专业英语

20个短语20个选择10个翻译句子计算题
U1
The project life cycle may be viewed as a process through which a project is implemented from cradle to grave. This process is often very complex; however, it can be decomposed into several stages as indicated by the general outline in Figure 1-1.项目寿命期可以被视为一个从摇篮到坟墓项目实施的过程。

这个过程常常很复杂；但是，它可以按图1-1所示的框架分解为几个阶段
All organizational approaches have advantages and disadvantages, depending on the knowledge of the owner in construction management as well as the type, size and location of the project.所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型，规模和位置
Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize. Because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives or disincentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.总的来说，这些业主有着更多的连他们自己也意识不到的影响建筑业的能力。

因为通过其个人行为，他们对建筑产品的创新、效率以及质量施加着积极或消极的影响。

业主在建筑行业中发挥积极的作用和施加有益的影响，是符合所有参与方的利益的。

U2
Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material
resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.
项目管理是在整个项目周期内，用现代管理技术指导和协调人力和物力，以实现范围、成本、工期、质量和分享成就等预定目标的一门艺术。

Professional construction management refers to a project management team consisting of a professional construction manager another participants who will carry out the tasks of project planning, design and construction in an integrated manner.专业化建设项目管理是指由专业建设项目经理（CM）和其他各方组成的项目管理队伍，这个项目管理队伍负责完成项目的规划、设计和施工等任务的集成与管理
The project management often gains the support of his/her team through a combination of the following:
为了领导项目团队，项目经理应发挥其个人影响力。

项目经理通过运用以下方法来获得团队成员的支持：
Formal authority resulting from an official capacity which is empowered to issue orders. Reward and/or penalty power resulting from his/her capacity to dispense directly or indirectly valued organization rewards or penalties.
Expert power when the project manager is perceived as possessing special knowledge or expertise for the job.
Attractive power because the project manager has a personality or other characteristics to convince others.
通过正式授权而得到发布指令的权力。

根据个人能力对其实施直接或间接组织奖励或惩罚的权力。

当项目经理具备处理某项工作的专业知识和技能时的专家发言权。

项目经理具备的令人信服的人格魅力。

In a matrix organization, the members of the functional departments may be accustomed to a single reporting line in a hierarchical structure, but the project manager coordinates the activities of the team members drawn from functional departments. 在矩阵式组织当中，来自各职能部门的项目成员仍习惯于等级式结构里单线的汇报制度，但是项目经理应当协调这些选自不同职能部门的人员之间的活动
In general, the project manager’s authority must be clearly documented as well as defined, particularly in a matrix organization where the functional division managers often retain certain authority over the personnel temporarily assigned to a project. The following principles should be observed:
因为，职能部门的经理们通常对其部门被暂时分派到项目上的人员仍保持着一定的影响力，所以，应当遵守下面一些规则：
The interface between the project manager and the functional division managers should be kept as simple as possible.
The project manager must gain control over those elements of the project which may overlap with functional division managers.
The project manager should encourage problem solving rather than role playing of team members drawn from various functional divisions.
项目经理与职能部门经理之间的联系应当尽量简单明确。

当项目要素和职能部门发生重叠时，项目经理必须拥有对这些要素的控制权。

面对问题，项目经理必须采取积极解决的态度，而不是消极观望和无所适从。

U3
The labor characteristics include:
现场劳动生产率受许多因素的影响, 它们表现为劳动力的特点、项目作业条件或非生产性的活动。

劳动力的特点包括：
Age, skill and experience of workforce
Leadership and motivation of workforce
劳动力的年龄、技术和经验。

劳动力的领导和激励。

job-site productivity 现场劳动生产率
labor characteristics, 动力的特点
project work conditions 项目作业条件
non-productive activities非生产性的活动
The non-productive activities include among other factors:
Indirect labor required to maintain the progress of the project,
Rework f or correcting unsatisfactory work,
Temporary work s toppage due to inclement weather or material shortage,
Time off for union activities,
Absentee time, including late start and early quits,
Non-working holidays, Strikes.
非生产型活动包括：保持项目进度所要求的间接劳动力，纠正不合格工作而进行的返工，由
恶劣天气或材料短缺引起的暂时性误工，由于工会活动而误工，缺勤，包括迟到和早退，非工作假日，罢工。

a three-point-scale: recognized strength, meets expectations, area needing improvement.三个等级（三分尺度法）：1）优秀2）达到预期3）仍需改进。

A labor productivity index may then be defined as the ratio of the job-site labor productivity under a different set of work conditions to the base labor productivity, and is a measure of the relative labor efficiency of a project under this new set of work conditions.劳动生产率指数可以定义为不同工作条件下现场的劳动生产率和基准劳动生产率的比率，它是对新工作条件下的项目中劳动力相对效率的计量。

