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Micron 16Gb x8, x16 汽车级 DDR4 SDRAM 数据手册说明书

Automotive DDR4 SDRAM MT40A2G8MT40A1G16FeaturesNotes:1.Not all options listed can be combined to define an offered product. Use the part catalog search on for available offerings.2.The ×4 device is not offered and the mode is not supported by the x8 or x16 device even tho ugh some ×4 mode descriptions exist in the data sheet.3.The UT option use based on automotive usage model. Contact Micron sales representative if you have questions.Notes:1.Refer to the Speed Bin Tables for additional details.•V DD = V DDQ = 1.2V ±60mV •V PP = 2.5V, –125mV, +250mV •On-die, internal, adjustable V REFDQ generation •1.2V pseudo open-drain I/O •Refresh time of 8192-cycle at T C temperature range:–64ms, at –40°C to 85°C–32ms, at >85°C to 95°C–16ms, at >95°C to 105°C–8ms, at >105°C to 125°C•16 internal banks (x8): 4 groups of 4 banks each•8 internal banks (x16): 2 groups of 4 banks each•8n -bit prefetch architecture•Programmable data strobe preambles•Data strobe preamble training•Command/Address latency (CAL)•Multipurpose register READ and WRITE capability•Write leveling•Self refresh mode•Low-power auto self refresh (LPASR)•Temperature controlled refresh (TCR)•Fine granularity refresh•Self refresh abort•Maximum power saving•Output driver calibration•Nominal, park, and dynamic on-die termination(ODT)•Data bus inversion (DBI) for data bus•Command/Address (CA) parity•Databus write cyclic redundancy check (CRC)•Per-DRAM addressability•Connectivity test•JEDEC JESD-79-4 compliant•sPPR and hPPR capability•AEC-Q100•PPAP submission Options 1Marking •Configuration –2 Gig x 82G8–1 Gig x 161G16•78-ball FBGA package (Pb-free) – x8–7.5mm x 11mm – Rev. F AG •96-ball FBGA package (Pb-free) – x16–7.5mm x 13mm – Rev. F TD •Timing – cycle time –0.625ns @ CL = 22 (DDR4-3200)-062E •Product certification –Automotive A •Operating temperature –Industrial (–40° ≤ T C ≤ 95°C)IT –Automotive (–40° ≤ T C ≤ 105°C)AT –Ultra-high (–40° ≤ T C ≤ 125°C)UT •Revision :F Table 1: Key Timing Parameters Speed Grade 1Data Rate (MT/s)Target CL-n RCD-n RP t AA (ns)t RCD (ns)t RP (ns)-062E 320022-22-2213.7513.7513.75Table 2: AddressingParameter2048 Meg x 81024 Meg x 16 Number of bank groups42Bank group address BG[1:0]BG0Bank count per group44Bank address in bank group BA[1:0]BA[1:0]Row addressing 128K (A[16:0])128K (A[16:0])Column addressing 1K (A[9:0]) 1K (A[9:0])Page size11KB2KBNotes:1.Page size is per bank, calculated as follows:Page size = 2COLBITS× ORG/8, where COLBIT = the number of column address bits and ORG = the number of DQ bits. Figure 1: Order Part Number ExampleExample Part Number: MT40A1G16KH-062E AAT:EContentsImportant Notes and Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 General Notes and Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Industrial Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Automotive Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Ultra-high Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Definitions of the Device-Pin Signal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Definitions of the Bus Signal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Functional Block Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Ball Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Ball Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Package Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 State Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 RESET and Initialization Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Power-Up and Initialization Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 RESET Initialization with Stable Power Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Uncontrolled Power-Down Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Programming Mode Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Mode Register 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Burst Length, Type, and Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 CAS Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Test Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Write Recovery (WR)/READ-to-PRECHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 DLL RESET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Mode Register 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 DLL Enable/DLL Disable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Output Driver Impedance Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ODT R TT(NOM) Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Additive Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Rx CTLE Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Write Leveling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Output Disable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Termination Data Strobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Mode Register 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 CAS WRITE Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Low-Power Auto Self Refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Dynamic ODT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Write Cyclic Redundancy Check Data Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Mode Register 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Multipurpose Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 WRITE Command Latency When CRC/DM is Enabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Fine Granularity Refresh Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Temperature Sensor Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Per-DRAM Addressability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Gear-Down Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Mode Register 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Hard Post Package Repair Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Soft Post Package Repair Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 WRITE Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55READ Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 READ Preamble Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Temperature-Controlled Refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Command Address Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Internal V REF Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Maximum Power Savings Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Mode Register 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Data Bus Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Data Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 CA Parity Persistent Error Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 ODT Input Buffer for Power-Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 CA Parity Error Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 CRC Error Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 CA Parity Latency Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Mode Register 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Data Rate Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 V REFDQ Calibration Enable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 V REFDQ Calibration Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 V REFDQ Calibration Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Truth Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 NOP Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 DESELECT Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 DLL-Off Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 DLL-On/Off Switching Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 DLL Switch Sequence from DLL-On to DLL-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 DLL-Off to DLL-On Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Input Clock Frequency Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Write Leveling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 DRAM Setting for Write Leveling and DRAM TERMINATION Function in that Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Procedure Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Write Leveling Mode Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Command Address Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Low-Power Auto Self Refresh Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Manual Self Refresh Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Multipurpose Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 MPR Reads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 MPR Readout Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 MPR Readout Serial Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 MPR Readout Parallel Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 MPR Readout Staggered Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 MPR READ Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 MPR Writes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 MPR WRITE Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 MPR REFRESH Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Gear-Down Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Maximum Power-Saving Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Maximum Power-Saving Mode Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Maximum Power-Saving Mode Entry in PDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 CKE Transition During Maximum Power-Saving Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Maximum Power-Saving Mode Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Command/Address Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Per-DRAM Addressability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107V REFDQ Range and Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111V REFDQ Step Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111V REFDQ Increment and Decrement Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112V REFDQ Target Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116Connectivity Test Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118Pin Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118Minimum Terms Definition for Logic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119Logic Equations for a x4 Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119Logic Equations for a x8 Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Logic Equations for a x16 Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120CT Input Timing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Excessive Row Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122Post Package Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123Post Package Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123Hard Post Package Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123hPPR Row Repair - Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124hPPR Row Repair – WRA Initiated (REF Commands Allowed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124hPPR Row Repair – WR Initiated (REF Commands NOT Allowed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126sPPR Row Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127hPPR/sPPR/MBIST-PPR Support Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130ACTIVATE Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130PRECHARGE Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131REFRESH Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Temperature-Controlled Refresh Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134Normal Temperature Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134Extended Temperature Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134Fine Granularity Refresh Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136Mode Register and Command Truth Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 t REFI and t RFC Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Changing Refresh Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139Usage with TCR Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139Self Refresh Entry and Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139SELF REFRESH Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141Self Refresh Abort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Self Refresh Exit with NOP Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144Power-Down Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146Power-Down Clarifications – Case 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151Power-Down Entry, Exit Timing with CAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152ODT Input Buffer Disable Mode for Power-Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154CRC Write Data Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156CRC Write Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156WRITE CRC DATA Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156DBI_n and CRC Both Enabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157DM_n and CRC Both Enabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157DM_n and DBI_n Conflict During Writes with CRC Enabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157CRC and Write Preamble Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157CRC Simultaneous Operation Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157CRC Polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157CRC Combinatorial Logic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158Burst Ordering for BL8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159CRC Data Bit Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159CRC Enabled With BC4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160。

BGC(暂)120KW发动机Audit性能测试指导书

AA-MQE-10.2-PA-027BGC发动机Audit性能测试分2小时性能测试和5小时性能测试，2小时性能测试运行下面的一）程序，5小时性能测试运行下面的一）、二）、三）程序。

BGC发动机Audit性能测试由MQE发动机测试员负责，具体操作规范如下：一）带磨合运转的功率测试程序：1）发动机运行15秒，节气门开度为35%，转速为2000rpm，不测量；2）发动机运行300秒，节气门开度为35%，转速为1500rpm，测量相应参数；3）发动机运行300秒，节气门开度为40%，转速为2000rpm，测量相应参数；4）发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为50%，转速为2500rpm，测量相应参数；5）发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为65%，转速为3000rpm，测量相应参数；6）发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为70%，转速为3500rpm，测量相应参数；7）发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为80%，转速为4000rpm，测量相应参数；8）发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为90%，转速为4500rpm，测量相应参数；9）发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5000rpm，测量相应参数；10）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为65%，转速为3000rpm，不测量；11）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为35%，转速为1500rpm，不测量；12）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为1500rpm，测量相应参数；13）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为1800rpm，测量相应参数；14）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2000rpm，测量相应参数；15）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2200rpm，测量相应参数；16）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2400rpm，测量相应参数；17）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2600rpm，测量相应参数；18）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2800rpm，测量相应参数；19）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为3000rpm，测量相应参数；20）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为3200rpm，测量相应参数；21）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为3400rpm，测量相应参数；22）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为3600rpm，测量相应参数；AA-MQE-10.2-PA-02724）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4000rpm，测量相应参数；25）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4200rpm，测量相应参数；26）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4400rpm，测量相应参数；27）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4600rpm，测量相应参数；28）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4800rpm，测量相应参数；29）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5000rpm，测量相应参数；30）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5500rpm，测量相应参数；31）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5600rpm，测量相应参数；32）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5700rpm，测量相应参数；33）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5800rpm，测量相应参数；34）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5900rpm，测量相应参数；35）发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为6000rpm，测量相应参数；36) 发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为50%，转速为3000rpm，测量相应参数；37) 发动机运行120秒，节气门开度为0%，负荷为0Nm，测量相应参数；38)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为30%，转速为2000rpm，测量相应参数；39)发动机运行60秒，节气门开度为15%，转速为1500rpm，测量相应参数；二)供油跑合程序：a)发动机运行300秒，节气门开度为35%，转速为1500rpm，测量相应参数；b)发动机运行300秒，节气门开度为40%，转速为2000rpm，测量相应参数；c)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为50%，转速为2500rpm，测量相应参数；d)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为65%，转速为3000rpm，测量相应参数；e)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为70%，转速为3500rpm，测量相应参数；f)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为80%，转速为4000rpm，测量相应参数；g)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为90%，转速为4500rpm，测量相应参数；h)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5000rpm，测量相应参数；i)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为65%，转速为3000rpm，不测量；j)发动机运行300秒，节气门开度为35%，转速为1500rpm，测量相应参数；k)发动机运行300秒，节气门开度为40%，转速为2000rpm，测量相应参数；l)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为50%，转速为2500rpm，测量相应参数；m)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为65%，转速为3000rpm，测量相应参数；n)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为70%，转速为3500rpm，测量相应参数；o)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为80%，转速为4000rpm，测量相应参数；p)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为90%，转速为4500rpm，测量相应参数；q)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5000rpm，测量相应参数；r)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为65%，转速为3000rpm，不测量；s)发动机运行300秒，节气门开度为35%，转速为1500rpm，测量相应参数；t)发动机运行300秒，节气门开度为40%，转速为2000rpm，测量相应参数；u)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为50%，转速为2500rpm，测量相应参数；v)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为65%，转速为3000rpm，测量相应参数；w)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为70%，转速为3500rpm，测量相应参数；x)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为80%，转速为4000rpm，测量相应参数；z)发动机运行500秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5000rpm，测量相应参数；aa)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为65%，转速为3000rpm，不测量；三)不带磨合运转的功率测试程序：a)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为1500rpm，测量相应参数；b)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为1800rpm，测量相应参数；c)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2000rpm，测量相应参数；d)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2200rpm，测量相应参数；e)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2400rpm，测量相应参数；f)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2600rpm，测量相应参数；g)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为2800rpm，测量相应参数；h)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为3000rpm，测量相应参数；i)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为3200rpm，测量相应参数；j)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为3400rpm，测量相应参数；k)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为3600rpm，测量相应参数；l)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为3800rpm，测量相应参数；m)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4000rpm，测量相应参数；n)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4200rpm，测量相应参数；o)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4400rpm，测量相应参数；p)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4600rpm，测量相应参数；q)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为4800rpm，测量相应参数；r)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5000rpm，测量相应参数；s)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5500rpm，测量相应参数；t)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5600rpm，测量相应参数；u)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5700rpm，测量相应参数；v)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5800rpm，测量相应参数；w)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为5900rpm，测量相应参数；x)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为100%，转速为6000rpm，测量相应参数；y)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为65%，转速为3000rpm，不测量；z)发动机运行30秒，节气门开度为35%，转速为1500rpm，不测量；注：以上转速、负荷数据允差均为+/-1%。

