【交通+物流+运输】交通运输科技英语

【交通+物流+运输】交通运输科技英语
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第一讲
1. contract system tested in all railway operations The contract system will be practiced in all operations of the Ministry of Railways-transport, capital construction and technological upgrading, ministry officials told Xinhua recently.
The Guangzhou Railway Administration has been chosen to experiment with ways of implementing with ways of implementing the system throughout, the officials said.
The contract system is necessary because since April 1986, the State has ceased to allocate funds to the ministry. Instead, it collects taxes from the ministry, which can use its own profits to develop its own operations, the officials said.
“Th at means we have to depend exclusively on ourselves and that´s why we use the contract system to stimulate workers initiative for higher turnover s.” One off icial said. Although the contract system was practiced last year only in its transport sector, the ministry was able to handle 3.7 per cent more cargo than in 1985.
In the first half of this year, the total volume of cargo and passenger transport was up 2.4 and 6.5 per cent over the same 1985 period, respectively, the officials reported. Meanwhile, a feeder railway funded by famers in a village in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, is expected to open to traffic in October, according to the overseas edition of People´s Daily.
Farmers in Xinhua village raised 2 million yuan(about $540,000) to build a 600-metre feeder railway line to speed
up transport between urban and rural areas. (Xinhua) Words and Expressions
Contract /´kɑn‚t rækt/ n. 承包；契约，合同Contract system 承包制，大包干Administration /æd‚mini´streʃǝ n/ ǝ n.局；管理，经营
Experiment /ik´spɛrǝ mǝ nt/ n.&v.i.试验To……w i th……试验……To……upon……用……作实验
Implement /´implǝ mǝ nt/ v.t.实现，落实Thoughout prep.在整个……期间；全……，……到处
´ adv.彻底地，全部地
Cease /sis/ v.t.停止
Allocate /´ælǝ‚ket/ v.t.分配，拨给
Fund /fΛnd/ n.经费，资金
Tax /tæks/ n.税；税款
Profit /´prɑfit/ n.利润，赢利；利益Exclusively /ik´sklusivli/ adv.仅仅，只有；独占地
Stimulate /´stimjǝ‚let/ v.t.激励，刺激Initiative /i´niʃǝ tiv/ n.首创精神，主动性，积极性
Turnover / /´tǝn‚ovǝ/ n.营业额，产值Sector /´sɛktǝ, -‚tↄr/ n.扇形；地段，区域；方面
Feeder /´fidǝ/ n.铁路支线；加料漏斗
2. East railways to be upgraded
Railway lines in East China will be improved with an investment of 7 billion yuan (about $1.89 billion), the overseas edition of People´s Daily reported on Thursday. The project involves 1.660 kilometers of railways, with 470 kilometers of new lines to be built, 510 kilometers to be electrified and 680 kilometers double-tracked.
According to Zhou Congqing, the official in charge of the project, more than 3,300hectares of land will be requisitioned and many dwellings relocated.
Technicians are working on an engineering plan, and the whole project is expected to be completed in1990. Words and Expressions
Upgrade /´Λp‚ɡred/ Λ v.t.加强；使升级，改良In charge of 负责……；主管……
Hectare /´hɛk‚tɛr/ n.公顷
Requisition /‚rɛkwi´ziʃǝ n/ n.征用
Dwelling /´dwɛliŋ/ n.住房
Relocate /ri´loket/ v.t.搬迁
3. Rail capacity doubles
Each kilometers of railway in China carried 596.9 billion tons of freight in the first six months of this year on average, double that in1978.
Officials of the Railways Ministry said that the present structure can hardly meet the needs of the developing economy.
The ministry is now concentrating on expanding the handling capacity of the existing railroads, while constructing or upgrading new lines.
Among the 38 marshalling yards in China,28 have increased
the number of trains they send out every day by 10 to 30 per cent. The yards sent out 38,000 trains every day last year, 15
per cent more than in the previous year.
Since April, the number of passenger and freight trains has increased by 22 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively, compared to 1978. Now passenger trains are capable of transporting three million people a day.
