招投标过程中业主和投标者不对称状况和策略选择的分析

招投标过程中业主和投标者不对称状
况和策略选择的分析
Abstract--The tendering and bidding process is the key step in forming the co-operative relationship in project construction．As one of the most important process of construction, bidding is carried on an asymmetric situation．From the view of the Tenderer,the asymmetric information can be considered as unreplied or unexpressed contract system．However，from the view of the Owner，it is the measurement taken by the Tenderer corresponding to his bidding documents, but unbeknown to him．This Asymmetric Situation has great effect of the process of co oject, and to treat and adjust the situation reasonably will be a key problem．Here．from different views, we discussed the asymmetric information situation and gave some advice to both．Both the owner and the Tenderer can take some measures to make up for the asymmetrical information so as to guarantee the smooth undertaking of the business and realize the interest aims of each parties．
Keywords Construction Bidding Asymmetric Information Implied Contract
1. INTRODUCTION
The tendering and bidding process is the key step in forming the co-operative relationship in project construction．During the tendering and bidding，the Owner proposes the aim，requirement and the mode of co-operation and expresses them in the form of tendering documents and contracts．In response to the demands of the Owner, the Tenderer puts forward correspondent aim and promise based on its evaluation of the project．
The co-operation o f the two parties of the construction is reflected and regulated through contracts and the Owner and Tenderer exchange information and establish contracts during the tendering and bidding process．However, the exchange of information is neither complete nor symmetrical and the Owner constructs an asymmetrical information platform for the Tenderers while the Tenderer also takes some corresponding measures.
2．THE ASYMMETRIC SITUATlON OF
THE OWNER AND THE TENDERER
A．The information platform of the Owner
The Owner constructs the information platform around the contracts，including stated contract(or expressed contract
/conditions)and implied contract (or unexpressed contract／conditions)．
The stated contract which is provided by the Owner is the document consisted of contract terms and conditions as the rules and regulations in the co-operation of the project construction．It signifies the management system and procedure of the project as well as the way of solving the problems arising during the construction．The stated contact is specified in the text and terms of the construction contract．Generally speaking，the format of this document is fixed and its sample including the notice to the Tenderer,Bill of Quantity，Drawing and 1etters etc，is circulated in the industry．All these documents are stated clearly and the Tenderer can decide its own tendering strategy and price according to the information．The certainty of the stated contract enables the Tenderer to understand and grasp the information；therefore it is of primary importance in deciding the price of the tendering．
The implied contract is the part which does not appear in the stated contract, but still is accepted by the two parties and has the power of binding their behavior．For one thing，the implied contract consists of the social, Economic,1egal
and technical backgrounds of the stated contract, therefore serving as its precondition；for another, the implied contract is also the reasonable inference drawn from the stated contract under certain social，economic，legal and technological backgrounds．Therefore，the implied contract is made up of two parts：the common implied contract and the inferred contract．
The common implied contract mainly refers to the relevant laws and regulations issued by the government, the conventions established by usage in this particular industry．the technological regulations which has the legal power and the basic principles accepted in the realms of technology and economy．Although the part mentioned above is not stated clearly and detailedly in the articles of the contract, it still constitutes the rule and regulations in the process of project construction．Therefore it can not be violated since both parties are clear about its existence．The inferred contract is based on the reasonable and just inference of the stated contract and the common implied contract, therefore should be abided by during the implementation of the project．Besides，in specific project environment，the inferred contract can serve as the basis and
standard of the two parties．Compared with the common implied contract, the inferred contract is more complicated because “it is the basis and standard based on sensible inference”．This poses a challenge to the professional proficiency of the person who infers and the person who judges．Only when the two parties have similar professional proficiency and background and understand the principles in the similar way，can they come to similar conclusions．Due to the existence of the implied contract，the Tenderer can not obtain the same information as the Owner does；therefore the information platform of the Owner is asymmetrical from the viewpoint of the Tenderer．The Owner takes the initiative position at the first stage of the trade as well as in the process of information exchange．B．The information platform of the Tenderer
In order to obtain the contract of the project and then the profit of construction, the Tenderer will offer corresponding information to meet the demands of the Owner．The information is based on its own estimation of the project environment, construction requirement and profit expectation，therefore forming the information platform of the Tenderer．The information offered by the Tenderer is the
response to the active information of the Owner, so the Tenderer takes a comparatively passive position on the first stage of the trading process．
3. THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE POSITIONS
Of THE TWO PARTIES
The active and passive positions formed on the first stage of the bidding and tendering process will change along with the changes of the asymmetricalness of the information exchange between the two parties during the business process．
A, the active and passive positions of the Owner
The active position of the Owner derives from its mastery of the original information of the project and its right of issuing information．Secondly．its active position also lies in its rights of evaluating the bidding information and deciding the successful Tenderer．
But the disadvantage lies in that its information platform remains standstill，and instead of being responsive information, the information is only the original．At the same time．when faced with a large number of Tenderers，the Owner can not choose actively；instead it can only accept one of the Tenderers passively according to the fixed rules．At this
time，the important details relevant to the interest of the project, such as the pricing strategy and the project strategy of the Tenderer can not be made sure during the tendering and bidding process．From this aspect, the Owner is undoubtedly the passive accepter of in the information exchange．Besides，the implied contract formed in the tendering and bidding process seems to be especially disadvantageous to the Tenderers．because it will increase their risk as well as the disputes．Therefore．the Tenderers will raise the price in the tendering process so as to make up for the potential loss，which in turn will increase the latent loss of the Owner．The Owner is the party who drafts and signs the contract：therefore all kinds of implied contract will not protect its interest．What is more．The principle of ‘'reverse interpretation” in settling the contract dispute is even more disadvantageous to the Owner．
B. The active and passive positions of the Tenderer
Now let us look at the positions of the Tenderer．During the bidding process，when confronted with the high-above information platform of the Owner, the Tenderer takes a passive position．But the Tenderer has the freedom of choice and it can choose different Owners and
different projects．This helps the Tenderer to win an active
position in terms of evaluating the expected profit and
comparing the project information．
At the same time，when confronted with all kinds of restrictions and information barriers made by the Owner，the
Tenderer can actively choose the strategy to deal with．It can
make up for the loss of information and even construct an
information barrier responsively；in terms of these，the
Tenderer can become the comparatively active side in the
information exchange．
招投标过程中业主与投标者不对称状况与策略选择的分析
摘要：招投标过程是形成建设项目中合作关系的关键.作为工程建设最重要的过程，招投标在一个非对称状态下进行。

