Unit 4 Friends Forever 知识点讲义(2019)必修第一册

Unit4 Friends Forever
Modul 1 Understanding ideas
单词
1.advance
n.进步，进展
v.前进；使发展；促进adj.预先的，在前的
(1)make an advance/advances in 在某方面有进步/发展
(2)in advance＝ahead of time 提前
in advance of 比……进步；在……之前
(3)advanced adj. 高级的；进步的；先进的例句
(1)There have been great advances in medicine in the last ten years.
在过去十年里，医学取得了巨大的进步。

(2)This will further advance the friendly relations between the two countries.
这将进一步促进两国的友好关系。

(3)It is a popular show, so advance booking is essential.
这是个很受欢迎的演出，所以提前订票是必要的。

(4)We have made great advances in developing our ship­building industry.
我们在发展造船工业方面有了很大的进步。

(5)I would like to warn you in advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.
我想提前警告你，如果你在这里吸烟，你就会被罚款。

2.tend
vi.易于做某事，往往会发生某事vt.照顾；照料；护理
(1)tend to do sth.易于做某事，往往会做某事tend (to) sb.照顾某人
tend towards倾向于，趋于(2)tendency n. 倾向；趋势
例句
(1)Boys and girls tend to be different in this regard.
男孩和女孩在这方面往往有所不同。

(2)Several nurses carefully tended (to) the sick man.
几位护士悉心照料那个病人。

(3)The situation is tending towards stability.
局势趋于稳定。

短语
3.stay in touch with
与……保持联系
stay/keep in touch with sb. 和某人保持联系(状态) get in touch with sb. 和某人取得联系(动作) lose touch with 和……失去联系(动作) be in touch with 和……有联系(状态)
be out of touch with 不了解；失去联系(状态)
例句
(1)Believe it or not, I have been/stayed/kept in touch with him for ten years.
信不信由你，10年来我与他一直有联系。

(2)Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.
在这里他们学会触及他们的真实情感。

(3)I can't give you advice, because I am out of touch with economic conditions now.
我不能给你提供建议，因为我不了解现阶段的经济状况。

4.keep/bear ... in mind记住
come to mind 突然想起
bring ... to mind 使想起……
make up one's mind 打定主意；下定决心
change one's mind 改变主意例句
(1)You should keep in mind that we love you forever, my dear son.
亲爱的儿子，你要记住我们永远爱你。

(2)I just pick up whatever goods come to mind.
我只是想到什么就拿什么罢了。

(3)I can't seem to bring to mind the name of the place where we last met.
我好像想不起来我们最后一次见面的那个地方的名字了。

(4)I have made up my mind and nothing you say will change it.
我主意已定，你说什么也改变不了。

难句语法
5.What if the only way of getting news from faraway friends was writing letters that took ages to be delivered?
倘若从远方朋友那里获得消息的唯一途径是写信而且需要很长时间才能送达，又会如何？what if意为“要是……又怎样？”其同义句为：If ... So what? 如果……那又怎么样？
(1)What if 用于提出假设时，意思是“倘若……，假若……怎么办，要是……将会怎么样”，其后句子可用陈述语气(一般现在时)，也可用虚拟语气(一般过去时或should＋动词原形；若是针对过去情况，从句则用过去完成时)。

(2)What if 表示邀请或建议时，意思是“……怎么样？如果……如何？”。

(3)What if表示情况不重要时通常与so连用，意为“就算……那又怎样？”，有时可省略成“So what？”。

例句
(1)What if she finds out that you've lost her book？如果她发现你把她的书丢了怎么办？
(2)What if I came tomorrow instead of this afternoon?
我今天下午不来，明天来，怎么样？
(3)What if I should fall sick and not be able to work?
万一我生病不能工作的话怎么办？
(4)What if no one had been there？
假如没有人去过那里的话，会怎么样？
(5)What if you join us for lunch？同我们一起吃午饭怎么样？
6.Whatever our hobbies, the Internet can connect us with others who also enjoy doing them, even if they live on the other side of the world.
不管我们的爱好是什么，互联网都能把我们和其他同样喜欢做这些事情的人联系起来，即使他们生活在地球的另一端。

本句中whatever引导让步状语从句，其相当于no matter what，意为“不管什么，无论什么”。

(1)wherever, whenever, however, whoever, whichever, whatever 等引导让步状语从句，相当于“no matter＋疑问词”。