The project to add a double-track along the line between Hengyang in Hunan Province and Guangzhou is nearly complete. And the project of expanding the railway network
in eastern China is going on smoothly. (Xinhua)
Words and Expressions
Freight /fret/ n.货物
Average /´ævǝ riʤ, ´ævriʤ/ v n.平均，均值
On average 按均值计算，平均
Marshalling/´mɑ:ʃǝ liŋ/ 排列，整理，编组Marshalling yard 编组场
To send……out发出，寄出，放出
ŋ
Improving railway operations
New trends
By Dr. techn., Prof. E.A. SOTNIKOV,
All-Union Railway Scientific Research Institute, Ministry of Railways of the USSR
SUMMARY
The Soviet Railways handle 52 per cent of the world´s railway freight turn-over although they account only of about 11 per cent of their total mileage. This determines an extremely high traffic density of the lines exceeding 6 to 10 times and even more, similar values of the railways of technically advanced countries.
In order to meet the requirements for handling constantly growing volumes of traffic, apart from improving railway equipment, reinforcing the tracks and raising the rolling stock carrying capacities, the operational procedure has to perfected as well, it has to attaining this overall goal is the intensification of the utilization of the existing technical means. In this report new trends improving railway operations are discussed.
第二讲
1、Train Scheduling
The train schedule is the basis for managing train traffic. It integrates the activities of all railway services. Observing exactly the technological procedures laid down for yards and stations, for locomotive and wagon shops, for track, signaling and communication facilities as well as for other railway bodies is a vital necessity for trains being operated strictly to
the schedule.
In order to keep the dispatchers staff informed on the train situation data provided through the automatic traffic control systems of the various railway regions is used. Data on the availability of trains and locomotives at each of the stations and at the classification yards of the given route is submitted; to the dispatchers staff of the upper control echelon in 3 hours intervals, to the dispatchers staff of the railway region headquarters and of the various sections on a continuous basis as the status at the stations and yards changes.
This data is also taken into consideration at the railway region border stations where the wagons are being transferred from one railway region to the other. When necessary, the data is used at other stations as well.
This makes it possible to monitor train traffic all along the route, to make timely calculations with regard to assigning locomotives to trains to reduce to the minimum delays of trains waiting for motive power and to raise the level of running trains strictly to the schedule.
The improvement of train operations requires further development of the dispatcher control system through further automating and centralizing the management of train traffic. With regard to improving train operation the following major principles have to be observed.
1. The activity of the train dispatchers which is at the moment primarily concentrated at keeping records of the train operations with a certain delay with regard to the actual situation should pass over to a strategy of advanced management using train operation forecast and of applying
optimized algorithms for wording out operational plans covering foreseeable periods of future activities.
2. A continuous automated monitoring of possible handicaps has to be introduced. This will enable the train dispatchers staff by using the man-machine dialog mode of operation to consider within several minutes a number of managerial alternatives to choose the most effectives of them to prevent minor handicaps form developing into major traffic problems.
3. The supply of information to the dispatchers staff has to be automated using specific facilities developed for the purpose, as well as data provided by the existing automated operations management system. Presently the train dispatchers spend 30 to 40% of their working time to acquire this information. This will also make it possible to automate accounting activity of train operations.
4. Based on using automated information systems and on introducing up-to-date control equipment the routes covered by the dispatchers at the sectional, regional and ministerial levels should be extended, and traffic control over long routes should be integrated.
5. Centralizing train dispatching control, setting up of big dispatching centers equipped with modern means of communication, computers and with automated consoles for the dispatchers is of major importance. Such a control console, for a sectional train dispatcher, for instance, should consist of:
a multi-sectional panel with a colored presentation of the section track lay-out or with the presentation of the
entire route indicating train numbers as well as other data supplied by the computer;
a graphical display to keep the planned schedule;
an alphabetical display for the train dispatcher to keep a dialog with the computer;
a printer for an automated record keeping of the operation;
of a graph-plotting display for drawing a graph of the actual train operation.
The introduction of new methods aimed at running the trains strictly to the schedule will result in an overall improvement of train operations.
