Sense relations 语义关系
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“flammable” and “inflammable” “shameful” and “shameless” “heritable” and “inheritable” “a good scare” and “a bad scare” “a fat chance” and “a slim chance” “quite a lot” and “quite a few”
Synonymy
1. Synonymy 2. Types of synonyms 3. Sources of synonyms 4. Discrimination of synonyms
Synonymy
• Synonyms
can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.
conflagration Latin or Greek
trepidation words: more formal,
time
age
epoch
frozen
….
1. sources of synonymy
⑵ Dialects and regional English
• Am E
Brt E
help
servant
Policeman (Brt. & Am. E) and constable are neutral. Bobby is colloquial used only in British English. Cop is slangy.
Discrimination of synonyms
3. Difference in emotive colouring Many words may be synonymous in conceptual
meaning but differ in emotive values. e.g.
result vs. consequence
① Look at that lovely little boy. ② Look at that small boy. ③ Look at that tiny boy.
Discrimination of synonyms
1. difference in range and intensity of meaning
I did not comprehend his exposition or his arguments, although I understood the language, and the grammatical import of each sentence.
types of synonymy
• total / absolute / perfect synonyms • partial synonyms （部分同义词）
Synonyms
• total / absolute / perfect synonyms: (完全同 义词) are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning include.
⑶ figurative and euphemistic use of words e.g. Drunk-elevated (euph), lie---distort the fact (euph) ⑷ coincidence with idomatic expressions e.g. win—gain the upper hand hesitate-be in two minds help—lend one a hand
(the importance of “context”) Lu (p335)
Synonymy
• partial synonyms （部分同义词） examples:
‘able’, ‘capable’, ‘nearly’, ‘almost’ ‘announce’, ‘declare’ • more examples: phrases and idioms Finally—at length Immediately—at once Depress—let down Require—call for
• highly specialized vocabulary e.g.
Scarlet-fever----scarlatina in medicine malnutrition and undernourishment Word building----word formation Composition---compounding
foreign
room
chamber
foe
enemy
begin
commence
buy
purchase
bodily
corporal
heaven
sky
1. sources of synonymy
⑴ Borrowing
Words of native origin form many couplets and triplets with those from other languages, e.g.
‘Understand’ is used in a much more extended sense than ‘comprehend’.
work vs. toil
Discrimination of synonyms
2. Difference in stylistic features
Policeman, constable, bobby, cop
Discrimination of synonyms
• Generally speaking, there is no difference between absolute synonyms whereas relative synonyms always differ in one way or another.
1. difference in range and intensity of meaning 2. difference in stylistic features 3. difference in emotive colouring 4. difference in application
Discrimination of synonyms
intervention in their internal affairs.
Antonymy反义关系
• Types of antonyms • Feature of antonyms • The Use of Antonyms
Antonymy 反义关系
Antonymy deals with semantic opposition. 反义关系研究的是语义上的对立。 What are antonyms? Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
4. Difference in application Empty Box
Streat Chair apartment
some interesting expressions
• 汉语中有“差点儿”，“差不点儿”； “好容易”，“好不容易” ； “好繁
华”，“好不繁华” • 英语中有““valuable” and “invaluable”
--张维友
picture, photo, snapshot
Synonymy
• Synonymy
is a term used in semantics to refer to a major type of sense relation between lexical items: lexical items which have the same meaning but differ in morphemic structure, phonological form and usage are synonyms, and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.
Synonymy
• partial synonyms （部分同义词）/relative ~ 相对 refer to items which are close enough in their
meaning to allow a choice to be made between them in some contexts without affecting the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
佣人
sidewalk
pavement
人行道
railroad elevator druggist gasoline installment plan
railway
铁路
lift
电梯
chemist
药品商
汽油
petrol
分期付款
hire-purchase system
1. sources of synonymy
• Intense 强烈的
intensive
• Observance n 遵守 observation 观察
Confusable words容易混淆的词
doubt, suspect –“怀疑，疑心” • I__________he was suffering from peptic ulcer. • The doctor___________he was suffering… Object, oppose反对 • They all ______to my proposal. • The African people strongly______imperialist
Confusable words容易混淆的词
• Predict v. 语言
predicate v 论断
• Masterful a 专横的 masterly a 熟练的
• Alternate a 交替的 alternative a
• Fateful
fatal
• Informer n 告密者 informant 提供消息者
Lexicology
Lecture 10 Sense relations 语义关系
Sense relations 语义关系
• Sense relations are the relations held between words within
the vocabulary.
1. synonymy 同义关系 2. antonymy反义关系 3. hyponymy下义关系 4. homonymy同形同音异义关系 定义，分类，比较 5. polysemy一词多义
• Native ask rise fast fire fear
French question mount firm flame terror
Latin
Features:
interrogate native words:
ascend
colloquial, intimate
secure
French words: formal
死(中性)，逝世(褒义)， 蹬腿了(俚语)
1. sources of synonymy
⑴ Borrowing
Words of native origin form many couplets and
triplets with those from other languages, e.g.
