江苏专用2019高考英语二轮培优复习 专题四 任务型阅读 第三讲 信息概括题习题.doc

第三讲 │ 信息概括题
这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。

此类题目主要分为两种类型：
(1)总结性词汇。

设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。

解题关键⎩
⎨⎧①寻找文章或段落的主旨句①根据问题查找定位信息，找共性的东西 (2)归纳词。

有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。

这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域进行认真地分析归纳。

解题关键⎩⎨⎧①概括性（在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息）
①针对性（量体裁衣，大小适度）①醒目性（简洁）
[注意] 信息概括题有时必须结合表格本身才能正确解答。

[典例1] (2017·江苏高考)Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore ，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub -replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too ，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)________of population.
分析 第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。

第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub -replacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too ，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of
work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。

size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。

第三步：确定答案为size/scale。

[典例2](2017·江苏高考)In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
Leaving aside the birth rate issue，India’s economy may take off when the country achieves (78)________of educational opportunity.
分析：第一步：根据题干中的“India’s economy”以及“educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。

第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。

第三步：确定答案为equality。

[知识链接1]信息概括常用词
1.原因与结果：reason (for)，result；cause (of)，consequence
2.异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity; advantage，disadvantage
3.功能：function
4.观点与态度：opinion，view (on/about)，viewpoint，idea; attitude (to/towards)
5.评论与评价：comment (on)，remark (on/upon)，assessment
6.方式与方法：means，way，method (of); solution，approach (to doing sth)；(take) measures (to do sth)
7.目的：purpose，aim，goal
8.积极与消极：positive，negative
9.建议：advice，suggestion，tip
10.概括与总结：summary，conclusion
11.特点：feature，characteristic
12.种类：kind，type，category，class
13.精神上与身体上：mentally，physically
14.影响：influence，impact，effect (on)
15.情形，状况：situation，condition
16.方面与项目条款：aspect，item
17.材料：materials
18.知识与消息：knowledge，information
19.日程计划：schedule，agenda
20.百分比：percentage
21.性别：sex
22.年龄：age
23.(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar
24.个人，个人的：individual
25.细节：description，detail
26.文化：culture
27.责任：(take) responsibility
28.贡献：(make) contributions (to)
29.重要：value，importance，significance
30.比较：contrast，comparison
31.时期：period，time
32.存在：existence，exist
33.人口：population
34.天气与气候：weather，climate
35.位置：location
36.主题：theme
37.背景：setting，background
38.情节：plot
39.高潮：climax
40.反对者与支持者：opponent，supporter [知识链接2]同义替换常考词汇
A
(2018·苏北四市高三第一次调研)
Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque.If you bought something，you owned it.If you broke it，you fixed it.If you no longer wanted it，you sold it or threw it away.Some firms found ways of squeezing out more profit in the after-sale services，using authorized repair shops，and strategies such as selling cheap printers and expensive ink，which，however，did not challenge the nature of ownership.
In the digital age ownership has become more ambiguous.Since the arrival of smart phones，consumers are forced to accept that they do not control the
software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it.But as more digital devices are springing up，who owns and who controls which objects is becoming a problem.Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat.
Needless to say，manufacturers seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright，ensure that their machines do not malfunction (发生故障)，maintain environmental standards and prevent hacking.Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owners’ benefit.When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month，Tesla，a start-up for electric vehicles，remotely upgraded the software controlling the batteries of some models to give owners more range to escape the storm.
The more digital strings(数字串) are attached to goods，the more the balance of control tilts(倾斜) towards producers and away from owners.Already this has given rise to controversy (争议) over owners’ property rights.Items from smart phones to washing machines have become increasingly hard to fix，meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repaired.Privacy is also at ers were alarmed when it came out that iRobot，a robotic vacuum cleaner，not only cleans the floor but creates a digital map of the home’s interior that can then be sold to advertisers though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so. Such issues should remind people how desperately they ought to protect their property rights.In America this idea has already taken root in the “right to repair” movement.In France appliance-makers must tell buyers how long a device is likely to last—a sign of how repairable it is.Regulators should encourage competition by，for instance，insisting that independent repair shops have the same access to product information，spare parts and repair tools as manufacturer-owned ones.
Ownership is not about to go away，but its meaning is changing.Devices，by and large，are sold on the basis that they empower (授权) people to do what
they want.To the extent they are controlled by somebody else，that freedom is compromised.
答案 1.challenged[根据第一段最后一句中的challenge可知答案。