Words and Expressions
Summary /´sΛmǝ ri/ n.摘要
Freight turn-over 货物周转量
To account of （数量上）占……
Mileage /´mailiʤ/ n.里程
Traffic density 运输密度
Reinforce /‚riin´fↄrs, -´fors/ v.t.加强Rolling stock 机车车辆（有时专指车辆）Rationalize /´ræʃǝ nǝ‚laiz/ a v.t.使合理化Utilization /‚jutilai´zeʃǝ n/ n.利用
Means /mi:nz/ n.方法，手段；工具，设备Train scheduling 铺画列车运行图Integrate /´inti‚ɡret/ v.t.把……连接成一个整体
Railway service 铁路业务；铁路部门Observe /ǝ b´zǝv/ v.t.观察，遵守
To lay down 放下，使……躺下，铺设，规定，制定
Vital /´vaitl/ adj.非常的，至关紧要的Dispatcher /dis´pætʃǝ/ n.列车调度员
To keep informed on 随时向……报告
To submit to 向……提出……；把……提请……批准
Echelon /´ɛʃǝ‚lɑn/ 梯队，级别Dispatches staff of
Upper control echelon 上级调度人员Border station 分界站
To keep a record of 把……记载下来Algorithm /´ælɡǝ‚riðǝ m/ n.算法Handicap /´hændi‚kæp/ n.不利条件，障碍，困难
Man-machine dialog modle 人机对话方式Accounting activcity 统计工作
Up-to-date adj.现代化的，最新式的Console /kǝ n´sol/ n.控制台
Multi-sectional panel 多个区间的显示盘Presentation/‚prɛzǝ n´teʃǝ n,prizǝ n-/ n.显示
的图像
第三讲
2.Increasing the weights and speeds of trains Increasing the weights and speeds of trains is a major factor in handling the constantly growing volume of traffic .A variety of ways and means are used to raise the tonnage and the length of trains.
First of all the length of the exisiting tracks must be used to the full. With this in mind comprehensive measures of the undertaken at present to raise the static weights of the wagons by increasing the net weight of the commodity being forwarded .The permissive axle load of the wagons has been raised, a good share of bulky goods are forwarded in disassembled status, the most rational way are use to accommodate the good in the wagons ,the outer dimensions set for the rolling stock at a given region are applied since at use some extra space for loading cargo ,etc. Making proper use some each and every meter of the tracks is of substantial importance too. Applying computer techniques in handling traffic made it possible to take into account the length of each individual wagon rather than of the types of wagons which was common practice before. As a result one or two wagons were added to every train. Likewise the length of each individual station and/or yard track is taken into consideration: that made it possible to make up trains that are longer than the set s tandard.
In case when the weight and the length of trains are limited by the traction capacities of locomotives, alternative standards are being introduced with regard to the weights of
trains. To handle trains with weights exceeding the standard double locomotive traction, or pusher locomotives are used on part of the route.
Often the length of the train is limited by the length of station tracks rather than by limited tractive capacities of the locomotives. On a number of railways trains are run which are 20 to 25% longer than the station tracks can accomodate. Also superlong trains are run on special schedules that have been worked out in such a way that they do not interfere with the presently o f the other trains .15 to 20% of the trains presently operated on the main lines exceed the standard length .
On high traffic density lines station and/or yard tracks are being extended to provide for the operation of
long trains. As additional extended station tracks are put into operation the number of long trains run on special schedules is increased respectively.
The handling of jointed trains, that is doubled-up and trippled-up trains up to 16000 tons heavy ,is of special importance .Some of those trains even exceed that
weight .On April 18,1984,to quote one example , a 30220 ton train 4668 meters long was run over a distance of 1130 km from the Ekibastus station to the Tobol station .
By raising the tonnage and the length of trains the throughput capacity of lines is enhanced substantially .It also makes it possible to allocate the time needed for track maintenance and to cut down the operational expenditures. Part of the system will be up-graded to ensure the operation of jointed trains.
Long term measures are undertaken to raise the tonnage of trains .Extending station tracks along certain axes, putting 6-axe wagons into operation on a wide scale –those are measures that should be mentioned first .The utilization of 8-axle wagons will raise the per-meter of load of the tracks up to 9.5-10.5 tons. Though this will be attained only if the outer dimensions set for the rolling stock is fully used by the industry when building the wagons.
