科技论文写作中常见错误

科技论⽂写作中常见错误
科技论⽂写作中常见错误及改进⽅法
摘要：⽂章列出了科技论⽂写作中⼀些常见错误，结合原⽂详细解释了错误产⽣的原因。

⽂章还根据具体实例，详细分析了如何去改正这些常见的错误，避免在撰写科技论⽂时再次犯相同的错误。

关键词：科技论⽂写作；常见错误；改进
1、引⾔
绝⼤多数中国⾼校都要求科技类的博⼠研究⽣或硕⼠研究⽣，在就读期间⾄少发表⼀篇英⽂论⽂。

然⽽，由于很多因素，导致这项任务很难完成。

⾸先，前续的英语课程对写作（尤其是科技英语写作）的关注程度不够，部分院校甚⾄在研究⽣阶段不开设英语课程，导致英语写作⽔平下降。

其次，绝⼤多数中国作者⽣活在⾮英语环境中。

第三，由于科技英语具有⾃⾝特点，许多英语国家的作者也要接受专门的写作课程课程学校。

在论⽂投稿过程中，有很多论⽂因为⽋缺流利的英语表达⽽被拒。

如果有可能的话，应该在论⽂投稿前请英语国家的编辑帮忙修改。

然⽽⼀个分院⾥往往有很多学⽣，并且每篇论⽂都需要修改两次，请⼈帮忙⼏乎不可能实现。

请⼈修改论⽂的成本⾮常⾼，⽽且有时只能解决⼀部分问题。

对于英语国家的编辑⽽⾔，他可以⾮常专业地消除论⽂中出现的语法错误，但是如果他缺乏科技背景，特别是论⽂所在的研究领域的研究背景，他将很难改正论⽂中出现的所有错误，也很难保证论⽂的表达清晰明了。

聘请有着专业研究背景的学者来修改论⽂，是⼀个⾮常好的想法。

但是他可能⽆法向作者清楚地解释，未来该如何避免类似的错误。

⽽且对于绝⼤多数中国学⽣⽽⾔聘请专业⼈⼠帮忙修改论⽂，是⾮常困难的⼀件事情。

尽管聘请专业⼈⼠帮忙修改论⽂可以使加速论⽂发表进度，但是这种⽅法不能帮助作者避免重复出现同样的错误。

⼤部分论⽂的作者都对英语有着固定的理解，只有让他们清楚地意识到他们的错误以及避免错误的⽅法，才能真正地帮助作者提⾼英语写作⽔平。

本⽂介绍了中国学⽣在写科技论⽂时最常见的错误，包括：语法错误，专有名词，格式错误，这些错误经常导致读者不能清除地理解⽂章的含义。

虽然有些错误可以利⽤MS word的语法检查⼯具进⾏排查，但是这些软件⼯具是⽆法准确出绝⼤部分错误。

2、常见错误
2.1 冠词“a”、“an”以及“the”
最简单最常见的错误是漏写冠词“a”,“an“以及“the”。

因为中国的普通话中并没有与这些冠词直接对应的词语，对于⾮英语国家的作者来说，冠词的使⽤规则也⽐较复杂，导致了这个错误频繁发⽣。

冠词意味着后⾯将会出现名词，任何⽤于修饰的词语都应在冠词和名词之间（⽐如a big blue bicycle,或者the first award）。

“a”和“an”是不定冠词，“the”是定冠词。

当名词需要限定词的时候，会⽤单数。

经常犯的错误有3种：1)在需要冠词的时候没加“a”、“an”以及“the”；2)在不需要的时候添加了；3）错误使⽤。

例1：错误的写法：
Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades.
正确的写法：
Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades.
例2：错误的写法：
The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tooling; it is good at dealing with free
surfaces and curves.
正确的写法：
The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tooling; it is good at dealing with free
surfaces and curves.
论⽂中只有⼀种3D建模⼯具，因此“3D modeling tooling”前⾯需要⽤定冠词“the”特指。