MQL4命令中文详解手册

MQL4命令中⽂详解⼿册MQL4 Reference MQL4命令⼿册（本⼿册采⽤Office2007编写）2010年2⽉⽬录MQL4 Reference (1)MQL4命令⼿册 (1)Basics基础 (18)Syntax语法 (18)Comments注释 (18)Identifiers标识符 (19)Reserved words保留字 (19)Data types数据类型 (20)Type casting类型转换 (20)Integer constants整数常量 (21)Literal constants字⾯常量 (21)Boolean constants布尔常量 (22)Floating-point number constants (double)浮点数常量（双精度） (22) String constants字符串常量 (23)Color constants颜⾊常数 (23)Datetime constants⽇期时间常数 (24)Operations & Expressions操作表达式 (25)Expressions表达式 (25)Arithmetical operations算术运算 (25)Assignment operation赋值操作 (26)Operations of relation操作关系 (27)Boolean operations布尔运算 (27)Bitwise operations位运算 (28)Other operations其他运算 (28)Precedence rules优先规则 (29)Operators操作符 (31)Compound operator复合操作符 (31)Expression operator表达式操作符 (32)Break operator终⽌操作符 (32)Continue operator继续操作符 (32)Return operator返回操作符 (33)Conditional operator if-else条件操作符 (34) Switch operator跳转操作符 (35)Cycle operator while循环操作符while (36) Cycle operator for循环操作符for (37) Functions函数 (38)Function call函数调⽤ 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variables全局变量 (167) GlobalVariableCheck (167) GlobalVariableDel (167)GlobalVariableGet (168) GlobalVariableName (168) GlobalVariableSet (169) GlobalVariableSetOnCondition (169) GlobalVariablesDeleteAll (171) GlobalVariablesTotal (171)Math & Trig数学和三⾓函数 (172)MathAbs (172)MathArccos (172)MathArctan (173)MathCeil (174)MathCos (174)MathExp (175)MathFloor (175)MathLog (176)MathMax (176)MathMin (177)MathMod (177)MathPow (178)MathRand (178)MathRound (178)MathSin (179)MathSqrt (180)MathSrand (180)MathTan (181)Object functions⽬标函数 (182)ObjectCreate建⽴⽬标 (182)ObjectDelete删除⽬标 (183)ObjectDescription⽬标描述 (183)ObjectFind查找⽬标 (184)ObjectGet⽬标属性 (185) ObjectGetFiboDescription斐波纳契描述 (185) ObjectGetShiftByValue (186)ObjectMove移动⽬标 (187)ObjectName⽬标名 (187)ObjectsDeleteAll删除所有⽬标 (188)ObjectSet改变⽬标属性 (188) ObjectSetFiboDescription改变⽬标斐波纳契指标 (189) ObjectSetText改变⽬标说明 (190)ObjectsTotal返回⽬标总量 (190)ObjectType返回⽬标类型 (191)String functions字符串函数 (192) StringConcatenate字符串连接 (192)StringFind字符串搜索 (192)StringGetChar字符串指定位置代码 (193)StringLen字符串长度 (193)StringSetChar (194)StringSubstr提取⼦字符串 (194)StringTrimLeft (195)StringTrimRight (195)Technical indicators技术指标 (196)iAC⽐尔.威廉斯的加速器或减速箱振荡器 (196)iAD离散指标 (196)iAlligator⽐尔?威廉斯的鳄鱼指标 (197)iADX移动定向索引 (198)iATR平均真实范围 (198)iAO⽐尔.威廉斯的振荡器 (199)iBands保⼒加通道技术指标 (199) iBandsOnArray保⼒加通道指标 (200)iBullsPower⽜市指标 (201)iCCI商品通道索引指标 (201)iCCIOnArray商品通道索引指标 (202)iCustom指定的客户指标 (202)iDeMarker (203)iEnvelopes包络指标 (203) iEnvelopesOnArray包络指标 (204)iForce强⼒索引指标 (204)iFractals分形索引指标 (205)iGator随机震荡指标 (205)iIchimoku (206)iBWMFI⽐尔.威廉斯市场斐波纳契指标 (207) iMomentum动量索引指标 (207) iMomentumOnArray (208)iMFI资⾦流量索引指标 (208)iMA移动平均指标 (209)iMAOnArray (209)iOsMA移动振动平均震荡器指标 (210) iMACD移动平均数汇总/分离指标 (211) iOBV能量潮指标 (211)iSAR抛物线状⽌损和反转指标 (212)iRSI相对强弱索引指标 (212)iRVI相对活⼒索引指标 (213)iStdDev标准偏差指标 (214) iStdDevOnArray (214)iStochastic随机震荡指标 (215)iWPR威廉指标 (216)Timeseries access时间序列图表数据 (217) iBars柱的数量 (217)iBarShift开始时间的柱 (217)iClose (218)iHigh (218)iHighest (219)iLow (220)iLowest (220)iOpen (221)iTime (221)iVolume (222)Trading functions交易函数 (224)Execution errors (224)OrderClose (227)OrderCloseBy (228)OrderClosePrice (228)OrderCloseTime (229)OrderComment (229)OrderCommission (230)OrderExpiration (231)OrderLots (231)OrderMagicNumber (231)OrderModify (232)OrderOpenPrice (233)OrderOpenTime (233)OrderPrint (234)OrderProfit (234)OrderSelect (235)OrderSend (236)OrdersHistoryTotal (237)OrderStopLoss (238)OrdersTotal (238)OrderSwap (239)OrderSymbol (239)OrderTakeProfit (240)OrderTicket (240)OrderType (240)Window functions窗⼝函数 (242) HideTestIndicators隐藏指标 (242)Period使⽤周期 (242)RefreshRates刷新预定义变量和系列数组的数据 (242) Symbol当前货币对 (244) WindowBarsPerChart可见柱总数 (244) WindowExpertName智能交易系统名称 (245) WindowFind返回名称 (245) WindowFirstVisibleBar第⼀个可见柱 (245) WindowHandle (246)WindowIsVisible图表在⼦窗⼝中可见 (246)WindowOnDropped (247)WindowPriceMax (247)WindowPriceMin (248)WindowPriceOnDropped (249)WindowRedraw (249)WindowScreenShot (250)WindowTimeOnDropped (251)WindowsTotal指标窗⼝数 (251)WindowXOnDropped (252)WindowYOnDropped (252)Obsolete functions过时的函数 (253)MetaQuotes Language 4 (MQL4) 是⼀种新的内置型程序⽤来编写交易策略。