Raising the per meter load of the tracks will result in increasing the weight of standard 850metres long trains up to 8000 tons and even up to 10000 tons if the station tracks are extended to 1050 meter.
Passenger trains are made longer as well. For suburban traffic ,trains are put into operation consisting of 12 coaches ,and on some directions doubled-up trains consisting of 24 or 32 sleeping cars are planned to be introduced .This will make it possible to handle the growing volume of passenger train traffic.
Speeds of passenger trains are growing too .A high speed train has been put into operation on the Moscow to Leningrad line .Speeds of trains are being raised on other lines as well, first of all on international lines .Since in the USSR passenger and freight trains are run on the same tracks it is important to raise the speeds of both passenger and goods trains.
Introducing roller bearing axle-boxes on a larger scale will contribute a great deal to an early attaining of this objective. Words and Expressions
the full 充分地，完全地
wi th……in 考虑到
comprehensive /‚kɑmpri´hɛnsiv/ adj.理解的，综合的
comprehensive measures 综合措施undertake /‚Λndǝ´tek/ v.t.承担，着手，从事static /´stætik/ adj.静态的，静止的
static weight 静载重
net /nɛt/ adj. 纯净的
net weight 净重
commodity /kǝ´mɑditi/ n. 商品，货物
forward /´fↄrwǝ d/ adj. 向前的；v.t促进；发送permissive /pǝ´misiv/ adj. 允许的
axle load /´æksǝ l,´æksl/ 轴重wagon /´wæɡǝ n/ n. 货车
share /ʃɛr/ n. 份额，部分
a good shar e of ……大部分……
bulky /´bΛlki /adj. 体积大的
bulky goods 笨重货物
disassemble /‚disǝ´sɛmbǝ l/ v.t. 分散，拆散accommodate /ǝ´kɑmǝ‚det/ v.t. 供应，供给substantial sǝ b´stænʃǝ l/ adj. 实际的，重大的likewise /´laik‚waiz/ adv. 同样地
double locomotive traction 双机牵引
pusher locomotive 补机
superlong train 超长列车
doubled-up train 双列组合列车
trippled-up train 三列组合列车
throughput /´θru‚put/ n. 生产量；通过量thoughput capacity 通过能力
enhance /ɛn´hæns/ v.t. 提高
expenditure /ik´spɛndǝ tʃǝ/ n. 交出，费用
Note
Applying computer techniques in handling traffic made it possible to take into account the length of each individual wagon rather than of the types of wagons which was common practive before.
(运用计算机技术来管理运输，使我们可以按照每一辆货车的实际长度来计算列车总长，而不是像以前那样按列车类型进行近似计算。

)
分词短语：Applyi ng……在句中作主语。

谓语部分made it possible ,it是形式宾语，possible是宾语补足语，动词不定式短语to take into account the l ength of ……rather tha n of ……做made的宾语。

第四讲
3.Managing the wagon flows
Improving the management of wagon flows is a major way of rationalizing freight traffic.
The share of forwarding goods by unit trains from freight yards to destination yards or to classification yards is now above 46% of the total .The objective has been set to further increase.
One of the ways to increase substantially the number of unit trains lies with those customers who dispose of sidings linked to yards .The customer are supposed to submit to the yard superintendent the documents for shipping goods at least several days before the actual shipping .In these documents all the information concerning the goods is recorded but for the number of the wagon and the weight of the goods. After the wagons have been loaded the clerks of the yard put the numbers of wagons in such a way that groups of wagons make-up a unit train destined for a single freight yard or for a classification yard. When making-up the unit train the possibilities of the customers receiving the cargo are taken into account so that a speedy presenting of the wagon for unloading would not result in excessive delays of the wagons at the stations of destination.
Based on the requests in advance for classifying the goods ,plans for 10 days and monthly plans for forming unit trains are worked out .The experience gained has shown that this method of forming unit trains is the most efficient one with regard to forwarding bulk commodities such as
coal ,ore ,ferous metals ,grain ,timber and so on .When appropriate cooperation is maintained between stations located closely to each other “st agger ed”un it trains may be formed ,that is to say one unit train may be formed on two or more stations rather than on one of them .
