专业英语完整版

一、词汇
1. 英译中
1、engine 发动机
2、 piston 活塞
3、crankshaft 曲轴
4、clutch 离合器
5、chassis 底盘
6、 automobile 汽车
7、body 车身 8、 light vehicle 轻型车
9、heavy commercial vehicle 重型商务车 10、 truck deck 行李箱盖11、hood （发动机）罩 12、 power unit 动力装置 13、compression stroke
压缩行程 14、transmission 变速器 15、camshaft传输凸轮轴16、propeller shaft 传动轴17、power train传动系18、carburetor 化油器 19、 washer 垫圈 20、steering system 转向系统21、suspension system 悬架系统22、braking system 刹车系统 23、torque converter 变矩器
24、timing gear 正时齿轮 25、 final drive 主减速器，后桥 26、differential差速器 27、 internal combustion engine 内燃机28、electrical equipment 电气设备29、drive shaft 传动轴30、brake shoe 制动蹄 31、 flywheel 飞轮 32、 steering column 转向柱 33、 leaf spring 钢板弹簧 34、 coil spring 螺旋簧35、water jacket 水套 36、air bag 气囊 37、oxygen sensor 氧气传感器38、overhead-camshaft 顶置凸轮轴 39、 multiplex bus 多路传输总线40、throttle valve 节气门41、exhaust pipe 排气管42、torsion bar 扭杆43、differential gear 差动齿轮44、distributor 分电器 45、toe-in 轮胎前束 46、sun gear太阳轮47、planetary gear 行星齿轮48、regulator调节器 49、axle shaft 半轴50、valve timing 气门正时51、front suspension 前悬架52、intake valve 进气门 53、kinetic energy 动能 54、retarding braking 缓速移动55、 connecting rod 连杆 56、engine block发动机缸体57、gasoline engine 汽油机58、drum brake 鼓式制动器59、service braking 行车制动60、combustion chamber 燃烧室61、steering wheel 转向轮 62、air cooling 空气冷却 63、spark plug 火花塞 64、starter 起动机 65、 alternator 交流发电机66、valve system 阀门系统 67、 valve clearance气门间隙
68、valve timing 气门正时 69、valve train 气门传动 70、 gear ratio
传动比 71、 inline engine 直列发动机 72、distributed system 分
布系统 73、varied cylinder count 可变的气缸数 74、 excess-air factor 过量空气系数 75、air-fuel ratio 空燃比76、diesel engine 柴
油发动机 77、 parking braking 驻车制动 78、disc brake 盘式制动79、fuel pump 燃料80、thermostat 节温器81、air-fuel mixture 混合空气燃料 82、 steering box转向器83、shock absorber 减振器84、swept volume 有效容积85、clearance volume 余隙容积 86、 intake manifold 进气
总管87、cylinder sleeve 气缸套88、piston ring活塞环89、crankcase 曲轴箱90、universal joint 万向节91、liquid cooling液体冷却 92、cylinder head 气缸盖 93、 weak mixture 稀混合气 94、rich mixture 浓混合气 95、induction stroke
进气行程 96、compression stroke压缩行程 97、 power stroke 做功行程 98、 exhaust stroke 排气行程 99、 engine lubrication
发动机润滑 100、compression ratio 压缩比 101、 filter 滤清器102、sliding-mesh transmission滑动啮合变速器103、controller area network(CAN) 控制器局域网104、constant-mesh transmission 常啮合变速器 105、 synchro-mesh transmission 同步啮合
传动 106、 windscreen wiper 风窗刮水器 107、seat-belt 座椅安全
带108、continuously variable transmission 无级变速器109、front wheel drive 前轮驱动 110、 anti-theft system 防盗系统111、brake by-wire 线控制动 112、 fault-tolerant 容错113、engine capacity 发动机容量 114、steering system 转向系统115、charging system 充电系统 116、 passenger inertial restraint system 惯性约束系统
2、英文缩写
1汽油直接喷射GDI 2废气再循坏EGR 3自动变速器AT 4防抱死制
动系统ABS
5多用途汽车MPV 6上止点TDC 7前轮驱动FWD 8电子稳定性
程序ESP
9车辆识别号VIN 10电动助力转向EPS 11液力助力转向HPS 12多点
燃油喷射MPI 13手动变速器MT 14运动型多用途车SUV 15下止点BDC
16全轮驱动AWD 17电子控制模块ECM18诊断故障代码DTC19牵引力制
动系统TCS 20三元催化转换器TWC 21车载诊断装置OBD 22电子式气阀控
制EVC 23无级变速器CVT 24电液制动EHB 25机电制动EMB 26控制器
局域网络CAN 27曲轴箱强制通风PCV 28汽车工程学会SAE
29智能型可变配气正时和气门升程VTEC 30电子控制燃油喷射EFI 31怠速控
制ISC
32歧管绝对压力MAP 33专业维修工具SST 34车辆控制模块VCM35内部局域网LAN 36汽车工程师协会SAE 37空调AC 38绝对压力传感器APS
39电控制动力分配EBD 40电子点火提前角ESA 41无线遥控门锁RKE 42国际标准机构ISO 43全球卫星定位系统GPS 44混
合动力电动汽车HEV 45低排放汽车LEV 46发光二极管LED 47液晶
显示器LCD 48原装设备制造厂OEM 49顶置凸轮轴OHC 50顶置气门OHV
51辅助约束系统SRS
3. 连线
1).Common Rail Injection System 共轨燃油喷射系统
2).Electronic valve control 电子式气阀控制
3).Turbo Charger System 涡轮增压系统
4).0verhead Camshaft Valve Train 顶置凸轮轴气阀传动
5).Carburetor Fuel System 化油器式燃油系统
