语言学 9literature.ppt
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16
Thus the term covers a wide area of meaning.
This may have its advantages, but may also be problematic: which of the above meanings is intended must often be deduced from the context in which the term is used.
6
Many linguists do not like the term ‘stylistics’. The word ‘style’, itself, has several connotations that make it difficult for the term to be defined o attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.
2
Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal 1980)
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
7
In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1. Style and Stylistics
Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
5
Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people’s dialects, descriptive language, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of particular language registers, etc.
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
11
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
specific devices (as produced by the author) located in the text itself. It is also employed to indicate the specific poetic effect on the reader;
an analytic category in order to evaluate literary texts, or to situate them historically, or to explain their importance and cultural significance, or to differentiate literature from other varieties of language use, such as everyday conversations or scientific reports.
9
Levels of analysis
Sound effects Vocabulary Phraseology Grammar Implicature
10
2. Foregrounding
The 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare.
17
2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
Outside literature, language tends to be automatized; its structures and meanings are used routinely.
In this sense it has become a spatial metaphor: that of a foreground and a background, which allows the term to be related to issues in perception psychology, such as figure / ground constellations.
3
Stylistics is the study of varieties of language whose properties position that language in context. For example, the language of advertising, politics, religion, individual authors, etc., or the language of a period in time, all belong in a particular situation. In other words, they all have ‘place’.
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
8
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
12
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah; she left innumerable other lights o’ passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
15
The English term ‘foregrounding’ has come to mean several things at once:
the (psycholinguistic) processes by which - during the reading act - something may be given special prominence;
14
In the wider sense of stylistics, text linguistics, and literary studies, it is a
translation of the Czech aktualisace
(actualization), a term common with the Prague Structuralists.
However, in Linguistic Criticism, Roger Fowler
makes the point that, in non-theoretical usage, the word stylistics makes sense and is useful in referring to an enormous range of literary contexts, such as John Milton’s ‘grand style’, the ‘prose style’ of Henry James, the ‘epic’ and ‘ballad style’ of classical Greek literature, etc. (Fowler, 1996: 185).
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’?
In a purely linguistic sense, the term ‘foregrounding’ is used to refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.
Thus the term covers a wide area of meaning.
This may have its advantages, but may also be problematic: which of the above meanings is intended must often be deduced from the context in which the term is used.
6
Many linguists do not like the term ‘stylistics’. The word ‘style’, itself, has several connotations that make it difficult for the term to be defined o attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.
2
Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal 1980)
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
7
In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1. Style and Stylistics
Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
5
Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people’s dialects, descriptive language, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of particular language registers, etc.
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
11
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
specific devices (as produced by the author) located in the text itself. It is also employed to indicate the specific poetic effect on the reader;
an analytic category in order to evaluate literary texts, or to situate them historically, or to explain their importance and cultural significance, or to differentiate literature from other varieties of language use, such as everyday conversations or scientific reports.
9
Levels of analysis
Sound effects Vocabulary Phraseology Grammar Implicature
10
2. Foregrounding
The 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare.
17
2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
Outside literature, language tends to be automatized; its structures and meanings are used routinely.
In this sense it has become a spatial metaphor: that of a foreground and a background, which allows the term to be related to issues in perception psychology, such as figure / ground constellations.
3
Stylistics is the study of varieties of language whose properties position that language in context. For example, the language of advertising, politics, religion, individual authors, etc., or the language of a period in time, all belong in a particular situation. In other words, they all have ‘place’.
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
8
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
12
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah; she left innumerable other lights o’ passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
15
The English term ‘foregrounding’ has come to mean several things at once:
the (psycholinguistic) processes by which - during the reading act - something may be given special prominence;
14
In the wider sense of stylistics, text linguistics, and literary studies, it is a
translation of the Czech aktualisace
(actualization), a term common with the Prague Structuralists.
However, in Linguistic Criticism, Roger Fowler
makes the point that, in non-theoretical usage, the word stylistics makes sense and is useful in referring to an enormous range of literary contexts, such as John Milton’s ‘grand style’, the ‘prose style’ of Henry James, the ‘epic’ and ‘ballad style’ of classical Greek literature, etc. (Fowler, 1996: 185).
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’?
In a purely linguistic sense, the term ‘foregrounding’ is used to refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.