402 1 电动门用户手册说明书

1FAAC S.p.A.Via Benini, 140069 Zola Predosa (BO) - ITALIATel.: 051/61724 - Fax: 051/758518www.faac.it732143 Rev.A.EC DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY FOR MACHINES ....................................................................................p. 2 WARNINGS FOR THE INSTALLER .......................................................................................................................p. 2 1.DESCRIPTION AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ....................................................................................p. 31.1.DIMENSIONS ................................................................................................................................p. 32.ELECTRIC DEVICES (standard system) ....................................................................................................p. 33.INSTALLING THE AUTOMATED SYSTEM ......................................................................................................p. 43.1.PRELIMINARY CHECKS ................................................................................................................p. 43.2.INSTALLATION DIMENSIONS ........................................................................................................p. 43.2.1.GENERAL RULES FOR DETERMINING THE INSTALLATION DIMENSIONS ............................p. 43.3.INSTALLATION OF THE OPERATORS .............................................................................................p. 44.START-UP ....................................................................................................................................................p. 64.1.ADJUSTING THE ANTI-CRUSHING SYSTEM ..................................................................................p. 65.FINAL OPERATIONS ...................................................................................................................................p. 76.AUTOMATED SYSTEM TEST .........................................................................................................................p. 77.MANUAL OPERATION ...............................................................................................................................p. 78.RESTORING NORMAL OPERATION MODE ................................................................................................p. 79.MAINTENANCE ..........................................................................................................................................p. 710.REPAIRS .....................................................................................................................................................p. 711.TROUBLE SHOOTING .................................................................................................................................p. 821)ATTENTION! To ensure the safety of people, it is important that you readall the following instructions. Incorrect installation or incorrect use of the product could cause serious harm to people.2)Carefully read the instructions before beginning to install the product.3)Do not leave packing materials (plastic, polystyrene, etc.) within reachof children as such materials are potential sources of danger.4)Store these instructions for future reference.5)This product was designed and built strictly for the use indicated in thisdocumentation. Any other use, not expressly indicated here, could compromise the good condition/operation of the product and/or be a source of danger.6)FAAC declines all liability caused by improper use or use other than thatfor which the automated system was intended.7)Do not install the equipment in an explosive atmosphere: the presenceof inflammable gas or fumes is a serious danger to safety.8)The mechanical parts must conform to the provisions of Standards EN12604 and EN 12605.For non-EU countries, to obtain an adequate level of safety, the Standards mentioned above must be observed, in addition to national legal regulations.9)FAAC is not responsible for failure to observe Good Technique in theconstruction of the closing elements to be motorised, or for any deformation that may occur during use.10)The installation must conform to Standards EN 12453 and EN 12445.For non-EU countries, to obtain an adequate level of safety, the Standards mentioned above must be observed, in addition to national legal regulations.11)Before attempting any job on the system, cut out electrical power .12)The mains power supply of the automated system must be fitted with anall-pole switch with contact opening distance of 3mm or greater. Use of a 6A thermal breaker with all-pole circuit break is recommended.13)Make sure that a differential switch with threshold of 0.03 A is fittedupstream of the system.14)Make sure that the earthing system is perfectly constructed, andconnect metal parts of the means of the closure to it.15)The safety devices (EN 12978 standard) protect any danger areasagainst mechanical movement Risks , such as crushing, dragging,and shearing.16)Use of at least one indicator-light (e.g. FAACLIGHT ) is recommendedfor every system, as well as a warning sign adequately secured to the frame structure, in addition to the devices mentioned at point “15”.17)FAAC declines all liability as concerns safety and efficient operationof the automated system, if system components not produced by FAAC are used.18)For maintenance, strictly use original parts by FAAC.19)Do not in any way modify the components of the automated system.20)The installer shall supply all information concerning manual operationof the system in case of an emergency, and shall hand over to the user the warnings handbook supplied with the product.21)Do not allow children or adults to stay near the product while it isoperating.22)Keep remote controls or other pulse generators away from children,to prevent the automated system from being activated involuntarily.23)Transit through the leaves is allowed only when the gate is fully open.24)The user must not attempt any kind of repair or direct action whateverand contact qualified personnel only.25)Maintenance: check at least every 6 months the efficiency of thesystem, particularly the efficiency of the safety devices (including,where foreseen, the operator thrust force) and of the release devices.26)Anything not expressly specified in these instructions is not permitted.WARNINGS FOR THE INSTALLERGENERAL SAFETY OBLIGATIONSEC DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY FOR MACHINES(DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC)Manufacturer:FAAC S.p.A.Address:Via Benini, 1 - 40069 Zola Predosa BOLOGNA - ITALY Declares that:402 mod. operator,•is built to be integrated into a machine or to be assembled with other machinery to create a machine under the provisions of Directive 98/37/EC;•conforms to the essential safety requirements of the following EEC directives:73/23/EEC and subsequent amendment 93/68/EEC.89/336/EEC and subsequent amendment 92/31/EEC and 93/68/EECand also declares that it is prohibited to put into service the machinery until the machine in which it will be integrated or of which it will become a component has been identified and declared as conforming to the conditions of Directive 98/37/EC.Bologna, 01 January 2005The Managing DirectorA. Bassi3These instructions apply to the following models:402 CBC - 402 SBSThe FAAC 402 automated system for swing leaf gates consists of an enbloc composed of an electric pump and a hydraulic piston which transmits drive to the leaf.The model with a hydraulic locking does not require installation of electric locks, as it guarantees mechanical locking of the leaf when the motor is not operating.The model without a hydraulic locking, requires the installation of electric locks to ensure the leaf is mechanically locked.The 402 automated systems were designed and built to automate swing leaf gates. Do not use for any other purpose.Tab. 1: Technical specifications of “402 Operator”MODEL402 CBC402 SBSPower supply voltage 230 Vac(+6%-10%) 50 (6o) Hz Rod extension speed 1.3 cm/s 1 cm/s Pump flow rate1 l/min 0.75 l/min Traction and thrust force 0-500 daN0-690 daNOperating ambient temperature -40°C - +55°CAbsorbed power 220 W Absorbed current 1 A Motor rotation speed 1400 rpm Motor winding temperature 120°C Weight 6.5 kg Type of oil FAAC HP OILProtection class IP 55Single leaf max length 1,80 m3,00 mUse frequency55 (cycles/hour)4To ensure a correctly operating automated system, the structure of the existing gate or gate to be built must satisfy the following requirements:•Max length of leaves according to the dimensions of Table 1 on page 3.• A strong and rigid leaf structure.•Smooth, uniform leaves movement, without any irregular friction during the entire travel;•Existing hinges in good condition.•Travel limit mechanical stops must be provided.We advise you to carry out the metalwork jobs before installing the automated system.The condition of the structure directly influences the reliability and safety of the automated system.Table A : Recommended dimensions for standard operatorsc = The effective rod stroke is shorter than the maximum stroke, inorder to prevent the rod from reaching its stop point internally, during the opening and closing stages.(*) Rod effective stroke (**) maximum dimension1)Fasten the rear attachment on the pilaster, following the indications in Table A . Modify, if necessary, the length of the supplied attachment.Attention : To avoid compromising good operator functionality, we recommend you to respect the indicated dimensions.• For iron pilasters, accurately weld the rear attachment (ref.ባ, Fig. 6) directly on the pilaster.• For masonry pilasters, select one of the following solutions:A)appropriately lay a walling-in plate and then accurately weld the rear attachment.B)secure, with screws and expansion plugs, the rear attachment plate (ref. a, Fig.6) to the pilaster and then accurately weld the rear attachment to theplate as shown in Fig. 6.If the dimensions indicated in table A or B cannot be executed,the following must be considered in order to determine different measurements:-to obtain 90° opening of the leaf: a + b = c.-to obtain over 90° opening of the leaf: a + b < c.-lower a and b dimensions will result in higher speeds . We advise you to observe the current legal regulations;-limit the difference of the a and b dimensions to within 40 mm :higher differences will considerably vary speed during the opening and closing motion;-for reasons of operator dimensions, the minimum Z dimension is 50 mm (Fig. 4);-if the pilaster dimensions or the position of the hinge (dimension d ) do not make it possible to contain dimension a to the required size, a niche must be made in the pilaster as shown in Opening angle 90°110°a (mm)120100b (mm)120100c(*)(mm)240240d(**)(mm)705056-Lastly, remove the key and restore the power supply to the system.For any repairs, contact FAAC’s authorised Repair Centres.78The following table will help you identify and solve some particular conditions.CONDITIONGate not moving.Gate moving slowly.Gate moving jogwise.The operator is losing oil from the breather screw.The leaves stop at slow-down.Gate speed not constant.A B CD E FSUGGESTION-Check if mains power is supplied.-Make sure that the operator is not unlocked. (chapter 8.).-Check the adjustment of the anti-crushing system (paragraph 4.1).-Check oil level inside the tank. (chapter 9 - Fig. 16).-Check the connection and operation of the thrust capacitor.-Check the efficiency of the electronic control unit.-Check the adjustment of the anti-crushing system (paragraph 4.1).-Make sure that you have removed the breather screw (chapter 5).-Run some complete gate opening and closing cycles, in order to release any air inside the piston.-An initial, minimum oil leak is normal. A larger leak may occur if the operator is not fitted in a perfectly horizontal plane. If the oil leak does not stop soon, weadvise you to visit an authorised repair centre.-Check the adjustment of the anti-crushing system (paragraph 4.1).-Incorrect installation dimensions (paragraph 3.2).Notes919M A I N T E N A N C E R E G I S T E R.o N e t a D b o j f o n o i t p i r c s e D se r u t a n g i S 1_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C 2_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C 3_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C 4_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C 5_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C 6_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C 7_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C 8_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C 9_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C 01_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________na i c i n h c e T re m o t s u C I n s t a l l a t i o n t e c h n i c i a n ________________________________________________C u s t o m e r ___________________________________________________________________T y p e of s y s t e m ________________________________________________________S e r i a l n u m b e r _________________________________________________________I n s t a l l a t i o n d a t e ______________________A c t i v a t i o n ________________________S y s t e m c o n f ig u r a t i o nT R A P L E D O M RE B M U N L A I R E S e r o t a u t t A 402C A A F 1e c i v e d y t e f a S 2e c i v e d y t ef a S 1s l l e c o t o h p f o r i a P 2s l l e c o t o h p f o r i a P 1e c i v e d l o r t n o C 2e c i v e d l o r t n o C lo r t n o c o i d a R pm a l g n i h s a l F ec i v ed re h t O ec i v ed re h t O I n d i c a t i o n of r e s i d u a l r i s k s a n d o f f o r e s e e a b l e i m p r o p e r u s e_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Read the instructions carefully before using the product and store them for future useIf correctly installed and used, the 402 automated system ensures a high degree of safety.Some simple rules on behaviour can prevent accidental trouble:-Do not pass between the leaves when they are moving. Waitfor the leaves to open fully before passing through them.-Do not, on any account stay in between the leaves.-Do not stand near the automated system, and do not allowchildren, persons or things to do so, especially when it is operating.-Keep remote controls or other pulse generators away fromchildren, to prevent the automated system from being activated involuntarily.-Do not allow children to play with the automated system.-Do not willingly obstruct leaves movement.-Prevent any branches or shrubs from interfering with leavesmovement.-Keep indicator-lights efficient and easy to see.-Do not attempt to activate the leaves by hand unless you havereleased them.-In the event of malfunctions, release the leaves to allow accessand wait for qualified technical personnel to do the necessary work.-When you have set manual operation mode, cut power to thesystem before restoring normal operation.-Do not in any way modify the components of the automatedsystem.-Do not attempt any kind of repair of direct action whateverand contact qualified personnel only.-At least every six months: arrange a check by qualifiedpersonnel of the automated system, safety devices and earth connection.These instructions apply to the following models:402 CBC - 402 SBS.The FAAC 402 automated system for swing leaf gates consists of a hydraulic enbloc composed of an electric pump and a hydraulic piston which transmits drive to the leaf.The models with a hydraulic locking do not require installation of an electric lock, as they guarantee mechanical locking of the leaf when the motor is not operating.The other models, without a hydraulic locking always require one or more electric locks to ensure the leaf is mechanically locked.Leaves of up to 3 mt can be automated depending on the selected model.The functioning of the operators is controlled by an electronic control unit, housed in an enclosure with adequate degree of protection against atmosphere agents.The leaves are normally closed.When the electronic control unit receives an opening command from the radio control or any other pulse generator, it activates the hydraulic appliance which rotates the leaves until they reach the opening position to allow access.If automatic mode was set, the leaves close automatically after selected pause time has elapsed.If the semi-automatic mode was set, a second pulse must be sent to close the leaf again.A stop pulse (if supplied) always stops movement.For details on the behaviour of the automated system in different function logics, consult the installer.Automated systems include safety devices (photocells) that prevent the leaves from moving when there is an obstacle in the area they protect.The 402 automated system is supplied standard with a hydraulic anti-crush protection safety device (BY-PASS) which limits the torque transmitted to the leaves.The warning-light indicates the current leaf movement.If the gate has to be moved manually due to a power cut or fault of the automated system, use the release device as follows:-Insert the triangular key on the release screw located in the lower part of the flange (Fig.1).-Turn the release key anti-clockwise for about two turns.-Open or close the leaf manually.To prevent an involuntary pulse from activating the operator during the manoeuvre, cut power to the system before re-locking the operator.-To re-lock the operator, turn the key clockwise until it stops (Fig.1).-Release the operator from the front and rear attachments.732143 - Rev. A。

国家仪器 IVI合规性软件包4.2说明书

RELEASE NOTESIVI Compliance Package Version 4.2These release notes contain installation and uninstallation instructions anda list of installed components for the IVI Compliance Package 4.2.Note If you are upgrading from IVI software versions earlier than IVI Compliance Package 3.0, refer to the IVI Compliance Package 3.0 Release Notes for upgradeinformation. You can download a copy of the release notes from the National Instruments Web site at /info . Enter the Info Code icp3rn .IntroductionThe IVI Compliance Package is a software package that contains IVIclass drivers and support libraries necessary to develop and useapplications that leverage IVI instrument interchangeability. TheIVI Compliance Package also is based on and is compliant with thelatest version of the instrument programming specifications definedby the IVI Foundation. You can use the IVI class drivers in theIVI Compliance Package with IVI specific drivers.IVI class drivers implement functions and attributes for controlling aninstrument within a specified class, as defined by the IVI Foundation.The IVI Compliance Package provides IVI class drivers for the followingspecifications:•IviDCPwr •IviDmm •IviFgen •IviPwrMeter •IviRFSigGen •IviScope •IviSpecAn •IviSwtch™•IviCounter•IviUpconverter•IviDownconverter•IviDigitizerIVI specific drivers are drivers for the most popular instruments from allof the currently defined IVI Foundation classes and from the largestinstrument manufacturers including National Instruments, AgilentTechnologies, and Tektronix. You can create IVI specific driversyourself,or download them from /idnet. InstallationNational Instruments recommends that you close all other applicationsbefore you install the IVI Compliance Package.For system requirements, refer to the NI IVI Compliance Package Readme,which you can access by selecting Start»All Programs»NationalInstruments»IVI»IVI Compliance Package Readme.The IVI Compliance Package is included with various NationalInstruments distributions, such as National Instruments Device Drivers,Switch Executive, and Calibration Executive. You also can obtain theIVI Compliance Package as a stand-alone Web-only distribution.If you install a product that is dependent on the IVI Compliance Package,such as Switch Executive, you do not need to install this separateIVI Compliance Package because it is already included in the productinstallation.To install the IVI Compliance Package from the National InstrumentsDevice Drivers media, insert the media and follow the installationsteps.When prompted with feature selections, enable theIVI Compliance Package.To install the stand-alone, Web-only IVI Compliance Package 4.2,complete the following steps:1.Download the IVI Compliance Package 4.2 self-extracting archivefrom /downloads by navigating through the Drivers andUpdates link.2.Double-click the self-extracting archive to launch the installer.3.Click OK to begin installation.4.Follow the directions that appear on the screen.IVI Compliance Package Release © National Instruments Corporation 3IVI Compliance Package Release NotesNoteThe IVI Compliance Package Web distribution does not install NI-Spyor Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX). NI-Spy tracks the calls your application makes to National Instruments test and measurement drivers, such as NI-VXI and NI-VISA. You can use MAX for IVI configuration support. You can use IVI software without these components, but you will not have the features these products supply unless you install them. If you have installed other National Instruments products, such as the National Instruments Device Drivers media, you might already have NI-Spy and MAX installed.If you install a National Instruments product that installs MAX after installing the Web distribution of the IVI Compliance Package, you must reinstall theIVI Compliance Package to be able to use the updated IVI configuration userinterface in MAX. You must have MAX 4.2.1 or later installed to use the IVI configuration utility in MAX.Installed ComponentsDepending on the software support you select when you install theIVI Compliance Package, the installation includes one or more of thefollowing components:•IVI class drivers •IVI class driver LabWindows ™/CVI ™ support •C++ wrappers for IviDmm , IviScope , IviDCPower , IviSwtch , and IviFGen class drivers for Measurement Studio (Windows XP only)•IVI class driver wrappers for supported versions of LabVIEW •IVI class simulation drivers •IVI-COM adapters (32-bit only)•IVI class driver examples for LabWindows/CVI, LabVIEW, and Measurement Studio •IVI Shared Components 2.1.0•IVI configuration plug-in for MAX 4.2.1 and later •Online helpUninstallationIf you no longer want to use IVI software components, complete thefollowing steps to uninstall them.Note If you installed the IVI Compliance Package as part of another distribution that depends on the IVI Compliance Package, you cannot uninstall theIVI CompliancePackage without uninstalling the dependent product.CVI, LabVIEW, National Instruments, NI, , the National Instruments corporate logo, and theEagle logo are trademarks of National Instruments Corporation. Refer to the Trademark Information at/trademarks for other National Instruments trademarks. The mark LabWindows is usedunder a license from Microsoft Corporation. Windows is a registered trademark of MicrosoftCorporation in the United States and other countries. Other product and company names mentionedherein are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies. For patents coveringNational Instruments products/technology, refer to the appropriate location: Help»Patents in yoursoftware, the patents.txt file on your media, or the National Instruments Patent Noticeat /patents .© 2003–2010 National Instruments Corporation. All rights reserved.370733E-01Aug101.Select Start»Control Panel»Add or Remove Programs .2.Select National Instruments Software and click Change/Remove .3.Select NI IVI Compliance Package 4.2 and click Remove .Note After you uninstall the IVI Compliance Package, IVI Shared Components remain on your computer. To remove the remaining components, select Start»Control Panel»Add or Remove Programs , select IVI Shared Components , and click Change/Remove .LabWindows/CVI Version SupportThe IVI Compliance Package provides support only for the latest versionof LabWindows/CVI installed on your computer. If you install the IVICompliance Package with LabWindows/CVI installed and then upgrade toa later version of LabWindows/CVI, complete the following steps tomodify the IVI Compliance Package installation to get IVI support for thelater version of LabWindows/CVI:1.Select Start»Control Panel»Add or Remove Programs .2.Select National Instruments Software and click Change/Remove .3.Select NI IVI Compliance Package 4.2 and click Modify .4.For the LabWindows/CVI Support feature under IVI Class Drivers , select Remove this feature and complete the installation.5.Repeat steps 1–3.6.For the LabWindows/CVI Support feature under IVI Class Drivers ,selectInstall this feature to a local drive and complete theinstallation.This process removes IVI class driver support for the previous version ofLabWindows/CVI and adds this support for the later version ofLabWindows/CVI.。

Process audit checklist

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MQL4命令中文手册

2
Global variables 全局变量 .................................................................................. 29 Defining extern variables 外部定义变量 .............................................................. 30 Initialization of variables 初始化变量 ................................................................... 30 External functions definition 外部函数的定义 ...................................................... 30 Preprocessor 预处理................................................................................................. 31 Constant declaration 常量声明 ........................................................................... 31 Controlling compilation 编译控制 ....................................................................... 32 Including of files 包含文件 ...............................................

