外文翻译--工程造价管理全过程控制的重要性

外文文献:
The significance of control construction
costs manages on entire process
First，The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire process Talk about the management and the control on construction costs, that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account。

Indeed , right away at present system and reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account。

Be that in advance, the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working drawing to calculate project amounts,apply a quota mechanically, the meter mechanically fetching cost, or designing that according to the drawing sheet and construction organization after construction is over as well as the scene construction visa takes notes weaves the final account being completed。

This is necessary , useful no doubt。

But we must see that when pre-final accounts personnel weave working drawing budget or the final account being completed, the construction plan and the design paper already determined。

But construction being to take according to picture as principle，so then in advance, job done by final account personnel is only the change secretly scheming against cost produced by design alteration and prevents upvaluation from calculating boldly。

But suppose the project is unreasonable on economy, there is a fault in decision—making；suppose designing a scheme feasible or be not optimum on the technology；the final account personnel can do nothing for sb then in advance。

Job of final account personnel does accounts in advance only under just saying system currently in effect，after the event ，can only reflect already complete project amounts inactively ，can only reflect design and be under construction passively。

This evidently is single-faceted ，insufficient , we must carry out the entire proceeding supervisory control on the construction costs of building a project。

Concrete conditions of union our country, cost of construction manages have
problems as follows：
1、Be not enough to take investment decision into the stage of construction costs seriously charge indeed。

Investment decision is to produce the construction costs headstream，This one stage blow the expense at take up the total investment forehead about 0。

5％～3％，but that can have an effect to raise the project benefit of investment. That the project carries out rational choice on construction is that resource carries out direct , the most important optimization deploy means on economy ，project benefit of investment affects efficiency and beneficial result to entire national economy。

The developed country charges attach importance to control on investment decision stage construction costs，and costs not stinting big capital of money making the studies on the stage of carrying out investment decision energetically，make relatively comparatively accurate construction costs , go along the control
For a long time, there is the grave phenomenon investing in swelling in engineering construction of our country，bring the limit for a project feeling longer and longer，construction costs is higher and higher. The cause of that is short of the effective basis of the building of earlier stage ascertaining construction costs, only basis the already completed according to the expert , decision—makers draw lessons to estimate the project construction costs。

Because a lot of factor effects，the“three surpass ” phenomenon very common，there are main cause as follows: (1）personal factor brings about rough estimate lessening
（2）equipment composes in reply material price’s not working out according to market quotations。

（3）construction units bring forward the too high for exceeding a design criterion
2、The design stage of construction costs is not under the control of strict
The design stage is the faucet in that project construction costs controls. After the investment decision is be made rationally , that is the process of plan the technology and organic together economly . Effective control the cost of construction requires strictly and all-round in the enginee designing . Engineering design of current our
country also puts move bidding system ，fair competition into practice ，cost of construction looks on control engineering effective to design stage as one of the standard choosing main part being hit by the bid unit ，cost of construction carries out the administration controlling on the entire proceeding 。

Our country major part design that the unit carries out thorough analysis lack on construction project technology and economy ，big multiple technologies make light of economy in design but at present ，design that the personnel is responsible seemingly only to design project mass , are concerned with the construction costs height not very。

Optimize a design plan to such an extent as having no way to pass，the first step designs ，the rough estimate gets to the effect controlling general cost of construction's establishment。

Mass and depth that engineering design pursues etc。

is also insufficient ，amounts project mistakes in amounts project detailed lists calculates ，misses and not calculating，can’t arouse increasing by estimating a project momentary，the mass making a tender work is difficult to ensure that ，have no way to have an effect to control construction costs as a result also。

3、Has not adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being applied or used universally on the international all round
Adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international ，is that our country construction costs system reforms and cause the inevitable trend reforming to bid system in invitation to bid tender.
One of important act carrying out project public bidding system being to build socialist market economy and to perfect construction market operating mechanism in construction field。

After the construction project tender is carried out all round in our country，the effect is obvious in the respect of shortening the mass building a time limit for a project ，ensuring a project ，reducing construction costs ，boycotting an unhealthy tendency。

Have ensured the invitation to bid people and bidder's lawful rights and interests also effectively. With the socialist market economy uninterrupted growth，the original tender stage puts the budget quota valuation pattern into practice already doing not adapting , adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way
being put into use commonly on the international to carry out a tender is an inevitable trend. Ministry of Construction has issued amounts project detailed list valuation method ，amounts project detailed list valuation has been in construction project tender job , person has provided project quantity from invitation to bid according to national unification project amounts calculation regulation ，quoted price, and classics have judged the reason bidder autonomously trying the at a low price middle bid construction costs valuation pattern.
That carrying out amounts project detailed list valuation method is one important measure of item of construction costs deepen the reform，is standard tender behavior effective measure。

