短暂性动词与延续性动词语法讲解

初中短暂性动词与延续性动词语法讲解
根据有无含义，动词可分为实义动词和助动词；根据动词所表示的是动作还是状态，可以分为行为动词和状态动词；根据动词所表示的动作能否延缓，分为延续性动词和终止性动词。

（一）持续性动词: 表示动作通常是持续性的，如：
live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach,eat,drink,write ,dance, sing,smoke
①常与段时间连用。

例如：Mr Zhang has lived here for two years.张先生在这儿住了两年了。

He has taught there since 1987.自1987年来他一直在那儿教书。

②不与点时间连用(do, have, eat等除外)。

例如：Mary has worked at eight. (×)She walked at five yesterday. (×)
，
（二）瞬间性动词: 表示动作开始即停止，如：
open,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start
enter,finish,arrive,borrow,buy,break,close,come,fall,go,leave,lend,mary,r each,receive , sell,等。

1，从“开始发生”到“结束/终止”：
几乎同时或在极短的时间里（如‘几秒钟/几分钟内’）就完成了“开始—结束”的过程，如“Close the door”, “Open the door”
2，有些瞬间动词的“开始—结束的过程”可能稍微长一些，但也不会很长的，如,
“buy sth（买下）”：付了款、拿了发票即完成了。

所以，“我买了这块手表5年了”，在汉语中说的通，但英语的表达就不能说：
I have bought the watch for five years.
buy sth ---- have sth (拥有)---have/has + had sth for…
A: I have had the watch for 5 years.
、
B: It is (has been) five years since I bought the watch.
C: I bought it 5 years ago.
同理，“borrow sth”“借书”在办理了相关的‘登记’手续后就结束了，不可能“借”几个星期或好几年的！汉语“这本书我已经借用了2星期了。

”的意思是：
“我两周前（borrowed it），（在归还前）现在它还在我手里（I still have it or I’m still reading it.）
Right or Wrong
A: I have borrowed the book for two weeks. . (×)
B: I have had / kept it for two weeks.
C: It’s 2 weeks since I borrowed it.
D: I borrowed it 2 weeks ago.
~
总结：终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的，所以不能和表示一段时间
的状语连用，而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语连用，因为否定本身就是可以延续的。

如：have a cold是持续性动词，表示“状态”，可与表延续性的时间状语连用，不定冠词不能省略。

终止性动词构成的现在完成时，不可以用表示一段时间的状语（如：since 和for引导的短语）来修饰，终止性动词构成的现在完成时，只表示动作发生的因果关系，不能表示动作的延续，因此不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰。

如可以说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.
但不可说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days.
因为start是终止性动词, 它所表示的动作短促, 当红十字会出发时，start这个动作便结束了, 不可能延续两天。

常与点时间连用。

例如：She often goes to bed at ten.她经常十点钟睡觉。

不能与段时间连用。

例如：He has joined the army for two years. (×)She has come here for half an hour. (×)
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此外，终止性动词与延缓性动词在翻译上也不同，很易混淆。

下面我再就终止性动词与延缓性动词的含义问题做一归纳：
1. 在连词since引导的时间状语从句中，用终止性动词的过去时或
用延缓性动词过去时，其含义是大不相同的。

A. since所引导的时间状语从句中，如果句子谓语是终止性动词的过去时，则从句表示的时间是从“那一时刻开始”。

eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从他来校以来，一贯努力学习。

B. 在since所引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语是延缓性动词的过去时，那么从句所表示的时间是从延缓性动词所表示的动作结束时算起。

eg. I haven’t heard any noise since I slept. 自从我醒后，没听见任何声音。

2．介词for引导的时间状语，在翻译时有两种不同的情况：A．介词for引导的时间状语和延缓性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用时，有两种不同的含义。

He has not lived there for six months.他不住在那儿已六个月了（他住在那儿还不到六个月。

）
\
B．介词for引导的时间状语和终止性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用，只有一种含义。

eg. Mary has not left here for six months. 玛丽已六个月没有离开过这儿了。

句中含有till 或until 引导的短语或从句，从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的，但要注意两种情况：
1. 如果主句中动词是延续性的动词，动词肯定或否定都可以，只是
含义不同。

eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back.
他听无线电一直到他父亲回来为止。

eg. He didn’t listen to the radio until his father came back..
直到他父亲回来，他才听无线电。

2. 如果主句中的谓语动词是终止性动词，则只能用否定式。

）
eg. Mr. Smith didn’t marry until he was forty- five. (right)
史密斯先生到四十五岁才结婚。

Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。

(表结果)
I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。

(表经历) 2)用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
}
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。

He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。

I′ve had a cold since my arrival（到达n.）.
I didn′t go to school because I had had a bad cold for days.
catch a cold是短暂性动作，表“动态”：它不能和延续性时间状语连用，不定冠词“a”可有可无，catch可用take,get代替。

Put on your coat,or you′ll catch/take/get a cold.
Take care not to get cold.
但是，若cold前有形容词修饰时，则不定冠词不能省。