• Native
Synonymy
• more examples: phrases and idioms over head and ears in up to the neck in in a thousand and one ways by hook or by crook
to die, to pass away, to kick the bucket
Synonymy
1. Synonymy 2. Types of synonyms 3. Sources of synonyms 4. Discrimination of synonyms
Synonymy
• Synonyms
can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.
conflagration Latin or Greek
trepidation words: more formal,
time
age
epoch
frozen
….
1. sources of synonymy
⑵ Dialects and regional English
• Am E
Brt E
help
servant
Policeman (Brt. & Am. E) and constable are neutral. Bobby is colloquial used only in British English. Cop is slangy.
Discrimination of synonyms
3. Difference in emotive colouring Many words may be synonymous in conceptual
meaning but differ in emotive values. e.g.
result vs. consequence
① Look at that lovely little boy. ② Look at that small boy. ③ Look at that tiny boy.
Discrimination of synonyms
1. difference in range and intensity of meaning
I did not comprehend his exposition or his arguments, although I understood the language, and the grammatical import of each sentence.
types of synonymy
• total / absolute / perfect synonyms • partial synonyms （部分同义词）
Synonyms
• total / absolute / perfect synonyms: (完全同 义词) are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning include.
⑶ figurative and euphemistic use of words e.g. Drunk-elevated (euph), lie---distort the fact (euph) ⑷ coincidence with idomatic expressions e.g. win—gain the upper hand hesitate-be in two minds help—lend one a hand
(the importance of “context”) Lu (p335)
Synonymy
• partial synonyms （部分同义词） examples:
‘able’, ‘capable’, ‘nearly’, ‘almost’ ‘announce’, ‘declare’ • more examples: phrases and idioms Finally—at length Immediately—at once Depress—let down Require—call for
• highly specialized vocabulary e.g.
Scarlet-fever----scarlatina in medicine malnutrition and undernourishment Word building----word formation Composition---compounding
foreign
room
chamber
foe
enemy
begin
commence
buy
purchase
bodily
corporal
heaven
sky
1. sources of synonymy
⑴ Borrowing
Words of native origin form many couplets and triplets with those from other languages, e.g.
‘Understand’ is used in a much more extended sense than ‘comprehend’.
work vs. toil
Discrimination of synonyms
2. Difference in stylistic features
Policeman, constable, bobby, cop
Discrimination of synonyms
• Generally speaking, there is no difference between absolute synonyms whereas relative synonyms always differ in one way or another.
1. difference in range and intensity of meaning 2. difference in stylistic features 3. difference in emotive colouring 4. difference in application
Discrimination of synonyms
intervention in their internal affairs.
Antonymy反义关系
• Types of antonyms • Feature of antonyms • The Use of Antonyms
Antonymy 反义关系
Antonymy deals with semantic opposition. 反义关系研究的是语义上的对立。 What are antonyms? Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
4. Difference in application Empty Box
Streat Chair apartment
some interesting expressions
• 汉语中有“差点儿”，“差不点儿”； “好容易”，“好不容易” ； “好繁
华”，“好不繁华” • 英语中有““valuable” and “invaluable”
--张维友
picture, photo, snapshot
Synonymy
• Synonymy
is a term used in semantics to refer to a major type of sense relation between lexical items: lexical items which have the same meaning but differ in morphemic structure, phonological form and usage are synonyms, and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.
Synonymy
• partial synonyms （部分同义词）/relative ~ 相对 refer to items which are close enough in their
meaning to allow a choice to be made between them in some contexts without affecting the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
佣人
sidewalk
pavement
人行道
railroad elevator druggist gasoline installment plan
railway
铁路
lift
电梯
chemist
药品商
汽油
petrol
分期付款
hire-purchase system
1. sources of synonymy
• Intense 强烈的
intensive
• Observance n 遵守 observation 观察
Confusable words容易混淆的词
doubt, suspect –“怀疑，疑心” • I__________he was suffering from peptic ulcer. • The doctor___________he was suffering… Object, oppose反对 • They all ______to my proposal. • The African people strongly______imperialist
Confusable words容易混淆的词
• Predict v. 语言
predicate v 论断
• Masterful a 专横的 masterly a 熟练的
• Alternate a 交替的 alternative a
• Fateful
fatal
• Informer n 告密者 informant 提供消息者
Lexicology
Lecture 10 Sense relations 语义关系
Sense relations 语义关系
• Sense relations are the relations held between words within
the vocabulary.
1. synonymy 同义关系 2. antonymy反义关系 3. hyponymy下义关系 4. homonymy同形同音异义关系 定义，分类，比较 5. polysemy一词多义
• Native ask rise fast fire fear
French question mount firm flame terror
Latin
Features:
interrogate native words:
ascend
colloquial, intimate
secure
French words: formal
死(中性)，逝世(褒义)， 蹬腿了(俚语)
1. sources of synonymy
⑴ Borrowing
Words of native origin form many couplets and
triplets with those from other languages, e.g.
• Native
Synonymy
• more examples: phrases and idioms over head and ears in up to the neck in in a thousand and one ways by hook or by crook
to die, to pass away, to kick the bucket