初二英语基础化学概念单选题45题
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初二英语基础化学概念单选题45题
1. In the experiment, we can see a gas which is colorless and odorless. It is very important for our breathing. Which gas is it?
A. Oxygen
B. Hydrogen
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Nitrogen
答案:A。
解析:氧气(Oxygen)是无色无味且对呼吸非常重要的气体。
氢气(Hydrogen)是一种可燃性气体,并非与呼吸有直接重要关系,所以B选项错误。
二氧化碳(Carbon dioxide)虽然也是常见气体,但它不是呼吸最重要的气体,C选项错误。
氮气 Nitrogen)在空气中占比很大,但不是呼吸中最关键的气体,D选项错误。
2. We often use a metal to make wires because it is very good at conducting electricity. Which metal is it?
A. Copper
B. Iron
C. Gold
D. Silver
答案:A。
解析:铜 Copper)是一种常用于制作电线的金属,因为它导电性很好。
铁 Iron)主要用于建筑等方面,不是以导电性好而常用于做电线,B选项错误。
金(Gold)虽然也导电,但由于成本高,不会常用于做电线,C选项错误。
银(Silver)虽然导电性比铜
好,但成本高,也不是制作电线的首选,D选项错误。
3. There is a white powder in the kitchen. It can make the food taste salty. What is it?
A. Sugar
B. Salt
C. Flour
D. Baking powder
答案:B。
解析:盐(Salt)是白色粉末,能让食物尝起来咸,这是盐的特性。
糖(Sugar)是甜的,A选项错误。
面粉(Flour)主要用于制作面食等,不是让食物变咸的物质,C选项错误。
发酵粉(Baking powder)用于发酵,与让食物变咸无关,D选项错误。
4. The element which is essential for the formation of bones and teeth is _.
A. Calcium
B. Sodium
C. Potassium
D. Magnesium
答案:A。
解析:钙 Calcium)对骨骼和牙齿的形成非常重要。
钠 Sodium)主要与身体的电解质平衡等有关,B选项错误。
钾Potassium)也与身体的一些生理机能有关,但不是骨骼牙齿形成的关键元素,C选项错误。
镁 Magnesium)虽然也在身体中有多种作用,但不是骨骼牙齿形成的关键元素,D选项错误。
5. In the chemical reaction, a liquid turns into a gas very easily. It has
a low boiling point. Which liquid is it?
A. Water
B. Alcohol
C. Oil
D. Milk
答案:B。
解析:酒精(Alcohol)相较于水、油和牛奶有较低的沸点,容易从液体变成气体。
水(Water)的沸点是100摄氏度,相对较高,A选项错误。
油(Oil)沸点较高,C选项错误。
牛奶是混合物,沸点也较高,D选项错误。
6. A gas is used to fill balloons to make them float in the air. It is lighter than air. Which gas is it?
A. Helium
B. Oxygen
C. Carbon monoxide
D. Chlorine
答案:A。
解析:氦气(Helium)比空气轻,常用于填充气球使其在空中漂浮。
氧气 Oxygen)比空气重,B选项错误。
一氧化碳Carbon monoxide)是有毒气体,且比空气略轻但不会用于填充气球,C选项错误。
氯气(Chlorine)是有毒气体,也不会用于填充气球,D 选项错误。
7. We can find a lot of this element in the earth's crust, and it is often
used to make glass. Which element is it?
