22版：Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars(步步高)

教材词汇要记牢(1－8册已学词汇)
Ⅰ.阅读单词——我会认
1．solar adj.太阳的；日光的
2．atom n．原子
3．billion pron.& n．& adj.<英>万亿；<美>十亿4．carbon n．碳
5．vapour n．蒸气；水蒸气
6．presence n．出席；到场；存在7．dissolve v t.& v i.溶解；解散
8．acid n．酸
9．reptile n．爬行动物；爬虫
10．mammal n．哺乳动物
11．geologist n．地质学家
12．extinct adj.灭绝的；绝种的
13．comet n．彗星
14．lessen v i.& v t.减少；减轻15．weightlessly ad v.失重地
16．cabin n．小屋；船舱
17．exhaust v t.用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽
Ⅱ.重点单词——我会写
1．system n．系统；体系；制度
2．theory n．学说；理论
3．fundamental adj.基本的；基础的
4．chain n．链子；连锁；锁链
5．multiply v i.& v t.乘；增加
6．oxygen n．氧
7．thus ad v.因此；于是
8．gravity n．万有引力；重力
9．satellite n．卫星；人造卫星
10．gentle adj.温和的；文雅的
11．physicist n．物理学家
12．climate n．气候
13．crash v i.& v t.碰撞；坠落
14．spaceship n．宇宙飞船
15．pull n．& v t.拉(力)；拖；牵引力
16．float v i.& v t.(使)浮动；(使)漂浮n．漂浮物
17．atmosphere n．大气层；气氛
Ⅲ.拓展单词——我会变
1．astronomy n．天文学→astronomer n．天文学家
2．religion n．宗教；宗教信仰→religious adj.宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的
3．globe n．球体；地球仪；地球→global adj.全球性的；全世界的
4．violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence n．暴力→violently ad v.暴力地；猛烈地5．unlike prep.与……不同；不像adj.不同的→like v t.喜欢prep.像→dislike v t.不喜欢；讨厌→likely adj.可能的ad v.很可能
6．harmful adj.有害的→harm n．& v t.伤害→harmless adj.无害的
7．reaction n．反应；回应→react v．反应
8．exist v i.存在；生存→existence n．存在；生存
9．puzzle v t.& v i.(使)迷惑；(使)为难n．谜；难题→puzzled adj.困惑的→puzzling adj.令人困惑的
10．biology n．生物学→biologist n．生物学家→biological adj.生物的；生物学的
Ⅳ.核心短语
1．in time及时；终于；迟早
2．lay eggs下蛋
3．give birth to产生；分娩
4．in one’s turn轮到某人；接着
5．watch out for 密切注意；当心；提防
6．cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋
7．depend on依靠；取决于
8．break out突发；爆发
9．prevent...from阻止；制止
10．block out挡住(光线)
11．now that既然
12．get the hang of熟悉；掌握；理解
增加词汇来助力(9－10册未学词汇)
1．desperate/'despər I t/adj.不顾一切的；绝望的
2．shrink/ʃr Iŋk/v t.& v i.收缩；(使)皱缩；缩短
3．barbecue/'bɑːb I kjuː/n.金属烤架；烧烤野餐
4．limb/l I m/n.肢；翼；分支
5．venom/'venəm/n.毒液；恶意；怨恨
venomous/'venəməs/adj.有毒的；分泌毒液的
anti-venom n．抗毒
6．paralyze/'pærəlaIz/v t.使瘫痪；使麻痹
7．funnel/'fʌnl/n.漏斗
8．snatch/snætʃ/v t.抢走；攫取
9．amongst/ə'mʌŋst/prep.在……中间；在……之中
10．unconscious/ʌn'kɒnʃəs/adj.不省人事的；未发觉的；无意识的
经典句式需悟通
1．It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. 水对于生命的发展会起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。

2．This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop.
这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。

3．But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. 但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。

4．“Oh dear，” I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。

”
5．We watched，amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.
我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。