This method is beneficial to changing over taking that "amounts" "，”price” are "quota-consuming" as dominant static state managing a pattern , make project amounts in detailed list not enter competition, competition being confined to price only；Beneficial to rightness appraises enterprise strength；Project mass beneficial to ensuring that，reduces construction costs；May cut down the physical labour complicated and overloaded repeating the amounts calculating a project; Facilitate the tender quoted price job；Argue with the dispute back and forth in cutting down project settlement; Receive a track step by step with the convention "controlling amounts ，guiding price ，competing for a fee’s on” the international，deepen the reformation that project valuation manages mainly according to the marketplace changes development, taking one’s place on the international market for our country contracts business creates condition.
4、The stage being under construction controls lack to construction costs
Want to have strict control design alteration too in the stage being under construction。

Guard the pass though that working drawing appears in joint trial or are able to have all sorts of problems，but call for to design a branch in the process of construction hard to avoid is strict out of the construction works complexity，the situation changing after avoiding doing first，is also that the weight avoiding break a rough estimate ，effective control engineering of construction costs cost of construction plays with a link。

At the same time，the sharpening contract
manages ，ensures equality and mutual benefit issuing contract of method and contracting method。

5、The construction costs being completed settling a stage’s controls a project inefficiently
That the final account being completed is that entire construction costs is under the control of the most important one is encircled by construction works. How the final account being completed can reflect actual entire project cost of construction honestly ，have also reflected the ability issuing contract of method and contracting method to construction costs administration ，have finished handling a project in time the final account being completed must collect , arrange settling a data , pursuing , designing the certificate material changing notice , various warning including that the project is completed and so on being completed. These data collecting must pay attention to whose validity with obtaining evidence，specimen seal impression having designing personnel’s signature and being related to if the design alteration advice note must be made known to lower levels by plain design organ。

Scene inspection and control visa must label seal and the ratification going on a punitive expedition to such that designing a personnel etc。

having construction site person in charge of first party. Great majority our country construction projects are completed in the project being under construction when the final account，during the period of the final account being completed contracting method ，are are under construction contracting method calculating commonly much in the book being completed winding up an account , are issue contract of haggie just inexhaustible in devices and schemes ，are dispute over trifles phenomenon is grave ，project settlement drags repeatedly , some confirmation having drug once and , greatly，affecting engineering construction project sigmatism and building construction costs。

A construction project includes the following procedure from brewing , planning ，designing that to establishing completion and commissioning：Be that the project letter of advice stage , feasibility appraise the stage ，design stage ，the stage being under construction ，acceptance check stage and the queen being
completed estimate that。

Correspondingly，the construction costs ascertaining that and the project construction phase job look at and appraise the stage adapting to , several being allotted in general for the following: The investment studying stage establishment in the project letter of advice and feasibility is estimated, design stage establishment designs a rough estimate in the first step, budget designing that the stage weaves working drawing in working drawing, budget builds ampere of construction costs face to face with working drawing for basis tender project engineering contract，price is also that the form ascertains that with the business contract；Project amounts putting stage into practice being going to be completed according to contracting reality in project，takes contract price as basis ，considers cost of construction rise aroused by inflation of prices at the same time , considers the project and cost being difficult to estimate that to designing middle but happening in putting stage reality into practice , the example is ascertained estimating price；All—in cost costing in the reality being completed checking and accepting a stage ，assembling into engineering construction process middle all round，weaves the final account being completed ，embodies the actual cost of construction that a construction project according to the facts。

”Four guess that two—valence ”is interrelated ，the former restricts the latter , the latter supplements the former.
What is called，build the construction costs administration and control，it is the occurrence contracting the stage and construction in the investment decision stage ，design stage , construction project putting stage into practice with construction construction costs to control within the cost of construction quota O。

K。

，correcting the deviation happening at any time, to ensure that the project manages the target realization ，get fairly good benefit of investment and social benefits in an attempt being able to use manpower and material resources, financial resources rationally in building a project one by one。

Second，the importance of the investment decision—making stage of project cost control
Construction projects in the investment decision—making stage, the project of
the techno-economic decision—making，as well as the cost of construction projects completed and put into production after the project cost—effective, have a decisive impact on the construction project cost control is an important stage. Project cost management as a decision-making stage in the feasibility study report shall be prepared，and economic evaluation of the proposed project, select the technically feasible and economically the construction of example programs and to optimize the construction program on the basis of the preparation of high-quality items investment is estimated that the project construction so that the real control of the project has played the role of total investment。

The impact of the decision-making phase of the project cost are the main factors：a，the determine level of construction standards; b，the choice of built—up areas; c，building location (site）selection；d, project the economic scale；e，technology selection f，equipment selection 。

Such as the choice of built—up areas，there is a basic principle, that is close to raw materials，fuel and consumer principles。