6.Three-way Catalytic Converter 三元催化转化器
7).Exhaust-gas recirculation 废气再循环
8).brake fluid reservoir 制动液贮存箱
9).Evaporative Emission Control 蒸发排放控制
10).fail-safe mode 失效安全模式
二、判断对错
( ) 1. Automobile parts can be grouped into three major categories: body, engine and chassis.
( ) 2. BDC is the position of the crank and position when the piston is farther from the crankshaft.
( ) 3. Engine capacity is the swept volume of all the cylinders.
( ) 4. Bore is the internal diameter of the cylinder.
( ) 5. Gasoline engine is called a compression-ignition engine.
( ) 6. Diesel and gasoline engine are both internal-combustion engines. ( ) 7. The three most harmful emissions are hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide
and nitrogen oxides.
( ) 8. In engines there are two methods of cooling: air cooling and liquid cooling.
(√ ) 9. Alternator in the vehicle only produces electricity to operate
the various electrical circuits.
( ) 10. When the driver turns the steering wheel ，the steering gear is centered.
( ) 11. Stroke is the distance between BDC and TDC.
( ) 12. If engine combustion occurs within the power chamber, the engine
is called an external combustion engine.
( ) 13. TDC is the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft
( ) 14. Diesel is called a compression-ignition engine.
( ) 15. Diesel engine has higher compression ratio than gasoline engine. ( ) 16. The engine acts as the power unit.
( ) 17. The vehicle is classified as rear-wheel drive front-wheel drive, four-wheel drive or all-wheel drive.
( ) 18.When a vehicle is cornered the axle shaft can maintains its driving action.
( ) 19. Exposed to the air, drum brakes radiate the heat to the air better than disc brakes.
( ) 20. There are two types of transmissions-manual and automatic. ( ) 21. In an automobile, the electrical voltage is created by chemical action in the storage battery and by magnetic induction in the alternator. ( ) 22. The chassis includes the power train, steering, suspension, and braking system.
( ) 23. Swept volume is the volume between TDC and BDC.
( ) 24. Clearance volume is the volume of the space above the piston when
it is at TDC.
( ) 25. Compression ratio ε= ( swept volume + clearance volume)/( clearance volume).
( ) 26. The spark-ignition engine operating strokes are induction stroke, compression stroke, power stroke and exhaust
stroke.
( ) 27. The purpose of the lubrication system is to circulate oil through
the engine.
( ) 28. Rear-wheel drive has advantages over front-wheel drive.
( ) 29. In order to reduce the speed of the vehicle, the brakes have to
convert the kinetic energy to chemical energy.
( ) 30. Since 1976, all cars have used disc brakes on the front wheels.
( ) 31. Non-power brakes rely on the driver's foot pressure to operate.
( ) 32. The rear suspension is more complicated than the front suspension. ( ) 33. When discharging, PbO and Pb in the Lead-acid battery react with
H SO to form PbSO .
( ) 34. The charging system uses the mechanical energy of the engine to
generate electricity.
( ) 35. Passenger restraint systems consist of air bag and seat-belt
tightening system.
三、语句英译中
1. The internal combustion engine is most common: this
obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the
engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline and diesel.
内燃发动机最常用的，它是通过燃烧发动机气缸内的液体燃料获得动力。

