[全]高考英语语法专题 非谓语动词
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高考英语语法专题非谓语动词[语境中体悟用法]
朗读下面短文,体会、领悟加黑部分是哪类非谓语动词,在句中作什么成分。
Good afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen. It is a great honor for me to introduce①this English speech contest. As we all know, to master②a foreign language is very important for us. Taking part in③an English speech contest is a helpful way to learn④English. Everyone wants to show⑤their best. When we have been preparing for it, we can improve our listening and speaking⑥ability, developing⑦a good habit of learning⑧English.
In the process of the competition, you should pay attention to the rules made⑨by us. First, you should make your
voice heard⑩clearly by everyone, so reading aloud⑪is very necessary. Second, you should try your best to express⑫yourself in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and the audience will feel satisfied⑬with our performance. Thank you!
[用法体悟]
①to introduce this English speech contest是不定式短语作真正的主语,it是形式主语。
②to master a foreign language是不定式短语作主语。
③Taking part ... speech contest是动名词短语作主语。
④to learn English是不定式短语作定语,修饰way。
⑤to show their best是不定式短语作宾语。
⑥listening and speaking是动名词作定语,修饰ability,表示类别。
⑦developing ... learning English是现在分词短语作状语。
⑧learning English是动名词短语作介词of的宾语。
⑨made by us是过去分词短语作后置定语。
⑩heard ... everyone是过去分词短语作宾语补足语。
⑪reading aloud是动名词短语作主语。
⑫to express yourself in English fluently是不定式短语作目的状语。
⑬satisfied是形容词,作表语,意为“感到满意的”。
[系统中整合规则]
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词与过去分词)。
(一)动词不定式地用法及构成
不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。
不定式可以加宾语或状语构成不定式短语,它没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。
动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
1.作主语
不定式短语作主语时,往往用it作形式主语,常用句式:It is/was +adj.+for/of sb. to do sth.。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is important for us to live a low carbon life.
过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
2.作宾语
(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:
(2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后,常用it作形式宾语,然后加宾语补足语,最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
3.作表语
不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
主语是aim, purpose, idea, intention, plan, wish, goal, dream, decision, choice等词时,常用不定式作表语。
My dream is to enter Peking University.
我的梦想是进入北京大学。
4.作宾语补足语
(1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语,如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。
Father will not allow us to play in the street.
父亲将不会允许我们在街上玩耍。
(2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语:
一感(feel),二听(hear, listen to),三使(let,have, make),五看(see, notice, observe, watch, look at),半帮助(help),但在变为被动语态时需加to。
Nobody saw him come in. (主动语态)
没人看见他进来。
The thief was observed to enter the bank. (被动语态)
有人看见小偷进了银行。
5.作定语
(1)序数词、最高级或no, all, any等修饰的名词后常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。
(2)某些抽象名词后,如ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等常用动词不定式作定语。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
[名师指津] (1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。
(2)如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后需要加相应的介词。
6.作状语
(1)作目的状语。
表示“为了”,可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。
如果强调目的性,不定式前也可加in order或so as,但so as to不能置于句首。
To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.
为了提高社区服务水平,一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者计划。
(2)作结果状语。
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果,有时前面加only,以加强语气。
常用于下列结构中:
only to do ... 结果却……
enough to do ... 足够做……
too ... to do ... 太……而不能做……
so/such ... as to ... 如此……以至于……
(3)作原因状语。
表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时,后可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因,常用于这类结构的形容词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。
Maggie was glad to be home in her own bed.
玛吉很高兴回到家躺在自己的床上。
7.动词不定式的时态和语态
(二)动名词的用法及构成
动名词是由动词ing形式构成的,它在句中起名词作用。
1.作主语
动名词短语作主语时,有时用it作形式主语,常用句式为:It is/was a waste (of ...)/no use/no good doing sth.。
Hearing how others react to the book you have just
read creates an added pleasure.
听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。
2.作表语
动名词作表语表示通常的情况,多指抽象的、经常性的动作,句子主语通常是无生命的事物或由what引导的名词性从句。
My job is teaching you English.
我的工作是教你们英语。
3.作宾语
(1)下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:
(2)由“动词+介词”构成的短语,其后跟动名词作宾语,常见的有:be/get used to (习惯于), look forward to (期盼), feel like (想要), insist on (坚持), get down to (开始认真做某事), devote ... to ... (致力于……), object to (反对), stick to (坚持), give up (放弃)等。
It's time I got down to thinking about that essay.