A. Silicon
B. Aluminum
C. Iron
D. Copper
答案:A。
解析:硅 Silicon)在地壳中有大量存在,并且常用于制造玻璃。
铝(Aluminum)虽然在地壳中含量也高,但不是制造玻璃的主要元素,B选项错误。
铁 Iron)主要用于制造金属制品等,C选项错误。
铜 Copper)主要用于电线等方面,D选项错误。
8. A chemical substance can dissolve in water easily and make the water taste sour. What is it?
A. Vinegar
B. Soap
C. Salt
D. Sugar
答案:A。
解析:醋(Vinegar)能容易地溶解在水中并且使水尝起来酸。
肥皂 Soap)不能使水变酸,B选项错误。
盐 Salt)是咸的,C选项错误。
糖 Sugar)是甜的,D选项错误。
9. The element that is the main component of the air we breathe in is _.
A
11. When ice melts into water, it is a(n) ____.
A. chemical change
B. physical change
答案:B。
解析:冰融化成水,只是物质的状态发生了改变,从固态变为液态,没有新物质生成,这种变化属于物理变化。
而化学变化是有新物质生成的变化,A选项不符合,所以选B。
12. Burning paper is a(n) ____.
A. physical change
B. chemical change
答案:B。
解析:纸张燃烧后变成了灰烬等新物质,有新物质生成的变化是化学变化。
物理变化没有新物质产生,A选项错误,所以答案是B。
13. Crushing a can is a(n) ____.
A. chemical change
B. physical change
答案:B。
解析:把易拉罐压瘪只是形状发生了改变,没有新物质生成,这属于物理变化。
化学变化需要有新物质产生,A选项不符合,故答案为B。
14. Rusting of iron is a(n) ____.
A. physical change
B. chemical change
答案:B。
解析:铁生锈是铁和空气中的氧气、水等发生反应生成了铁锈这种新物质,所以是化学变化。
物理变化不产生新物质,A
选项错误,答案为B。
15. Boiling water is a(n) ____.
A. chemical change
B. physical change
答案:B。
解析:水沸腾是水由液态变为气态,只是状态的改变,没有新物质生成,属于物理变化。
化学变化会有新物质出现,A选项不符合,所以选B。
16. Mixing salt and water is a(n) ____.
A. chemical change
B. physical change
答案:B。
解析:盐溶解在水中只是形成了盐水这种混合物,没有新物质生成,这是物理变化。
化学变化要有新物质产生,A选项错误,答案为B。
17. Digesting food in our body is a(n) ____.
A. physical change
B. chemical change
答案:B。
解析:食物在体内消化是经过一系列复杂的化学反应,有新物质生成,所以是化学变化。
物理变化没有新物质产生,A选项错误,答案为B。
18. Cutting a piece of wood into two parts is a(n) ____.
A. chemical change
B. physical change
答案:B。
解析:把木头切成两块只是形状改变了,没有新物质生成,这是物理变化。
化学变化需要新物质生成,A选项错误,答案为B。
19. Baking a cake is a(n) ____.
A. physical change
B. chemical change
答案:B。
解析:烤蛋糕时,面粉、鸡蛋等原料经过化学反应变成了蛋糕这种新物质,是化学变化。
物理变化没有新物质产生,A选项错误,答案为B。
20. Melting a chocolate bar is a(n) ____.
A. chemical change
B. physical change
答案:B。
解析:巧克力融化只是从固态变为液态,没有新物质生成,属于物理变化。
化学变化要有新物质出现,A选项错误,所以选B。
21. The chemical equation for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water is “2H₂ + O₂ = 2H₂O”. How do you read it in English?
A. Two hydrogen molecules plus one oxygen molecule equals two water molecules
B. Two hydrogens plus one oxygen equals two waters
C. Two hydrogen atoms plus one oxygen atom equals two water atoms
答案:A。
解析:在化学方程式的英语读法中,分子要用molecule表示。
选项A的表述是正确的。
选项B中“Two hydrogens”和“two waters”这种表述不准确,没有体现分子的概念。
选项C中原子的表述是错误的,水是由分子构成,不是原子。
22. The equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is “2H₂O₂ = 2H₂O+O₂↑”. Which is the correct English reading?
A. Two hydrogen peroxides decompose into two waters and one oxygen gas
B. Two molecules of hydrogen peroxide decompose into two molecules of water and one molecule of oxygen gas
C. Two hydrogen peroxide atoms decompose into two water atoms and one oxygen atom
答案:B。
解析:首先,过氧化氢和水、氧气都是以分子形式存在,选项B 准确表述了两个过氧化氢分子分解成两个水分子和一个氧分子。
选项A中“Two hydrogen peroxides”表述不规范。
选项C中说原子是错误的,因为这些物质都是由分子组成而非原子。
23. For the chemical equation “CaCO₂ = CaO + CO₂↑” (the decomposition of calcium carbonate), how to read it in English correctly?
A. One calcium carbonate molecule decomposes into one calcium oxide molecule and one carbon dioxide molecule
B. Calcium carbonate equals calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
C. One atom of calcium carbonate decomposes into one atom of calcium oxide and one atom of carbon dioxide
答案:A。
解析:碳酸钙、氧化钙和二氧化碳都是由分子构成的物质。
选项A准确表述了一个碳酸钙分子分解成一个氧化钙分子和一个二氧化碳分子。
选项B表述比较简略且不够准确。
选项C中说原子是错误的,因为这些都是分子化合物。
24. The chemical equation of the reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid is “Zn + H₂SO₂ = ZnSO₂ + H₂↑”. Which is the right English expression?
A. Zinc reacts with sulfuric acid to produce zinc sulfate and hydrogen gas
B. Zinc plus sulfuric acid is equal to zinc sulfate and hydrogen
C. Zinc and sulfuric acid make zinc sulfate and hydrogen atom
答案:A。
解析:选项A准确地表述了锌与硫酸反应生成硫酸锌和氢气这个过程。
选项B中“is equal to”这种表述在化学方程式的英语表达中不太合适。
选项C中最后说“hydrogen atom”是错误的,反应生成的是氢气分子,不是氢原子。
25. Consider the chemical equation “2NaOH + H₂SO₂ = Na₂SO₂ + 2H₂O” (the reaction between sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid). How should it be read in English?