例3：错误的写法：
A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in centrifugal impeller with splitter blades
and investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper. The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects of flows. Systematical study of number and distribution of vortices is conducted.
正确的写法：
A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in a centrifugal impeller with splitter blades
and an investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper.
The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects of flows. A
systematical study of the number and distribution of vortices is conducted.
例4：错误的写法：
Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in EOF product thereby minimizing impact on environment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.
正确的写法：
Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in an EOF product thereby minimizing the impact on the environment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.
2.2 超长句
在中国作者撰写的论⽂中，由于直接将中⽂翻译成英⽂，超长句是⼀种⾮常普遍的现象。

尽管在汉语中，可以将⼏个不同的⽀撑观点放在同⼀个句⼦中，⽤于强调他们之间的关系，但是在英语中，主要观点和⽤于⽀撑这些观点的内容通常需要单独成句。

⼀般认为只有那些含有60个或者更多单词的句⼦是超长句，但是有时⼀个句⼦中包含了好⼏层意思，以⾄于混淆了最主要的观点，这样的句⼦也应该缩短。

在写作时限定⼀个句⼦只表达⼀个观点，可以有效避免这种错误。

在需要表达各观点之间的关系时，可以⽤分号。

例5：错误的写法：
According to the characteristic of fan-coil air-conditioning systems, this paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the heat transfer theories and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the Air-side, which can monitor the individual air-conditioning
cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air condition-temperature and humidity -of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the
parameters of inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.
正确的写法：
This paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the characteristics
of fan-coil air-conditioning systems and heat transfer theories, and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling called Cooling Metering on the Air-side. The new method can monitor individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the condition of inlet air –
temperature and humidity – of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parameters of the inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.例6：错误的写法：
The gear transmission is grade seven, the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the gear gap has different
output values corresponding to any given input value, nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be
described by using the phase function method, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of
the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to
zero.
正确的写法：
The gear transmission is grade seven. The gear gap, which is 0.00012 radians, has different output
values corresponding to any given input value. The nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be
described by using the phase function method. The existing backlash block in the non-linear library
of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used; the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set
to zero.
科技论⽂中另外⼀种经常出现的超长句是列表，⽐如作者试图给出⼤量的数据（通常是某些参数的数值），这些数据被放在⼀个句⼦中。

然⽽，对于这些参数类型或者数值信息，最好的表达⽅式是采⽤列表。

例7：错误的写法：
…where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elastic shaft, e is the
eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric c enter of the disk, φ is the angle between the
orientation of the eccentricity and the ξaxis, kξ and kη are the stiffness coefficients in two principal
directions of shaft respectively, c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk, ci is the
inner damping coefficient of shaft, ω is the rotating speed, ξ s and η s are the components of initial
bend in directions of ξ, ηaxes respectively: ξ s = rb cosθ , ηs= rb sinθ .
正确的写法：
Where
m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elasticshaft,
e is the eccentricity o
f the mass center from the geometric center of the disk,
φis the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the ξ axis,
Kξand kη are the stiffness coefficients in the two principal directions of the shaft,
c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft an
d th
e disk,
ci is the inner damping coefficient of the shaft,
ωis the rotating speed,
ξs and ηs are the components of initial bend in directions of ξ , η axes, respectively: ξs =rbcosθ,ηs =rbsinθ .
例8：错误的写法：
The clear height of the case is 6.15 meters; the thickness of the roof is 0.85 meters; the thickness of
the bottom is 0.90 meters, the overall width is 26.6 meters, the overall length of the axial cord is
304.5 meters, the length of the jacking section is about 148.8 meters; the weight of the case is about
24127 tons.
正确的写法：
Case clearance height 6.15 meters
Roof thickness 0.85 meters
Bottom thickness 0.90 meters
Overall width 26.6 meters
Overall length of the axial cord 304.5 meters
Length of the jacking section 148.8 meters (approx.)
Weight of the case 24127 tons (approx.)
2.3 以阐述⽬的、原因或者具体位置的句⼦引出主要观点
中国作者在表达主要观点之前，通常会⽤⽬的、位置、原因、实例、条件等做引⼦。