]
2.clear/definite/certain[第二段首句中的ambiguous 意为模糊的，也就是不清楚、不明确的意思，此处填其反义词。

]
3.threatened[第二段末句“Buyers should be aware that some of their basic property rights are under threat.”中的under threat 意为处于威胁之中，被威胁。

改变形式即可。

]
4.issues[在讨论所有权问题的争议。

第五段有such issues 的出现。

]
5.restrictions[第三段首句“Needless to say，manufacturers seeking to restrict...”的restrict改变形式即可。

]
6.favour/interest[第三段中间“Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owner’s benefit.”中的for one’s benefit＝in one’s favor/interest。

]
7.tends[第四段首句“...the more the balance of control tilts towards producers and away from owners.”中的tilt towards意为tend to倾向于，往往。

]
8.light[第四段末句“Users were alarmed when it came out that...”中的come out＝come to light。

]
9.taken[固定搭配take action。

]
promised/damaged[第六段末句“...that freedom is compromised”中的原词重现。

]
B
(2018·通、扬、泰、淮高三三模)
We all need to feel understood，recognized and affirmed(证实)by our friends，family and romantic partners.We all need to find our tribe.
Research has shown that among the benefits that come with being in a relationship or group，feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning.When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter，you believe you matter，too.
Though we all share a need to belong，in the first decades of the 20th century，many influential psychologists and physicians did not acknowledge this fundamental aspect of human nature.The idea that children needed parental love and care to live a full and meaningful life was not only considered medically dangerous，but it was dismissed as immoral and disgusting.
As behavioural psychology came into fashion and academic psychologists turned their attention to child-raising，this view shifted and they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life.They discovered that people，whatever their age，needed more than food and shelter to live full and healthy lives.
But，sadly，many of us lack close ties.At a time when we are more connected digitally than ever before，rates of social isolation(孤立)are rising.The results of an Age UK poll published recently suggest that half a million people over the age of 60 usually spend each day alone，and it’s not unusual for another half a million people to go five or six days without seeing or speaking to someone.
All these figures reveal more than a rise in loneliness—they reveal a lack of meaning in people’s lives.In surveys，we list our close relationships as our most important sources of meaning.Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.
While close relationships are critical for living a meaningful life，they are not the only important social bonds we need to cultivate(培养).Psychologists have also discovered the value of small moments of intimacy(亲昵行为).“High-quality connections”，as one researcher calls them，are positive，short-term interactions between two people when a couple holds hands on a walk or when two strangers have an empathetic(移情作用的)conversation on a plane.High-quality connections have the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances，colleagues and strangers.
We can’t control whether someone will make a high-quality connection with us，but we can all choose to start one.We can say hello to a stranger on the street rather than look away.We can choose to value people rather than devalue
them.We can invite people to belong.
【语篇解读】本文是说明文。

每个人都想在团体中有归属感，为此我们应该主动建立高质量的社会纽带。

1.sense/feeling[根据第一段中的“We all need to find our tribe.”和第二段中的“...in a relationship or group，feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning”可知，每个人都想在团体中有归属感。

a sense/feeling of belonging “归属感”。

]
2.influenced/affected/shaped/determined/decided[根据第二段中的“When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter，you believe you matter，too.”可知，人的自尊受其他人观点的影响，所以空格处用influenced/affected/shaped/determined/decided。

]
3.attitudes[根据第三段中的“The idea that children needed...as immoral and disgusting.”和第四段中的“...this view shifted”可知，该部分的主题是人们对归属感态度(attitudes)的改变。

]
4.denied[根据第三段中的“Though we all share a need...aspect of human nature.”可知，20世纪初期的很多专家否认(denied)人们需要归属感。

]
5.attachment/love/care[根据第四段中的“...they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life...to live full and healthy lives.”可知，专家后来意识到人们需要依恋或关爱(attachment/love/care)来享受充实、健康的生活。