我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。
(3)下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语,也可以接不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别:
4.作定语
动名词作定语通常表示被修饰的名词的用途、性能或目的。
在意义上相当于“名词+for+doing”。
a walking stick=a stick for walking 手杖
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping 卧铺车
5.动名词的时态和语态
(三)分词的用法及构成
分词包括现在分词和过去分词,现在分词表示的动作与句子主语是逻辑上的主谓关系,且含有进行的意义;过去分词表示的动作与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且含有完成的意义。
1.作状语
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语是句子的主语,一般在句中作时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、伴随、让步等状语。
2.作表语
表示事物的特征或性质时,表语用现在分词;表示人或物的内心感受时,表语用过去分词。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.
请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
Please describe a dog that is frightened.
请描述一只惊恐的狗。
3.作定语
(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing, being done和done。
当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时,用doing;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时,用being done;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时,用done。
I have never seen a more moving film.
我没看过比这个更令人感动的电影了。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的房子是给老师的。
The broken glass is Tom's.
这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的。
(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done, doing表示正在进行;done表示已经完成。
boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 开水
4.作宾语补足语
(1)感官动词或短语see, watch, observe, look at, listen to, notice 及keep, find等词可跟分词作宾语补足语。
现在分词作宾语补足语时,宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系;过去分词作宾语补足语时,宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是动宾关系。
I saw him entering the bank. (him与enter之间为逻辑上的主谓关系)
我看见他正进入银行。
I saw him operated on. (him与operate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系)
我看见(有人)给他做了手术。
(2)have, get后可接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。
They had the fire burning all night. (burn动作一直在进行)
他们让火整夜烧着。
I will have my bike repaired tomorrow. (让别人去修)
明天我要让人修一下我的自行车。
5.现在分词的时态和语态
(四)独立主格结构/with复合结构
独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,也可以作定语。
1.名词/代词(主格)+非谓语动词
Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow. (permit的逻辑主语是weather而非we)
如果天气允许,我们明天就进行比赛。
2.名词/代词(主格)+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语
The students were having a discussion, their faces (being) red with excitement.
学生们正在进行讨论,因为激动,他们的脸都红了。
The boy came in, book in his hand.
男孩走进来,手里拿着书。
[名师指津] 为使句子简洁、明快,独立主格结构中的冠词或代词也常省略。
(五)with/without+名词/代词+宾补
形容词/副词/名词/介词短语(动词不定式(表将来))
[集训中明晰考点]
(1)动词不定式作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等;
(2)动词ing形式作状语,常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系;
(3)动词不定式作结果状语时,常表示意想不到的结果;而动词ing 形式作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果;
(4)过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
但有些形容词化的过去分词或短语既不表被动,也不表完成,而是表示一种状态,如lost (迷路的),seated (坐着的),hidden (隐瞒的),
lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)等;
(5)独立成分作状语,其形式不受上下文的影响。
常用的有considering ...(鉴于;考虑到);generally speaking(一般来说); judging by/from ...(从……来看;根据……来判断); supposing
that ...(假定……); providing that ...(如果……); to tell the truth(说实话);to be honest(老实说)等。
考点1 非谓语动词作状语
1.Mary's sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over ________ (plant) flowers in the front yard.
解析:to plant 分析句子结构可知,came over为谓语动词,本空应该填非谓语形式,根据语境可知此处应该用不定式形式作目的状语。
ter, they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, ________ (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.
解析:making 根据句中的and可知,此空与planting并列,在本句中作伴随状语,与句子主语they之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
故填making。
3.The first is declining birth rates,which means old generations are large ________ (compare) to younger generations,and so,on average,the population becomes older than before.