如：Brown has taken a slight cold.
*
注意下列句子：
I have caught a cold for over a week.(×) I have had a cold for over a week.(对)
延续性动词常不能和表示一个短暂具体的时间状语连用；这类动词如用于进行时态，则可以和表示一个短暂具体的时刻连用。

He worked at eight yesterday afternoon.(×) He was working at eight yesterday afternoon.(对)
瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。

如可说“He has left.”但不能说“He has left for three years.”如果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几种表达法：
一、用ago,使用一般过去时。

He left here three years ago.
二、用“It is +一段时间＋since ＋一般过去时从句”
It is three years since he left here.
—
三、用“一段时间＋have/ has passed + since + 一般过去时从句”Three years have passed since he left here.
以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。

另外，还可用其它表示方法，但只适用于部分瞬间动词。

具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续的动词或者表状态的be+名词／形容词或副词／介词短语等。

I have bought this book for three months.
1.直接转化成延续性动词
buy catch (get) a cold
borrow/lend come/go /become
常见的瞬间动词变为延续性动词：
…
borrow---keep die---be dead buy--- have come back---be back go out---be out
join/take part in---be in/ be a member of begin---be on leave--- be away from become--- be
fall asleep---be asleep catch a cold---have a cold end/finish---be over
例句：
1、他买了这本书两年了。

误：He has bought the book for two years. 正：He bought the book two years ago.
2、他们认识5年了。

误：They have got to know each other for five years. 正：They have known each other for five years.
3、他父亲死了五年了。

误：His father has died for two years.正：His father has been dead for two years.
；
4、汤姆参军4年了。

误：Tom has joined the army for four years.正：It is (has been) four years since Tom joined the army.
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on die →be dead fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)
get up→be up go out →be out finish →be over put on →wear 或be on
open →be open join →be in或be a member of…close →be closed go to school→be a student borrow →keep buy →have catch(a cold)→have(a cold)
get to know →know begin to study→study come to work→work get up→be up等
如：
has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。

father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。

film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。

"
have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met
B. have met
C. met
D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。

再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。

'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been
B. had been
C. was
D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

:
1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes.
A. has left
B. had left
C. has been away
D. had been away
2. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.
A. joined
B. have joined
C. have been in
D. have gone to
3. The factory ________ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
4. Mary and Rose _______friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made
B. have been
C. made
D.
have become
5. You mustn't ________ until he comes back.
A. be away
B. leave
C. be left
D. have left
:
6. The meeting _______ for a week now.
A. has finished
B. has ended
C. has been over
D. ended
7. Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in
B. has come to
C. has taught
D. taught
8. Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years .
A. has been
B. has become
C. was
D. became
9. I ______ home for a week.
A. have returned
B. have been back
C. returned
D. am returned
10. How long _______ he ________
A. died
B. has, died
C. has, been dead
D. did, died
:
11. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.
A. slept
B. was sleeping
C. has sleep
D. had slept
12. He ________ the car for a week.
A. bought
B. has bought
C. has had
D. buy
13. -----How long _____ you _____ ill -----Two weeks.
A. did fall
B. have, fell
C. have, been
D. have, had
14. Since 2000, he _____ his hometown.
A. has left
B. has moved away
C. has been away from
D. left
15. I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.
A. borrow
B. keep
C. take
D. took
~
16. The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far.
A. has stopped
B. stopped
C. has been
D. is
17. Are you _____ the jacket these days
A. wearing
B. putting on
C. dressing
D. on
18. He ________ for 2 hours.
A. got up
B. has got up
C. has been up
D. is up
19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days.
A. is
B. catches
C. has caught
D. has had
20. ----- How long can I ______ the book ------ Two weeks.
A. borrow
B. lend
C. get
D. keep
表示一段时间的for和since短语，两者可相互转换。

与for, since短语连用的现在完成时态中的动词应为延续性动词。

某些非延续性动词也可以用于现在完成时的句子中，但如果有表示一段时间的状语，这些动词必须用延续性动词代替。

如下，
延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换
动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。

一.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。

表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。

例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days.
I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year
二.非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。

如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come,
go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。

非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock;
例:He died 5 years ago.
否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。

例:I haven't left here for 3 years. I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.
三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：leave --- be away, borrow --- keep, buy --- have, begin/start --- be on, die --- be dead, finish --- be over, join --- be in+组织机构, be a member of+组织机构, open sth --- keep sth open, fall ill --- be ill, get up---be up, catch a cold --- have a cold, come here --- be here, go there --- be there, become --- be, come back --- be back, fall asleep --- be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in), leave --- be away from, get to know --- know, go (get) out →be out，put on→ wear；catch a cold →have a cold等。

例:The old man died 4 years ago. ----The old man has been dead for 4 years. ---- It is 4 years since the old man died. ----Four years has passed since the old man died. He joined the Party 2 years ago. -----He has been in the Party for 2 years. I bought the book 5 days ago. ---- I have had the book for 5 days.。