]
cking[第五段中的“But，sadly，many of us lack close ties.”是第五、六段论述的要点。

再结合右栏的内容可知，该部分谈及缺乏(lacking)亲密关系的后果。

]
7.lonely/isolated/alone[根据第五段中的内容可知，很多人与世隔绝，感到孤独寂寞(lonely/isolated/alone)。

]
8.meaning[根据第六段中的“we list our close relationships as...are less meaningful.”可知，缺乏亲密关系的人觉得生活的意义(meaning)更小。

]
9.difference[根据第七段中的“‘High-quality connections，’as one researcher calls them...and strangers.”可知，高质量的社会纽带在帮助人们满足归属需求方面有重大意义。

make a difference “有(重要)作用，有影响，有关系”。

]
10.start/offer/try/attempt[根据最后一段中的“We can’t control...to start one”可知，人们应该主动开始/提出/尝试(start/offer/try/attempt)建立高质量的社会纽带。

]
A
(2018·南京市高三三模)
What can we learn from Amish people?
Many people think of the Amish as living without.These devout communities，predominantly located in Pennsylvania，Ohio and Indiana，go without cars，TVs，computers，phones or even the electricity needed to run so much of 21st century gadgetry.But what researchers who have studied them have found is
what the Amish have a surplus of: good health in late life.The average American life expectancy is currently just under 79 years.Back in 1，900，it was only 47，but for early-20th century Amish it was already greater than 70.Over the decades，most Americans have caught up in overall life expectancy，but the Amish still have a significant edge in late-life health，with lower rates of cancer，cardiovascular disease，diabetes and more.So how do they do it?
Start with lifestyle.Amish communities are agrarian，with no modern farm equipment，meaning all the work has to be done by hand.In 2004，the American College of Sports Medicine fitted Amish volunteers with pedometers to determine how much physical activity they performed.The results were dramatic.Amish men took 18，425 steps a day and women 14，196 steps，compared with non-Amish people who are encouraged by doctors to shoot for at least 10，000 steps—and typically fail.Including other forms of manual labor—lifting，chopping，sowing，planting—the Amish are six times as active as a random sample of people from 12 countries.
One result of this is that only 4% of Amish people are obese，compared with 36.5% of the overall US population.Amish children are about one-third as likely as non-Amish to be obese，according to a 2012 study in PLOS One.This means 50% lower rates of Type 2 diabetes.
The near absence of tobacco in the Amish community—some men do smoke cigars—results in a 63% lower rate of tobacco-related cancers，according to a 2004 study of Ohio’s Amish population.The Amish also had rates of all cancers that were 40% lower than the rest of the Ohio population.
Cardiovascular disease is one area in which the Amish don’t have an edge，with blood-pressure and heart-disease rates slightly higher than those of other populations.Some of this might be attributed to the Amish diet，which is heavy on pancakes，eggs and sausage for breakfast，and meat，potatoes，gravy and bread for dinner.Working the farm can burn off those calories，but all the fat and salt and carbs still have a bad effect.
The most powerful weapon in the Amish long-life arsenal，however，may be genes.The Amish population in the US is about 318，000，descended from just 200 families that immigrated in the 1，700s.They mostly marry within their own communities，which means the genes that existed when their ancestors got to America have remained.That can be a dangerous thing if bad genes are hidden in the mix but a good thing if the genes are sound.While no community is without genetic problems，the Amish seem to have gotten a lucky draw.
In a study released last November，researchers announced the discovery of a gene in an Amish community that seemed to be associated with an average life span 10% longer than that of people without the gene.
While much of the Amish advantage is unique to the Anish themselves，there is one long-life lesson on they can teach everyone else.Almost all elderly people in the Amish community are cared for at home，by relatives.This isn’t always realistic or possible in the non-Amish world，but when it is，it plays huger health dividends than medicine does.
答案 1.survived/outlived[根据第一段可以判断出，Amish人的寿命比美国人要长，用survived/outlived。