Another widely used procedure ensuring further expanding unit train traffic is related to the planning of loading operations on a calendar basis.In this case at the stations located along a given line wagons destined for specific directions are loaded on fixed days of the week .This results in augmenting the wagon flows on the one hand contributing to making up extra unit trains and reducing the volume of classifying operations at the departing and at the destination freight yards on the other. The classification yards are releaved from extra work loads as well.
The concentration of freight flows in terms of planning permanent links between freight generating regions and freight consuming regions contributes a great deal to further increasing the share of unit train traffic.
Such links prove to be most effective when working out plans for forwarding such bulk commodities like coal, oil products, ore, timber, grain and some other goods .This makes it possible to increase the volume of goods being forwarded in unit trains going to a single customer-say, to electric power stations and to metallurgical plants. Also large specialized warehouse compounds are being set up to accommodate different types of goods .The goods for these compounds are being moves in unit trains as well.
The present system of managing wagon flows in the USSR
provides for concentrating classification operations at big well equipped classification yards while transferring to these yards the overwhelming share of classification operations still carried out at smaller sectional ,regional and/or local classification yards .This is required in order to optimize and to attain the best economic efficiency in managing freight traffic .The big yards incorporate the highest productivity and the lowest cost of handling individual wagons .They likewise ensure the shortest standard and actual time wagons spend at the yards.
Major importance in the overall effort to improve operations is devoted to perfecting the plan of forming trains, which as a matter of fact is the actual link between the state plan for forwarding goods and the operations activity of the railway system.
The main direction-for improving the plan of forming trains is to increase through traffic, to form long distance unit trains at the yards that would pass through the biggest possible number of classification yards without being classified.
Presently the plan of forming trains is worked out making use of computers and mathematical methods and it covers all classification yards of the system.
The level of concentration of classification operations depends entirely on the technical standard and the technology applied at classification yards.
Words and Expressions
manage/´mæniʤ/ v.t.管理
unit train 单元列车
freight yard 货场，货物作业地点classification yard 编组场
to set……to fu rther increase 使……进一步增加
to lie wi th……（责任，决定权）在……，是……的责任
dispose /di´spoz/ v.i安排，配置（of）……siding /´saidiŋ/ n.岔线，专用线
submit /sǝ b´mit/ v.t.使……服从（to）；向（to）……提出……
to be supposed to inf.应该……，应当Superintendent/‚sju:pǝ rin´tendǝ nt/ n指挥人员，首长.
Yard superintendent 站长，区长Document for shipping goods 要车计划But for……要不是……；没有……
Clerk /klǝk,klɑrk/ n.职员
To ma ke up……构成，组成
Destine /´dɛstin/ v.t.预定，指定；开往（for）
Speedy /´spidi/ adj.迅速的，立即的Present /´prɛznt/ v.t.送出
In advance 预先，提前
Staggered unit train 阶梯单元列车Augment /ↄɡ´mɛnt/ v.t.扩大，增大Contribute /kǝ n´tribjut/ v.t.&i促进，有助于（to）……
On (the) one ha nd……on the othe r(hand) 一方面……，另一方面
Relieve /ri´liv/ v.t.减轻……的负担（痛苦）
In terms of 从……方面来说；根据……Sectional /´sɛkʃǝ nǝ l/ adj.区段的Regional adj.地区的
Incorporate /in´kↄrpǝ‚ret/ v.t.联合……；包括……
Plan of forming trains 列车编组计划Through traffic 直达运输
To pass through 通过……，穿过……
To provide for 规定；为……提供保证
第五讲
4. Main directions in intensifying classification operations
Intensifying production by carrying out managerial and technical measures as by modernizing the enterprises under modem circumstances has become the general of the national economy. The requirement for intensifying production of also related to a full extent to the development of classification yards. The basic ways of intensifying the operation of classification yards are as follows.