有两种
类型的发动机：汽油发动机和柴油发动机。

2. A power train can include a clutch for manual
transmission or a torque converter for automatic transmission,
a transmission, a drive shaft, final drive and differential gears and
driving axles. 动力传动系包括一个供手动传输的离合器或自动传输的力矩转
换器、变速器、传动轴、主减速器和差速器、驱动轴。

3. The charging system provides electrical energy for all of the
electrical components on the vehicles. The main parts of the charging
system include: the battery, the alternator, the voltage regulator, a
charging warning and wiring. 充电系统为车辆上的所有电气元件提供电能。

充电系统主要包括：电池、交流发动机、电压调节器，充电报警指示灯和形成电
路的导线。

4. The engine has hundreds of other parts. The major parts of engine
are engine block, engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and
valves. The other parts are joined to make system. These systems are the
fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication
system and exhaust system. 发动机有数百个零件。

主要零件有发动机缸体，
发动机缸盖、活塞、连杆、曲轴和阀。

其他的零件也形成了这一系统。

这些系统
是燃料系统、进气系统、点火系统、冷却系统、润滑系统和排气系统。

5. The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine
parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water
jackets and oil ·galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft,
which fastens to the bottom of the block. .发动机缸体是发动机的基础结
构。

所有其他发动机零件要么装在缸体内，要么固定在缸体上。

它承装气缸、水
套和油道。

发动机缸体还承装固定于发动机体的底部的曲轴。

6. The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston, through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force created by the burning fuel mixture. 活塞是四冲程循环发动机的重要组成部分。

大多数活塞是用铸铝制造的。

通过连杆，活塞把燃烧燃料混合气产生的力传递到曲轴上。

7. An electronic valve control system replaces the mechanical camshaft, controlling each valve with actuators for independent valve timing. The EVC system controls the opening and closing time and lift amount of each intake and exhaust valve with independent actuators on each valve. 电子气阀控制系统替代机械凸轮轴，用执行器控制每一个气阀使它能独立的气阀正时。

电子阀控制系统用每个气阀上的独立执行器控制进气阀和排气阀的打开和关闭时间和提起量。

8.The diesel is used for the majority of heave vehicles and the excellent fuel economy makes it an attractive alternative to the petrol engine for light commercial vehicles, delivery vans and taxis. 柴油用于大多数重型汽车，极好的燃料经济性使它成为一个吸引人的替代品相对于轻型商务车、和出租汽车。

9.A diesel engine has no distributor, spark plugs, or spark plugs. The fuel is ignited by heat produced by compressing the air in the cylinders. For this reason, the diesel is called a compression-ignition engine. 柴油发动机没有分电器、火花塞或火花塞线。

燃油通过气缸内压缩空气产生的热点火。

因此，柴油发动机又叫做压缩点火发动机。

10. The final difference between the gasoline and diesel engines is in the way the fuel is injected. The fuel injection system is the most important part of the diesel engine.汽油和柴油发动机之间的最后的差别在于燃油的喷射方法。

燃油喷射系统是柴油发动机的最重要部分。

11. Some form of cooling must be provided to take away the heat from the cylinder and working parts of an engine. This heat comes from combustion of the fuel and from friction between rubbing parts. 某些形式的冷却装置必须被提供用来带走发动机气缸或者工作部件产生的热量，这些热量来自燃料的燃烧和活动部件的摩擦。

12. Liquid cooling system consists of several interdependent parts that function together to maintain proper engine temperatures. The parts include: radiator, fan, coolant recovery system, coolant pump, water jacket, thermostat, pressure cap, soft plugs. 液体冷却系统包括一些互相依存的部分一起工作去维持发动机合适的温度。

这些部分包括:散热器、风扇、冷却剂回收系统、冷却泵、水套、节温器、压力感应器、软塞。

13. The purpose of the lubrication system is to circulate oil through the engine. An engine must have a good lubrication system. Without it, the friction heat from the contact of the moving parts would wear the parts and cause power loss. 润滑系统的目标是保证润滑油在发动机内循环，一个发动机一定要有好的润滑系统。

没有它，活动部件之间的摩擦生热会损害部件和
引起动力损失。

14. The function of the power train of an automobile is to provide the forces necessary for locomotion. The forces are produced by the conversion in the IC engine of the chemical energy in liquid fuels into the energy of motion. 汽车传动系的功能是为运动提供必要的动力。