This project completed and put into production, you can avoid the raw materials，fuels, and finished the long—haul transport, reduce costs，lower costs; transportation distance may be shortened to reduce the flow of time，speed up cash flow and is conducive to business。

If the project’s economic size, economies of scale, product st andard is a reasonable means of production volume， a number of products under certain conditions，was "increasing returns” of economic phenomena, that is，with the expansion of production volume，unit cost reduction，revenue increase.
Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision—making control over project cost effective，we must do a good job in the following areas:
(1) the implementation of construction project legal person responsibility system, the construction project from planning to implementation of the whole process of the use of funds and repayment responsibilities to people and projects at the same time establish a system of matching corporate oversight mechanisms，by the competent authorities and supervision of the industry sector establishment of a
monitoring group to oversee the use of project funds。

(2）to conduct market analysis and seeking truth from facts, to avoid the blindness of the project decision—making, reduce risk and lower investment，give full consideration to construction projects in the future competitiveness of the market so that more scientific book design and reliability
（3）Capital financial capital must be committed to a formal document，investment funds must be put in place the parties, there must be a funding document to ensure that projects are implemented on schedule after approval。

Conditions of the loans should be carefully analyzed and compared to minimize the interest burden and repayment pressure.
（4）Strengthening of engineering geology, hydrogeology，as well as land，water，electricity, transport，environmental protection projects such as the work of the depth of the external conditions，so that there is sufficient basis to estimate the investment。

At the same time，extensive research should be to compare similar projects，a serious functional analysis，comparison and choice of multi—program, a full—scale technical feasibility studies and economic evaluation，the finalization of technologically advanced, reliable，economical and rational project construction program in order to estimate more accurate and realistic estimate of the amount of investment in order to make the project cost from the start position in a more reasonable level。

Third，the design phase of the importance of project cost control
Make investment decisions in the project，the project cost control is the key to the design. Design is in the technical and economic implementation of the proposed project to conduct a comprehensive arrangement, is also planning the construction process. Technologically advanced，economical and rational design can reduce the project construction period，savings investment, to improve efficiency。

According to expert analysis, design fee generally equal to the construction of the project life—cycle cost of less than 1％，which costs less than 1％of project cost accounts for the impact of degrees above 75％。

Because of the general construction projects,
selection of materials and equipment accounted for more than 50％of the cost of the project，and in the design phase of architectural forms，structural type，the selection of equipment and materials have been identified in the construction of post-implementation phase，the impact of the project cost a small （10 % or less)。

This shows that the design quality is crucial to the entire project
The same construction project，the same single unit of work can have different programs，which have different costs，it is therefore necessary to meet the function under the premise of doing a number of options，through technical comparison, economic analysis and efficiency evaluation, selection of technology selection into the application of economic and rational design，that is，the process of design optimization。

Often used to optimize the design of the program, also known as the value of value engineering analysis, that is，as far as possible in meeting the functionality or improve the function of the premise，as far as possible to reduce costs。

Occurred in the cost of all parts of the application of value engineering，construction investment will require a lot of people，financial，and material，and thus the value of engineering construction works great. For a rather mature and effective management methods，value engineering in a number of works have been widely used in construction。

In the engineering design phase correctly handle the technical and economic relationship between the unity of opposites, we can control the key to investment, design and cost management must work closely with staff to make a lot of the technical and economic comparison, in the reduction and control of project efforts，engineering Cost management in the design process should be timely investment analysis on the comparison, the cost of information feedback and dynamic impact on the design，in order to ensure effective control over investment。

At the design stage to project cost control should focus on the following aspects。

(1）to promote the design and the design of the bidding campaign optimization design approach
The assessment team of experts using scientific methods，in accordance with applicable, economic，aesthetic principles, as well as technologically advanced，well—structured to meet the building energy saving and environmental requirements, a comprehensive assessment of the merits of design，selection of the best in determining the successful program。

Estimates of selected investment program in general to be close to the scope of construction projects。

The design of these two methods both contract design choice and competition，to ensure selection of the design of technologically advanced, innovative and unique, adaptable，and help control project cost。

Design units should strive to improve their own quality，clever engineering design ideas，great care，in order to reduce the project cost more than their brains in order to improve design quality，and strive to put at the design stage in the approval of project cost control within the investment limits。

（2）actively pursuing the design limit
The so—called cap design, is in accordance with the approved design of the book and investment is estimated that in the guarantee under the premise of the functional requirements. Preliminary design and budget control，in accordance with the approved budget for the preliminary design and total control of the construction design. Through the ceiling design，every professional，every designer has a target investment limit. During the design process, designers should be more into the program to compare and optimize the design，Not only to ensure that technically advanced and reasonable design, innovative aesthetics, but also the investment limit is not exceeded the target in order to put an end to the design of the project to raise the factor of safety and design standards，or only consider the feasibility of technical solutions, rather than the phenomenon of economic rationality to ensure effective cost control.
(3) the implementation of the design of reward and punishment system
In order to limit the design of the implementation into practice，the limit should be set up and sound system designed to reward and punishment。

