呼吸系统PPT课件:肺部体检
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2.typany:pneumothorax, large cavity 3.hyperresonnance:COPD
听诊Auscultation of the lung
•下),最后检查 背部,两侧比较
• 部位: • 前胸:锁骨上窝/锁骨中线上/中/下,
Thoracic Landmarks
Thoracic Landmarks
Horizontal fissure Right oblique fissure
Inspection of thorax
• Deformities or asymmetry • Abnormal retraction of the lower interspaces during
触诊Palpation
• Symmetry of chest excursion(chest expansion)
• Tactile fremitus • Pleural friction rib
Symmetry of chest excursion(chest
expansion)--
胸廓扩张度不对称Unsymmetry of chest excursion(chest expansion) :
intercostal line • Limits of lung movements: 6~8cm
肺上界
• 自斜方肌前缘中央部开始叩诊为清音,逐渐 叩向外侧,当有清音变为浊音时,即为肺上 界的外侧终点,然后再由上述中央部叩向内 侧,直至清音变为浊音时,即为肺上界的内 侧终点。
• 该清音界的宽度为4~6cm,称为Krong峡 意义 ①变浊或清音缩小:肺结
Rib disease: frictured rib, TB, tumor, rib arthritis Thoracic cage disease Disease of diaphragm: unilateral paralysis
语音震颤Vocal fremitus
• 为受检查者发出声音,声波沿气管、 支气管及肺泡传到胸壁所引起的震动, 由检查者的手触及,故称触觉语颤 tactile fremitus
Lung diseases:lung atelectasis, lung tumor,chronic cavitation pulmonary TB, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary bullae
Pleural diseases: pleurisy, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pleural thickening and pleural tumor
Inspection-lung
• Respiratory movement • Respiratory frequency
Tachypnea Bradypnea • Respiratory depth: Rapid shallow breathing Rapid deep breathing • Respiratory rhythm tidal breathing(Cheyne-Stokes)
核、肺纤维化 ②变清或增宽:肺气肿
肺前界
• 正常相当于心浊音界 • 右肺前界相当于胸骨线位置 • 左肺前界相当于胸骨旁线第4~6肋间隙的位
置 • 肺前界浊音区扩大: • Cardiomegaly,pericardial effusion, aortic
aneurysm,enlargement of hilar lymph node enlargement
胸膜摩擦感pleural friction fremitus
• 胸膜炎时,胸膜表面变粗糙,呼吸时两层胸膜相互摩擦,可触 及到摩擦感,似皮革相互摩擦的感觉。
• 前胸下前部或腋中线第5、6肋间最明显。 • Significance • Pleuritis:TB/suppurative, tumor of the pleura, • severe dehydration, • secondary pleural involvement: pneumonia/lung
• Normal breathing sound: • Tracheal breath sound • Bronchial breath sound • Bronchovesicular sound • Vesicular sound
Normal breath sounds
支气管呼吸音-bronchial breathing sound:呼吸气 流在声门、气管、主支气管形成湍流发出声音
Pattrens of respiration
rate depth
Bradypnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation
Sighing respiration
Cheyne-Stokes(tidal) respiration
rhythm
Kussmaul’s respiration Biot’s respiration
特点:
➢ 呈中低音调,具有良好的持久性
➢ 上>下,右上>左上
浊 音dullness
特点: 叩诊音较短,高调而不响亮 病因:1. 肺组织含气量减少的病变--肺
炎、结核、肺梗塞、肺广泛纤维 化、肺不张等 2. 肺内不含气的占位病变:肿瘤、 肺脓肿 3. 胸壁的病变-水肿、肿瘤等
实
音flatness
➢ 浊音的极端表现 ➢ 胸腔积液
鼓
音typanny
➢ 空气封闭于空腔中 ➢ 音调较清音为高,强度中等而响亮 ➢ 病因:
✓ 气胸 ✓ 靠近胸壁的大空洞,直径3-4cm,
如空洞性肺结核、肺脓肿
过 清 音hyperresonance
➢ 较清音音调为低,有较深的回响,声 音相对 较强,极易听见,持久性良好 近似叩空盒子的声响