(2)whoever, whichever, whatever 等也可引导名词性从句，相当于anyone that 或anything that，但是“no matter＋疑问词”不能引导名词性从句。

例句
(1)Whatever (=No matter what) you do, you can't go against nature.
无论你做什么，都不能违背自然规律。

②Whoever (=No matter who) last leaves the room, he should make sure that the windows are closed.
不管谁最后离开房间，都应该确保关上窗户。

②Whenever and wherever (=No matter when and where) he comes across his students，the teacher says hello to them.
不管什么时候在什么地方碰到自己的学生，这位老师都会和他们打招呼。

②He can answer the question however (=no matter how) hard it is.
无论问题有多难，他都能回答。

Modul 2 Using language Grammar
定语从句1
1.定语从句的定义与分类
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

前者紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去；后者主句与从句之间用逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如果省去，意思仍然完整。

2.关系代词的用法
(1)who的用法：who指人，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。

There is a girl who wants to see you.
有个女孩儿想见你。

(2)whom的用法：whom指人，在从句中作宾语，此时也可用who代替。

The old man who/whom you saw yesterday is a thinker.
你昨天见到的那位老人是位思想家。

(3)whose的用法：whose既可指人也可指物，在从句中修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。

它可以转化为“the＋名词＋of which/whom”和“of which/whom＋the＋名词”的形式。

This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
＝This is the scientist the name of whom is known all over the country.
这就是那位全国知名的科学家。

Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
＝Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
请递给我那本绿色封面的书。

(4)that和which的用法
②which指物，that 既可指人也可指物；它们在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，which和that 在从句中作宾语时可以省略。

Please find a room which/that is big enough for all of us to live in.
请找一间足够大能住下我们所有人的房间。

This is the house (which/that) we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。

This is the thief (that) we have been looking for these days.
这就是我们近日来一直在找的小偷。

②在限制性定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用that而不用which的情况
a.当先行词是all, little, few, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。

Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside?
能不能给我点儿里面没有糖的东西？
b.当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

This is the first two­storey bus that runs in our city.
这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。

Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
桂林是我游览过的最美丽的城市。

c.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时。

This is the very scarf that mother has been looking for.
这就是妈妈一直在找的那条围巾。

d.当先行词既有人又有物时。

Can you tell me the people and events that you saw in Britain?
你能告诉我你在英国见到的人和事吗？
②句中其他位置已出现与关系代词相同的疑问词时，应避免重复。

Which is the car that has overtaken us?
哪辆车超过我们了？
V ocabulary
1.patience n.耐心
(1)have patience with对……有耐心lose patience with对……失去耐心
(2)patient adj. 耐心的n. 病人
be patient with对……有耐心(3)patiently adv. 耐心地
例句
(1)You should have patience with children.
对待孩子要有耐心。

(2)He gave up in the end for losing patience with the task.
最终他因为对这项任务失去耐心而放弃了。

(3)The doctor is very patient with his patients.
那位大夫对病人十分有耐心。

(4)When we make mistakes, she always tells us where we are wrong kindly and patiently.
当我们犯错时，她总是亲切和耐心地告诉我们错在哪里。

2.anxious
adj.焦虑的，不安的
(1)be anxious for渴望得到……
be anxious about 为……担心/忧虑
be anxious to do sth.渴望/急于做某事(2)anxiously adv. 焦急地，忧虑地，渴望地(3)anxiety n. 焦虑，忧虑，担心
例句
(1)We are anxious for the news of your safe arrival.
我们渴望得到你安全到达的消息。

(2)She is anxious to go to college now, but anxious about not passing the college entrance examination.
她现在渴望上大学，但又担心不能通过高考。

注意
eager和anxious的区别
eager：强调“对成功的期望”或“进取的热情”，含有积极向上的意思anxious：强调“担心”或“焦虑”，对结果感到不安
3.distance
v.使与……保持距离，撇清和……的关系n.距离，间隔，远处
(1)distance yourself/sb./sth. (from sb./sth.) 与……保持距离/疏远
(2)in the distance在远处
at/from a distance稍远处；隔一段距离at a distance of在……的距离
keep one's distance from与……保持一定的距离
(3)distant adj. 遥远的
注意：对distance “距离”提问应用what。