MQL4程序的常见错误以及如何避免它们

MQL4程序的常见错误以及如何避免它们介绍一些较旧的程序可能在新版本的MQL4编译器中返回错误。

为了避免关键的程序完成，以前版本的编译器在运行环境中处理了许多错误。

例如，除数为零或数组越界都是严重错误，并通常会导致应用程序崩溃。

这些错误只在一些状态下针对某些变量值而发生。

阅读这篇文章了解如何处理这样的情况。

新的编译器可以检测实际或潜在的错误源并提高代码质量。

在这篇文章中，我们讨论了旧程序编译过程中检测到的可能出现的错误，以及解决这些问题的方法。

1.编译错误2.▪ 1.1. 与关键字一致的标识▪ 1.2. 变量和函数名的特殊字符▪ 1.3. 使用switch操作符的错误▪ 1.4. 函数返回值▪ 1.5. 函数参数数组3.运行时间错误4.▪ 2.1. 数组越界▪ 2.2. 除数为零▪ 2.3. 当前字符用0替代NULL▪ 2.4. Unicode格式字符串和它们在DLL中的使用▪ 2.5. 文件共享▪ 2.6. 日期时间转换5.编译器警告▪ 3.1. 全局和局部变量名称一致▪ 3.2. 类型不匹配▪ 3.3. 未使用的变量1编译错误如果程序代码中包含错误，则它不能被编译。

要完全控制所有的错误，建议使用严谨的编译模式，它通过以下指令来设置：这种模式大大简化了故障排除。

1.1. 与关键字一致的标识编译器会返回一个错误信息：图1. 错误“unexpected token（非预期标记）”和“name expected（预期名称）”要解决这个错误，您需要使用变量或函数的正确名称。

1.2. 变量和函数名的特殊字符如果变量或函数名称中包含特殊字符（$，@，点）：编译器会返回一个错误信息：图 2. 错误“unknown symbol（未知交易品种）”与“semicolon expected（预期分号）”要解决这个错误，您需要使用正确的函数或变量名。

1.3. 使用switch操作符的错误在旧版本的编译器中，您可以在switch操作符的表达式和常量中使用任何值：在新的编译器中，switch操作符的常量和表达式必须是整数，所以当您尝试使用这样的结构时会发生错误：图3. 错误“illegal switch expression type（非法switch表达式类型）”和“constant expression is not integral（常量表??达式不是整数）”在这种情况下，您可以使用明确的数值比较，例如：1.4. 函数返回值除了空值外的所有函数都应该返回声明的类型值。

ICH M4(R4)指导原则中文版

四阶段直接对编号和章节标题进行
更改，无需再公开征求意见。
2002 年 09 月 12 日
M4(R1)
增加了粒度文件作为附件。
指导委员会批准了附件的修订：粒度
文件。
2003 年 11 月 11 日
M4(R2)
指导委员会批准了所修订附件的更
正内容：粒度文件。
2004 年 01 月 13 日
M4(R3)
现行第四阶段版本
交文件（文件可在该层级撰写，但是
3.2.S.2.2
必须在更高的层级提交）。
3.2.S.2.3 3.2.S.2.4 3.2.S.2.5 3.2.S.2.6
注 1：在选择本模块的文件粒度的层级时，申请人应该考虑到，在产品生命周期的任何一个时间点，如
3.2.S.3 3.2.S.4 注 3
3.2.S.3.1 3.2.S.3.2 3.2.S.4.1 3.2.S.4.2 3.2.S.4.3 3.2.S.4.4
4 4.1 目录
模块 5 临床研究报告
5 5.1 目录
4
通用技术文档的组织
人用药品注册通用技术文档的组织
模块 1：行政管理信息 1.1 模块 1 所提交文件的目录 1.2 各地区的相关文件（如申请表、处方信息）
模块 2：通用技术文档总结 2.1 通用技术文档目录（模块 2-5） 2.2 CTD 前言 2.3 质量综述 2.4 非临床综述 2.5 临床综述 2.6 非临床文字总结和列表总结药理学药代动力学毒理学 2.7 临床总结生物药剂学研究及相关分析方法临床药理学研究临床有效性临床安全性参考文献单项研究摘要
首次编码 M4 M4
M4
M4 M4
M4(R3) 文件历史

JOS实验四

JOS实验四作者：卓达城邮箱：zhuodc@备注：本文档重点说明exofork函数的返回机制(下面将以黑体标志），如果有不当，敬请发邮件到我的邮箱。

本文档最精彩的地方在于缺页中断处理函数的返回机制和堆栈的切换，文中以灰底，不同字体、加粗显示。

还有一处就是vpd和vpt的使用，这里用了回环搜索pgdir和二级页表，也用加粗显示。

如果要做实验四，要用svn把mit提供的实验代码很lab3 的代码合并。

前面的实验也如此。

修改：对于实验三，有部分地方的代码我写错了，要修改,具体如下：函数：load_icode修改user_mem_check函数：现在进入实验4：PART A：实现调度算法第一步：修改kern/sched.c里面的函数sched_yield，具体代码如下：这个函数很简单，就是从当前环境的下一个环境一直遍历到当前环境，如果有可以运行的就开始运行。

如果没有，就进入idle环境。

然后修改系统调用，具体是修改syscall.c里面的syscall，具体代码如下：这里要完成part a的话不用添加那么多，但是我是做完lab4再写的，所以就多加了一些进去。

现在在init.c里面多创建几个环境，以供测试，具体如下：多余的调试信息删除掉，才能看到效果，不然程序会不断地刷屏。

又或者把这两句激活，也可以达到效果的。

现在开始实现sys_exofork函数：这个函数主要是用来创建环境，这个函数也是整个实验最为难理解的函数之一，这里将详细解释，如果讲的不好，请莫怪，因为实在比较复杂。

函数代码不多，具体如下：要理解这个函数，又要回顾一下中断和异常这方面的知识：我们可以大体的把cpu的中断和异常弄成四类，fault、trap、interrupt（用户调用）、abort 不好用中文翻译，关于那个中断号我们这里都用call来做说明，中断和异常进行特权级的切换（只要设计者愿意，可以在任何特权级间切换），而call是不能的，call tss段也可以切换，但是只能同特权级或者高特权级到低特权级的切换。

论M6-4使用安全审计加强Linux主机的安全维护能力

M6-4 使用安全审计加强Linux 主机的安全维护能力1.1场景描述1.1.1学习目的学生通过该能力模块的学习,能够独立完成和熟练掌握实现主机安全审计的能力。

1.1.2学习要求理解:审计对主机安全的重要性。

掌握:使用psacct 程序所提供的命令对主机进行审计。

1.1.3学习重点和难点1.学习重点ac 命令.sa 命令2.学习难点psacct 程序1.2 知识准备1.2.1p sacct 程序安全配置审计工具是一款用户对各类系统、设备做安全配置检查的自动化工具，能够智能化识别各类安全设置，分析安全状态，并能够给出多种配置审计分析报告，目前已经支持多种操作系统及网络设备。

RedHat Linux 系统中的psacct 程序可以根据安全需求进行修改。

另外，利用系统工具对各类账号的操作权限做限制，能够有效保证用户无法超越其账号权限的操作，确保系统安全。

RedHat Linux 系统中的psacct 程序提供了几个进程活动监视工具：ac 、lastcomm 、accton 和sa 。

ac――命令显示用户连接时间的统计.lastcomm ——命令显示系统执行的命令.accton ――命令用于打开或关闭进程记帐功能.sa——命令统计系统进程记帐的情况.1.3注意事项在使用psacct 程序进行审计时，需要查看其是否安装，如果没有安装要手动进行安装1.4操作步骤1.4.1启动psacct 服务默认情况下，RedHat Linux 系统默认安装了psacct 程序，只需要系统中启动psacct 服务，先用chkconfig 命令查看psacct 服务状态，如下所示：[root@lab2 ~]# chkconfig --list psacctpsacct 0:关闭1:关闭2:关闭3:关闭4:关闭5:关闭6:关闭使用命令chkconfig 命令启用默认启动，并使用命令/etc/init.d/psacct start 命令来启动psacct 服务，如下所示。

linux 审计命令

linux 审计命令摘要：1.Linux审计命令简介2.审计命令的使用方法3.审计命令的实例应用4.总结正文：Linux审计命令是在Linux系统中，用于管理和监控系统活动的一种命令。

它们可以帮助管理员了解系统上发生的事件，识别异常行为，并采取必要的措施。

在本文中，我们将介绍一些常用的审计命令，并探讨如何使用它们来加强Linux系统的安全性。

一、Linux审计命令简介在Linux系统中，审计命令主要用于收集、存储和查询系统活动信息。

这些命令可以让管理员实时监控系统，以便在发生问题时迅速采取措施。

常见的审计命令包括：1.dmesg：显示系统内核缓冲区的消息2.tail：实时查看日志文件内容3.grep：在文件中搜索指定的字符串st：查看用户登录历史记录5.acct：监控系统资源使用情况二、审计命令的使用方法以下是使用这些审计命令的基本方法：1.dmesg：使用`dmesg`命令可以查看系统内核缓冲区的消息。

例如，要查看所有内核消息，可以使用`dmesg -a`命令。

要仅查看特定类型的消息，可以使用`dmesg -c`（CPU状态消息）或`dmesg -w`（内核警告消息）等选项。

2.tail：使用`tail`命令可以实时查看日志文件的内容。

例如，要实时查看名为`syslog`的日志文件内容，可以使用`tail -f syslog`命令。

要查看文件的最后几行，可以使用`tail -n 5 filename`命令。

3.grep：使用`grep`命令可以在文件中搜索指定的字符串。

例如，要在名为`syslog`的日志文件中搜索包含“error”的行，可以使用`grep -i error syslog`命令。

`-i`选项表示忽略大小写。

st：使用`last`命令可以查看用户登录历史记录。

例如，要查看所有用户的登录记录，可以使用`last -a`命令。

要查看特定用户的登录记录，可以使用`last -u username`命令。

QP-4.2.4 记录控制程序(监理)