然⽽，在西⽅⼈的表达⽅式中，添加⼀般性的介绍语句会导致主要观点的重要性降低，⽽且会使⼈感觉作者的表达并不直接，应在开篇就表达主要观点，其他内容应该放在后⾯。

例9：错误的写法：
For the application in automobile interiors, this paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing.
正确的写法：
This paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing for application in automobile interiors.
例10：错误的写法：
Especially when numerical control (NC) techniques [4] are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods [5][6] bring a huge economical benefits, the advantage of constructing 3D model [7][8][9] becomes extremely obvious.
正确的写法：
The advantage of constructing a 3D model [7][8][9] becomes extremely obvious especially when numerical control (NC) techniques[4] are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods[5][6] bring a huge economical benefits.
例11：错误的写法：
Inside the test box, the space was filled with asbestos.
正确的写法：
The space inside the test box was filled with asbestos.
例12：错误的写法：
In practice, we employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.
正确的写法：
We employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.
例13：错误的写法：
To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production.
正确的写法：
CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.
2.4 以描述时间的从句作为句⼦开头
例14：错误的写法：
When U is taken as the control parameter, the BDs for Δ =0.0, 0.001, 0.005 are shown in Fig. 8.
正确的写法：
Figure 8 shows the BDs for Δ =0.0, 0.001, and 0.005 when U is taken as the control parameter.
2.5 应将最重要的内容放在句⾸⽤以强调
例15：错误的写法：
Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model, the extended
STL format is described in this section.
正确的写法：
The extended STL format is described in this section based on the triangulation structure built
from unorganized points or a CAD model.
例16：错误的写法：
The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models are designed precisely with complicated
surfaces.
正确的写法：
The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models with complicated surfaces are designed
precisely.
2.6 “which/that”
“which”之前的名词或者代词（即“which”所指的内容并不明确），导致混淆。

例17：错误的写法：
The Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force, which is built
at 1978(10680t).
正确的写法：
Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force which is built at
1978(10680t).
2.7 “Respectively”与“respective”
“Respectively”⽤在两个或者两个以上的⼈或物按照事先指定的顺序出现的场合。

如果出现两个列表，“Respectively”根据事先指定的顺序匹配这两个列表。

在这种情况下使⽤“Respectively”可以让作者在不造成混淆的情况下给出更多的信息，也可以避免使⽤太多的短句。

“Respectively”经常⽤在句⼦的末尾。

对于“Respectively”的使⽤，指定顺序对于整个句⼦的意思表达⾮常重要，如果事先没有指定顺序，就不能⽤“Respectively”了。

例如：Bobby, Nicole and Daren wore red, green and blue coats, respectively.这个句⼦表达的意思是：List 1 List 2
Bobby wore a red coat
Nicole wore a green coat
Daren wore a blue coat
“Respective”也是⽤在两个或者两个以上的⼈或物按照事先指定的顺序出现的场合。

这两个词经常被混淆以致错误使⽤，下⾯列出⼏种典型的例⼦：
1、“Respective”的位置错误，被放在所指代的名词之前。

例18：错误的写法：
Equations 2～6 can be respectively linearized as:……(equations given)…
正确的写法：
Equations 2～6 can be linearized as:……(equations given)…, respectively.
2、“Respectively”被⽤来表达在某些事情中有某种顺序，然⽽，那些顺序要么早已隐含在⽂章的其他的句⼦中，或者根本不需要表达，增加之后对句⼦的意思表达毫⽆意义。