Ⅰ.阅读单词(每小题1分，共5分)
1．solar adj.太阳的；日光的
2．vapour n．蒸气；水蒸气
3．presence n．出席；到场；存在
4．geologist n．地质学家
5．lessen v i.& v t.减少；减轻
Ⅱ.重点单词(每小题2分，共14分)
6．system n．系统；体系；制度
7．theory n．学说；理论
8．fundamental adj.基本的；基础的
9．multiply v i.& v t.乘；增加
10．gravity n．万有引力；重力
11．climate n．气候
12．pull n．& v t.拉(力)；拖；牵引力
Ⅲ.拓展单词(每小题2分，共16分)
13．astronomy n．天文学→astronomer n．天文学家
14．religion n．宗教；宗教信仰→religious adj.宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的
15．globe n．球体；地球仪；地球→global adj.全球性的；全世界的
16．violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence n．暴力→violently ad v.暴力地；猛烈地17．harmful adj.有害的→harm n．& v t.伤害→harmless adj.无害的
18．reaction n．反应；回应→react v．反应
19．exist v i.存在；生存→existence n．存在；生存
20．puzzle v t.& v i.(使)迷惑；(使)为难n．谜；难题→puzzled adj.困惑的→puzzling adj.令人困惑的
Ⅳ.增加词汇(每小题1分，共5分)
21．desperate adj.不顾一切的；绝望的
22．shrink v t.& v i.收缩；(使)皱缩；缩短
23．paralyze v t.使瘫痪；使麻痹
24．snatch v t.抢走；攫取
25．unconscious adj.不省人事的；未发觉的；无意识的
Ⅴ.核心短语(每小题2分，共20分)
26．in time及时；终于；迟早
27．lay eggs下蛋
28．give birth to产生；分娩
29．in one’s turn轮到某人；接着
30．watch out for密切注意；当心；提防
31．cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋
32．depend on依靠；取决于
33．break out突发；爆发
34．prevent...from阻止；制止
35．now that既然
Ⅰ.单词拼写(根据汉语提示或首字母提示写单词)(每小题2分，共16分)
1．Unlike(不像) his brother，he is talkative and has a sense of humour.
2．Accustomed to the climate(气候) in the countryside，the old couple prefer not to move to the city.
3．If headaches only occur at night，lack of fresh air and oxygen is often the cause. 4．Madame Curie is considered to be the greatest physicist and chemist of all time.
5．Don’t pull(拉) so hard or the handle will come off.
6．He found something floating(漂浮) on the lake，which frightened him.
7．A truck went out of control and crashed into the back of a bus.
8．Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.
Ⅱ.词形变化填空(用括号内所给词的适当形式填空)(每小题2分，共14分)
9．There exist two different theories about how the universe first came into existence.(exist) 10．There is too much violence in the film，so we must cut the violent scenes when it is shown on TV.(violent)
11．Hearing the puzzling question，he felt puzzled and there was a puzzled expression on his face.(puzzle)
12．Now that we are all part of the global(globe) village，everyone becomes a neighbour. 13．His failure to react(react) quickly enough caused the serious crash between the two cars. 14．He often says that he doesn’t believe in any religion but meanwhile he respects others’religious freedom.(religion)
15．Playing computer games will not only do harm to your physical health，but it is also harmful to your mental health.(harm)
Ⅲ.经典句型仿写(每小题2分，共10分)
16．很显然这个小女孩对公众撒谎了。

(obvious；主语从句)
It is obvious that the little girl told a lie to the public.
17．他收集的邮票是我的三倍还不止。

(as...as)
He has collected more than three times as many stamps as I have.
18．既然我们都在这儿，你不妨谈谈你的看法。

(now that)
Now that we are all here，you might as well give us your opinion.
19．这些游客们回到宾馆，又累又困。

(形容词短语作状语)
These travelers returned to the hotel，tired and sleepy.
20．这个女孩懂三门外语，这使她更容易找到一份好工作。

