爱因斯坦

Einstein, Albertborn March 14, 1879, Ulm, Württemberg, Ger.died April 18, 1955, Princeton, N.J., U.S.German-Swiss-U.S. scientist.Born to a Jewish family in Germany, he grew up in Munich, and his family moved to Switzerland in 1894. He became a junior examiner at the Swiss patent office in 1902 and began producing original theoretical work that laid many of the foundations for 20th-century physics. He received his doctorate from the University of Zürich in 1905, the same year he won international fame with the publication of three articles: one on Brownian motion, demonstrating the existence of molecules; one on the photoelectric effect, in which he demonstrated the particle nature of light; and one on his special theory of relativity, which included his formulation of the equivalence of mass and energy (E = mc2). He held several professorships before becoming director of Berlin's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in 1914. In 1915 he published his general theory of relativity, which was confirmed experimentally during a solar eclipse in 1919 with observations of the deviation of light passing near the Sun. He received a Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect, his work on relativity still being controversial. He made important contributions to quantum field theory, and for decades he sought to discover the mathematical relationship between electromagnetism and gravitation, which he believed would be a first step toward discovering the common laws governing the behaviour of everything in the universe, but such a unified field theory eluded him. His theories of relativity and gravitation represented a profound advance over Newtonian physics and revolutionized scientific and philosophical inquiry. He resigned his position at the Prussian Academy when Adolf Hitler came to power and moved to Princeton, N.J., where he joined the Institute for Advanced Study. Though a longtime pacifist, he was instrumental in persuading Pres. Franklin Roosevelt in 1939 to initiate the Manhattan Project for the production of an atomic bomb, a technology his own theories greatly furthered, though he did not work on the project himself. The most eminent scientist in the world in the postwar years, he declined an offer to become the first prime minister of Israel and became a strong advocate for nuclear disarmament.爱因斯坦 [Einstein, Albert](1879.3.14,德国 符腾堡 乌尔姆～1955.4.18,美国 新泽西州 普林斯顿) 德裔美籍科学家。出生于犹太家庭，在慕尼黑长大，1894年迁居瑞士阿谑小T就读于苏黎世的一所技术学校(1900年毕业)，在这段期间他放了德国公民身份；有多年时间无国籍，1901年才入籍瑞士。1902年爱因斯坦成为瑞士专利局的初级检验员，开始进行独创的理论工作，为20世纪物理学奠定了许多理论基础。1905年获得苏黎世大学博士学位，同年一连发表3篇论文从而赢得国际声誉：一篇论述布朗运动，依据分子运

动的能量来解释；一篇论述光电效应，证实了光的粒子性质；一篇论述他特有的相对论，包括物质的质量与能量的等效性(E=mc2)。他拥有数个教授职位，1913年出任柏林威廉皇帝物理研究所主任。1915年发表了广义相对论，在1919年一次日食中观察太阳近处光的偏离，获得实验上的肯定。1921年因在光电效应方面的工作而获颁诺贝尔物理学奖，而在相对论方面的工作仍有争议。他对量子场论有重要的贡献，几十年来致力于找出电磁作用与万有引力之间的数学关系，他相信这是找到宇宙中统御物体行为之共同定律的第一步，但这样的统一场论并未被研究出来。他在相对论和引力方面的理论远胜过老式的牛顿物理学，对科学和哲学的探讨掀起了一场革命。当A.希特勒掌权时，他辞去普鲁士科学院的职位，迁居美国新泽西州普林斯顿，到高级研究院工作。虽然长期奉行和平主义，却在1939年出面说服F.罗斯福总统启动曼哈顿工程，以制造原子弹。虽然他并没有亲自参与这项工作，他的理论却大大推进了这项技术。1940年爱因斯坦成为美国公民，但仍保有瑞士籍。身为战后世界最赫赫有名的科学家，他拒绝出任以色列第一任总理，而成为倡导核裁军的有影响力的人士。

Albert Einstein was considered the greatest scientist of the 20th century and one of the greatest of all time. His discoveries and theories have greatly influenced science in many fields.

Einstein was born in 1879 in Ulm, a city in Germany. As a boy, he was slow to learn to talk, but later in his childhood he showed great curiosity about nature and ability to solve difficult mathematical problems. After he left school, he went to Switzerland, where he graduated from the university with a degree in mathematics.

In 1905, Einstein began to publish a series of papers which shook the whole scientific and intellectual world, and for the theories he established in the papers he won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.

Because Einstein was Jewish, when Hitler took over Germany in 1933, he had to leave the country and finally settled in the United States. There he continued his study on the structure of the universe until his death in 1955.