]
2.old/aging[根据第一段中的good health in late life可知，Amish人年老的时候健康状况比较好。

]
3.favor/favour/interest(s)[对Amish有利的一些因素，应该是factors in one’s favor。

]
4.farm/work/labor/labour[根据第二段all the work has to be done by hand可知。

]
5.physically[根据第二段第三行much physical activity可知，应该是physically active。

]
6.ensure/guarantee[这个单词是对第三段的总结概括，various forms of manual labor 确保他们肥胖率比较低。

]
7.Little/Less[第四段第一句，the near absence of tobacco 与less和little 是属于否定层面的同义替换。

]
8.keep[第六段整段的内容都在讲Amish只在内部通婚，所以用这种方式保持基因的纯正，keep sth pure。

]
9.containing[根据第五段描述Amish的饮食可知，Amish的饮食包含的脂肪和盐比较多，用contain。

]
10.above/beyond[家庭之间的友爱超过了药物的治疗作用，超过用go beyond above。

]
B
(2018·高考押题卷)There’s this famous quote that can spark an interest to challenge yourself within you: “If something that you’re doing doesn’t challenge you，then it doesn’t change you.”
Of course，since every one of us has room for improvement，this can also mean if you don’t change yourself，then you can’t be responsible for changing your situation in life.You can never see any improvement in your life if you stick to your comfort zone.We all need a healthy dose of normal stress in our lives，after all.We can only see what we’re really capable of if we make the effort to go over our pre-conceived limits.Don’t limit the challenges you encounter in life—challenge the limits that your “lizard brain” crafted instead：
Figure out what you’re scared of and do it for one week consistently.
If you’re in sales，and you’re scared of talking to people personally or over the phone，then you have a problem.You can’t just relate with your clients online，can you? Now，instead of crippling in fear and automatically thinking you’ll fail，spend at least five minutes a day to pick up the phone and make a call to a prospect(前途).Yes，it’s scary.Yes，you may embarrass yourself.And yes，someone may hang up on you.But don’t stop on the first try just yet! You’ll get the hang of it eventually.After a while，you can look at fear in the eyes and say，“Go on，I’m not scared！”
Take a class for a hobby you’ve been wanting to pursue.
Make sure this hobby is not linked to your career; you have to relax and de-stress while performing this.Some examples might be cooking，sewing，painting and graphic designing online.
Aside from helping you challenge yourself now，taking a class for your hobby can also give you extra income if you learn how to monetize it.(You get plus points if you take the class with a loved one.This way，you combine bonding，boosting your income and challenging yourself.)
Attend one career-related seminar a month.
Don’t settle for your current job position.Aim high in your career.Of course，with that aim，include in your action，too.Book conferences that are relevant to the industry of your profession.There，absorb the lesson.Ask sensible questions.And don’t forget to connect with the attendees and the keynote speakers.Sometimes，“It’s not what you know，it’s who you know，” may be a reality.
Dedicate at least nine minutes a day for physical exercise.
You don’t need to go to the gym，you know.A simple 9-minute run around your neighborhood or an intense dance routine done in your living-room can do wonders for yourself.Aside from the obvious reason that exercise can help you maintain your regular weight or shed those unnecessary pounds，it can also aid in making you feel better about yourself by releasing endorphins(内咖肽). Travel and allow yourself to be interested in new people.
We’re not talking about the expensive kind of travelling here.Something cost-effective like going to your local museum or visiting the resort in the next city can all count as travelling! Here，don’t just limit yourself to your fellow travelers—try to connect with the service staff，like the lifeguard，or the receptionist，or the tour guide.You never know what kind of people they’re going to be.Get out of your house or go online right now to book your class.
Start now and learn to challenge yourself from time to time.We all need a little push once in a while.
【语篇解读】文章主要讲述了改变生活中的一些做法来挑战自己。

1.must/necessity/requirement[根据文中第二段中的“We all need a healthy dose of normal stress in our lives，after all.”可知答案。

]
2.where[根据文中第二段中的“We can only see what we’re really capable of if we make the effort to go over our pre-conceived limits.”可知答案。

]
3.embarrassment[根据文中第三段中的“Yes，you may embarrass yourself”可知答案。

]
4.bound/supposed[依据文中第四段中的“Make sure this hobby is not linked to your career，you have to relax and de-stress while performing this”可知答案。

]
bination[依据文中第五段中的“This way，you combine bonding，boosting your income and challenging yourself.”可知答案。