在投标者看来，不对称信息能够被视为没被答复或者没有表现出来的合同体系.然而，从业主角度来看，它是投标者根据业主招标文件所采取的措施，只只是他不明白。

这个不对称形态对工程建设项目过程有重大影响，同时合理的应对与习惯这一状况将会是一个关键问题。

现在我们从不一致的角度讨论非对称信息状况同时给双方一些建议。

业主与投标人都能够采取措施来弥补非对称信息，为了保证顺利的实现交易并实现双方的利益目标。

整治与调整这种情是将会是一个关键问题.这里，听取了不一致的意见后，我们讨论了非对称信息情况，并提出了一些建议给投标者与招标者.双方能够采取很多措施去克服非对称信息，以保证业务的顺利开展，旨在弥补实现各方利益。

关键词：工程招标信息不对称默认合同
1。

简介
招投标过程是形成建设项目中合作关系的关键.在招投标的过程中，业主在招标文件与合同中提出目标，要求与双方合作的模式，为了响应业主的要求，投标者根据其对项目的评估提出相应目标作出承诺。

工程双方的合作关系通过合同来反映与规定，同时在招投标过程中业主与投标者交换信息并订立合同。

然而，信息交换既不完整也不对称，业主为投标者构建了一个不对称的信息平台投标者也采取相应的措施。

2。

业主与投标者的不对称情况
A:业主的信息平台
业主围绕合同构建了信息平台，这些合同包含被标明的合同（或者明示合同/条件），与隐含的合同（或者没有表现出来的合同/条件）。