例19：错误的写法：
If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are, respectively,
below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is, respectively, above a certain
score, then we refer to strategy 2. Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are, respectively,
above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is, respectively, below a certain
score, then we refer to strategy 4.
正确的写法：
If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are below certain
scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is above a certain score, then we refer to
strategy 2. Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are above a certain score, then we refer
to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.
例20：错误的写法：
Then, the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities
on the ζ -plane and integrate the induced velocity along the blades respectively.
正确的写法：
Then, the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities
on the ζ -plane and integrate the induced velocity along the blades.
3、“Respectively”所指的顺序不明确。

例21：错误的写法：
The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied
before respectively [1-4].
正确的写法：
Correct The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been
studied before [1-4].
例22：错误的写法：
Incorrect The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured using two
thermocouples respectively.
正确的写法：
Correct The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured by using two thermocouples.
2.8 “In this paper”与“in this study”
在⽤这些词组时，经常会出现两种错误。

第⼀种是过度使⽤，在⼀些中国作者撰写的论⽂中，这些词语出现的次数是正常次数的2倍。

在英语国家，仅在两种情况下使⽤这些词组：(1)引⾔或者结论中⽤于强调
这篇论⽂的内容。

(2)在正⽂中，隐含着本⽂的作者并没有做其他论⽂中或者标准中所做的⼯作。

因此如果论⽂中这些词组出现的次数超过3次，其⽤法就值得商榷。

实际上读者清楚作者所做的⼯作，因此不需要重复这些词组。

第⼆种是这两个词被互换使⽤，这种错误更加隐蔽。

“study”指作者所做的⼯作，“paper”指呈现所做⼯作的⽅式，是供读者阅读的。

应该记住，除了这些词组外，还可以⽤“in this research”、“this paper present”。

例23：错误的写法：
In this paper, IDEAS was used to ….
正确的写法：
In this study, IDEAS was used to….
例24：错误的写法：
In the paper, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components equivalent
physical parameters are obtained by UG design and testing.
正确的写法：
In this study, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components equivalent
physical parameters are obtained by UG design and testing.
2.9 数字和公式
中国作者经常在阿拉伯数字和公式的形式上出错，经常采⽤阿拉伯数字，⽽不是将单词完整地拼写出来，使⽤阿拉伯数字本⾝并没有错，但是不应该出现在句⼦的开头位置。

例25：错误的写法：
12 parameters were selected for the experiment.
正确的写法：
Twelve parameters were selected for the experiment.
此外，阿拉伯数字被过度使⽤，科技论⽂中，阿拉伯数字仅⽤于给出数字⽽不应⽤于表达⼀般信息。

例26：错误的写法：
All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.
正确的写法：
All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.
这个问题可能源于普通话是符号语⾔，⽽不是字母语⾔，因此作者倾向于⽤符号表达观点，字母⽤的较少。

更严重的问题是，公式被⽤于取代单词，这些是英语国家的作者很少做的。

当出现公式时，应尽可能地介绍，不能⽤公式取代单词。

绝⼤部分期刊(⽐如International Journal of Production Research)不建议作者在正⽂中使⽤这些较短的表达⽅式。

例27：错误的写法：
If the power battery SOC > SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,…
正确的写法：
If the power battery SOC is greater than SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,…
2.10 格式
(1)段落
段落是⼀个围绕着⼀个主题或者思想的句群，当⼀个主题或者思想阐述结束，开始另⼀个主题或者思想
时，应该分段。

所有的英⽂段落⾸句都是另起⼀⾏，段⾸空两格，或者两段之间空⼀⾏（公⽂中⽐较常见）。

中国学⽣在分段时经常感到困惑，所以经常犯下⾯两个错误中的⼀种。

第⼀种错误是两个段落之间没有明确的识别信号。

尽管段落已经另起⼀⾏，但是没有缩进，因此读者意识不到已经开始新的段落或者新的观点。

第⼆种错误是在⼀个段落之前有⼀个孤⽴的句⼦构成的⼀⾏，被孤⽴在其他段落之外。

这在中⽂中经常见到，但是在英语中却是不允许的。

(2) “Figure”和“Table”
“figure”和“table”的缩写分别是“Fig.”和“Tbl.”，然⽽在⽂中，“table”的缩写⽐较少见。

虽然可以⽤“Fig.”表⽰“figure”，但是应该在整篇论⽂中应该统⼀，不应该换来换去，如“Figure”，“figure”, “Fig”, 或者“fig.”。

