图形用户界面(GUI)详细发展历史

图形用户界面（GUI）详细发展历史发布者：[飞翔]浏览：[ ]评论：[0]
Computer(which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas. The Macintosh, released in 1984, was the first commercially successful product to use a GUI. A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper; directories looked like file folders; there were a set of desk accessories like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired; and the user could delete files and folders by dragging them to a trash can on the screen.
There is still some controversy over the amount of influence that Xerox’s PARC work, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of Apple’s Lisa and Macintosh, but it is clear that the influence was extensive.
The Macintosh’s GUI has been revised with time since 1984, with a major update with System 7, and underwent its largest revision with the introduction of the "Aqua" interface in 2001’s Mac OS X.
VisiOn
Graphical user interface primarily designed for spreadsheets by the company that wrote the legendary VisiCalc spreadsheet. First introduced the "windows" concept and a mouse to the PC environment, in 1983. Preceded the first Microsoft Windows implementations. VisiOn never took off because it could not be used to run other MS-DOS applications and was buggy and expensive. Inspired the multitasking system DESQview.
Amiga Intuition
Amiga computers developed a GUI in 1985 called Intuition. In this GUI directories were shown as filing cabinet drawers.
The Amiga GUI was unique for its time because it featured a pop-up command line interface (CLI) for those times when a GUI does not offer enough control.
GEM
At the same time Microsoft was developing Windows in the 1980s, Digital Research developed the GEM Desktop GUI system. GEM was created as an alternative window system to run on IBM PC systems, either on top of MS-DOS
(like Microsoft Windows) or on top of CPM-86, DR’s own operating system that MS-DOS was patterened after. GEM achieved minimal success in the PC world, but was later used as the native GUI on the Atari ST machines.
GEOS
GEOS was another very early graphical desktop system. Originally written for the 8 bit home computer Commodore 64 it was later ported to IBM PC systems. It came with several application programs like a calendar and word processor, and a cut-down version served as the basis for America Online’s DOS client. Compared to the competing Windows 3.0 GUI, it could run reasonably well on simpler hardware.
Revivals were seen in the HP OmniGo handhelds, Brother GeoBook line of laptop-appliances, and the New Deal Office package for PCs. Related code found its way to earlier ’Zoomer’ PDAs, creating an unclear lineage to Palm, Inc’s later work.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft modeled the first version of Windows, released in 1985, on the GUI of the Mac OS. Windows 1.0 was a GUI (graphic user interface) for the MS-DOS operating system that had been the standard OS for with IBM PC and compatible computers since 1981. Windows 2.0 followed, then in 1990 the Windows 3.0launch was when the popularity of Windows really exploded. The GUIs of subsequent versions of Windows have been similar to the GUI of Windows 3.0.
In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft for copyright infringement of the Lisa and Apple Macintosh GUI. The court case lasted 4 years before almost all of Apple’s claims were den ied. Subsequent appeals by Apple were also denied, and Microsoft and Apple apparently entered a final, private settlement of the matter in 1997 as a side note in a broader announcement of investment and cooperation.
RISC OS
Early versions of what became called RISC OS were known as Arthur, which was released in 1987. RISC OS was a colour GUI operating system which used three-buttoned mice, a taskbar (called the iconbar), and a file navigator similar to that of Mac OS. Acorn created RISC OS in the 1980s for their
ARM-CPU based computers.
NeXTSTEP
The NeXTSTEP user interface was used in the NeXT line of computers. NeXTSTEP’s first major version was released in 1989. It used Display PostScript for its graphical underpinning. The NeXTSTEP interface’s most significant feature was the Dock, carried into Mac OS X, and had other minor interface details that some found made it easier and more intuitive to use than previous GUIs. NeXTSTEP’s GUI was the first to feature opaque dragging of windows in its user interface, on a comparatively weak machine by today’s standards.
/H3> Originally collaboratively developed by Microsoft and IBM to replace DOS, version 1.0 (released in 1987) had no GUI at all. Version 1.1 (released 1988) included Presentation Manager (PM), which looked a lot like the later Windows 3.0 UI. After the split with Microsoft, IBM developed the Workplace Shell (WPS) for version 2.0 (released in 1992), a quite radical, object-oriented approach to GUIs. Microsoft later imitated much of this in Windows 95.