(make＋复合宾语)
The girl knows three foreign languages，which makes it easier for her to find a good job.
Ⅰ.课文语法填空——复习本单元Reading部分
The earth was just 1.a cloud of dust after the “Big Bang”．The earth exploded 2.loudly(loud) with fire and rock.They were in time to produce many things，which were 3.to make(make) the earth’s atmosphere.As the earth cooled down，water began to appear on its surface.It allowed the earth to dissolve 4.harmful(harm) gases.Then life began to develop.
Small plants multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen.This encouraged the 5.development(develop) of early shellfish and nd animals such as insects，reptiles and dinosaurs 6.appeared(appear) after green plants appeared.Small clever animals spread all over the earth.They 7.are putting(put) too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,8.which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.9.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can 10.be solved(solve)．
Ⅱ.课文选词填空——复习本单元Using Language部分
amaze，gravity，lessen，cheer up，now that，take off
Last month I paid a visit to the moon with my friend.Before we left，I was told the force of 1.gravity would change three times on our journey.Then we 2.took off.As we left the earth，I became very heavy.Gradually the weight 3.lessened.When I was in space，it disappeared.We floated weightlessly around in the cabin and I 4.cheered up.When I was on the moon，I was surprised to find even walking needed a bit of practice 5.now that gravity had changed.The return to the earth was very frightening.We were 6.amazed to watch fire break out on the outside of the ship.
提示：题干中加底纹词汇为本单元词汇
harmful adj.有害的；造成损害的
先练基础——单句语法填空
(1)These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful(harm) chemicals in groundwater.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
(2)These days，breaking traffic rules and littering are common，causing/doing serious harm to life and the environment.
•be harmful to对……有害
•harm n．& v t.伤害；损害
do harm to sb./sth.(＝do sb./sth.harm)对……有害
cause harm to sb.伤害某人
There is no harm in doing...做……无害处。

•harmless adj.无害的；无恶意的
再提能力——完美写作·句型转换/一句多译·背诵
(3)They don’t usually employ untrained workers，but it doesn’t do any harm to try your fortune. →They don’t usually employ untrained workers，but there’s no harm in trying your fortune.
(4)众所周知，吃太多垃圾食品对我们的健康有害。

①What is known to us is that eating too much junk food is harmful to our health.(harmful)
②What is known to us is that eating too much junk food does harm to our health.(harm)
exist vi.存在；生存
先练基础——单句语法填空
(1)Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence(exist)．
(2)You can’t imagine what difficulty they have existing on the money he is earning.
(3)The parking place for bikes was an existing(exist) problem for a long time in our school. •exist on靠……为生
exist in存在于……中
There exists/existed...某地有……；存在……
•existence n．存在；生存
come into existence产生；成立；开始存在
in existence存在
•existing adj.(仅用于名词前)目前的，现存的
再提能力——完美写作·单句写作·背诵
(4)众所周知，年轻人和老年人之间存在代沟。

As is known to us all，there exists a generation gap between the young and the old.
用法点拨exist只用作不及物动词，因此没有被动语态，且通常不用于进行时。

puzzle vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)困惑；(使)为难n.谜；难题
先练基础——单句语法填空
(1)When the biologist was asked such a puzzling question，he stood there with a puzzled look on his face.(puzzle)
(2)She lost heart since she failed the violent debate，because her future was puzzling(puzzle)．
(3)People have long puzzled over/about how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.
•puzzle over/about苦思冥想；绞尽脑汁
•a puzzle to sb.一件让某人感到困惑的事情
•puzzled adj.困惑的；感到迷惑的
be puzzled about对……迷惑不解
•puzzling adj.令人迷惑的
再提能力——完美写作·一句多译·背诵
(4)消防员对这场火灾的起因困惑不解。