例句
(1)You can see the ancient ruins in the distance.
你在远处可以看到古代的废墟。

(2)The picture looks better at a distance.
那幅画隔一段距离看更好看。

(3)We saw them waving to us at a distance of two hundred meters.
我们在相距200米处就看到他们在向我们招手示意。

(4)When driving, you must keep your distance from the car ahead of yours.开车的时候，一定要和你前面的车保持一定距离。

Modul 3 Reading
单词
1.fortune
n.大笔的钱，巨款；命运；运气(1)make a one's fortune发财
have the good/bad fortune to do ... 有幸/不幸做……
try one's fortune 碰运气
(2)fortunate adj. 幸运的
be fortunate to do sth. 有幸/幸运地做某事It is fortunate that...幸运的是…… unfortunate adj. 不幸的
fortunately adv. 幸运地
unfortunately adv. 不幸地
例句
(1)The fortune sets him free from financial worries.
这笔钱使他不用为经济问题担忧。

(2)These two brothers decided to go to big cities to try their fortune.
这两兄弟决定去大城市碰碰运气。

(3)To be honest, you'll make a fortune out of the investment.
说实话，你会从此投资中发一笔财的。

(4)I have the good fortune to work with some brilliant directors.
我有幸与一些卓越的主管共事。

2.correspond
v.通信；相一致，符合(1)correspond to/with 和……一致correspond with 和……通信
(2)correspondence n. 一致，相符；通信联系；往来书信
in correspondence with 与……一致；与……有通信联系
(3)correspondent n. 记者，通讯员；通信者
corresponding adj. 一致的，相应的，通信的
例句
(1)I corresponded with Mary in the past several months when she took care of my mother.
在玛丽照顾我母亲的几个月里，我和她一直通信。

(2)I assure you my actions will correspond with/to my words.
我向你保证，我将言行一致。

(3)I have been in correspondence with him about the problem.
关于这个问题，我和他一直书信往来。

(4)Frank Deford is a special correspondent for Newsweek magazine.
弗兰克·德福特是《新闻周刊》杂志的特派记者。

3.strike vt.& vi.(struck，struck/stricken) 划火柴；(雷电、暴风雨等)袭击；打，击中；打动，吸引；想起；(时钟)敲响n.罢工；罢课
(1)sth. strikes/struck sb. 某人突然想起某事
It strikes/struck sb. that ... 某人突然想到……
strike sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位打中某人身体某处
be struck by ... 被……打动；被……击中；被……撞倒
(2)be on strike 在罢工例句
(1)A good idea struck the manager.
经理想到了一个好主意。

(2)It struck me that he was on business in Shanghai.
我突然想到他正在上海出差。

(3)A snowball struck him on the back of the head.
一个雪球打中了他的后脑勺。

(4)The visitors were struck by the beauty of the country.
游客们被这乡村的美丽打动了。

(5)The workers have been on strike for three days now.
工人已经罢工三天了。

注意：
strike可表示“突然想到(想法)”，相当于hit，动词occur也有此意，它们在用法上的区别是：strike和hit后直接跟sb.，occur后面跟to sb.。

短语
4.turn up
出现；到场；开大/调高音量
turn down 调小；拒绝
turn into 变成
turn out 证明是；结果是turn to 转向；求助于；翻到turn in 上交
例句
(1)The question is whether that man will turn up on time.
问题是那个人是否会按时出现。

(2)I can't hear the radio very well, could you turn it up a bit?
收音机我听不清楚，你把它开大一点行吗？
(3)Why did she turn down your invitation?
她为什么谢绝你的邀请？
(4)It turns out right that water turns into ice in such cold weather.
在这么寒冷的天气中，水变成冰被证明是正确的。

难句语法
5.We figured that in twenty years each of us ought to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made, whatever they were going to be.
我们认为，二十年后，我们每个人都应该掌握自己的命运，创造自己的财富，不管这些财富是什么。

本句中have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made为“have sth. done”结构，其中过去分词短语worked out和made分别作宾语our destiny和our fortunes的补足语。

“have sth. done”结构是“have＋宾语＋宾补”结构的形式之一，其用法如下：
(1)该结构中，have为使役动词，意为“使，让”，过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动的含义。