To limit the design is done well，cost savings and control of investment there is the effectiveness of the
project legal person should be given appropriate incentives and design units。

Design to limit the development of the internal design of assessment and incentive methods to limit attention to the design，made to save investment and effective cost control offices and the significant achievements of individuals，should be rewarding. Do not attach importance to limit the design, do not take measures to save the investment，resulting in more than a design limit investment offices and individuals should be given to economic penalties。

Do reward and encourage designers to design deep potential economic importance to design the control of a reasonable project cost will be a major breakthrough。

Fourth、the cost control of the implementation phase of construction project
1，the bidding process stage
The implementation of construction project bidding is effective means of construction projects to control the implementation phase of the project cost。

If we want To do a good job for bidding，the first we should make sure that qualification is clearance，and resolutely put an end to bribery，such as all the Phenomenon about destruction of all bidding discipline；Secondly, we should strengthen the bid management，to ensure the accuracy and confidentiality of bid preparation; Third，make sure the method of Evaluation and Calibration are Scientific 。

when select the successful projects as a standard we should concern about the reasonable，short period，reputable companies，construction considerations such as experience. when we evaluation, the first is technical standard assessment，the follow is business assessment，this can ensure open，fair and just。

2, the construction phase In the construction phase construction ，the goles based on project budget or contract price of Civil works and installation works and project cost control of Civil works and installation works. At this stage the scope for savings has been small，but it is likely to lead to waste，this make us give them adequate attention for the control of project cost.
(1）strengthen the technical and economic comparison of construction program Construction is an important work of the design of constructing orgnization。

Reasonable constructing program can shorten the period of constructing，ensure the quality of the project and enhance economic efficiency. Comparing and analysing the constructing program from technical and economic view and comparing the three techno—economic index of the quality，duration and cost through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis can take good use of manpower, material and financial resources, achieving better economic benefits。

Consequently, good construction management is an important way of all—round cost management。

(2) a sound system design change Examination and approval system
If design subject need to be change, we should take action as far as possible in advance, because the sooner the change，the smaller loss；Second，before each design ofchanges we must analysis the quality of project and cost，and this should receive the consent of the original design. If it breakthrough the total project cost estimates after the change, this must be approved by the review of the relevant departments，we should prevent these things happened such as increasing design elements ，improving the design standards, increasing the project cost。

（3）check strictly with visa procedures of the project site we should Construct project management system , establish the specialized departments,and through the use of specialized management of professionals for the project, to avoid the phenomenon that project management staff just care visa only，take no concern about the economic accounts, resulting the serious consequences such as investment is out of control.
For Seriously changes of visa procedures we should make the building side，supervision side，the construction site together representatives signed a manner to ensure that the authenticity of the visa，the rationality of the economy of changes and to avoid the disputes caused by the phenomenon of fraud.
（4) do a good job in the completion of the audit settlement price
Clearing refers to the completion of construction enterprises in accordance with the terms of the contract completed by the contractor within the engineering, land quality experience，and in accordance with the contract, the construction units to carry out the final project settlement price. Completion of the project audited
settlement is approved in accordance with the construction of the project cost。

Therefore, the completion of settlement of the audit is a very important work, should focus on the following:
① check the accuracy of the project quantity。

the check of project Quantity is the most important and most complicated, the most detailed work in process of the settle of completed project，this must be based on completion of the project plan，changed design and construction of the scene 。

it strictly in accordance with the provisions of the rules one by one in terms of project review to prevent the units of construction to increase the volume of inflated project cost in the settlement on completion of the project。

②examine whether the additional apply is right 。

check the sub—projects listed in the price in line with the fixed unit price, check whether the name，specification，measurement units and the content consistent with the units of the valuation table; for the unit price of conversion, the first step is to check if the conversion price was fixed allowed，followed check if the conversion price is correct。

③ check if the standards for the admission fee In line with the cost of the fixed and the cost of policies and regulations of the project during the construction.
Fifth, the thinking and outlook of project cost management system
From a long time，we generally ignore the the project cost control of preparatory work for the construction phase，and control projects often focus on the cost of the construction phase — the budget review working drawings and reasonable settlement price Civil project and installation project，little count, although there do ，but, after all，is "never too late to mend"，achieve very little。

In order to control construction costs effectively, it is necessary for us to shifted the focus of control to the early stages, the first thing we shoulf do is that to attach importance to this and strengthen the work of estimated investment of decision-making phase of the project。

in an effort to increase the accuracy of control count of the investment feasibility study. to effectively play its the role of control the construction of the total project cost.。