①The cause of the fire was a puzzle to the firemen.(puzzle n．)
②The firemen were puzzled about the cause of the fire.(puzzled adj.)
③What puzzled the firemen was the cause of the fire.(puzzle v．；主语从句)
用法点拨过去分词形式的形容词，如puzzled，confused，frightened，excited，surprised等，除了可以用来描述人的心理活动以外，还可以用来修饰与人有关的一些名词，如look，voice，smile，expression，face等。

in time及时；终于；迟早
先练基础——单句语法填空
(1)As a proverb goes，“Where there’s a will，there’s a way.” Our efforts will pay off in time.
(2)At one time，I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be free from them.
(3)Luckily，the young couple gave birth to a healthy baby and everything returned to normal in no time.
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ in time (for/to do )及时(做……)on time 准时；按时 ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧
in no time 立即，马上at no time 决不(置于句首时，句子用部分倒装) ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ at a time 一次at one time 曾经；一度
at times 有时
take one ’s time 别着急，慢慢来
再提能力——完美写作·句式升级·背诵
(4)In my view ，you should at no time lose heart whenever you are in trouble.
In my view ，at no time should you lose heart whenever you are in trouble.(用倒装句改写)
in one ’s turn 轮到某人；接着
先练基础——单句语法填空
(1)The parents have devoted themselves to bringing up their children and now it is time for the children ，in their turn ，to show their devotion to their parents.
(2)At the meeting they took turns to put(put) forward a number of suggestions aiming to promote the reform of education system.
in turn 依次，轮流；相应地；反过来
by turns 轮流；交替地
take turns to do sth.轮流做某事
It is one ’s turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事
It turns/turned out that...结果是……
再提能力——完美写作·单句写作·背诵
(3)让我们轮流来开车吧，不然你会很累的。

Let ’s take turns to drive the car ，or you ’ll be tired./Let ’s drive the car by turns ，or you ’ll be tired.
(4)这位年轻的物理学家竟然是这位老人的儿子。

It turned out that this young physicist was none other than the old man ’s son.
用法点拨 by turns 是“交替地；轮流”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行；如果表示“按顺序”则应该用in turn 。

cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋
先练基础——单句语法填空
(1)Cheer Mary up，and things will work out for the best.
(2)Cathy didn’t expect any award but was still there to cheer on her friends and praise their accomplishments.
•cheer sb.up使某人高兴；使某人振作起来
cheer (sb.) on为(某人)加油
•Cheers！(口语)干杯！(用于祝酒)
•cheerful adj.高兴的；快乐的
再提能力——完美写作·词汇升级·背诵
(3)(普通表达)When I’m feeling depressed，my mother always tells me funny stories to make me happy.
(高级表达)When I’m feeling depressed，my mother always tells me funny stories to cheer me up.
it作形式宾语
This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop.这产生了一个连锁反应，使得生命的发展成为可能。

先练基础——单句语法填空
(1)She made it clear to me that she should make her effort to prevent the school violence from happening again.
(2)People in the west make it a rule to buy(buy) Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
(3)He is stubborn，which makes it no use quarrelling(quarrel) with him about it.
当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词或宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。

再提能力——完美写作·完成句子/单句写作·背诵
(4)我详细地解释了这个过程的每一步，这让他们理解如何泡茶成为可能。

(2018·北京，书面表达)
I explained every step of the process in detail，which made it possible for them to understand how to make tea.
(5)然后我特意参加了那些会议，并尽我所能地学习。

I then made it a point to attend those meetings and learnt/learned all I could.
用法点拨常用于这种句型的动词还有：think，consider，find，feel等。

倍数表达法
...I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.……我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。

先练基础——单句语法填空
(1)There are five times as many books in our library as in yours.
(2)The price of the coat is three times what I have paid for mine.
倍数的表达方式：
•A＋be＋倍数＋as＋adj./ad v.原级＋as B
•A＋be＋倍数＋adj./ad v.比较级＋than B
•A＋be＋倍数＋the＋名词(size/weight/length...)＋of B
•A＋倍数＋what从句，表示“A是……的多少倍”。