(2)该结构的字面意思是“使某事被做”，可能是主语自己做，也可能让别人做。

此时have可用get/make替换。

有时该结构还可以表示主语“遭受/经历某种不幸的事”。

(3)“have＋宾语＋宾补”结构中，宾补可由不定式(不带to)、现在分词、过去分词等充当：have sb. do 让某人做某事
have sb. doing让某人一直做某事(强调动作一直在持续) have sth. done使某事被做
注意：have sth. to do 有某事要做(to do作定语，修饰前面的名词，不定式的动作由主语发出，不定式虽为主动形式，但表示被动意义)。

例句
(1)He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.
他明天想去检查眼睛。

(2)I will have him help me with my English.我想让他帮我学英语。

(3)I have a lot of things to do today.
今天我有很多事要做。

Modul 4 Writing
读后续写——友谊
技法指导
本单元写作的要求是读后续写，主题是友谊，在续写部分要做到想象合理，上下衔接，内容通顺，逻辑合理，在写作时要注意以下几点：
1.通读全文，把握文本的脉络和画线词及串起文本的关键词，理清人物关系，在此基础上确定故事发展的方向，构思情节。

2.判断画线词与主题内容的关联度，确定要选用的词语。

3.阅读提示段的首句，进行解读、布局，注意要同时兼顾两段的首句进行谋篇。

4.注意人称、时态、语言风格与原来文本的一致性；注意词汇的丰富性和准确性。

经典句式1．I will value our friendship forever.
我将永远珍惜我们之间的友谊。

2．A friend accepts you as you are.
朋友就是接受原本的你。

3．A friend will add beauty to your life, like a sweet­scented flower.
朋友就像芬芳怡人的鲜花，总会为你的生活增光添彩。

4.There is nothing better than seeing the smiling faces of friends.
没有什么比看到朋友的笑脸更好的了。

5.With tears streaming down her face, she expressed her heartfelt gratitude.
泪水滚下脸颊，她表达了衷心的感谢。

6．It is the books we donated that bridge the friendship between us and the students in that village school.
正是我们捐赠的图书，架起了我们与那所乡村小学学生之间的友谊之桥。

7.My best friend is the one who brings out the best in me.
我最好的朋友促使我展现出最好的自己。

8.Only through this experience did I have a deeper understanding of the saying “A friend in need is a friend indeed.”
就是通过这次经历，我才对“患难见真情”这句谚语有了更深的理解。

典例演练
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。

Steve was the most amazing person in all of Minneapolis, and he was my cousin. By the age of 19, Steve was a star baseball player at the University of Minnesota. I wanted to be exactly like him. So when Steve asked me to go with him on a spring fishing trip in northern Minnesota, I was excited!
After planning the trip, we gathered clothes and supplies, and began our great adventure. We reached the Superior National Forest in northern Minnesota by early evening. On our way to the campsite, Steve pointed to a small house faraway in one of the mountains, saying that it was the ranger station (护林站) where the forester worked.
Finally, after a long walk, we reached the campsite and set up the camp as the sun was setting. Steve knew all the tricks of an experienced wilderness camper. After we gathered enough wood from the forest, he started the campfire using only stone and steel—no matches. For supper we feasted on freeze­dried beef, wild rice and pea soup. I ate greedily after all that work.
Tired enough, we climbed into our sleeping bags early and talked about our plans for fishing the next day. We were still talking quietly when a sudden north wind picked up; the temperature
dropped and it began to snow. Steve found a way to increase the temperature inside the tent. He dragged a log (原木) from the forest to the opposite side of the campfire. Then he wrapped aluminum foil (铝箔) around the log. The heat from the fire reflected off the foil and into the tent. Soon images of lake fish were filling my dreams.
The snow had stopped, but sometime later a powerful wind must have kicked up the flames of our dying fire. I was abruptly awakened by Steve. Our tent was on fire. Frightened, I ran out of the tent immediately. The tent collapsed (倒塌) with Steve inside. Without any thought of endangering myself, I reached into the burning tent and pulled him to the icy lake. Fortunately, we were not seriously hurt.
注意：
1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2.至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3.续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4.续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。