动力通过内燃机内部液体燃料的化学能向运动能量的转变而产生。

15. A dry clutch performs two tasks: 1) it disengages the engine from the transmission to allow for gear changing, 2) it is a means for gradually engaging the engine to the driving wheels. 干摩擦离合器执行两个任务：1.它使发动机从变速器中脱离出来来允许齿轮的改变，2.它使发动机逐渐与驱动轮啮合。

16. To start the engine, the driver must depress the clutch pedal. This disengages the transmission from the engine. To move the car, the driver must reengage the transmission to the engine. 为了起动发动机，驾驶员必须踩离合器踏板，这使变速器从发动机中脱离出来，为了使汽车运动，驾驶员必须使变速器和发动机重新啮合。

17.An automatic transmission is a device that provides gear reduction, with resulting multiplication of torque. The gear ranges are automatically selected to provide the most efficient operation and the best torque output. 自动变速器是一个提供齿轮减速，用乘法改变扭矩的设备。

齿轮范围是被自动的选择用来提供最有效的操作和最好的扭矩输出。

18. Automatic transmissions have three basic systems ------ a torque converter, a gear system and a hydraulic system. These fit together in a unit that fastens directly behind the engine. 自动变速器有三个基本系统—变矩器，齿轮系统和液压系统。

这些被安装在同一装置中且被直接固定在发动机后面。

19. When a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than the outer wheel. This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up. 当车辆转弯时，内轮移动的距离相对于外部的车轮更短。

这意味着内部的车轮必须减速外部的车轮必须加速。

20. The service braking system and the parking braking system have separate control and transmission devices. The service braking system is normally foot-operated, while the parking braking system is hand-operated.行车制动系统和驻车制动系统有单独的控制和传动装置。

行车制动系统正常用脚操作，而驻车制动系统则用手操作。

21. Electrohydraulic braking systems are designed to allow electronic control of vehicle braking while retaining a reduced hydraulic system. 电液制动系统被设计出来允许电子控制汽车制动然而保留了液压系统。

22. The ABS prevents the wheels from locking when the vehicle is overbraked. The vehicle therefore retains its directional stability and steer ability even under emergency braking on a slippery road surface. ABS预防车轮被锁死当车辆过度制动时，汽车会因此保留它的方向稳定性和可控制性即使在滑的路面的紧急制动的情况下。

23. While the steering system may look complicated, it works quite
simply. When a driver drives a car straight down the road, the steering gear is centered. The gear holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead.尽管转向系看上去很复杂，但它工作相当简单。

当驾驶员驾驶车辆直行时，转向齿轮居中。

该齿轮保持中位，车轮向前直行。

24.The steering system must guarantee easy and safe steering of the vehicle: it must be possible to turn the front wheels into the position corresponding to a turning circle with a radius of 12m within a maximum of 6s. .转向系统必须保证车辆容易地和安全地转向：它要能够尽可能的使前轮在最多6秒之内转动到转弯半径为12米的圆的相应位置。

25. The purpose of the suspension system is to prevent large shocks, caused by the wheels striking bumps in the road, being passed to the vehicle occupants and components; otherwise discomfort and damage would occur. 悬架目的是防止车轮撞击路上障碍物时，传到乘客和车辆组件的巨大震动。

不然，不舒适感和危害将会出现。

26. The front suspension is more complicated than the rear suspension. This is because the front wheels must move in several different directions. The wheels must move up and down with the suspension and tum left to right with the steering. 前悬架比后悬架更加的复杂，这是因为前轮需要向几个不同的方向移动。

车轮必须随着悬架上下移动，并且伴随着转向系统左右转动。

四．句子中译英
1汽车的主要组成部分包括车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。

The main parts of the vehicle including engine, chassis, body and e lectrical equipment.
2底盘包括传动系统，悬架，转向部分以及制动系统
The chassis includes the power train, suspension, steering and braki ng systems.
3如果发动机燃烧发生在汽缸内，该气缸称为发动机内燃机.
If engine combustion occurs within the power chamber, the engine is called an internal combustion engine.
4活塞本身,它的环和活塞销一起称为活塞总成.
The piston itself, its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.
5现代的汽油汽车的压缩比大概为9：1.
Modern gasoline engine have compression ratios of about 9:1.
6柴油汽车的压缩比在18：1到22：1之间.
Diesel car engines have compression ratios between 18:1 and 22:1.
7四冲程发动机的工作循环包括四个活塞行程
Four stroke engine cycle consists of four piston strokes.
8柴油机称为压燃式发动机。