再提能力——完美写作·一句多译·背诵
(3)据我所知，这个城市是那个城市的三倍大。

①As far as I know，the city is three times as large as that one.(as...as)
②As far as I know，the city is three times larger than that one.(than)
③As far as I know，the city is three times the size of that one.(the＋n.＋of)
用法点拨在表示“两倍”时要用double或twice，三倍或三倍以上要用“基数词＋times”。

倍数有时也可以用分数、百分数或half等来替换。

提示：题干中加底纹词汇为上单元词汇
Ⅰ.熟词生义练——清除阅读障碍
1．We need to create a climate in which business can prosper.n.环境气氛
2．The lady hadn’t chained her dog，thus getting it killed on the main road.v t.用锁链拴住
Ⅱ.核心知识强化练——巩固语言知识
1．It is your turn to account for your unbelievable manner in his wedding.
2．I do hope she can cheer up and accept the challenge of life bravely!
3．Class Three should be responsible for raising the red flag this week in its turn. 4．Sometimes he found it very hard to fall asleep at night，so he went to see the doctor.
5．Her puzzled(puzzle) look on her face suggested she didn’t understand what I had said. 6．The Temple of Heaven is a very large park，more than twice the size of the Forbidden City. 7．We reached the top of Mount Tai，just in time to enjoy(enjoy) the rising sun.
8.On the contrary，your rude manner does harm to the relationship between you two.
9．You have much experience in voluntary work so that I find it a good idea for you to apply(apply) for the position.
10．As is known to us，the People’s Republic of China came into existence(exist) as an independent country in 1949.
Ⅲ.写作增分练——提升语用能力
1．这次台风太猛烈了以至于损坏了许多小汽车、树木甚至房子。

(violent)
The typhoon was so violent that it destroyed many cars，trees and even houses.
2．火灾没有造成太大破坏，因为消防员及时赶到了。

(in time)
The fire did not cause too much damage，because the firefighters arrived in time.
3．大部分证据都被毁了。

因此，要证明这种药有害是不可能的。

(harmful)
Most of the evidence is destroyed.Thus，it’s impossible to prove that the drug is harmful.
4．我记得我向你清楚地表示过我不会来。

(make＋宾语＋宾补)
I remember I made it quite clear to you that I was not coming.
5．他相信和中国建立更加良好的关系对这一地区的繁荣发展至关重要。

(fundamental)
He believes better relations with China are fundamental to the prosperity of the area.
请先从表格中选用本单元所学词汇完成下列短文，然后核对答案并背诵该短文。

(文中加波浪线的句子为本单元的语法项目：主语从句)
theory，atmosphere，in time，harmful
It is a fact that each religion and culture has its own ideas about how life began on earth.However，there is a widely accepted 1.theory telling us that the universe began with a “Big Bang”．After the “Big Bang”，the earth was just a cloud of dust.It took a long time before the dust settled into a solid globe.It was not clear whether the shape would last or not.Then the solid globe exploded with fire and rock which were 2.in time to produce carbon dioxide，nitrogen，water vapour and other gases.All of them made the earth’s 3.atmosphere.As the earth cooled down，water began to appear，which allowed the earth to dissolve 4.harmful gases.As a result，life began to develop.
练基础——用适当的连接词填空
1．What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation.
2．Which kind of food is the best is still not certain.
3．It is a shame that you have to leave so soon.
技巧一点通
引导主语从句的连接词有that，whether，who，what，which等，连接副词有when，where，
how，why等。

有时为保持句子平衡，可用it作形式主语。

提能力——微写作
根据汉语提示并运用以上语法用英语写一段话
在途中，鼓舞大家的是，虽然有些学生落后了，但他们一直跑到终点线。

从这次活动中，我们认识到锻炼身体是非常重要的。

此外，我们还学到了更多关于“坚持才能成功”的知识。

On the way，what inspired everyone was that although some students fell behind，they kept running until the finishing line.From this activity，we have realized that it is of great importance that we should build up our body. Plus，what we have also learned is more about “persistence leads to success”．。