Paragraph 1：
Later, as we stood by the burning tent to keep warm, we considered our difficult situation....... Paragraph 2：
Suddenly, we heard a noise in the forest.......
精彩范文
Paragraph 1：
Later, as we stood by the burning tent to keep warm, we considered our difficult situation. Our campsite was in the deep of the forest, really far away from the highway. We were in the middle of nowhere, wearing only underwear, with our supplies burnt into ashes, including our cellphones. Even Steve was unsure what to do next. The only thing we could do was just sitting in the cold air and wondering how to get out of the forest.
Paragraph 2：
Suddenly, we heard a noise in the forest. Anxiously we listened and stared into the darkness. A jeep appeared. A forester had spotted the light from the fire and had come to have a check. We jumped into the warm vehicle and the forester drove us to the ranger station, where we were given clothes and were able to call our parents. Steve and I had many more camping adventures from then on, but it was on this trip that Steve began to treat me more like a friend and equal, rather than a younger cousin. Our friendship continues to this day.
总评
续写文章整体自然流畅，故事安排合情合理，情节贴合各段提示句内容，分别写困境和获救，由铺垫到结局，凸显了他们之间友谊的发展，文末最后一句为整篇文章的点睛之笔。

亮点呈现
(1)“We were in the middle of nowhere, wearing ... with ... ”句中使用了wearing分词短语作伴随状语及with复合结构，使语言简洁凝练。

(2)“ ... ranger station, where we ... ”中定语从句的运用准确到位。

(3)“but it was on this trip that ... ”强调句的运用突出了这次经历的重要意义。

Modul 5 Summary
单元回顾
一、重点词汇
1.advance
n. 进步，进展v. 前进；促进；使发展adj. 预先的，在前的advanced adj. 高级的；进步的；先进的
make an advance/advances in在某方面有进步/发展
in advance ＝ahead of time提前
in advance of比……进步；在……之前
2.tend vi.易于做某事，往往会发生某事vt. 照顾；照料；护理
tendency n. 倾向；趋势
tend to do sth.易于，往往会做某事
tend (to) sb.照顾某人
tend towards倾向于，趋于
3.patience n. 耐心
patient adj. 耐心的
patiently adv. 耐心地
have patience with对……有耐心
lose patience with对……失去耐心
be patient with对……有耐心
4.anxious adj. 焦虑的，不安的
anxiously adv. 焦急地，忧虑地，渴望的
anxiety n. 焦虑，忧虑，担心
be anxious for渴望得到……
be anxious about为……担心/忧虑
be anxious to do sth.渴望/急于做某事
5.distance v. 使与……保持距离，撇清和……的关系n. 距离，间隔，远处distant adj. 遥远的
distance yourself/sb./sth. (from sb./sth.)与……保持距离/疏远
in the distance在远处
at/from a distance稍远处；隔一段距离
at a distance of在……的距离
keep one's distance from与……保持一定的距离
6.fortune n. 大笔的钱，巨款；命运，运气
fortunate adj. 幸运的
unfortunate adj. 不幸的
fortunately adv. 幸运地
unfortunately adv. 不幸地
make a/one's fortune发财
have the good/bad fortune to do ...有幸/不幸做……
7.correspond v. 通信；相一致，符合
correspondence n. 一致，相符；通信联系；往来书信
correspondent n. 记者，通讯员；通信者
corresponding adj. 一致的，相应的，通信的
correspond to/with和……一致
correspond with和……通信
in correspondence with与……有通信联系
8.strike vt.& vi. (struck, struck/stricken)划火柴；(雷电、暴风雨等)袭击；打，击中；打动，吸引；想起；(时钟)敲响n. 罢工；罢课
sth. strikes/struck sb.某人突然想起某事
It strikes/struck sb. that ...某人突然想到……
be struck by ...被……打动；被……击中；被……撞倒
be on strike在罢工
9.stay in touch with与……保持联系
stay/keep in touch with sb.和某人保持联系(状态)
get in touch with sb.和某人取得联系(动作)
lose touch with和……失去联系(动作)
be in touch with和……有联系(状态)
be out of touch with不了解；失去联系(状态)
10.keep/bear ... in mind记住
come to mind突然想起
bring ... to mind使想起……
make up one's mind打定主意；下定决心
change one's mind改变主意
11.turn up出现；到场；开大/调高音量
turn down调小；拒绝
turn into变成
turn out证明是；结果是
turn to转向；求助于；翻到
turn in上交
二、教材原句
1.What if (倘若) the only way of getting news from faraway friends was writing letters that took ages to be delivered？(教材P38)
2.Whatever our hobbies (不管我们的爱好是什么), the Internet can connect us with others who also enjoy doing them, even if they live on the other side of the world.(教材P39)
3.．We figured that in twenty years each of us ought to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made (应该掌握自己的命运，创造自己的财富), whatever they were going to be.(教材P44)。