➢ 见于肺气肿
abscess/pulmonary embolism • Uremia
Percussion of the lung
• Resonance轻音 • Hyperresonance过清音 • Tympany鼓音 • Dullness浊音 • Flatness实音
叩诊
Lung border
• Upper border of the lung • Anterior border • Lower border: MCL/MAL/SL: 6/8/10
呼气较强,在喉部、锁骨上窝、背部第6、7颈椎/1、 2胸椎附近:呼吸气流在细支气管和肺泡内进出发出 声音。
腋前线上/下,腋中线上/下,左右两 侧,16个部位 • 背部:腋后线上/下,肩胛区上/下, 肩胛下区内/外,左右两侧12部位
Classification of Common Lung Sounds
Adventitious Sounds
Auscultation-normal breath sound
Abnormal percussion
1. dullness or flatness (1)decreased air: pneumonia,atelectasis,lung infarct、TB (2) No air: neoplasm,abscess,effusion,pleural thichening (3)Pleura:effusion、thickening
abnormalities • Pectus excavatum漏斗胸:congenital • Pectus carinatum鸡胸:佝偻病VitD
deficiency
Thorax
桶状胸
脊柱后凸
漏斗胸 前胸壁凸起畸形(鸡胸)
Physical examination of the lung and pleura
Physical Examination of the Chest—Thorax and
Lung
Physical examination of the chest
Inspection视诊 Palpation触诊 Percussion叩诊 Auscultation听诊
Bony chest skeleton
Examination of chest
• Chest wall: • Thorax:deformatity • Lung and pleura:movement,
frequency,rhythm • Breast
Chest wall
• Veins • Crepitation: subcutaneous emphysema • Tenderness • Intercostal space
肺下界
• 正常平静呼吸时在锁骨中线、腋中线和肩 胛线的第6、8、10肋间隙
• 降低:pulmonary emphesema/lung bullae/abdominal visceroptosis(内脏下 垂)
• 上升:lung atelectasis/pleural effusion/abdominal extension/hepatospleenomegaly
肺下界移动度(diaphragmatic excursion)
• 6~8cm
(3)肺下界移动度减弱:<4cm
• 肺组织弹性减退: 肺气肿 • 肺组织萎陷:肺纤维化、肺不张 • 局部胸膜粘连:胸膜炎、胸部手术后 • 肺组织炎症、水肿 • 大量胸水、气胸及广泛胸膜肥厚 • 膈肌麻痹
清音 resonance
Obstruction of superior vena cava上腔静脉阻塞
Spider nevi 蜘蛛痣
Chest wall --inspection
• Normal chest wall :前后径比1:1.5 • flat chest:thin slender • Barrel chest桶状胸:COPD • Kyphosis脊柱后凸: vertibrate
• 方法: • 检查者以两手掌或两手掌尺侧缘轻轻
平放于受检者两侧的对称部位,令病 人反复说1-2-3,或发长声“依”,此
Location for tactile fremitus
Causes of Changes in Tactile Fremitus
Subpleural cavity, lung infarction
Surface markers
anatomy of the chest wall
anatomy of the chest wall
Surface markers
Thoracic Landmarks
Thoracic Landmarks
Thoracic Landmarks
posterior anterior
inspiration • Local impairment in respiratory movement
• Skin: • Color:pigmentation、jaundice、 • Vessels: • Instercostal space and chest wall Deformalty • Breathing pattern
Pattrens of respiration
• Tachypnea: fever/pain/anemia/hyperthyroidism/cardiac failure
• Bradypnea: over-dose of anesthetics/narcotics/increased intracranial pressure
• Kussmaul respiration: acidosis • Cheyne-Stroke respiration: CNS disease as
encephalitis/cerebral hemorrhage/brain abscess,tumor,injury, vascular spasm,embolism • Biots respiration: brain damage/drug induced suppression/increased intracranial pressure • Sighing respiration: neurotic