记录控制程序1 目的为证实项目成果符合顾客要求与适用的法律法规要求以及质量管理体系有效运行提供证据，对质量记录(以下简称记录)予以控制。

2 范围适用于本公司所有与质量管理体系运行时和产品实现过程中所产生的各类记录，也包括外来记录(如供方提供的质检报告、行业主管部门规定的各类记录等)。

3 职责3.1 办公室负责汇总和编写本公司的《公司质量记录清单》并保存各类记录的样本。

规定记录的保存期限和保留部门、保存权限，对已到保存期限的记录进行统一销毁。

3.2 各职能部门负责本部门所使用记录格式的设计、标识、填写、收集、编目、整理、归档和保管。

4 工作程序4.1记录的分类与形式4.1.1记录的分类A、与项目(产品)质量有关的记录。

如项目质量自检、互检、抽检记录，项目设计审查、野外验收、成果评审、修改记录等；B、质量管理体系运行记录。

如内部审核报告、管理评审报告、纠正和预防措施记录、监视和测量设备校检记录、培训记录和顾客投诉记录等。

C、来自外部的记录。

如来自供方的质检报告、顾客的反馈记录、行业主管部门规定的各类记录等。

4.1.2记录的形式主要以文字、图表表现的纸质文件和电子文件等。

4.2 记录的设置、格式及编号4.2.1各部门按照标准GB/T19001-2008的要求、本公司体系文件要求、相关法律法规要求确定所需设置的记录，并负责设计其记录格式。

其记录表单表头的设计内容应能反映质量管理体系的运行状况和成果(产品)状态，并能为证实产品符合要求和质量管理体系有效运行提供证据。

表单设计完成，交管理者代表审批后由办公室登记备案。

若顾客或法律法规规定了记录格式，则相关部门必须采用其格式。

4.2.2 记录格式如需更改，由原编制部门填写《文件更改申请单》，经管理者代表批准、由编制部门更改后使用，同时报办公室备案。

4.2.3 办公室根据标准GB/T19001-2008的要求及各部门设置的记录，负责汇总和编写本公司的《公司质量记录清单》，并汇集和保存各类记录的样本。

QSB Audit template-中英文对照

4
G
遏制政策表格或不合格原料识别预期质量和可疑原料场地. 恰当地识别产品牵制政策. 在恰当的区域把不合格和可疑原料隔离
3
Y
4
G
QSB Audit form 07.04
1 of 8
Rev 020507
显著要求
断裂点维护要求100%检验,并授权免除内容
LOOK FOR…
1) 遏制政策程序和完成表格在车间: (如果有实例则更易接受) 2) 废料围堵政策程序,数据和不合格原料区. 3) 负责人签字表和产品检验批准. 在车间: (如果是实例则更易接受) 1) 移动时或之前,寻求再引入的证据. 2) 核实再引入包括所有的下游表,如错误检验. 3) 如果不包括过程中的再引入, 检验文件修复确认程序被追踪.谁(人或机器) 4) 评论返修工作标准使用方法. 5) 寻求一个检验员能追溯到供应商在何时做什么如序号或特殊记号的记录
Procedure and forms that document customer notification and follow-up communication when a Containment failure/Major Disruption is possible or has occurred. 当遏制政策失效或者可能出现或已经发生大量断货情况的时候，接下来的与客户的沟通中有一个程序或表格文件 Documents to ensure communication and follow-up activities occur as required such as: 1) Customer call log 2) Customer contact list 3) Certified shipment log 4) Tiered supplier contacts and certified shipment documentation. 按照要求文件必须保证沟通和在接下来的活动当中发生，比如： 1）客户的呼声记录 2）客户联系清单 3）发货证明记录 4）分供应商联系清单及发货通知单. 1) Periodic summary reports 2) Material Review Board information and signatures 1）定期总结报告 2）原料评审信息板和签名

linux 内核编译各个选项的含义

linux 内核编译各个选项的含义linux内核编译各个选项的含义codematurityleveloptions代码成熟度选项表明尚在研发中或尚未顺利完成的代码与驱动.除非你就是测试人员或者开发者,否则切勿挑选generalsetup常规设置localversion-appendtokernelrelease在内核版本后面加上自定义的版本字符串(小于64字符),可以用\-a\命令看到automaticallyappendversioninformationtotheversionstring自动在版本字符串后面添加版本信息,编译时需要有perl以及git仓库支持supportforpagingofanonymousmemory(swap)使用交换分区或者交换文件来做为虚拟内存systemvipcsystemv进程间通信(ipc)积极支持,许多程序须要这个功能.克雷姆斯兰县,除非你晓得自己在搞什么ipcnamespacesipc命名空间支持,不确定可以不选posixmessagequeuesposix消息队列,这就是posixipc中的一部分bsdprocessaccounting将进程的统计信息写入文件的用户级系统调用,主要包括进程的创建时间/创建者/内存占用等信息bsdprocessaccountingversion3fileformat使用新的第三版文件格式,可以包含每个进程的pid和其父进程的pid,但是不兼容老版本的文件格式exporttask/processstatisticsthroughnetlink通过netlink接口向用户空间导出任务/进程的统计信息,与bsdprocessaccounting 的不同之处在于这些统计信息在整个任务/进程生存期都是可用的enableper-taskdelayaccounting在统计信息中包含进程等候系统资源(cpu,io同步,内存交换等)所花费的时间utsnamespacesuts名字空间积极支持,不确认可以说实话auditingsupport审计支持,某些内核模块(例如selinux)需要它,只有同时选择其子项才能对系统调用进行审计enablesystem-callauditingsupport支持对系统调用的审计kernel.configsupport把内核的布局信息编程入内核中,以后可以通过scripts/extract-ikconfig脚本去抽取这些信息enableaccessto.configthrough/proc/config.gz允许通过/proc/config.gz访问内核的配置信息cpusetsupport只有所含大量cpu(大于16个)的smp系统或numa(非一致内存出访)系统才须要它kernel->userspacerelaysupport(formerlyrelayfs)在某些文件系统上(比如说debugfs)提供更多从内核空间向用户空间传达大量数据的USBinitramfssourcefile(s)initrd已经被initramfs取代,如果你不明白这是什么意思,请保持空白编程时优化内核尺寸(采用\而不是\参数编程),有时可以产生错误的二进制代码enableextendedaccountingovertaskstats搜集额外的进程统计数据信息并通过taskstatsUSB发送到用户空间configurestandardkernelfeatures(forsmallsystems)配置标准的内核特性(为小型系统)enable16-bituidsystemcalls容许对uid系统调用展开过时的16-bit外包装sysctlsyscallsupport不需要重启就能修改内核的某些参数和变量,如果你也选择了支持/proc,将能从/proc/sys存取可以影响内核行为的参数或变量loadallsymbolsfordebugging/kksymoops装载所有的调试符号表信息,只供调试时挑选includeallsymbolsinkallsyms在kallsyms中包含内核知道的所有符号,内核将会增大300kdoanextrakallsymspass除非你在kallsyms中辨认出了bug并须要报告这个bug才关上该选项supportforhot-pluggabledevices支持热插拔设备,如usb与pc卡等,udev也需要它enablesupportforprintk容许内核向终端列印字符信息,在须要确诊内核为什么无法运转时挑选bug()support显示故障和失败条件(bug和warn),禁用它将可能导致隐含的错误被忽略enableelfcoredumps内存格式化积极支持,可以协助调试elf格式的程序enablefull-sizeddatastructuresforcore在内核中使用全尺寸的数据结构.禁用它将使得某些内核的数据结构减小以节约内存,但是将会降低性能enablefutexsupport快速用户空间互斥体可以使线程串行化以避免竞态条件,也提高了响应速度.禁用它将导致内核不能正确的运行基于glibc的程序enableeventpollsupport积极支持事件轮循的系统调用usefullshmemfilesystem完全使用shmem来代替ramfs.shmem是基于共享内存的文件系统(可能用到swap),在启用tmpfs后可以挂载为tmpfs供用户空间使用,它比简单的ramfs先进许多usefullslaballocator采用slab全然替代slob展开内存分配,slab就是一种杰出的内存分配管理器,所推荐采用enablevmeventcountersfor/proc/vmstat容许在/proc/vmstat中涵盖虚拟内存事件记数器loadablemodulesupport可加载模块支持enableloadablemodulesupport打开可加载模块支持,如果打开它则必须通过\把内核模块安装在/lib/modules/中moduleunloading容许装载已经读取的模块forcedmoduleunloading允许强制卸载正在使用中的模块(比较危险)moduleversioningsupport容许采用其他内核版本的模块(可能会出来问题)sourcechecksumforallmodules为所有的模块校验源码,如果你不是自己编写内核模块就不需要它automatickernelmoduleloading使内核通过运转modprobe去自动读取所须要的模块,比如说可以自动化解模块的倚赖关系blocklayer块设备层enabletheblocklayer块设备支持,使用硬盘/usb/scsi设备者必选supportforlargeblockdevices仅在采用大于2tb的块设备时须要supportfortracingblockioactions块队列io跟踪支持,它允许用户查看在一个块设备队列上发生的所有事件,可以通过blktrace程序获得磁盘当前的详细统计数据supportforlargesinglefiles仅在可能将采用大于2tb的文件时须要ioschedulersio调度器anticipatoryi/oscheduler假设一个块设备只有一个物理查找磁头(例如一个单独的sata硬盘),将多个随机的小写入流合并成一个大写入流,用写入延时换取最大的写入吞吐量.适用于大多数环境,特别是写入较多的环境(比如文件服务器)deadlinei/oscheduler采用轮询的调度器,简约小巧,提供更多了最轻的加载延后和尚尽如人意的吞吐量,特别适合于加载较多的环境(比如说数据库)cfqi/oscheduler使用qos策略为所有任务分配等量的带宽,避免进程被饿死并实现了较低的延迟,可以认为是上述两种调度器的折中.适用于有大量进程的多用户系统defaulti/oscheduler默认io调度器。

