20-21版:Grammar—Revise the Infinitive (步步高)

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3.作宾语 (1)常见接不定式作宾语的动词有:afford(付得起),agree(同意),aim(力争), appear(显得),arrange(安排),attempt(试图),choose(选择),claim(声称), decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),expect(期待),fail(未履行), help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法做到), offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),promise(答应), refuse(拒绝),seem(似乎),tend(往往会),want(想要),wish(希望)等。 The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 The girl chose to be a teacher after she had graduated from college. 女孩大学毕业后选择做了老师。
二、基本用法 1.作主语 动词不定式作主语时,相当于名词或代词的作用,谓语动词用单数。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek.爱与被爱是 一个人所能寻找的最大的幸福。 为了避免头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语放在句首,作主语的不定式常置于 句末。 It would be better for you to go there. 你还是去的好。
语法精析
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志,无意义, 有时可省略。不定式既有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的 时态和语态的特点及作用。
一、基本结构 不定式的时态和语态的基本结构为:to+动词原形,有时不定式符号to可以 省略。 否定形式为:not to+动词原形。
4.作定语 (1)动词不定式作定语时,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。 I’d like to,but I have a lot of emails to answer tonight. 我很愿意,但是我今晚有很多邮件要回复。 Every day he makes one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat. 他每天让一个小动物给他带来一些吃的东西。 (2)如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就应有必要的介词。 Give me a piece of paper to write on. 给我一张纸写字。
5.作状语 (1)表示目的 She went to the hospital to see her grandfather yesterday. 昨天她去医院看望了她爷爷。 To keep up with others,he has been working very hard. 为了赶上别人,他一直在努力工作。 注意:作目的状语的不定式前,常加上in order或so as,但so as不能位于句首。 She asked me to drive her to the airport in order/so as to catch the 5∶00 plane. 为了赶上5点的飞机,她让我开车把她送到机场。
(3)当中心词为序数词,最高级,the last,the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时, 常用不定式作定语。 She is hard-working and is always the first one to come every day. 她很勤奋,每天总是第一个来。 He is the only person to know the truth. 他是唯一了解真相的人。
(2)“疑问词+不定式”,不定式前可带what,who,which,where,when, how,whether等疑问词。 Please show us how to deal with the haze. 请告诉我们如何应对雾霾。 I don’t know which one to choose. 我不知道选哪一个。 (3)常用句型“主语+v.+it+adj./n.+to do sth. ”。其中,it为形式宾语, to do为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有:believe,consider,feel, find,make,suppose,think等。 I think it very useful to learn a foreign language. 我认为学一门外语很有用。
I happened to have read your article and decided to phone you. 我碰巧读了你的文章,决定打个电话给你。
He is said to have been teaching English for over twenty years. 据说他教英语已经有二十多年了。
1.以上句子中都用了动词不定式。动词不定式在句子中可充当 宾语 (如句2、 6)、 主语 (如句3、7)、 原因状语(如句4)、 表语 (如句5)、 定语 (如句9)及 目的状语 (如句8、10)。 2.在句1中,“疑问词+动词不定式”结构在句子中充当 宾语 。 3.动词不定式的一般式结构为: to do (如句1、2、3、5、6、7、8、9、10); 动词不定式的完成式结构为: to have done (如句4)。
9.If I had a chance to say one thing to healthy children,it would be this: having a disability does not mean your life is not satisfying. 10.Just accept them for who they are,and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.
4.I am happy to have found many things I can do,like writing and computer programming. 5.My ambition is to work for a firm that develops computer software when I grow up. st year I invented a computer football game and a big company has decided to buy it from me. 7.To look after my pets properly takes a lot of time but I find it worthwhile. 8.I have to work hard to live a normal life but it has been worth it.
(2)表示结果 动词不定式作状语表示结果时,常用以下结构: so+形容词/副词+as to do 如此……以至于…… such+形容词+名词+as to do 如此……以至于…… enough+名词+to do 足够…… 名词/形容词/副词+enough+to do 足够…… too+形容词/副词+to do 太……而不能…… He is not so stupid (such a fool) as to do that. 他还没有蠢到做那种事。
The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people. 加利福尼亚号来得太晚,没能挽救更多的人。
注意:不定式短语表示结果时,常与only连用,暗示一种意外的结果。 He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.他匆忙赶到车站, 却发现火车开走了。
Unit 1
Living well
内容索引
Grammar—Revise the Infinitive
语 法 导 学 感悟规律 重点难点剖析
感知以下课文原句,完成方框下的小题
语Байду номын сангаас感知
1.Unfortunately,the doctors don’t know how to make me better,but I am very outgoing and have learned to adapt to my disability. 2.Then I started to get weaker and weaker,until I could only enjoy football from a bench at the stadium. 3.Even after all that,no one could give my disease a name and it is difficult to know what the future holds.
(3)表示原因 不定式作原因状语,常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。 I’m sorry to hear that your grandma is ill. 听到你奶奶生病我很难过。 (4)在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中,常见的形容词有:easy,hard, difficult,interesting,heavy,pleasant,light,good,fit,comfortable, safe,dangerous,impossible等。 The box is not easy to carry.这个箱子不易携带。 注意:此句型中to do不定式用主动形式表被动意义。
2.作表语 动词不定式放在be,become,sound,taste等系动词后面,常表示将来的动 作或起解释说明作用,其主语常常是wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,job, ambition等表示意向、打算、计划的词。 My ambition is to work for a firm that develops computer software. 我的目标是在一家开发电脑软件的公司里工作。 To see is to believe.眼见为实。 动词不定式作表语时也常用来表示预定要发生的动作,或表示未来的可能性 或假设。 Her plan is to be a failure.她的计划注定要失败。
不定式有时态和语态变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例):
形式
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
进行式
to be doing
完成进行式
to have been doing
I will cut out the last paragraph to make the article easier to understand. 我会把最后一段去掉,让文章更容易理解。
注意:(1)若要说明不定式表示的动作的发出者的话,要在不定式前加for引 起的短语,构成“for+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式”短语,这一短语被称 为不定式的复合结构。 (2)在“It is+adj.+不定式复合结构”句型中,当其中的形容词说明逻辑主 语的性质、品质时,要由of引出逻辑主语,不能用for。这类形容词主要有 clever,foolish,kind,nice,polite,silly,stupid,wise等。 It’s easy for him to work out this math problem. 对他来说解出这道数学题很容易。 It was careless of him to make such a mistake. =He was careless to make such a mistake. 犯了这样的错误,他太粗心了。
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