The capacity of the various classifying facilities have to be enhanced ,including the humps ,and other yard facilities (departure yards , switching areas etc) Studies show that the bigger the classifying system , for instance , the humping facility the smaller are the expenditures per wagon in terms of needed handling capacities ,which have a direct impact on the construction of the yards and on the operation of its various facilities . Increasing the productivity of the classifying system by 1% results in cutting down the expenditures involved in handling each wagon by 0.3%. This means that when working out projects of classification yards one should incorporate the possibility of changes with regard to enchanting the wagon handling capacities of the various facilities.
The efforts geared at intensifying yard operations are facilitated by utilizing computers ensuring executive technological functions .With regard to classification yards these technological functions are related to humping trains.
Presently automated systems have been developed and introduced which ensure an automatic control of the speed
of breading-up trains, an automatics control of the humping speed and remote control of the shunting locomotives, Yet it is necessary to mechanize and /or automate other operations too, for instance, the disconnection of wagons, which would substantially increase the overall effect of automated humping techniques.
It is likewise important to raise the speed of the shunting operations in all yards , to increase the scope of parallel shunting operations .to reduce the intervals between the various shunting operations . In order to attain this objective is it necessary, while introducing new technical facilities at the yard, to analyse periodically the technology presently
used .Based on a time study measures are to be taken geared at eliminating speed restriction of the various yard operations, which are not duly justified, at cutting down the intervals between the subsequent operations.
An important reserve in enhancing the throughput capacities of over loaded classification yards lies in using the method of simultaneous , or shall we say, of parallel humping of two trains over one hump, This method is characterized by the following specific features.
in case a simultaneous humping of several trains is carried out ,the hump tracks are operated as an in dependant classifying facility sending the cuts both to the right and the left group of tracks of the classifying yard;
wagons of the trains being humped in parallel, which are to be directed to the tracks of the opposite section of the
classification yard, are sent to special "pick-out "tracks which are part of each of the sections, They are later re-humped from those tracks for their destination; some of the trains are being humped in sequence, because a substantial number of wagons contained in these trains are to be directed to the tracks of another section of the classification yard.
The possibility and the feasibility of applying the method of parallel humping of trains depends on the structure of the wagon flow and on the track layout of the yard.
At the Orekhovo-Zuyevo classification yard 60% of all the incoming trains are humped using this method. Applying this method brought a substantial increase of the throughput capacity of the hump.
One of the ways to intensify the operation of the yards is to develop and introduce limited –operations technology, a study of the various operations of classification yards shows that they are too numerous especially so at the hump and in the technical offices. The number of shunting operations ,for instance could be reduced by passing over to implementing advanced schemes of the track layout of yards (using sequential schemes rather than parallel track layout schemes ), to building special humps to make up multi-group unit trains, destined for different freight yards of local railway terminals. In technical offices the number of operations shall and will be reduced by introducing computers for processing the data contained in train consist lists .The increasing of the handing capacities of the yards leads to cutting down the time the wagons spent at the yard(tn) ,that if , it results in a more efficient unitization of the technical means of the
railways , At yards with a high level of operational intensity the meant value is 4.5 to 5.0 hours .This makes it ,possible to forward with the same number of wagons additionally tens of millions of tons of goods.
In order to raise further the handing capacities of classifying yards one has to automate the process of disconnecting the wagons at the hump, to mechanize the process of securing the wagons standing on the tracks without locomotives attached to them, to automate the control of switches and signals, as well as the wagon identification etc. These complicated problems will be solved as scientific and technical progress will advance. Words and Expressions
Managerial /‚mæni´ʤiriǝ l/ adj.管理的
To a full extent 充分地，最大程度地
Hump /hΛmp/ 驼峰
Departure yard 出发场
Switching area 调车区
Impact n.效果，影响
Project /prǝ´ʤɛkt/ n.计划，方案
With regard to 关于，对于
Facility /fǝ´siliti/ n.设备，设施
Breaking-up train 解体的车列
Humping speed 溜放速度
Shunting locomotive 调车机车Disconnecting of wagons 车辆摘钩Shunting operation 调车作业Periodically /piri´ɑdikli/ adv.定期地。