ISA_600 cfd 4-09

ISA 600April 2009International Standard on Auditing Special Considerations—Audits of Group Financial Statements (Including the Work of Component Auditors)International Auditing and Assurance Standards BoardInternational Federation of Accountants545 Fifth Avenue, 14th FloorNew York, New York 10017 USAThis International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 600, “Special Considerations—Audits of Group Financial Statements (Including the Work of Component Auditors)” was prepared by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting body within the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high quality auditing and assurance standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national standards, thereby enhancing the quality and uniformity of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession.This publication may be downloaded free of charge from the IFAC website: . The approved text is published in the English language.The mission of IFAC is to serve the public interest,strengthen the worldwide accountancy profession and contribute to the development of strong international economies by establishing and promoting adherence to high quality professional standards, furthering the international convergence of such standards and speaking out on public interest issues where the profession’s expertise is most relevant. Copyright © April 2009 by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of this work provided that such copies are for use in academic classrooms or for personal use and are not sold or disseminated and provided that each copy bears the following credit line: “Copyright © April 2009 by the International Federation of Accountants (IF AC). All rights reserved. Used with permission of IF AC. Contact permissions@ for permission to reproduce, store or transmit this document.” Otherwise, written permission from IFAC is required to reproduce, store or transmit, or to make other similar uses of, this document, except as permitted by law. Contact permissions@.ISBN: 978-1-60815-022-91INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 600SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS—AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (INCLUDING THE WORK OFCOMPONENT AUDITORS)(Effective for audits of group financial statements for periodsbeginning on or after December 15, 2009)CONTENTSParagraph IntroductionScope of this ISA ........................................................................................ 1-6 Effective Date (7)Objectives (8)Definitions .................................................................................................. 9-10 RequirementsResponsibility (11)Acceptance and Continuance ...................................................................... 12-14 Overall Audit Strategy and Audit Plan ....................................................... 15-16 Understanding the Group, Its Components and Their Environments ......... 17-18 Understanding the Component Auditor ...................................................... 19-20 Materiality ................................................................................................... 21-23 Responding to Assessed Risks .................................................................... 24-31 Consolidation Process ................................................................................. 32-37 Subsequent Events ...................................................................................... 38-39 Communication with the Component Auditor ............................................ 40-41 Evaluating the Sufficiency and Appropriateness of Audit EvidenceObtained ............................................................................................... 42-45 Communication with Group Management and Those Charged withGovernance of the Group ..................................................................... 46-49 Documentation .. (50)Application and Other Explanatory MaterialComponents Subject to Audit by Statute, Regulation or Other Reason ....... A12SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS—AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(INCLUDING THE WORK OF COMPONENT AUDITORS)Definitions .................................................................................................. A2-A7 Responsibility ............................................................................................. A8-A9 Acceptance and Continuance ...................................................................... A10-A21 Overall Audit Strategy and Audit Plan ....................................................... A22 Understanding the Group, Its Components and Their Environments ......... A23-A31 Understanding the Component Auditor ...................................................... A32-A41 Materiality .................................................................................................. A42-A46 Responding to Assessed Risks .................................................................... A47-A55 Consolidation Process ................................................................................. A56 Communication with the Component Auditor ............................................ A57-A60 Evaluating the Sufficiency and Appropriateness of Audit EvidenceObtained .............................................................................................. A61-A63 Communication with Group Management and Those Charged withGovernance of the Group ..................................................................... A64-A66 Appendix 1: Example of a Qualified Opinion Where the GroupEngagement Team Is Not Able to Obtain Sufficient AppropriateAudit Evidence on Which to Base the Group Audit OpinionAppendix 2: Examples of Matters about Which the Group Engagement Team Obtains an UnderstandingAppendix 3: Examples of Conditions or Events that May IndicateRisks of Material Misstatement of the Group Financial StatementsAppendix 4: Examples of a Component Auditor’s ConfirmationsAppendix 5: Required and Additional Matters Included in the Group Engagement Team’s Letter of InstructionInternational Standard on Auditing (ISA) 600, “Special Considerations—Audits of Group Financial Statements (Including the Work of Component Auditors)” should be read in conjunction with ISA 200, “Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with International Standards on Auditing.”3SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS—AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(INCLUDING THE WORK OF COMPONENT AUDITORS) IntroductionScope of this ISA1. The International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) apply to group audits. This ISAdeals with special considerations that apply to group audits, in particular thosethat involve component auditors.2. An auditor may find this ISA, adapted as necessary in the circumstances, usefulwhen that auditor involves other auditors in the audit of financial statementsthat are not group financial statements. For example, an auditor may involveanother auditor to observe the inventory count or inspect physical fixed assetsat a remote location.3. A component auditor may be required by statute, regulation or for anotherreason, to express an audit opinion on the financial statements of a component.The group engagement team may decide to use the audit evidence on which theaudit opinion on the financial statements of the component is based to provideaudit evidence for the group audit, but the requirements of this ISA nevertheless apply. (Ref: Para. A1)4. In accordance with ISA 220,1 the group engagement partner is required to besatisfied that those performing the group audit engagement, including component auditors, collectively have the appropriate competence and capabilities. The group engagement partner is also responsible for the direction,supervision and performance of the group audit engagement.5. The group engagement partner applies the requirements of ISA 220 regardlessof whether the group engagement team or a component auditor performs thework on the financial information of a component. This ISA assists the groupengagement partner to meet the requirements of ISA 220 where componentauditors perform work on the financial information of components.6. Audit risk is a function of the risk of material misstatement of the financialstatements and the risk that the auditor will not detect such misstatements.2 In agroup audit, this includes the risk that the component auditor may not detect amisstatement in the financial information of the component that could cause amaterial misstatement of the group financial statements, and the risk that thegroup engagement team may not detect this misstatement. This ISA explainsthe matters that the group engagement team considers when determining thenature, timing and extent of its involvement in the risk assessment proceduresand further audit procedures performed by the component auditors on thefinancial information of the components. The purpose of this involvement is to1ISA 220, “Quality Control for an Audit of Financial Statements,” paragraphs 14 and 15.2ISA 200, “Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with International Standards on Auditing,” paragraph A32.4SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS—AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(INCLUDING THE WORK OF COMPONENT AUDITORS)5obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the audit opinion on the group financial statements.Effective Date7. This ISA is effective for audits of group financial statements for periodsbeginning on or after December 15, 2009.Objectives8. The objectives of the auditor are:(a)To determine whether to act as the auditor of the group financial statements; and (b) If acting as the auditor of the group financial statements:(i) To communicate clearly with component auditors about thescope and timing of their work on financial information relatedto components and their findings; and(ii)To obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding thefinancial information of the components and the consolidationprocess to express an opinion on whether the group financialstatements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordancewith the applicable financial reporting framework. Definitions9. For purposes of the ISAs, the following terms have the meanings attributedbelow:(a) Component – An entity or business activity for which group orcomponent management prepares financial information that should beincluded in the group financial statements. (Ref: Para. A2-A4)(b)Component auditor – An auditor who, at the request of the groupengagement team, performs work on financial information related to acomponent for the group audit. (Ref: Para. A7) (c) Component management – Management responsible for the preparationof the financial information of a component.(d) Component materiality – The materiality for a component determinedby the group engagement team.(e) Group – All the components whose financial information is included inthe group financial statements. A group always has more than onecomponent.(f) Group audit – The audit of group financial statements.SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS—AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(INCLUDING THE WORK OF COMPONENT AUDITORS)(g) Group audit opinion – The audit opinion on the group financial statements.(h) Group engagement partner – The partner or other person in the firmwho is responsible for the group audit engagement and its performance,and for the auditor’s report on the group financial statements that isissued on behalf of the firm. Where joint auditors conduct the groupaudit, the joint engagement partners and their engagement teamscollectively constitute the group engagement partner and the groupengagement team. This ISA does not, however, deal with therelationship between joint auditors or the work that one joint auditorperforms in relation to the work of the other joint auditor.(i) Group engagement team – Partners, including the group engagementpartner, and staff who establish the overall group audit strategy,communicate with component auditors, perform work on theconsolidation process, and evaluate the conclusions drawn from theaudit evidence as the basis for forming an opinion on the groupfinancial statements.(j) Group financial statements – Financial statements that include the financial information of more than one component. The term “groupfinancial statements” also refers to combined financial statementsaggregating the financial information prepared by components that haveno parent but are under common control.(k) Group management – Management responsible for the preparation of the group financial statements.(l) Group-wide controls – Controls designed, implemented and maintained by group management over group financial reporting.(m) Significant component – A component identified by the group engagement team (i) that is of individual financial significance to thegroup, or (ii) that, due to its specific nature or circumstances, is likely toinclude significant risks of material misstatement of the group financialstatements. (Ref: Para. A5-A6)10. Reference to “the applicable financial reporting framework” means thefinancial reporting framework that applies to the group financial statements.Reference to “the consolidation process” includes:(a) The recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of thefinancial information of the components in the group financialstatements by way of consolidation, proportionate consolidation, or theequity or cost methods of accounting; and(b) The aggregation in combined financial statements of the financialinformation of components that have no parent but are under commoncontrol.6SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS—AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(INCLUDING THE WORK OF COMPONENT AUDITORS) RequirementsResponsibility11. The group engagement partner is responsible for the direction, supervision andperformance of the group audit engagement in compliance with professionalstandards and applicable legal and regulatory requirements, and whether theauditor’s report that is issued is appropriate in the circumstances.3 As a result,the auditor’s report on the group financial statements shall not refer to acomponent auditor, unless required by law or regulation to include suchreference. If such reference is required by law or regulation, the auditor’s reportshall indicate that the reference does not diminish the group engagementpartner’s or the group engagement partner’s firm’s responsibility for the groupaudit opinion. (Ref: Para. A8-A9)Acceptance and Continuance12. In applying ISA 220, the group engagement partner shall determine whethersufficient appropriate audit evidence can reasonably be expected to be obtainedin relation to the consolidation process and the financial information of thecomponents on which to base the group audit opinion. For this purpose, thegroup engagement team shall obtain an understanding of the group, its components, and their environments that is sufficient to identify componentsthat are likely to be significant components. Where component auditors willperform work on the financial information of such components, the groupengagement partner shall evaluate whether the group engagement team will beable to be involved in the work of those component auditors to the extentnecessary to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. (Ref: Para. A10-A12)13. If the group engagement partner concludes that:(a) it will not be possible for the group engagement team to obtainsufficient appropriate audit evidence due to restrictions imposed bygroup management; and(b) the possible effect of this inability will result in a disclaimer of opinionon the group financial statements),4the group engagement partner shall either:•in the case of a new engagement, not accept the engagement, or, in the case of a continuing engagement, withdraw from the engagement,where withdrawal is possible under applicable law or regulation; or3ISA 220, paragraph 15.4ISA 705, “Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor’s Report.”7SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS—AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(INCLUDING THE WORK OF COMPONENT AUDITORS)8• where law or regulation prohibits an auditor from declining anengagement or where withdrawal from an engagement is not otherwisepossible, having performed the audit of the group financial statementsto the extent possible, disclaim an opinion on the group financialstatements. (Ref: Para. A13-A19)Terms of Engagement14. The group engagement partner shall agree on the terms of the group auditengagement in accordance with ISA 210.5 (Ref: Para. A20-A21)Overall Audit Strategy and Audit Plan15.The group engagement team shall establish an overall group audit strategy and shall develop a group audit plan in accordance with ISA 300.6 16. The group engagement partner shall review the overall group audit strategy andgroup audit plan. (Ref: Para. A22)Understanding the Group, Its Components and Their Environments17. The auditor is required to identify and assess the risks of material misstatementthrough obtaining an understanding of the entity and its environment.7 The group engagement team shall:(a) Enhance its understanding of the group, its components, and theirenvironments, including group-wide controls, obtained during theacceptance or continuance stage; and(b) Obtain an understanding of the consolidation process, including theinstructions issued by group management to components. (Ref: Para.A23-A29)18. The group engagement team shall obtain an understanding that is sufficient to: (a) Confirm or revise its initial identification of components that are likelyto be significant; and(b)Assess the risks of material misstatement of the group financialstatements, whether due to fraud or error.8 (Ref: Para. A30-A31) 5ISA 210, “Agreeing the Terms of Audit Engagements.” 6ISA 300, “Planning an Audit of Financial Statements,” paragraphs 7-12. 7ISA 315, “Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment.” 8ISA 315.SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS—AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(INCLUDING THE WORK OF COMPONENT AUDITORS)9Understanding the Component Auditor19. If the group engagement team plans to request a component auditor to performwork on the financial information of a component, the group engagement team shall obtain an understanding of the following: (Ref: Para. A32-A35)(a) Whether the component auditor understands and will comply with theethical requirements that are relevant to the group audit and, inparticular, is independent. (Ref: Para. A37)(b) The component auditor’s professional competence. (Ref: Para. A38)(c) Whether the group engagement team will be able to be involved in thework of the component auditor to the extent necessary to obtainsufficient appropriate audit evidence.(d)Whether the component auditor operates in a regulatory environmentthat actively oversees auditors. (Ref: Para. A36) 20. If a component auditor does not meet the independence requirements that arerelevant to the group audit, or the group engagement team has serious concerns about the other matters listed in paragraph 19(a)-(c), the group engagement team shall obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence relating to the financial information of the component without requesting that component auditor to perform work on the financial information of that component. (Ref: Para. A39-A41)Materiality21. The group engagement team shall determine the following: (Ref: Para. A42)(a)Materiality for the group financial statements as a whole when establishing the overall group audit strategy. (b) If, in the specific circumstances of the group, there are particular classesof transactions, account balances or disclosures in the group financialstatements for which misstatements of lesser amounts than materialityfor the group financial statements as a whole could reasonably beexpected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basisof the group financial statements, the materiality level or levels to beapplied to those particular classes of transactions, account balances ordisclosures.(c) Component materiality for those components where component auditorswill perform an audit or a review for purposes of the group audit. Toreduce to an appropriately low level the probability that the aggregate ofuncorrected and undetected misstatements in the group financialstatements exceeds materiality for the group financial statements as awhole, component materiality shall be lower than materiality for thegroup financial statements as a whole. (Ref: Para. A43-A44)(d) The threshold above which misstatements cannot be regarded as clearlytrivial to the group financial statements. (Ref: Para. A45)22. Where component auditors will perform an audit for purposes of the groupaudit, the group engagement team shall evaluate the appropriateness ofperformance materiality determined at the component level. (Ref: Para. A46) 23. If a component is subject to audit by statute, regulation or other reason, and thegroup engagement team decides to use that audit to provide audit evidence forthe group audit, the group engagement team shall determine whether:(a) materiality for the component financial statements as a whole; and(b) performance materiality at the component levelmeet the requirements of this ISA.Responding to Assessed Risks24. The auditor is required to design and implement appropriate responses toaddress the assessed risks of material misstatement of the financial statements.9The group engagement team shall determine the type of work to be performedby the group engagement team, or the component auditors on its behalf, on thefinancial information of the components (see paragraphs 26-29). The groupengagement team shall also determine the nature, timing and extent of itsinvolvement in the work of the component auditors (see paragraphs 30-31).25. If the nature, timing and extent of the work to be performed on theconsolidation process or the financial information of the components are basedon an expectation that group-wide controls are operating effectively, or ifsubstantive procedures alone cannot provide sufficient appropriate auditevidence at the assertion level, the group engagement team shall test, or requesta component auditor to test, the operating effectiveness of those controls. Determining the Type of Work to Be Performed on the Financial Information of Components (Ref: Para. A47)Significant Components26. For a component that is significant due to its individual financial significanceto the group, the group engagement team, or a component auditor on its behalf,shall perform an audit of the financial information of the component usingcomponent materiality.27. For a component that is significant because it is likely to include significantrisks of material misstatement of the group financial statements due to its 9ISA 330, “The Auditor’s Responses to Assessed Risks.”specific nature or circumstances, the group engagement team, or a componentauditor on its behalf, shall perform one or more of the following:(a) An audit of the financial information of the component usingcomponent materiality.(b) An audit of one or more account balances, classes of transactions ordisclosures relating to the likely significant risks of materialmisstatement of the group financial statements.(Ref: Para. A48)(c) Specified audit procedures relating to the likely significant risks ofmaterial misstatement of the group financial statements.(Ref: Para.A49)Components that Are Not Significant Components28. For components that are not significant components, the group engagementteam shall perform analytical procedures at group level. (Ref: Para. A50) 29. If the group engagement team does not consider that sufficient appropriateaudit evidence on which to base the group audit opinion will be obtained from:(a) the work performed on the financial information of significantcomponents;(b) the work performed on group-wide controls and the consolidationprocess; andanalyticalprocedures performed at group level,(c) thethe group engagement team shall select components that are not significantcomponents and shall perform, or request a component auditor to perform, oneor more of the following on the financial information of the individualcomponents selected: (Ref: Para. A51-A53)•An audit of the financial information of the component using component materiality.•An audit of one or more account balances, classes of transactions or disclosures.• A review of the financial information of the component using component materiality.•Specified procedures.The group engagement team shall vary the selection of components over aperiod of time.Involvement in the Work Performed by Component Auditors (Ref: Para. A54-A55) Significant Components—Risk Assessment30. If a component auditor performs an audit of the financial information of asignificant component, the group engagement team shall be involved in thecomponent auditor’s risk assessment to identify significant risks of materialmisstatement of the group financial statements. The nature, timing and extentof this involvement are affected by the group engagement team’s understandingof the component auditor, but at a minimum shall include:(a)Discussing with the component auditor or component managementthose of the component’s business activities that are significant to thegroup;(b)Discussing with the component auditor the susceptibility of thecomponent to material misstatement of the financial information due tofraud or error; and(c)Reviewing the component auditor’s documentation of identifiedsignificant risks of material misstatement of the group financialstatements. Such documentation may take the form of a memorandumthat reflects the component auditor’s conclusion with regard to theidentified significant risks.Identified Significant Risks of Material Misstatement of the Group Financial Statements—Further Audit Procedures31. If significant risks of material misstatement of the group financial statementshave been identified in a component on which a component auditor performsthe work, the group engagement team shall evaluate the appropriateness of thefurther audit procedures to be performed to respond to the identified significantrisks of material misstatement of the group financial statements. Based on itsunderstanding of the component auditor, the group engagement team shalldetermine whether it is necessary to be involved in the further audit procedures. Consolidation Process32. In accordance with paragraph 17, the group engagement team obtains anunderstanding of group-wide controls and the consolidation process, includingthe instructions issued by group management to components. In accordancewith paragraph 25, the group engagement team, or component auditor at therequest of the group engagement team, tests the operating effectiveness ofgroup-wide controls if the nature, timing and extent of the work to beperformed on the consolidation process are based on an expectation that group-wide controls are operating effectively, or if substantive procedures alonecannot provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence at the assertion level.。