A. Two sodium hydroxides react with one sulfuric acid to produce one sodium sulfate and two waters
B. Two molecules of sodium hydroxide react with one molecule of sulfuric acid to produce one molecule of sodium sulfate and two molecules of water
C. Two sodium hydroxide atoms react with one sulfuric acid atom to produce one sodium sulfate atom and two water atoms
答案:B。
解析:氢氧化钠、硫酸、硫酸钠和水都是分子化合物。
选项B准确表述了两个氢氧化钠分子与一个硫酸分子反应生成一个硫酸钠分子和两个水分子。
选项A中“Two sodium hydroxides”表述不规范。
选项C中说原子是错误的,这些物质都是分子。
26. The chemical equation for the reaction of iron and hydrochloric acid is “Fe+2HCl = FeCl₂ + H₂↑”. Which of the following is the correct English description?
A. Iron reacts with two hydrochloric acids to form iron(II) chloride and hydrogen gas
B. One iron atom reacts with two hydrochloric acid molecules to form one iron(II) chloride molecule and one hydrogen gas molecule
C. Iron plus two hydrochloric acids equal to iron(II) chloride and hydrogen
答案:B。
解析:从化学方程式的英语准确表述来看,选项B准确表述了一个铁原子与两个盐酸分子反应生成一个氯化亚铁分子和一个氢气分子。
选项A中“two hydrochloric acids”表述不准确。
选项C中“equal to”这种表述不合适。
27. For the equation “CuO + H₂ = Cu + H₂O” (the reaction between copper oxide and hydrogen), which is the correct English reading?