听诊Auscultation of the lung
•下),最后检查 背部,两侧比较
• 部位: • 前胸:锁骨上窝/锁骨中线上/中/下,
Thoracic Landmarks
Thoracic Landmarks
Horizontal fissure Right oblique fissure
Inspection of thorax
• Deformities or asymmetry • Abnormal retraction of the lower interspaces during
触诊Palpation
• Symmetry of chest excursion(chest expansion)
• Tactile fremitus • Pleural friction rib
Symmetry of chest excursion(chest
expansion)--
胸廓扩张度不对称Unsymmetry of chest excursion(chest expansion) :
intercostal line • Limits of lung movements: 6~8cm
肺上界
• 自斜方肌前缘中央部开始叩诊为清音,逐渐 叩向外侧,当有清音变为浊音时,即为肺上 界的外侧终点,然后再由上述中央部叩向内 侧,直至清音变为浊音时,即为肺上界的内 侧终点。
• 该清音界的宽度为4~6cm,称为Krong峡 意义 ①变浊或清音缩小:肺结
Rib disease: frictured rib, TB, tumor, rib arthritis Thoracic cage disease Disease of diaphragm: unilateral paralysis
语音震颤Vocal fremitus
• 为受检查者发出声音,声波沿气管、 支气管及肺泡传到胸壁所引起的震动, 由检查者的手触及,故称触觉语颤 tactile fremitus
Lung diseases:lung atelectasis, lung tumor,chronic cavitation pulmonary TB, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary bullae
Pleural diseases: pleurisy, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pleural thickening and pleural tumor
Inspection-lung
• Respiratory movement • Respiratory frequency
Tachypnea Bradypnea • Respiratory depth: Rapid shallow breathing Rapid deep breathing • Respiratory rhythm tidal breathing(Cheyne-Stokes)
核、肺纤维化 ②变清或增宽:肺气肿
肺前界
• 正常相当于心浊音界 • 右肺前界相当于胸骨线位置 • 左肺前界相当于胸骨旁线第4~6肋间隙的位
置 • 肺前界浊音区扩大: • Cardiomegaly,pericardial effusion, aortic
aneurysm,enlargement of hilar lymph node enlargement
胸膜摩擦感pleural friction fremitus
• 胸膜炎时,胸膜表面变粗糙,呼吸时两层胸膜相互摩擦,可触 及到摩擦感,似皮革相互摩擦的感觉。
• 前胸下前部或腋中线第5、6肋间最明显。 • Significance • Pleuritis:TB/suppurative, tumor of the pleura, • severe dehydration, • secondary pleural involvement: pneumonia/lung
• Normal breathing sound: • Tracheal breath sound • Bronchial breath sound • Bronchovesicular sound • Vesicular sound
Normal breath sounds
支气管呼吸音-bronchial breathing sound:呼吸气 流在声门、气管、主支气管形成湍流发出声音
Pattrens of respiration
rate depth
Bradypnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation
Sighing respiration
Cheyne-Stokes(tidal) respiration
rhythm
Kussmaul’s respiration Biot’s respiration
特点:
➢ 呈中低音调,具有良好的持久性
➢ 上>下,右上>左上
浊 音dullness
特点: 叩诊音较短,高调而不响亮 病因:1. 肺组织含气量减少的病变--肺
炎、结核、肺梗塞、肺广泛纤维 化、肺不张等 2. 肺内不含气的占位病变:肿瘤、 肺脓肿 3. 胸壁的病变-水肿、肿瘤等
实
音flatness
➢ 浊音的极端表现 ➢ 胸腔积液
鼓
音typanny
➢ 空气封闭于空腔中 ➢ 音调较清音为高,强度中等而响亮 ➢ 病因:
✓ 气胸 ✓ 靠近胸壁的大空洞,直径3-4cm,
如空洞性肺结核、肺脓肿
过 清 音hyperresonance
➢ 较清音音调为低,有较深的回响,声 音相对 较强,极易听见,持久性良好 近似叩空盒子的声响
➢ 见于肺气肿
abscess/pulmonary embolism • Uremia
Percussion of the lung
