横向尺寸发生变化而造成面积有较明显的收缩，这种现象叫缩水。
电力方面各种专业术语的相关名词解释
1、电阻接地系统：系统中至少有一根导线或一点经过电阻接地。
2、少雷区：平均年雷暴日不超过15日的地区。
3、中雷区：平均年雷暴日超过15日但不超过40日的地区。
4、多雷区：平均年雷暴日超过40日但不超过90日的地区。
5、雷电活动特殊强列地区：平均年雷暴日超过90日的地区及根据运行经验雷害特殊严重的地区。
6、瓷、玻璃绝缘子的劣化：在施工或运行中由于自然老化及产品质量等原因造成绝缘子机电性能下降，玻璃绝缘子自爆等。
7、低（零）值绝缘子：在运行线路中500kV线路电压等级用的绝缘子表面干燥时的绝缘电阻低于500MΩ和运行中500kV线路电压等级以下的绝缘子绝缘电阻低于300MΩ的为低、零值绝缘子。
8、带电作业所要求的绝缘水平：工作位置所需要，为减少绝缘击穿危险而提出的一个可接受的低水平统计冲击耐受电压。
9、自恢复绝缘：是指在施加电压而引起破坏性放电后能完全恢复其绝缘性能的绝缘。
10、非自恢复绝缘：是指在施加电压而引起破坏性放电后即丧失或不能完全恢复其绝缘性能的绝缘。
11、统计冲击耐受电压：一个给定的绝缘结构的耐受概率为例如参考概率90%的冲击试验电压峰值。
12、统计过电压Us：发生概率为2%的过电压。
13、地电位作业：是指作业人员在接地构件上采用绝缘工具对带电体开展的作业，作业人员的人体电位为地电位。
14、中间电位作业：作业人员对接地构件绝缘，并与带电体扣持一定的距离对带电体开展的作业，作业人员的人体电位为悬浮的中间电位。
15、等电位作业：作业人员对大地绝缘后，人体与带电体处于同一电位时的作业。
16、直流线路带电作业：在直流输电线路上开展的带电检修、维护及更换部件的作业。
17、加装保护间隙的带电作业：在工作点的相邻杆塔加装保护间隙，限制工作点过电压后进行的带电检修作业。
18、带电作业用工具库房：用于贮存、保管带电作业用工具的专用库房。
19、预防性试验：为了发现带电作业工具、装置和设备的隐患，预防发生设备和人身事故，对工具、装置和设备进行的检查、试验或检测。
国际贸易术语名词解释
国际贸易术语是国际贸易中常用的缩写，用于表示不同种类的贸易条款和条件。
以下是一些常见的国际贸易术语及其解释：1.EXW（Ex Works）: 工厂交货价，指卖方在工厂将货物交给买方，不负责装运和保险。
2.FCA（Free Carrier）: 货交承运人价，指卖方在指定地点将货物交给承运人，完成交货。
3.CPT（Carriage Paid To）: 运费付至目的地价，指卖方支付货物至目的地的运费，承担运输风险。
4.CIP（Cost Insurance and Freight）: 成本加保险费加运费价，指卖方支付成本、保险费和运费，买方承担运输风险。
5.FAS（Free Alongside Ship）: 船边交货价，指卖方在装运港船边将货物交给买方，买方负责装船和承担运费。
6.DAP（Delivered At Place）: 目的地交货价，指卖方在指定目的地将货物交给买方，不负责卸货。
7.DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）: 完税后交货价，指卖方在指定目的地将货物交给买方，并承担所有税费和卸货费用。
8.FOB（Free On Board）: 装运港船上交货价，指卖方在装运港将货物装上船并完成交货，买方承担运费和保险费。
9.CIF（Cost Insurance and Freight）: 成本加保险费加运费价，指卖方支付成本、保险费和运费，买方承担运输风险和卸货费用。
10.CIP（Carriage and Insurance Paid to）: 运费和保险费付至目的地价，指卖方支付运费和保险费，并将货物交至承运人或运输代理人，由其负责运输至目的地。
11.FOB（Free On Board）: 装运港船上交货价，指卖方在装运港将货物装上船并完成交货，买方承担运费和保险费。
12.FAS（Free Alongside Ship）: 船边交货价，指卖方在装运港船边将货物交给买方，买方负责装船和承担运费。
国际贸易术语名词解释汇总
1、国际贸易（世界贸易)是指世界各国之间货物、服务和知识（产权）交换活动。
是各国之间分工的表现形式，反映了世界各国在经济上的相互依靠。
2、贸易体系:又称特殊贸易体系，是以货物经过结关作为统计进出口货物的标准。
3、反倾销税:是对于实行商品倾销的进口商品所征收的一种进口附加税。
1、对外贸易量:用进出口商品的各种计量单位表示的贸易数量，能准确反映贸易规模贸易差额:是指一国在一定时期内的出口总额与进口总额之间的差额，用来表明一国对外贸易的收支状况。
2、总贸易体系:又称一般贸易体系，是以货物通过国境作为统计进出口货物的标准。
3、直接贸易:是指货物消费国与货物生产国直接买卖的行为。
对生产国为直接出口贸易，对消费国则为直接进口贸易。
4、转口贸易:也称中转贸易，是指货物货物生产国与货物消费国通过第三国进行的贸易活动，对消费国是间接进口贸易，而对生产国是转口贸易。
对第三国而言为转口贸易。
5、对外贸易:是指一国或地区与其他国家和地区进行的商品交换活动。
又称进出口贸易，海外贸易。
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术语的名词解释
抽样调查：通过对部分人或物进行调查和测试，来推断出整体的情况和特征的方法。
标准差：用来衡量一个数据集合中数据间的离散程度。
标准差越大，数据间的差异就越大，反之，则差异较小。
回归分析：研究两个或多个变量之间相互依赖关系的一种统计方法。
通过回归分析，可以得出变量间的关系方程式，从而对未来的数据进行预测。
假设检验：通过对样本数据的分析，判断其是否符合某种特定的假设；并由此推断所针对的总体特征，是统计学中常用的一种方法。
样本容量：在统计学中，指用来代表总体的一部分数据数目。
样本容量需要足够大，才可以保证调查和实验的精确度和可靠度。
统计显著性：在假设检验中，当显著性水平小于0.05时，即表明统计结果具有显著性意义，结果不会因为偶然误差而发生变化。
置信区间：根据对样本数据的分析，可以得出一个区间，该区间内有一个特定的概率值表示真实的总体值在该区间内的可能性。
统计学中常用于对未知参数的估计。