华为核心网试题(多选)

1. 判断BAM服务器软件安装是否正确，需要检查BAM的哪几个服务是否能够自动启动(ACD )A、BAMService、B、Process Watch Dog ServiceC、Smirror、D、Performance Logs and Alerts2. BAM数据库的备份是滚动进行的，最多可以备份11个数据库的文件,其中包括( ACD )A、保存从当前日往前连续六天的数据库备份B、存保前28天内四个星期一的数据库备份C、保存前28天内四个星期天的数据库备份D、每月的第一天还保存了一个BAM数据库备份3. UMG890进行MTP3调测时如果发现MTP3链路没有成功建立，则可通过以下方法定位( ABCD )A、在跟踪消息中，如果有发送和接收到的SLTM（消息类型）消息，没有回应的SLTA消息，说明UMG8900与对端设备的三层数据没有配置一致（可以打开SLTM消息观察到消息中携带的OPC、DPC、SLC）B、如果MTP3没有跟踪到任何消息，说明MTP2链路没有对接好，检查两端设备的MTP3链路使用的是否是同一条E1(或T1)上的同一个时隙C、如果配置没有错误，请检查MTP2链路使用的E1电缆是否工作正常D、执行DSP SPFSUBRD检查处理该MTP2链路的扣板是否发生故障4. UMG8900进行MTP3-M3UA调测时，以下说法正确的是( ACD )A、如果M3UA链路状态为“未建立”，表明承载M3UA的SCTP链路建链未成功B、执行LST M3UALNK查看M3UA链路的“本端IP地址”、“本端SCTP端口号”、“远端IP地址”、“远端SCTP端口号”，是否与MGC侧匹配。

同时确认UMG8900侧M3UA链路工作方式为“客户端”，MOSFTX3000侧M3UA链路工作方式为“服务器”C、执行LST SCTPINIT查看承载M3UA的SCTP协议参数，主要是检查UMG8900与MGC侧采用同样的校验算法（同为CRC32或者ADLER32），两端校验算法必须一致，否则SCTP建链不成功D、对SCTP参数做修改后，一定要注意重启SPF板才能使修改后的参数生效5. UMG8900的时钟锁相状态包括( ABCD )A、自由：表示目前UMG8900不同步于外同步基准，也不使用频率记忆技术以维持频率的准确性，CLK板输出本板晶体自由振荡的时钟B、快捕：表示CLK板正在快速锁相参考源时钟，一般在系统刚接入参考源时处于该状态，为一个瞬间态，UMG8900刚上电后处于这种状态C、跟踪：表示CLK板此时已锁相基准参考源，其输出为根据参考源校准的时钟D、保持：当CLK板处于跟踪状态后，参考源丢失，此时CLK板锁相状态会从跟踪转入保持，表明此时CLK板以跟踪状态时保存的锁相参数输出时钟6. 在MSOFTX3000系统中，不同的失败原因可以对应不同的呼叫接续失败处理的方式，例如( BCD )A、二次号码分析B、重新选择路由C、放信号音D、触发NCSIDP4 E) 号码变化7. MSOFTX3000中，IMSI分析表（ADD IMSIBITANA）常用于( ABCDE )A、根据IMSI分析主叫PPS标志B、根据IMSI修改主、被叫号码C、根据IMSI修改号首集D、根据IMSI限呼E、根据IMSI选路8.MSOFTX3000系统中被叫号码的类型有( ABCD )A、本局的MSRN号B、普通MSISDN号码C、普通PSTN号码D、智能号码E、呼叫字冠为他局用户的MSRN号9.MSOFTX3000系统中，和ADD CNACLD相关的表有( ABDE )A、ADD SRVCHKB、ADD SUPERRTC、ADD CLICRTPROD、ADD PFXPROE、ADD CNACLR10. MSOFTX3000系统通过主叫号码分析，可以在呼叫过程中针对主叫号码对呼叫采取特殊的处理（ABCD ）A、修改路由选择源码、路由选择码和主叫用户类别等数据B、变换主被叫号码C、触发号段用户O端DP2智能业务D、改变呼叫的失败处理方式。