A. Copper oxide reacts with hydrogen to produce copper and
31. In a chemistry experiment, we use this instrument to hold and heat substances. Which one is it?
A. Test tube
B. Beaker
C. Erlenmeyer flask
D. Funnel
答案:A。
解析:试管(test tube)可以用于盛放和加热物质。
烧杯 beaker)主要用于盛放液体、配制溶液等,不太用于加热少量物质,所以B错误。
锥形瓶(Erlenmeyer flask)主要用于反应容器,加热不是其主要用途,C错误。
漏斗(funnel)用于过滤或添加液体等,不能用于加热物质,D错误。
32. We need an instrument to measure the volume of a liquid accurately in the chemistry lab. Which is the correct one?
A. Graduated cylinder
B. Pipette
C. Burette
D. All of the above
答案:D。
解析:量筒 Graduated cylinder)、移液管 Pipette)和滴定管 Burette)都可以用于准确测量液体的体积。
33. When we want to transfer a small amount of liquid precisely in a chemistry experiment, we may use this instrument.
A. Dropper
B. Stirring rod
C. Spatula
D. Crucible tongs
答案:A。
解析:滴管(Dropper)可用于精确转移少量液体。
搅拌棒 Stirring rod)用于搅拌,B错误。
药匙 Spatula)用于取用固体药品,C错误。
坩埚钳(Crucible tongs)用于夹取坩埚等高温物品,D错误。
34. This instrument is often used to heat substances to very high temperatures in a chemical reaction.
A. Bunsen burner
B. Alcohol lamp
C. Electric furnace
D. All of the above
答案:D。
解析:本生灯(Bunsen burner)、酒精灯(Alcohol lamp)和电炉 Electric furnace)都可以用于加热物质到较高温度。
35. In a filtration experiment, which instrument is used to separate the solid from the liquid?
A. Filter paper
B. Filter funnel
C. Both A and B
D. Centrifuge
答案:C。
解析:在过滤实验中,滤纸(Filter paper)和漏斗(Filter funnel)一起使用来分离固体和液体。
离心机(Centrifuge)是通过离心力分离物质,不是用于过滤这种常规分离固体和液体的方式,D错误。
36. Which instrument is mainly used to store chemicals in the lab?
A. Reagent bottle
B. Gas cylinder
C. Both A and B
D. Test tube rack
答案:C。
解析:试剂瓶(Reagent bottle)用于储存化学试剂,气瓶(Gas cylinder)用于储存气体,它们都用于储存化学品。
试管架(Test tube rack)是用于放置试管的,不是用于储存化学品,D错误。
37. We use this instrument to mix chemicals thoroughly in a solution.
A. Magnetic stirrer
B. Glass rod
C. Both A and B
D. Mortar and pestle
答案:C。
解析:磁力搅拌器(Magnetic stirrer)和玻璃棒(Glass rod)都可以用于在溶液中充分混合化学物质。
研钵和研杵(Mortar and pestle)主要用于研磨固体物质,D错误。
38. When we need to hold a hot crucible, we should use.
A. Crucible tongs
B. Forceps
C. Tweezers
D. Pliers
答案:A。
解析:坩埚钳 Crucible tongs)专门用于夹取热的坩埚。
镊子(Forceps)和小钳子(Tweezers)主要用于夹取小的固体物品,不是用于夹取坩埚这种高温物品,D钳子(Pliers)主要用于夹取较大的物体或进行一些机械操作,不适用于夹取坩埚。
39. Which instrument is used to measure the mass of a chemical substance?
A. Balance
B. Spring scale
C. Both A and B
D. Thermometer
答案:A。
解析:天平(Balance)用于测量化学物质的质量。
弹簧秤 Spring scale)主要用于测量力的大小,不是用于测量质量,B 错误。
温度计 Thermometer)用于测量温度,D错误。
40. In a distillation experiment, which instrument is used to condense the vapor?
A. Condenser
B. Distillation flask
C. Receiver flask
D. Heating mantle
答案:A。
解析:在蒸馏实验中,冷凝器(Condenser)用于使蒸汽冷凝。
蒸馏烧瓶(Distillation flask)用于进行蒸馏操作的反应容器,B错误。
接收瓶 Receiver flask)用于接收蒸馏后的液体,C错误。
加热
41. The law which states that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed is called _.
A. Law of Definite Proportions
B. Law of Conservation of Mass
C. Law of Multiple Proportions
D. Law of Reciprocal Proportions
答案:B。
解析:“Law of Conservation of Mass”就是质量守恒定律,即在化学反应中,物质既不会被创造也不会被消灭。
选项A“Law of Definite Proportions”是定比定律,描述的是化合物中元素的固定比例关系,与题干表述不符。
选项C“Law of Multiple Proportions”是倍比定律,与题干的物质总量不变的概念不同。
选项D“Law of Reciprocal Proportions”是互比定律,也不符合题干所表达的化学基本定律。
42. Which law is expressed as "When two elements combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other are in a ratio of small whole numbers"?
A. Law of Conservation of Energy
B. Law of Conservation of Mass
C. Law of Multiple Proportions
D. Law of Definite Proportions
答案:C。
解析:“Law of Multiple Proportions”倍比定律的表述为当两种元素结合形成不止一种化合物时,与固定质量的另一种元素结合的一种元素的质量比为小整数比。
选项A“Law of Conservation of Energy”是能量守恒定律,与题干的化学物质比例关系无关。
选项B“Law of Conservation of Mass”是质量守恒定律,不是关于元素组合比例关系的定律。
选项D“Law of Definite Proportions”是定比定律,侧重于化合物中元素比例固定,与题干表述不符。
43. The law that a chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass is _.
A. Law of Multiple Proportions
B. Law of Definite Proportions
C. Law of Conservation of Mass
D. Law of Reciprocal Proportions
答案:B。
解析:“Law of Definite Proportions”定比定律的含义是一种化合物总是按质量包含完全相同比例的元素。
选项A“Law of
Multiple Proportions”是倍比定律,与元素在化合物中的固定比例概念不同。
选项C“Law of Conservation of Mass”是质量守恒定律,强调的是反应前后物质总量不变,并非元素比例固定。
选项D“Law of Reciprocal Proportions”是互比定律,不符合题干描述的化学定律。
44. Which law can be stated as "The ratio of the masses of two elements A and B which combine separately with a fixed mass of a third element C is either the same as or a simple multiple of the ratio of the masses in which A and B combine directly with each other"?
A. Law of Conservation of Mass
B. Law of Definite Proportions
C. Law of Multiple Proportions
D. Law of Reciprocal Proportions
答案:D。
解析:“Law of Reciprocal Proportions”互比定律可以表述为两种元素A和B分别与固定质量的第三种元素C结合的质量比,要么与A和B直接相互结合的质量比相同,要么是其简单倍数。
选项A“Law of Conservation of Mass”是质量守恒定律,与元素间结合比例关系无关。
选项B“Law of Definite Proportions”是定比定律,侧重于化合物内元素比例固定。
选项C“Law of Multiple Proportions”是倍比定律,不符合题干所表述的互比定律内容。
45. The law which is related to the conservation of energy in chemical reactions is _.
A. Law of Conservation of Mass
B. Law of Conservation of Energy
C. Law of Definite Proportions
D. Law of Multiple Proportions
答案:B。
解析:“Law of Conservation of Energy”能量守恒定律是与化学反应中的能量守恒相关的定律。
选项A“Law of Conservation of Mass”是质量守恒定律,关注的是物质质量,而非能量。
选项C“Law of Definite Proportions”是定比定律,与能量没有关系。
选项D“Law of Multiple Proportions”是倍比定律,同样与能量守恒无关。