此外，句⾸⼀般不⽤缩写，缩写和数字之间应该加空格。

例27：错误的写法：
Figure. 6, Figure6, Fig.6, Tbl10
正确的写法：
Figure 6, Fig. 6, Tbl. 10
(3) 变量
科技论⽂中，变量应该⽤斜体，尤其是那些英⽂字母写的变量，以便于将他们和单词区分开来。

当然这些还取决于期刊对格式的要求。

(4)⼤写
注意句⼦中间不要⼤写。

例28：错误的写法：
In table 1, The mark…
正确的写法：
In table 1, the mark…
2.11 “such as”和“etc.”
对于“such as”和“etc.”，中国的作者经常⽤错。

“such as”意思为“for example”，说明后⽂将给出⼀个不完全的列表；“etc.”意思为“and so on”，⽤在列表的末尾，说明这个列表是不完整的。

因此同时使⽤这两个词是多余的。

例29：错误的写法：
Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable
products such as automobile motors, printers, and etc.
正确的写法：
Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable
products such as automobile motors, and printers.
“such as”说明后⽂将给出⼀个不完全的列表，如果完整地列出所有项⽬，就不需要⽤了。

例30：错误的写法：
Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics such as high
complexity, high precision and high automation.
正确的写法：
Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics:high
complexity, high precision and high automation.
3、⼀些有⽤的建议
(1) 有些词的单数和复数形式是⼀样的，复数形式不需要添加“s”，这些词包括：
literature (表⽰研究时)
equipment,
staff (表⽰⼀群⼈时)
faculty
(2)避免多余的词，下表列出中国作者的⼀些常见错误。

(3)某些词通常要求它们所修饰的词⽤复数形式，例如：different, various 以及⼀些数字。

(4)不要⽤缩写和阿拉伯数字作为句⼦的开头，如“Fig.”, “8”.，应该将它们写成这样的形式：“Figure”,“Eight”。

(5)不要写“by this way”，应该换成“by doing this”或者“using this method”。

(6)句⾸不要出现“How to …”（其他地⽅也不要写）。

例31：错误的写法：
How to find the optimal parameter is the main objective.
正确的写法：
Determining how to find the optimal parameter is the main objective.
(7)将“the results are showed as Figure 2”改成“the results are shown in Figure 2”.
(8)⽂中出现的变量应该设置成斜体，当变量⽤字母表⽰的时候，斜体格式更加重要，它能将变量和单词区分开来，例如：“The graph shows t, a, and C as a function of time”不要写成“The graph shows t, a, and C as
a function of time”。

(9)不要和下⾯这段话⼀样地⽤单词“obviously”。

例32：错误的写法：
Obviously, detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method.
正确的写法：
Detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method.
(10)在国际期刊发表论⽂时，不要使⽤和当前位置有关的词，如“at home”、“here”、“our country”、“abroad”，因为读者很可能不是中国⼈，也不在中国境内，对于这类问题，正确的写法是“in China”。

(11)避免过多使⽤“that is to say”和“namely”，应该尝试着⽤⼀个句⼦表达完整的信息。

(12)在句⼦的结尾，不要⽤“too”，特别是科技论⽂中，这个更应该禁⽌。

参考⽂献
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2. ZHANG Y uping, JIANG Shouwei, “Review and Analysis of 3D-Model Reconstruction and Application,” Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Mechanical and Dynamic Engineering, 2003
3. DU Shouji, “Long Distance Box-bridge Jacking Research: Report of Starting Research,” Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shijiazhuang Municipal Traffic Project Provided a loan by World Bank, Contract number: TA3.1.4, 2003
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