解析:compared 分析句子结构可知,此处为非谓语动词,且compare 与逻辑主语old generations之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故填compared。
compared to是固定结构,意为“与……相比”。
4.The dancer's incredible performance had the audience on its feet ________ (clap) for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
解析:clapping 句意:这位舞蹈演员的演出精彩绝伦,使观众在演出结束时站起来鼓掌达10分钟之久。
句中的the audience 与clap之间为主动关系,故用现在分词,构成have sb.doing sth.结构。
实际上clap 伴随on its feet 同时发生,故用现在分词短语作伴随状语。
故填clapping。
考点2 非谓语动词作定语
(1)不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词之后,表示一个将来的动作;
(2)分词作定语,单个的词放在所修饰的名词前(left 等除外),分词短语放在所修饰的名词后。
现在分词表示其动作正在发生或与谓语同时发生,过去分词表示其动作已经完成或没有时间性;在逻辑上被修饰的名词与现在分词是主谓关系,与过去分词是动宾关系;
(3)动名词作定语,只放在名词前,说明该名词的性能或用途,不表动作,被修饰的名词与动词ing形式在逻辑上没有主谓关系;
(4)to be done, being done, done 均可用作定语,且都表示被动意义,其区别在于:to be done 表示将来,being done 表示目前正在发生,done 表示过去已经发生。
1.This may be due to some disadvantages for people ________ (live) in the countryside ...
解析:living 分析句子结构可知,空处应填live的非谓语动词形式,此处作people的后置定语;而people与live之间为主谓关系,故填living。
2.Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology ________ (change) lives.
解析:to change 句意:农业让人们第一次体验到科技改变生活的力量。
此处用不定式作定语,修饰technology,故填to change。
3.And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly ______(design) for cutting their food, so it is certain that the damage will be disastrous.
解析:designed 分析句子结构可知,teeth和design为逻辑上的动宾关系,故应用过去分词designed。
考点3 非谓语动词作宾语
(1)当like, love, hate, prefer与would, should连用时,其后只能接不定式;
(2)当begin, start本身为进行时态或后接know, realize, understand 等静态动词时,其后的动词只能用不定式;
(3)表示“需要”的need, want和require后接动词ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动式都可以;
(4)介词后不能直接用动词原形作宾语,通常要用动名词,但表示“除……外”的介词but和except后接动词作宾语要用不定式。
若前面有行为动词do的某种形式,其后的不定式不带to;若前面没有行为动词do 的某种形式,则其后的不定式通常带to。
1.After ________ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!
解析:spending 分析句子结构可知,此处作介词after的宾语且主语we与spend之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,故填spending。
2.Minimize the impact of ________ (visit) the place.
解析:visiting 此处作介词of的宾语,要用动名词形式,故填visiting。
3.Their answers also show that they dislike ________ (talk) to others.
解析:talking dislike后常跟动名词作宾语,表示习惯性、一般性的动作。
考点4 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
(1)分词作补语时,要看其与句子宾语之间的关系。
动宾关系用过去分词作补语,主谓关系用现在分词作补语;
(2)动词不定式作宾语补足语时需注意:一感、二听、三使、五看,这些词后跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
1.But that's how nature is —always leaving us ________ (astonish).
解析:astonished 分析句式结构可知,leave后的us为其宾语成分,此空应该为leave的宾语补足语形式,修饰us,故用astonished“感到惊讶的”。
2.They make great gifts and you see them many times
________(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
解析:decorated see sth. done“看到某物被做……”,此处表示“你会很多次看到它们被红包和蕴含好运的留言装点着”。
them与decorate是被动关系,所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。
3.And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds ________(surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
解析:surrounding the soft clouds与surround之间是主动关系,且表示正在发生的情景,故用现在分词形式。
考点5 非谓语动词作主语和表语
(1)非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式
①动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作,不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的
或尚未做的动作;
②it作形式主语,代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。
(2)非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。
形容词化的分词作表语,动词ing形式表示“令人感到……的”,动词-ed形式表示“感到……的”。
1.It is possible ________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
解析:to walk 分析句子结构可知,it为形式主语,空处为不定式形式作真正的主语,表示“步行或骑自行车走全程14公里这件具体的事”。
2.It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become ________ (educate) about the areas ...
解析:educated 分析句子成分可知,become是系动词,此处应用形容词作表语,educated“受过教育的;有教养的”。
become educated about意为“开始接受关于……的教育”。
故填educated。
3.There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint).
解析:disappointed looked后面为表语部分,此处指一些人看起来很焦急、很失望。
故填disappointed。
4.It's no use ________ (regret) what you have done.