• Resonance轻音 • Hyperresonance过清音 • Tympany鼓音 • Dullness浊音 • Flatness实音
叩诊
Lung border
• Upper border of the lung • Anterior border • Lower border: MCL/MAL/SL: 6/8/10
呼气较强,在喉部、锁骨上窝、背部第6、7颈椎/1、 2胸椎附近:呼吸气流在细支气管和肺泡内进出发出 声音。
腋前线上/下,腋中线上/下,左右两 侧,16个部位 • 背部:腋后线上/下,肩胛区上/下, 肩胛下区内/外,左右两侧12部位
Classification of Common Lung Sounds
Adventitious Sounds
Auscultation-normal breath sound
Abnormal percussion
1. dullness or flatness (1)decreased air: pneumonia,atelectasis,lung infarct、TB (2) No air: neoplasm,abscess,effusion,pleural thichening (3)Pleura:effusion、thickening
abnormalities • Pectus excavatum漏斗胸:congenital • Pectus carinatum鸡胸:佝偻病VitD
deficiency
Thorax
桶状胸
脊柱后凸
漏斗胸 前胸壁凸起畸形(鸡胸)
Physical examination of the lung and pleura
Physical Examination of the Chest—Thorax and
Lung
Physical examination of the chest
Inspection视诊 Palpation触诊 Percussion叩诊 Auscultation听诊
Bony chest skeleton
Examination of chest
• Chest wall: • Thorax:deformatity • Lung and pleura:movement,
frequency,rhythm • Breast
Chest wall
• Veins • Crepitation: subcutaneous emphysema • Tenderness • Intercostal space
肺下界
• 正常平静呼吸时在锁骨中线、腋中线和肩 胛线的第6、8、10肋间隙
• 降低:pulmonary emphesema/lung bullae/abdominal visceroptosis(内脏下 垂)
• 上升:lung atelectasis/pleural effusion/abdominal extension/hepatospleenomegaly
肺下界移动度(diaphragmatic excursion)
• 6~8cm
(3)肺下界移动度减弱:<4cm
• 肺组织弹性减退: 肺气肿 • 肺组织萎陷:肺纤维化、肺不张 • 局部胸膜粘连:胸膜炎、胸部手术后 • 肺组织炎症、水肿 • 大量胸水、气胸及广泛胸膜肥厚 • 膈肌麻痹
清音 resonance
Obstruction of superior vena cava上腔静脉阻塞
Spider nevi 蜘蛛痣
Chest wall --inspection
• Normal chest wall :前后径比1:1.5 • flat chest:thin slender • Barrel chest桶状胸:COPD • Kyphosis脊柱后凸: vertibrate
• 方法: • 检查者以两手掌或两手掌尺侧缘轻轻
平放于受检者两侧的对称部位,令病 人反复说1-2-3,或发长声“依”,此
Location for tactile fremitus
Causes of Changes in Tactile Fremitus
Subpleural cavity, lung infarction
Surface markers
anatomy of the chest wall
anatomy of the chest wall
Surface markers
Thoracic Landmarks
Thoracic Landmarks
Thoracic Landmarks
posterior anterior
inspiration • Local impairment in respiratory movement
• Skin: • Color:pigmentation、jaundice、 • Vessels: • Instercostal space and chest wall Deformalty • Breathing pattern
Pattrens of respiration
• Tachypnea: fever/pain/anemia/hyperthyroidism/cardiac failure
• Bradypnea: over-dose of anesthetics/narcotics/increased intracranial pressure
• Kussmaul respiration: acidosis • Cheyne-Stroke respiration: CNS disease as
encephalitis/cerebral hemorrhage/brain abscess,tumor,injury, vascular spasm,embolism • Biots respiration: brain damage/drug induced suppression/increased intracranial pressure • Sighing respiration: neurotic