Among the several important discoveries Einstein made in his life, the greatest is the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity

艾伯特爱因斯坦被认为是最伟大的科学家第二十世纪的一个伟大的所有时间。他的发现和理论极大地影响科学的许多领域。

爱因斯坦是天生的1879在一个城市，在德国。作为一个男孩，他学说话很慢，但后来在他的童年，他表现出极大的好奇心，性质和能力解决困难的数学问题。当他离开学校，他前往瑞士，在那里他毕业于大学的数学学位。

1905，爱因斯坦开始发表一

系列论文震动了整个科学和知识的世界，以及他的理论建立在他的论文获得了诺贝尔物理学奖1921。

因为爱因斯坦是犹太人的，当希特勒接管了德国在1933，他必须离开国家和最后定居在美国。他继续他的研究结构的宇宙，直到他死在1955。

在一些重要的发现爱因斯坦在他的生命，最大的是创造了著名的相对论



Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of rel

ativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists.Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa L?wenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.


艾伯特爱因斯坦是出世在乌尔姆，Wü在巴登符腾堡州，德国，1879年3月14日。六周后，全家搬到了慕尼黑，在那里他后来开始他的学校在体育馆。后来，他们搬到了意大利和艾伯特继续了他的教育在阿劳，瑞士，1896年他进入瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院接受培训，在物理和数学的老师。1901，那一年他获得了他的学位，他获得瑞士国籍，因为他无法找到的教学后，他接受了在瑞士专利局的技术助理的职位。1905他获得了博士学位。他在专利局期间，他在业余时间，他制作了他的大部分出色的工作，在1908他被任命为编外讲师在伯尔尼。1909他成为教授在苏黎世非凡，在布拉格1911教授的理论物理，回到苏黎世，在接下来的一年，填

补了类似的职位。1914他被任命为柏林大学的威廉皇帝物理研究所的教授和主任。他于1914成为德国公民，在柏林一直住到1933时，他放弃了他的公民政治移居美国的原因和采取的理论物理学教授在普林斯顿的位置。他于1940成为美国公民和1945从他的岗位上退休。在第二次世界大战后，爱因斯坦是全世界的政府运动的领军人物，他为以色列国家的总统，他拒绝了，他与哈伊姆博士魏茨曼在建立耶路撒冷希伯来大学的爱因斯坦总是。似乎有物理和决心来解决他们的问题一个明确的观点。他有自己的策略，是能够可视化的主要阶段，其目标的方式。他认为他的主要成就仅仅作为垫脚石下前进。在开始他的科学工作，爱因斯坦实现了牛顿力学和狭义相对论的不足之处源于试图调和与力学规律的电磁场规律。他对它们合并量子理论的统计力学和经典的问题：这问题LED的分子的布朗运动的一种解释。他研究了光的热性能与低辐射密度和他的观察光的光子理论奠定了基础。在他早期在柏林，爱因斯坦认为狭义相对论的正确解释也必须提供一个引力理论和1916年他发表了他的论文在广义相对论。这一次他也促成了辐射理论和统计力学中的问题。在1920年代，爱因斯坦走上了建设统一场理论，虽然他继续工作，在量子理论的概率解释，他坚持这项工作在美国。他为他的统计力学的发展，单原子气体的量子理论，他也取得了宝贵的工作与原子跃迁几率和相对论宇宙学连接。退役后他继续工作，对物理学的基本概念统一后，采取了相反的做法，geometrisation，对大多数物理学家爱因斯坦。的研究，当然，也记录了他重要的作品包括狭义相对论（1905），相对论（英语翻译，1920和1950），广义相对论（1916），在布朗运动的理论研究（1926），和物理学的进化（1938）。他非科学作品中，“犹太复国主义（1930），为什么战争？（1933），我的哲学（1934），和我的晚年（1950）也许是最重要的。艾伯特爱因斯坦在接受名誉博士学位的科学，许多来自欧洲和美国的大学医学与哲学。在1920年代他曾在欧洲，美国和远东地区，他被授予奖学金或所有领先的科学研究院会员遍及全世界。他在对他工作的认可赢得无数奖项，包括1925的伦敦皇家学会科普利奖章，和富兰克林奖章1935富兰克林。爱因斯坦的礼物必然导致他的住处很孤独、智力，放松，音乐成为了他生活中重要的一部分。他已婚米列娃马里奇在1903和他们有一个女儿和两个儿子；他们的婚姻是溶解在1919和在同一年，他娶了他的表妹，埃尔莎L?wenthal，谁死在1936。他于1955年4月18日在普林斯顿，新泽西。