解析:regretting it's no use/good doing ...和there's no use/good doing ...中都用动名词作真正的主语。
考点6 独立主格结构和with复合结构
(1)独立主格结构:名词/代词主格(作逻辑主语)+不定式/分词/形容词/副词/介词短语(作逻辑谓语);with复合结构:with+名词/代词(作逻辑主语)+不定式/分词/形容词/副词/介词短语(作逻辑谓语);
(2)这两种结构中,动词不定式表示动作未发生;现在分词表示动作正在进行且与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系;过去分词表示动作已完成且与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系。
1.All of us were hard at work at the kitchen table, with my mom ________ (film) the annual event.
解析:filming 此处是with复合结构作伴随状语,my mom和film 之间为逻辑上的主谓关系且表示正在进行,故用film的现在分词形式filming。
2.I had no choice but to keep still with my eyes tightly ________ (close), listening to the knife moving on the pumpkin.
解析:closed 此处是with复合结构作伴随状语,my eyes的状态为“闭着的”,故用closed表示“闭着眼睛的”。
3.No agreement ________ (reach), the representatives wanted another round of talks.
解析:reached 分析句子结构可知,逗号前后两部分之间没有连词,且前后主语不一致,“the representatives ...talks”为完整的句子,故逗号前的部分为独立主格结构;且reach与其逻辑主语agreement 之间是动宾关系,所以用过去分词reached。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.With the pumpkin resting (rest) on the table, hole uppermost, I bent over and pressed my head against the opening.
2.To_help (help) us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.
3.Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
4.When we got a call saying (say)she was shortlisted, we thought it was a joke.
5.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required to_process (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
6.Being_offered (offer) the opportunity to speak at the graduation ceremony made me overjoyed.
5.Have you read any short stories translated_by_Lu_Xun?
你读过鲁迅翻译的短篇小说吗?
Ⅲ.语法填空
The beautiful scenery and various traditional customs of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture (行政区) __1__ (bring) great resources to the local tourism industry in the past decade.
The Torch (火把) Festival is one of the greatest traditional __2__ (festival) of Yi people.It __3__ (celebrate) from the 24th to 27th of the sixth lunar (阴历) month every year.In the eyes of the Yi people, fire is the symbol of light, __4__ is believed to have the ability to drive away insects and pests and protect the __5__ (grow) of crops.
On the first day, Yi people sacrifice animals to greet __6__ god of fire.The next day they hold many kinds of traditional activities, including wrestling, bullfighting __7__ horse racing.
The atmosphere of the festival reaches the top on the last day.Dry pine sticks are used __8__ (make) the main torch at the center of the village.Meanwhile, people hold small torches and
gather around the main torch.__9__ (accompany) by the unique singing of the Yi people, they dance around the fire.
This festival has offered __10__ (many) chances to the development of this area than previous years.
语篇解读:本文是一篇说明文。
文章主要介绍了彝族最重要的传统节日之一——火把节,介绍了其庆祝时间、背后的寓意以及一些节日活动等。
1.have brought 考查动词的时态。
根据后文“in the past decade”可知应用现在完成时,主语为The beautiful scenery and various traditional customs,助动词用have。
故填have brought。
2.festivals 考查名词复数。
festival为可数名词,此处为“one of +形容词最高级+复数名词”结构,由此可知应用复数。
故填festivals。
3.is celebrated 考查动词的时态和语态。
根据后文every year可知应用一般现在时,主语与谓语动词之间构成被动关系,故用一般现在时的被动语态,主语为It,谓语动词用单数。
故填is celebrated。
4.which 考查定语从句。
空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词fire,先行词在从句中作主语,指物,故应用关系代词which引导,that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
故填which。
5.growth 考查名词。
空处作宾语,表示“生长”应用名词growth,表抽象概念,不可数。
故填growth。
6.the 考查冠词。
god在此处表特指,应用定冠词the。
故填the。
7.and 考查连词。
“摔跤”“斗牛”和“赛马”为并列关系,应用连词and。
故填and。
8.to make 考查非谓语动词。
句意:干松枝被用来做村子中心的主火炬。
此处表示“被用来做某事”应用be used to do sth.。
故填to make。
9.Accompanied 考查非谓语动词。
分析句子结构可知,accompany 在句中应用非谓语动词形式,与逻辑主语they之间构成被动关系,故应用过去分词作状语,句首单词首字母要大写。
故填Accompanied。
10.more 考查比较级。
根据后文“than previous years”可知表示“更多的”应用比较级more。
故填more。