The direct labor hours are estimated on the basis of the best possible conditions at a job site by excluding all factors which may reduce the productive labor yield. 直接工时的估算是排除了所有可能减少生产劳动收益的因素，并在作业现场具备最佳条件下估算出来的。

Productive labor yield 生产性劳动收益
In the construction of an off-shore oil drilling platform, the potential labor hours were found to be L =7.5 million hours. Of this total, the non-productive activities expressed in thousand labor hours were as follows:
•A = 417 for holidays and strikes
•B = 1,415 for absentees (i.e. vacation, sick time, etc.)
•C = 1,141 for temporary stoppage (i.e. weather, waiting, union activities, etc.)
•D = 1,431 for indirect labor (i.e. building temporary facilities, cleaning up the site, rework to correct errors, etc.)
Determine the productive labor yield after the above factors are taken into consideration.
1. The percentages of time allocated to various non-productive activities, A, B, C and D are:
2. The total percentage of time X for all non-productive activities is:
3. The productive labor yield, Y, when the given factors for A, B, C and D are considered, is:
As a result, only how many percent of the budgeted labor time was devoted directly to work on the facility?
在建造近海石油钻探平台时，可能工时L=7.5百万小时。

在这个总时数中，以每千工时为单位的非生产性活动为：
1. A= 417，用于公众假期和罢工。

2. B = 1 415，用于缺席（指休假、病假等）。

3. C=1 141，用于临时停工（指气候、待工、工会活动等）。

4. D= 1 431，用于间接劳动（指建临时设施、清理场地、为纠错而返工等等）。

在考虑以上因素之后确定生产劳动收益。

Bulk materials refer to materials in their natural or semi-processed state, such as
earthwork to be excavated, wet concrete mix, etc. which are usually encountered in large quantities in construction. 大宗材料是指在自然状态或半加工状态的材料，例如土方开挖、混凝土湿拌等。

这些材料通常在工程中数量巨大。

Fabricated members such as steel beams and columns for buildings are pre-processed in a shop to simplify the field erection procedures.预制构件（例如大楼的钢梁和柱）是在工场预先加工而成的，以简化现场的安装(架设)程序。

The crane-shovel consists of three major components.
用于开挖的施工机械家族的主要类型是起重式挖掘机，如图3-3所示的各种机器。

起重式挖掘机由三个主要的组成部分：
a carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the machine;
a revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and control units;
a front-end attachment which serves the special functions in an operation.
保证机器移动性和稳定性的托盘或底盘
包含动力和控制单位的旋转平台或转盘
为操作中特殊功能服务的前置附加装置（机械手臂）
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher density in soil mechanically. The basic forces used in compaction are static weight, kneading, impact and vibration. 压实设备的作用就是通过机械使土产生更高的密度。

在压实过程中使用的基本力是静重力、捏合力、冲击力和震动力。

U4：
1.机会成本（简答题）
The opportunity cost reflects the return that can be earned from the best alternative investment opportunity foregone.
机会成本是指从被放弃的最优替代投资机会中所取得的回报。

U5: 选择题较多翻译两句话都是关于国际竞争招标
1.选择题：
(1) The method selected depends on a number of factors including：
A.the type of goods or services being procured
B.the value of the goods or services being procured
C.the potential interest of foreign bidders and even
D.the cost of the procurement process itself.
(2) Prequalification shall be based entirely upon the capability and resources of prospective bidders to perform the particular contract satisfactorily, taking into account their :
A. experience and past performance on similar contracts
B. capabilities with respect to personnel, equipment, and construction or manufacturing facilities,
C. financial position
(3) The Borrower shall examine the bids to ascertain whether the bids:
A. meet the eligibility requirements specified in the Guidelines,
B. have been properly signed,
C. are accompanied by the required securities,
D. are substantially responsive to the bidding documents,
E. and are otherwise generally in order.
(4) The Borrower shall award the contract, within the period of the of bids, to the bidder who meets the appropriate standards of capability and resources and whose bid has been determined: (选下面两个答案)
A. to be substantially responsive to the bidding documents
B. to offer the lowest evaluated cost.
(5) Rejection of all bids is justified when：
A. there is lack of effective competition
B. bids are not substantially responsive.
(6) bid elements in the following equation: Bid = A+B
A. Direct cost estimate
B. Mark-up
(7)The task of the construction company in assembling a bid is influenced by two boundaries:
A. One is the low bid
B. The other is the bid is too high
2.翻译：
Competitive bidding is transparent procurement method in which bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited by openly advertising the scope, specifications, and terms and conditions of the proposed contract as well as the criteria by which the bids will be evaluated.
竞标是一种透明的采购方法，通过公开宣传拟议合同的范围、规格、条款和条件以及评标的标准，邀请竞争承包商、供应商或卖方投标。