The diesel is called a compression-ignition engine.
9汽油机称为点燃式发动机。

The gasoline is called a spark-ignition engine.
10有两种类型的冷却方式：空冷和液体冷却。

There are two methods of cooling: air cooling and liquid cooling.
11有两种类型的变速器：手动和自动。

There are two types of transmissions-manual(MT) and automatic(AT).
12传动轴将变速器主轴输出的动力传递给主减速器的小齿轮。

The propeller shaft transmits the drive from the transmission main s haft to the final drive pinion .
13当前使用的三种类型的制动系统：行车制动系统，驻车制动系统以及额外的
缓速制动系统。

The three types of braking systems are in use today: service braking
system, parking braking system and additional retarding-braking sys tem.
14现代轿车采用两种类型的制动器：鼓式制动器和盘式制动器。

Two types of brakes are used in modern cars: drum brakes and disc br akes.
15.在制动时，防抱死制动系统能够避免车轮抱死。

ABS can prevent wheels from locking up during braking.
16 大多数重型商用车采用循环球式转向器。

Most heavy commercial vehicles use the recirculating ball type of st eering gear.
17现代轿车采用独立前悬架。

Modern cars use an independent front suspension.
18后悬架的作用是支撑后部的重量。

The purpose of the rear suspension is to support the weight of the r
ear of the vehicle.
19.现代许多轿车采用发动机前置前驱布置方式。

Many modern cars have front-engine front-drive layouts.
20在汽车悬架系统中，有三种基本类型的弹簧：螺旋弹簧，钢板弹簧和扭杆弹簧。

There are three basic types of springs in automobile suspension – c
oil spring leaf spring and torsion bars.
五.段落英译中
1. Engine Operating Principles
Most automobile engines are internal combustion, reciprocating
4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge. Reciprocating means up and down or back and forth, it is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder block, or engine block. The block
is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passages called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head which forms the combustion chamber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.
Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to tum the wheels of cars. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by
a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod
is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion. The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block.
The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.
The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the piston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order.
l. Intake stroke
As the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10° before TDC, giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50° after BDC to take advantage of incoming mixture
2. Compression stroke
The piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about i Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.
3. Power stroke
The expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.
4. Exhaust stroke
The piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50° before BDC, allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce "back" pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke. The intake valve
usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeated in every as long as the engine remains running.
A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle. However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one stroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or
2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate. In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for each revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly because the power strokes are closer together in time and
in degrees of engine rotation.
The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways.
1. Inline engines use a single block of cylinder. Most 4- cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.
2. V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60 degrees or 90 degrees from the each other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.
3. Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180 degrees apart. These spaces saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and Volkswagens. Subaus
design is liquid cooled. Late-model Volkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VW horizontally opposed engine.
1.发动机工作原理
大多数汽车的发动机是内燃机，往复四冲程汽油机，但是也有使用其它类型
的发动机，包括柴油机，转子发动机，二冲程发动机和分程燃烧发动机。

往复的意思就是上下运动或前后运动，在往复发动机中，气缸中活塞的上下
运动产生发动机的动力，这种类型几乎所有的发动机都是依赖气缸体即发动机缸体，缸体是铸铁或铸铝制的，它包括发动机气缸和冷却液循环用的水套。

缸体的
顶部是气缸盖，它组成了燃烧室，缸体底部是油底壳。

气缸内活塞的直线运动产生动力，然而，必须将直线运动转化成旋转运动，使汽车车轮转动，活塞销将活塞连接在连杆顶部，连杆底部与曲轴连接，连杆将
活塞的往复运动传递给曲轴，曲轴将其转化为旋转运动，连杆是用连杆曲轴安装
在曲轴上的，用类似的轴承即主轴承将曲轴固定在缸体内。

气缸的直径称为发动机的内径，排量和压缩比是两个常用的发动机参数，排
量是指发动机的大小，压缩比是气缸总容积与燃烧室压缩容积之比。

术语冲程是用来说明活塞在气缸内的运动，也就是活塞行程的距离。

根据发
动机类型的需要二冲程或四冲程来完成一个工作循环四冲程发动机也叫做奥托
发动机，为了纪念德国工程师奥托，他是在1876年第一个应用该原理的，在四
冲程发动机中，要求气缸活塞四冲程来完成一个完整的工作循环，每个冲程根据
其行为命名分别为: 进气冲程，压缩冲程，作功冲程和排气冲程。