BGC(暂)120KW发动机Audit性能测试指导书

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Auditing & Assurance Services Assignment 01Multiple Choice Questions: Answer all Questions1. The use of the title Certified Public Accountant (CPA) is regulated bymedium a. the federal government through the licensing department of the Commerce Department.b b. state law through a licensing department/agency of each state.c. the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) through the licensingdepartments of the tax and auditing committees.d. the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).2. medium An audit to determine whether an entity is following specific procedures or rules set down by some higher authority is classified as a(n)b a. audit of financial statements.b. compliance audit.c. operational audit.d. production audit.3. medium Which of the following services provides the lowest level of assurance about a company’s financial statements?a a. Review of financial statements.b. Audit of financial statements.c. These services provide no assurance about a company’s financial statements.d. These services provide the same level of assurance about a company’s financialstatements.4. In “auditing” financial accounting data, the primary concern is withmedium a a. determining whether recorded information properly reflects the economic events thatoccurred during the accounting period.b. determining if fraud has occurred.c. determining if taxable income has been calculated correctly.d. analyzing the financial information to be sure that it complies with governmentrequirements.5. (SOX) challenging The Sarbanes-Oxley Act prohibits a CPA firm that audits a public company from providing which of the following types of services to that company?c a. Reviews of quarterly financial statements.b. Preparation of corporate tax returns.c. Most consulting services.d. All of above are prohibited services.6. easy The generally accepted auditing standard that requires “Adequate technical training and proficiency” is normally interpreted as requir ing the auditor to haved a. formal education in auditing and accounting.b. adequate practical experience for the work being performed.c. continuing professional education.d. all of the above.7. easy Statements on Auditing Standards provide auditors of privately-held companies with ______ guidance regarding the conduct of financial statement audits.b a. fairly extensiveb. some limitedc. practically nod. specific and detailed8. (SOX) The provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act apply to which of the following? medium a. All companies in the United States.d b. Private companies only.c. Private and public partnerships only.d. Public companies only.9. medium Which of the following statements best describes the primary purpose of Statements on Auditing Standards?d a. They are guides intended to set forth auditing procedures which are applicable to a varietyof situations.b. They are procedural outlines which are intended to narrow the areas of inconsistency anddivergence of auditor opinion.c. They are authoritative statements, enforced through the Code of Professional Conduct, andare intended to limit the degree of auditor judgment.d. They are interpretations which are intended to clarify the meaning of “genera lly acceptedauditing standards.”10. medium c International Standards on Auditing, issued by the International Auditing Practice Committee, are most similar to U.S.a. generally accepted accounting principles.b. rules of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct.c. generally accepted auditing standards.d. interpretations of statements on auditing standards issued by the ASB.11. To emphasize the fact that the auditor is independent, the addressee of the audit report is usually easy a. the company’s management.d b. the stockholders of the client company.c. the board of directors of the client company.d. either b or c.12. An adverse opinion is issued when the auditor believeseasy a. some parts of the financial statements are materially misstated or misleading.c b. the financial statements will be found to be misleading or misstated, if an adequateinvestigation is performed.c. the overall financial statements are so materially misstated or misleading as a whole thatthey do not present fairly the financial position or results of operations and cash flows inconformity with GAAP.d. the audit firm is not independent.13. medium When the auditor evaluates the effect of a change in accounting principle, the materiality of the change should be evaluated basedb a. on the prior years presented.b. on the current year effect of the change.c. on whatever basis the auditor considers appropriate.d. on the effect on total assets.14. A CPA firm is “associated with the financial statements”medium a. only when it does a financial audit.c b. only when it does attestation services, such as a review or an audit.c. even if a CPA firm only assists a client in preparing financial statements, but does notperform an audit.d. if it performs any services at all for the client.15. A qualified report cannot take the form of a qualification ofchallenging a. the opinion alone.b b. the scope alone.c. both the scope and opinion.d. all of the above.16. Which of the following statements is not true?challenging a. A one-paragraph report is generally used when the auditor is not independent.c b. A three-paragraph report ordinarily indicates there are no exceptions in the audit.c. More than three paragraphs in the report indicates there must be some type of qualificationin the audit report.d. An unqualified opinion with modified wording has three paragraphs.17. Society has attached a special meaning to the term “professional.” A professional iseasy a. someone who has passed a qualifying exam to enter the job market.b b. a person who is expected to conduct himself or herself at a higher level than therequirements of society’s laws or regulations.c. any person who receives pay for the services performed.d. someone who has both an education in the trade and on-the-job experience received underan experienced supervisor.18. “Independence” in auditing meanseasy a. remaining aloof from client.c b. not being financially dependent on client.c. taking an unbiased viewpoint.d. being an advocate for the client.19. The CPA must not subordinate his or her professional judgment to that of otherseasy a. in every engagement.a b. in every audit engagement.c. in every engagement except tax services.d. in every engagement except management advisory services.20. (SOX) medium The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires which partners of an accounting firm to rotate off the audit engagement every five years?C a. Lead partner on the engagement.b. Partner responsible for concurring review.c. Both a and b.d. a or b, but not both.21. medium One of the AICPA’s Ethical Principles deals with the public interest. It states that members should accept the obligation to act in a way that willD a. serve the public interest.b. honor the public trust.c. demonstrate commitment to professionalism.d. do all of the above.22. Of the various parts of the AICPA’s Code of Professional Conduct,medium a. the Principles are enforceable.D b. the Ethical Rulings are enforceable.c. the Interpretations are enforceable.d. the Rules of Conduct are enforceable.23. Interpretations of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct are dominated by the concept of challenging a. independence.A b. compliance with standards.c. accounting.d. acts discreditable to the profession.24. (SOX) Which of the following statements is true of a public company’s financial statements?easy a. Sarbanes-Oxley requires the CEO only to certify the financial statements.c b. Sarbanes-Oxley requires the CFO only to certify the financial statements.c. Sarbanes-Oxley requires the CEO and CFO to certify the financial statements.d. Sarbanes-Oxley neither requires the CEO nor the CFO to certify the financial statements.25. An audit process is a well-defined methodology for organizing an audit to ensure thateasy a. the evidence gathered is both sufficient and competent.d b. all appropriate audit objectives are specified.c. all appropriate audit objectives are met.d. all of the above.26. Professional skepticism requires auditors to possess a ______ mind.easy a. introspective.b b. questioning.c. intelligent.d. unbelieving.27. Analytical procedures are those thateasy a. evaluate the accuracy of the account balances.b b. assess the overall reasonableness of transactions and balances.c. review the effectiveness of internal control procedures.d. analyze the effect of management procedures on the accounting system.28. When the auditor believes an illegal act may have occurred, it is necessary tomedium a. inquire of management, at a level above those likely to be involved with the illegality.d b. consult with the client’s legal counsel.c. consider accumulating additional evidence to determine if there is actually an illegal act.d. do all three of the above.29. Which of the following journals would be included most often in the various audit cycles? challenging a. Cash receipts journal.c b. Cash disbursements journal.c. General journal.d. Sales journal.30. easy When an auditor calculates the gross margin as a percent of sales and compares it with previous periods, this type of evidence is calledb a. physical examination.b. analytical procedures.c. observation.d. inquiry31. medium “The detailed description of the results of the four evidence decisions for a specific audit” is called anb a. audit procedure.b. audit program.c. audit plan.d. audit guide.32. easy b A measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated after the audit is completed and an unqualified opinion has been issued is thea. inherent risk.b. acceptable audit risk.c. statistical risk.d. financial risk.33. easy A measure of the auditor’s assessment of the likelihood that there are material misstatements in an account before considering the effectiveness of the client’s internal control isd a. control risk.b. acceptable audit risk.c. statistical risk.d. inherent risk.34. easy Most auditors assess inherent risk as high for related parties and related-party transactions becausec a. of the accounting disclosure requirement.b. of the lack of independence between the parties.c. both a and b.d. it is required by generally accepted accounting principles.35. (SOX) medium If an auditor is requested to perform nonaudit services for a public company audit client, who is responsible for agreeing to those services with the audit firm?d a. The client’s management.b. The client’s president.c. The client’s board of directors.d. The client’s audit committee.36. The purpose of an engagement letter is tomedium b a. document the CPA firm’s responsibility to external users of the audited financialstatements.b. document the terms of the engagement to writing in order to minimize misunderstandings.c. notify the audit staff of an upcoming engagement so that personnel scheduling can befacilitated.d. all of the above.37. medium The official record of the meetings of the board of directors and stockholders is contained in the corporatec a. bylaws.b. charter.c. minutes.d. license.38. medium A tour of the client’s facilities is helpful in obtaining an understanding of the client’s operations becaused a. the auditor will be able to assess the physical safeguards over assets.b. the auditor may be better able to assess certain inherent risks.c. the auditor obtains a broader perspective about the company as a whole.d. all of the above.39. easy The preliminary judgment about materiality is the amount by which the auditor believes the statements could be misstated and still not affect the decisions of reasonable users.b a. minimumb. maximumc. mean averaged. median average40. After the preliminary judgment about materiality has been established, auditors may easy a. not adjust it.d b. adjust it downward only.c. adjust it upward only.d. adjust it either downward or upward.41. Which of the following might not be a signal of a lack of integrity in management? easy a. Prior criminal conviction of an assembly line foreman.a b. Frequent turnover of key internal audit personnel.c. Frequent disagreements with previous auditors.d. Frequent turnover of key financial personnel.42. Which of the following statements regarding inherent risk is correct?easy c a. The inherent risk assigned in the audit risk model is unaffected by the auditor’s experiencewith client’s organi zation.b. Most auditors set a low inherent risk in the first year of an audit and increase it ifexperience shows that it was incorrect.c. Most auditors set a high inherent risk in the first year of an audit and reduce it insubsequent years as they gain experience, even when there is inherent risk.d. The inherent risk assigned in the audit risk model is dependent upon the strengths inclient’s internal control system.43. medium Inherent risk is _______ related to detection risk and _______ related to the amount of audit evidence.d a. directly, inversely.b. directly, directly.c. inversely, inversely.d. inversely, directly.44. medium When management has an adequate level of integrity for the auditor to accept the engagement but cannot be regarded as completely honest in all dealings, auditors normallya a. reduce acceptable audit risk and increase inherent risk.b. reduce inherent risk and control risk.c. increase inherent risk and control risk.d. increase acceptable audit risk and reduce inherent risk.45. challenging When the auditor has the same level of willingness to risk that material errors will exist after the audit is finished for all five cycles,a a. a different extent of evidence is needed for various cycles.b. the same amount of evidence will be gathered for each cycle.c. he/she has not followed generally accepted auditing standards.d. the level for each cycle must be no more than 2% so that the entire audit does not exceed10%.46. (Public) The PCAOB states that reasonable assurance allows foreasy a. a nominal likelihood of ineffective internal controls.b b. a remote likelihood that material misstatements will not be prevented or detected byinternal control.c. a likelihood that material misstatements will not be prevented or detected byinternal control.d. a high likelihood that material misstatements will not be prevented or detected byinternal control.47. An act of two or more employees to steal assets or misstate records is frequently referred to as easy a. collusion.a b. a material weakness.c. a control deficiency.d. Any of the above.48. (SOX) easy Sarbanes-Oxley requires management to issue an internal control report that includes two specific items. Which of the following is one of these two requirements?a a. A statement that management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an adequateinternal control structure and procedures for financial reporting.b. A statement that management and the board of directors are responsible for establishingand maintaining an adequate internal control structure and procedures for financialreporting.c. A statement that management, the board of directors, and the external auditors forestablishing and maintaining an adequate internal control structure and procedures forfinancial reporting.d. None of the above is correct.49. (Public) easy Auditor’s tests of operating effectiveness of internal controls might include which of the following types of procedures?d a. Inspection of relevant documentationb. Inquiries of personnelc. Reperformance of the application of controlsd. All of the above50. Which of the following audit tests would be regarded as a test of a control?easy a. Tests of the specific items making up the balance in a given general ledger account.c b. Tests of the inventory pricing to vendors’ invoices.c. Tests of the signatures on canceled checks to management’s authorizations.d. Tests of the additions to property, plant, and equipment by physical inspections.51. medium Internal controls can never be regarded as completely effective. Even if company personnel could design an ideal system, its effectiveness depends on thed a. adequacy of the computer system.b. proper implementation by management.c. ability of the internal audit staff to maintain it.d. competency and dependability of the people using it.52. (Public) medium To issue a report on internal control over financial reporting for a public company, an auditor mustc a. evaluate management’s assessment process.b. independently assess the design and operating effectiveness of internal control.c. evaluate management’s assessment process and independently assess the design andoperating effectiveness of internal control.d. test controls over significant account balances.53. medium It is important for the CPA to consider the competence of the audit clients’ employees because their competence bears directly and importantly upon theb a. cost/benefit relationship of the system of internal control.b. achievement of the objectives of internal control.c. comparison of recorded accountability with assets.d. timing of the tests to be performed.54. The primary emphasis by auditors is on controls over challenging a. classes of transactions.a b. account balances.c. both a and b, because they are equally important.d. both a and b, because they vary from client to client.55. challenging The most important difference in a nonpublic company in assessing control risk is the ability to assess control risk at _______ for any or all control-related objectives.c a. lowb. mediumc. highd. none of the aboveShort essay questions. Answer all questions1.easyDiscuss the three primary requirements for becoming a CPA.Answer:The three primary requirements for becoming a CPA are:∙Educational requirement. An undergraduate degree with a major in accounting isrequired. Most states now require 150 semester hours for licensure and some statesrequire 150 semester hours before taking the CPA exam.∙Uniform CPA examination requirement. This is a four part exam that is comprised ofcomponents on auditing and attestation, financial accounting and reporting,regulation, and business environment and concepts.∙Experience requirement. The experience requirement varies from state to state withsome states requiring no experience, while other states require up to two years of auditexperience.2. medium Discuss the differences and similarities between the roles of accountants and auditors. What additional expertise must an auditor possess beyond that of an accountant?Answer:The role of accountants is to record, classify, and summarize economic events in a logical manner for the purpose of providing financial information for decision-making. To do this, accountants must have a sound understanding of the principles and rules that provide the basis for preparing the financial information. In addition, accountants are responsible for de veloping systems to ensure that the entity’s economic events are properly recorded on a timely basis and at a reasonable cost.The role of auditors is to determine whether the financial information prepared by accountants properly reflects the economic events that occurred. To do this, the auditor must not only understand the principles and rules that provide the basis for preparing financial information, but must also possess expertise in the accumulation and evaluation of audit evidence. It is this latter expertise that distinguishes auditors from accountants.3. easy Distinguish between generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS) and generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). What professional organization establishes GAAS? What professional organization establishes GAAP?Answer:Generally accepted auditing standards are general guidelines to help auditors meet their professional responsibilities in the audit of historical financial statements. They are considered to be the minimum standards of performance for auditors to follow and are established by the Auditing Standards Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants for private companies and by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board for public companies. Generally accepted accounting principles are the guidelines an entity’s management normally follows when preparing historical financial statements.GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board.4. (SOX) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Boardmedium (PCAOB). What are the PCAOB’s primary functions? Who performed these functions prior to the PCAOB?Answer:The PCAOB has responsibility for providing oversight for auditors of public companies,establishing auditing and quality control standards for public company audits andperforming inspections of the quality controls at audit firms performing those audits.These functions were formerly the responsibility of the American Institute of CertifiedPublic Accountants.5.easyExplain why there is a special need for ethical conduct in the auditing profession.Answer:Since users (e.g., the general public) of services provided by an auditor generally cannotevaluate the quality of the auditor’s performanc e, it is critical to the auditing professionthat the public have a high degree of confidence in the quality of the services provided bythe auditor. Public confidence in the quality of professional services is enhanced when theprofession encourages high standards of performance and ethical conduct by all itsmembers. If users of auditing services were to lack confidence in the quality of thoseservices, then the value of CPA firms’ audits would be diminished, as would the demandfor audits.6.easyDiscuss the factors an auditor should consider before accepting a company as an audit client.Answer:The auditor should investigate and consider the prospective client’s standing in thebusiness community, financial stability, management’s integrity, an d relations with itsbankers, attorneys, and previous CPA firm. The auditor should also determine whetherhe or she possesses the required competence and independence to do the audit.7. medium Explain why it is necessary to allocate the preliminary judgment about materiality to individual accounts (segments) in the financial statements. Also explain why allocating to balance sheet accounts is more common than allocating to income statement accounts.Answer:Allocating the preliminary judgment about materiality to individual segments is necessary because evidence is accumulated for segments rather than for the financial statements as a whole. Allocating to segments establishes a tolerable misstatement amount for each segments, which helps the auditor decide the appropriate audit evidence to accumulate for each segments. Most practitioners allocate materiality to balance sheet accounts rather than income statement accounts because there are fewer balance sheet than income statement accounts.8. (Public) medium There are four steps in the auditor’s process of understanding internal control and assessing control risk for a public company. Step one is obtain and document an understanding of internal control: design and operation. What are the remaining three steps?Answer:The remaining three steps are:Assess control risk.∙Design, perform and evaluate tests of controls.∙Decide planned detection risk and substantive tests.Page 11 of 11。

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