BeOSX Window System
The PostScript-based NeWS(Network extensible Window System) was developed by Sun Microsystems. For several years SunOS included a window system combining NeWS and the X Window System. Although NeWS was considered technically elegant by some commentators, Sun eventually dropped the product. Unlike X, NeWS was always
proprietary software.
The X Window System
The standard windowing system in the Unix world, developed in the early 1980s, is the X Window System, or X. X was developed at MIT as Project Athena. Its original purpose was to allow users of the newly emerging graphic terminals to access remote graphics workstations, without regard to the workstation’s operating system or the hardware. Due largely to the availability of the source code used to write X, it has become the standard layer for management of graphical and input/output devices and for the building of both local and remote graphical interfaces on virtually all systems, including UNIX, the BSD operating systems and the GNU/Linux distributions.
X allows a graphical terminal user to make use of remote resources on the network as if they were all located locally to the user by running a single module of software called the X server. The software running on the remote workstation is called the client application. X’s network transparency protocols allow the display and input portions of any application to be separated from the remainder of the application a nd ’served up’ to any of a
•Graphical user interface
•History of computing
•History of Microsoft Windows
•Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad
•Jef Raskin
External links:
•VisiOn history - The first GUI for the PC
以下来自：/guis/guitimeline2.html
1973
April 1973, the first
operational Alto computer is
completed at Xerox PARC.
The Alto is the first system to
pull together all of the
elements of the modern
Graphical User Interface.
Features:
3-button mouse.
Bit-mapped display.
The use of graphical windows.
Ethernet network.
1980
1980: Three Rivers Computer Corporation
introduces the the Perq graphical
workstation.
1981
1981 June: Xerox introduces
the Star, the commercial
successor to the Alto.
Notable features:
Double-clickable icons,
overlapping windows, dialog
boxes and a 1024*768
monochrome display.
1983
1983 January: Apple introduces
the Lisa.
Notable features:
Pull down menus and menu bars.
Visi Corp releases Visi On, the
first integrated graphical
software environment for IBM
PCs.
Microsoft announces their new
"Windows" program for the IBM
PC but does not release it
until 1985.
Notable features:
Is supposed to have
overlapping / resizable
windows.
1984
January 1984: Apple introduces
the Macintosh.
September: Digital Research
announces its GEM icon/desktop
user interface for 8086- and
DOS-based computers. It also
was later ported to the Atari
ST.
June: "window system
X" announced at MIT.
Versions 1-6 were monochrome
only, and ran on DEC VS100’s
displays connected to VAXen
and VAXstations 1 and 2.
Versions 8-10 dealt with
color, for the VAXstation
II/GPX. X10 is the first
version that saw widespread
availability and use on many
vendor’s systems.
Version 11 was redesign for
higher performance, more
window management styles,
extensibility and better
graphics capability
1985
1985: Geos released for
Commodore 64 and later the
Apple II.
July: Commodore introduces
the Amiga 1000 with the Amiga
Workbench Version 1.0.
August: Microsoft finally
releases the first version of
Windows.
Features:
Windows can not be overlapped,
but are instead "tiled".
Windows are not allowed to
cover an area at the bottom of
the screen that is reserved for
"iconized" programs.
1986
1986: Apple threatens to sue
Digital Research because the
GEM desktop looked too much
like Apple’s Macintos h.
Digital Research cripples the
desktop application so Apple
will not sue.
The new GEM desktop now has
just two unmovable,
non-resizable windows for file
browsing.
1987
March 1987 - Apple introduces
the Apple Macintosh II, the
first color Macintosh.
Features: 640*480*256 color
with 24 bit color card
available.
Microsoft releases the second
version of Windows, version
2.03.
Features:
Finally has resizable /
overlapping windows and new
windowing controls.
Acorn releases "Arthur" for
the Acorn computer, it is the
basis for RISC OS. RISC OS 2 and
3 have a similar look, but an
improved feel.
1988
September 1988: Apple releases
GS/OS, a 16-bit operating
system with a Macintosh-like
GUI for the Apple IIGS.
October: IBM releases OS/2
1.10 Standard Edition (SE)
which added a graphical user
interface called Presentation
Manager. (OS/2 1.0 was text
mode only!) The 1.10 GUI was
written by Microsoft and
looked like Windows 2.
