阅读理解推理判断题的5大命题陷阱 讲义-2023届高三英语二轮复习-2023届高考英语二轮复习

英语阅读理解-推理判断题的5大命题陷阱
推理判断题是为了考查学生能否读懂文章中字里行间隐含的含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。

因此，命题者常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题者精心设置的“陷阱”。

陷阱(一) 主观臆断选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测
[典例] (2022·全国甲卷)
Everywhere in Sydney these days，change and progress are the watchwords(口号)，and traditions are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald，the city's official historian，told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings.“Sydney is c onfused about itself，”she said.“We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving(解决)．”
34．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A．It is losing its traditions.
B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population.
D．It is becoming more international. [解析] 根据本段第一句“Everywhere in Sydney these days，change and progress are the watchwords(口号)，and traditions are increasingly rare.”以及“...told m e that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings.”可知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，使得它正在失去原本的传统。

C、D两项内容原文中根本未出现，属于主观臆断。

[答案] A
陷阱(二) 逻辑颠倒某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如错误归因、倒置目的与手段等
[典例] (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ)
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934，better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
30．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A．The stamp price has gone down.
B．The migratory birds have flown away.
C．The hunters have stopped hunting.
D．The government has collected money. [解析] 根据本段第一句可知，联邦政府将出售鸭票的部分收入投入候鸟保护基金，用来保护水禽、湿地和野生动物栖息地。

该项法案的直接结果是政府筹集到了资金，D项所述符合句意。

干扰项B说候鸟飞离，是1934年颁布法案的原因，而非颁布法案的结果，属于逻辑颠倒。

[答案] D
陷阱(三) 过度推断或以偏慨全有时作者仅简单、客观叙述事实，并未作出评论，而部分选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者针对原文中某一句话进行推断，忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全错误
[典例] (2021·天津卷)
Things are connected.Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas.Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but，once you explore their depths，you discover that they are.My editor Toni，who is also a writer，has edited several history books.She has decided to study Chinese history.Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter，she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.“I don't know where it will lead，but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit.”
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. [解析] 根据本段第三句可知，作者引用Toni的例子意在说明看似没有关系的兴趣实际在联系着。

干扰项C说Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit，而原文中只提到Toni 正在追求自己的兴趣，并未评价是否成功，也更不能推断出所有人都有希望成功，属于过度推断。

[答案] D
陷阱(四) 偷换概念某些选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在不起眼处略微改动用词，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强
[典例] (2021·全国乙卷)
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled.Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution，but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and，because of their small size and weight，they cannot be recycled.Every straw that's part of V on Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone，the straw will take centuries to disappear.
29．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A．To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B．To explain why they are useful.
C．To voice his views on modern art.
D．To find a substitute for them. [解析] 学生可能因为看到B项中的useful，认为应对应原文中Every straw that's part of V on Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.中的used for，从而误选B项。

然而原文只是说被收集的吸管很可能仅使用过几分钟，并不是说明吸管的有用性，该选项属于偷换概念。

根据本段第二句可知，作者讨论塑料吸管的目的在于说明塑料吸管非常难以回收。

[答案] A
陷阱(五) 背离主题
[典例] (2020·新高考卷Ⅱ)
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before，but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them. “Success is success but that is all that it is，”Dr.Petroski writes，It is failure that brings improvement.
30．What does the last paragraph suggest?
A．Failure can lead to progress.
B．Success results in overconfidence.
C．Failure should be avoided.
D．Success comes from joint efforts. [解析] 根据尾段中的“It is failure that brings improvement”可知，失败带来了进步，A项符合题意。

干扰项C 说人们应避免失败，与尾段主旨相矛盾，属于背离主题。

[答案] A。