1、进气冲程当活塞下移时，雾化后的可燃混合气通过打开的进气门进入
气缸，为了达到最大的进气量，进气门在活塞到达上止点前10°打开，使进、
排气门有20°打开重叠角，进气门一直打开到活塞到达下止点充分进入混合气
之后50°左右。

2、压缩冲程活塞开始向上移动时，进气门关闭，混合气在燃烧室中压缩，根据不同因素包括压缩比，节气门开度，发动机转速压力上升到约1兆帕，接近
冲程顶部时，火花塞产生的电火花击穿点火间隙点燃可燃混合气。

3、作功冲程燃烧膨胀的气体产生的压力上升到3.5个兆帕时，推动活
塞下移，接近气缸底时，排气门打开。

4、排气冲程随着排气门开启约下止点前50°，活塞回升，使气缸内压
力下降在排气冲程，减少对活塞回压，派出废气，
为下一个进气冲程作准备，通常情况下，进气门在排气冲程完成前打开。

只
要发动机保持运转，每个气缸内四个冲程循环连续不断地重复下去。

两冲程发动机也同样通过四行程来完成一个工作循环。

但是进气冲程，压缩
冲程合为一个冲程，作功冲程形成另一个冲程，术语两行程循环和两行程就是所
谓的术语双循环但实际上并不太准确。

在所用的汽车发动机中，所有的活塞都是固定在一个曲轴上的，气缸中发动
机越多，每转为发动机的作功冲程产生越多的动力，这就意味着八缸发动机运转
的越平顺，因为发动机在作功冲程中运转时间和旋转角度紧密。

多气缸发动机有三种排列形式，任其一种:
1、直列式发动机用一个气缸体，大多数四缸发动机和一些六缸发动机都采
用这种型式，这种气缸不必垂直分布，它们可以向任一方向倾斜。

2、V-型发动机用两排同样的气缸，通常夹角为60°或90°，大多数有六缸
或八缸，尽管四缸和十二缸也有采用V型的。

3、卧式或者对置式发动机有两排互为180°的气缸，这些节省窨发动机设计
通常采用风冷式，在雪弗兰、富士、大众车采用这种型式，富士汽车采用水冷式，在顶置式风冷发动机中，大众的新型厢式汽车采用水冷式。

2. Engine
The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine
is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called
a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. The way engine cylinders are arranged is called the engine configuration. In-line engines have the cylinders in a line. This design creates a simply cast engine clock. In vehicle applications, the number of cylinders is normally from 2 up to 6. Usually, the cylinders are vertical. As the number of the cylinders increases, the length of the block and crankshaft can become a problem. One way to avoid this is with a V configuration. This design makes the engine block and crankshaft shorter and more rigid.
An engine located at the front can be mounted longitudinally and can drive either the front or the rear wheels. Rear engine vehicles have the engine mounted behind the rear wheels. The engine can be transverse or longitudinal and usually drives the rear wheels only.
The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.
Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.
The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engine's combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement.
2．发动机
发动机作为动力装置。

内燃发动机最常用，它通过燃烧发动机气缸里的液体燃料而获得能量。

内燃机有两种类型：汽油机（又称为点燃式发动机）和柴油机（又称为压燃式发动机）。

两种类型均称为热力发动机。

燃烧燃料产生的热量使汽缸里气体的气压增加并提供能量通过传动轴连接到传动系统。

发动机气缸的排列方式称为发动机配置。

直列式发动机的汽缸呈一列布置。

这个设计创造了一个简单的发动机缸体铸造。

在车辆应用中，汽缸数一般是2-6缸，汽缸中心线与水平面垂直。

当汽缸数增多时，发动机尺寸和曲轴就成为一个问题。

解决这个问题的办法就是采用V形（汽缸呈两列布置，且两列气缸之间夹角为V形）发动机。

这个设计使发动机尺寸和曲轴都变得更短且更坚硬。

前置发动机纵向安装，既可前轮驱动也可后轮驱动。

后置发动机是将发动机安装在后轮后面。

发动机可横置或纵置，一般情况下为后轮驱动。

发动机缸体是发动机的基本框架。

所有其他发动机零件要么在其中的位置或固定它。

它承装气缸，水套和油道。

发动机缸体还承装曲轴，它固定于发动机体的底部。

凸轮轴也装在发动机体内，顶置凸轮（OHC）发动机除外。

在大多数汽车中，气缸体是由灰铸铁或者一种合金（混合物）灰铁和其它金属如镍或铬制造的。

发动机缸体是铸件。