October: The NeXT Computer is
released for $6500. It
includes a 25 MHz ’30
processor, 8 MB RAM, 250 MB
optical disk drive, math
coprocessor, digital
processor for real time sound,
fax modem, and a 17" monitor.
1990
1990: Commodore releases Amiga
Workbench 2 for the A3000.
Features: New 3d effects, a
revised menu system and many
other improvements.
May 1990: Windows 3.0 released
by Microsoft
Features: Program Manager
shell.
November: PC-GEOS released by
GeoWorks.
1992
Spring of 1992: IBM releases
OS/2 Version 2.0, a true 32-bit
OS.
Features a new "Workplace
Shell", an object oriented
user interface that is heavily
integrated with the rest of the
OS.
March: Microsoft introduces
Windows 3.1. The user
interface is basically the
same as Windows 3.0 but now
includes their "multimedia"
enhancements.
September: Amiga Workbench 3
released for AGA Amigas.
Features: Images for
backgrounds, color pallet
remapping.
1993
May 1993 Microsoft releases
the first version of Windows
NT, their 32-bit OS. They give
it the version number "3.1" and
use the same user interface
they do for regular Windows
3.1. Made available for Intel,
Power PC, Alpha, and MIPS
systems.
1994
1994: QNX Software Systems
releases the first embeddable
microkernel windowing system,
the Photon microGUI.
1995
1995: Microsoft introduces
Windows 95 on August 24th.
October: Be introduced BeOS at
Agenda 96. The first version
was designed to run on a custom
multiprocessor system known as
the "BeBox". Later made 1996
1996: New Deal releases New
Deal Office 2.5, which was
formerly PC-GEOS.
IBM Releases OS/2 Warp 4 with
a significant facelift for the
Workplace Shell.
Microsoft releases Windows NT
4.0 with the same user
interface as Windows 95. 1997
July 1997: Mac OS 8 is finally
released. Selling 1.25 million
copies in less than 2 weeks, it
becomes the best-selling
software in that period.
1998
June 25, 1998: Microsoft
releases Windows 98.
Features: Internet Explorer
Web browser application takes
over the role of the Windows
shell, advertising right on
the desktop, entire help
system replaced by Internet
Explorer.
November 22, 1998: Shane
Brooks Releases 98Lite, an
installer that removes or
prevents the installation of
Internet Explorer with Windows
98.
Features No Internet Explorer
or advertising, all the
hardware support of Windows
98, faster boot time, and the
more responsive Windows 95
shell.
1999
March 1999 - Apple releases Mac
OS X Server, a Unix based OS
with their Macintosh GUI.
June 1999 - RISCOS Ltd releases
RISC OS 4 for RiscPC, A7000 or
A7000+ machines.
2000
January 5, 2000: Apple
announces Aqua, the new look
for their upcoming MacOS X
client.
February 17, 2000: Microsoft
Windows 2000 (AKA Windows NT 5)
becomes available in stores.
Features: The Internet
Explorer web browser
application finally takes over
the Windows NT UI.
2001
October 25, 2001: Microsoft
releases Windows XP (AKA
Windows NT 5.1)
Features:
Tons of eye candy.
"Product Activation" tethers
XP to the existence of the
Microsoft corporation.
2003
April 24, 2003: Microsoft
releases Windows Server 2003
(AKA Windows NT 5.2 and for a
time called "
server")
Features:
Drops the eye candy.
Server-only release.
Notes:
I am limiting this timeline to systems that provide GUI services to other applications, this is why I am not including individual graphical DOS apps or older graphical programs such as Sketchpad .
I am also not listing each version of a GUI system unless a significant change has occurred in it. MacOS has kept the same basic user interface since Version 1 and is therefore only mentioned a couple of times. Microsoft, on the other hand thinks it is fun to make users learn a completely new interface every few years, so each of the Windows interfaces is listed. (Except for Windows ME which looked just like Windows 98 and 2000).
Issues:
X could just about have it’s own history page. There is no way I can list all of the different appearances of X here so I am just mentioning it’s creation. The picture is much more recent and not of the original X. The picture of NextStep is of a later version.
The picture of PC-Geos is from Geos Ensemble 2.X with the presentation manager look.
The picture of BeOS is from a later version.
The color Mac screen shot is of MacOS 7.5.5, although these machines shipped with earlier versions.
I have insufficient information about the history of Tandy Deskmate and the Apollo workstation to place them on this timeline。