由业主提供的明示合同是一包含在建设项目中作为规则的文件.它说明了工程项目的管理体系与程序与在工程建设过程中出现问题的解决方法。

这种明示的合同会在工程合同的文本与条款中具体列出。

通常来说，这个文件的格式是固定的，而且在该行业传播，其内容包含投标人须知，工程量清单，施工图与保函等。

所有的这些文件标明的很清晰明确，而且投标者能够根据这些信息来决定自己的投标策略与价格。

明示合同的确定性能够让投标者熟悉与掌握有关信息，因此在决定投标价格时它非常重要。

默认合同是没有出现在明示合同中的部分，但它仍被双方所同意并对其行为具有约束力.一方面，隐含合同包含明示合同的社会，经济，法律与技术背景，因此它是做为前提而服务的;另一方面，隐含合同是对某特定的社会，经济，法律与技术背景的明示合同的合理诠释，因此隐含合约是由两部分构成：常见隐含合同与常见合同。

常见的默认合同要紧是指有关法律与由政府颁布的法规与在特定行业约定俗成的习惯.具有法律效力的技术规定与被工程与经济领域认可的基本准则。

尽管以上提到的部分没有明确与全面地在合同内容中提到，但它仍然是项目建设过程中的准则。

因此它不能违犯，由于双方都清晰它的存在。

推断合同是基于明示合同与通常默认合同合理与公正的解释，因此在项目施行过程中应当遵守。

在具体的项目环境下，推断合同能够作为双方的基础与标准。

与通常默认合同相比，推断合同更复杂，由于“这是基于合理推断的基础与标准”。

这对推断与裁决人员的职业能力提出了挑战。

只有当双方有相似的背景与专业水平且以同样的方式懂得这些原则，才能得出相似的结论。

由于默认合同的存在，投标人不能获得与业主相同的信息，因此从投标人的角度来看，业主的信息平台是不对称的。

因此业主在交易开始时占据主动地位，在信息交换过程中亦是如此。

B投标人的信息平台
为了获得该项目的合同与接下来的利润，招标人将提供相应的信息以满足业主的需求。

这些信息是基于他们自己对项目环境，建设要求与期望利润的估计，而这形成了投标人的信息平台投标者提供的信息是对业主有效信息的响应，因此投标人在交易过程的开始阶段就处于被动地位。

3。

双方主动与被动的地位
交易过程中在招投标的第一阶段形成的主动与被动地位将随着双方信息交换不对称的变化而变化。

A 业主的主动与被动地位
业主的主动地位来自它对项目本来信息的掌握与公布信息的权利。

第二，它的主动地位在于它评标与决定谁是投标胜利者的权利。

但缺点在于，它的信息平台停滞不前，他的信息只是原先的，而不是响应性的。

与此同时，在面临众多的投标者时，业主不能够自由选择，相反，它只能根据固定的规则被动地同意一个投标者。

在这个时候，有关项目利益的重要细节，譬如投标者报价策略与项目方案，在招投标过程中不能确保。

从这个方面来说，，业主无疑是信息交换过程中的被动同意者。

此外，投投标过程中形成的默认合同，大概是特别不利的投标者。

由于它会增加他们的风险与争议。

因此，在投标过程中投标者将提高价格，以便弥补潜在缺失，这反过来会增加业主的潜在缺失。

业主是起草与签订合同的一方。

因此，各类默认合同不保护其利益。

而且，“反向解释”解决合同纠纷原则对业主更不利。

B.投标者的主动与被动的地位
现在让我们看看投标者的地位。

在投标过程中，在业主高信息平台面前，投标者处于被动的地位。

但投标者有选择自由，它能够选择不一致的业主与工程。

这有助于投标者在估计期望利润与比较工程信息时处于主动地位。

与此同时，在有业主引起的各类限制与信息障碍面前，投标人能够主动选择策略来应对。

它能够弥补信息缺失，甚至相应地构建一个信息屏障，基于此，投标者能够成为信息交流相对主动的一方。