The objective of International Competitive Bidding (ICB) is to provide all eligible prospective bidders with timely and adequate notification of a Borrower’s requirements and an equal opportunity to bid for the required goods and works.
国际竞争性招标（简称ICB）的目的在于将借款人的要求及时、充分地1通知给所有合格的、准投标人，并为他们2提供对所需货物和工程进行投标的平等机会。

U8：
1.选择题：
（1）Construction planning it involves：
A. the choice of technology,
B. the definition of work tasks,
C. the estimation of the required resources
D. durations for individual tasks, and
E. the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks.
（2）The scheduling problem is to determine an appropriate set of activity：
A. start time,
B. resource allocations
C. completion times
(3) The choice of a hierarchy depends upon:
A. the desired scheme for summarizing work information
B. on the convenience of the planner
(4) Three mistakes should be avoided in specifying predecessor relationships for construction plans.
A. First, a circle of activity precedence’s will result in an impossible plan.
B. Forgetting a necessary precedence relationship can be more insidious.
C. Finally, it is important to realize that different types of precedence relationships can be defined and that each has different implications for the schedule of activities.
2.翻译：
（解释反向推理）Backward reasoning is a method that starts with a conclusion and reversely verifies every step that leads to that conclusion
反向推理是一种方法，它由结论出发，反向验证引发这一结论的每个步骤
Under what kind of circumstances would we break down the activities into detailed tasks and define them? Why? Please give an example.（在什么样的情况下，我们会把活动分解成具体的任务并加以定义?为什么?请举个例子。

）
It is generally advantageous to introduce an explicit hierarchy of work activities for the purpose of simplifying the presentation and development of a schedule. More formally, a hierarchical approach to work task definition decomposes the work activity into component parts in the form of agree.
为了简化进度计划的开发和表达，通常使用一种有明确等级的工作结构。

用来对工作进行分解的工作任务定义等级结构通常以树状图的形式出现。

cost control 成本控制
schedule control 进度控制
U9(看链接)
选择题
(1). Two simple approaches to dealing with the uncertainty
A.First, the uncertainty inactivity durations may simply be ignored and scheduling done
using the expected or most likely time duration for each activity.
B. A second simple approach：Many managers include a contingency allowance in their
estimate of activity durations.
(2). While this simple approach might be defended, it has two drawbacks.
A.First, the use of expected activity durations typically results in overly optimistic
schedules for completion; a numerical example of this optimism appears below.
B.Second, the use of single activity durations often produces a rigid, inflexible mindset
on the part of schedulers.
(3). The most common formal approach to incorporate uncertainty in the scheduling process is to
apply the critical path scheduling process and then analyze the results from a probabilistic perspective.
(4).While the PERT method has been made widely available, it suffers from three major problems.
A. First, the procedure focuses upon a single critical path, when many paths might become critical due to random fluctuations.
B. As a second problem with the PERT procedure, it is incorrect to assume that most construction activity durations are independent random variables. In practice, durations are correlated with one another.
C. Finally, the difficulty and labor of estimating activity characteristics is multiplied threefold.
（5）
A. Free float
B. Independent float
C. Total float
未归类：The critical path itself represents the set or sequence of predecessor/successor activities which will take the longest time to complete. （关键路径本身代表了一系列前继后续的活动，这些活动将会持续最长的时间）
The duration of the critical path is the sum of the activities' durations along the path.
关键路径的持续时间等于关键线路上全部活动持续时间的总和。

Thus, the critical path can be defined as the longest possible path through the "network" of project, as described before.（因此，关键路径就像之前所说的，被定义为项目活动网络中最长的可能路径。

）
The duration of the critical path represents the minimum time required to complete a project.（关键路径的时间就代表了完成项目所需的最短时间。

）
There may be more than one critical path（有多条关键路径）
With an activity-on-branch network, dummy activities may be introduced for the purposes of providing unique activity designations and maintaining the correct sequence of activities.（在一个双代号网络图中, 虚工作被用来提供特殊的工作安排和保持正确工作间的逻辑关系。

）
A dummy activity一项虚工作 unique designations 特殊名称
no time duration时间被假设为零 will be preserved 被保存下来。

a dashed line一条虚线
The concept of float is to use part or all of this allowable range to schedule an activity without delaying the completion of the project.（时差指的就是在不影响项目完成时间的情况下,某工作可以部分或全部利用的允许机动范围。

）
scheduling flexibility or “maneuvering room"弹性或机动时间
Activities on the critical path do not provide any flexibility for scheduling关键线路上的工作没有时间安排上的灵活性。