]
6.content/satisfied/happy/pleased[依据文中第六段的“Don’t settle for your current job position.Aim high in your career.Of course，with that aim，include in your action，too.”可知答案。

]
7.Interpersonal[依据文中第六段中的“Sometimes，‘It’s not what you know，it’s who you know.’may be a reality.”可知答案。

]
8.mental[依据文中第七段中的“Aside from the obvious reason that...by releasing endorphins (内咖肽)”可知答案。

]
9.economical[依据文中第八段中的“Something cost-effective like...as travelling”可知答案。

]
10.difference[依据文章最后一段可知，时不时地推一把对我们挑战自己意义重大。

]
A
How to Be Wiser?
Wisdom is something that’s hard to define and yet somehow we know it when we see it.The wise people can be thoughtful and self-reflective.They can recognize the limits of their own knowledge，consider alternative perspectives，and remember that the world is always changing.The wise people tolerate uncertainty and remain optimistic that even tricky problems do have solutions.They can judge what is true or right.
Wisdom isn’t an innate quality—we can be wise and unwise in different situations.Igor Grossman of the University of Waterloo in Canada found that some people appeared to be wise in one situation，but not in another.So why are there differences in different situations? People were wiser when they were with their friends.It made them more likely to have the bigger picture，to think of other perspectives and to recognize the limits of their own knowledge.When people were alone they seemed to get so involved in a situation that they didn’t
even think about alternatives.This means wisdom might be more common than we think.
Some people still displayed more wisdom than others and some were more foolish，but not across every situation.This provides hope.If we can be wise sometimes，maybe we can learn to be wise more often.The question is how to do it.For Cornell University psychologist Robert Sternberg，wisdom is all about balance.Following Sternberg’s model，what you need to do is to remember to work out what all the different interests are in a given dilemma，both in the short and long term and to pay attention to the changing environment and how it might be shaped.Talking about yourself with another person can help.In a kind of school of wisdom，Grossman has experimented with different strategies in the lab.People were taught to take a different perspective by imagining they were taking a bird’s-eye-view of the situation.The idea is to try to distance yourself from the immediate experience.So when I have a dilemma，I should be asking what others would do?
So can you set out to be wise? Yes，but there are lots of factors to remember.You need to take into account that people will have different goals，priorities and responses to your own.If you can juggle all that，you probably are showing wisdom.But the complexity shouldn’t stop us from trying.As Grossman told me，“It’s not that you suddenly become the next Buddha，but you do become a little bit wiser.”
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。

论述了如何成为一个智者。

1.Features/Characteristics/Qualities[根据右栏中的内容可知该空应该填智者的特点/品格。

]
2.knowledge/understanding/recognition[根据第一段第三句“They can recognize the limits of...”可知。

]
3.uncertain/ambiguous[根据第一段第四句“The wise people tolerate uncertainty...”可知。

]
4.judgment/judgement[根据第一段最后一句“They can judge what is true or right.”可知。

]
5.thoughtful[根据第二段第五句“It made them more likely to have the bigger picture，to think of other perspectives...”可知。

]
6.alone[根据第二段倒数第二句“When people were alone they seemed to get so involved in a situation that they didn’t even think about alternatives.”可知。

]
7.interests[根据第三段第六句“...to remember to work out what all the different interests are in a given dilemma...”可知。

]
8.distance[根据第三段倒数第二句“The idea is to try to distance yourself from the immediate experience.”可知。

]
9.allow[根据第四段第三句“You need to take into account that people will
have different goals，priorities and responses to your own.”可知。

]
plex/Complicated[根据第四段倒数第二句“But the complexity shouldn’t stop us from trying.”可知。

]
B
(2018·高考押题卷)
Let’s face it.We all fail.
As we go through life we have relationships that don’t work out，jobs that just aren’t right，exams that we flunk，initiatives that don’t succeed.The more new things we try，the more failures we are likely to have.In fact，the only way to avoid failure is to do nothing new.
The important thing is how we deal with failure.It can be part of a downward slide in which lack of confidence reinforces feelings of inadequacy and incompetence.But experiencing failure can be a learning experience and an opportunity for a fresh start.A good way to begin this process is by asking yourself some tough questions.
1.What can I learn from this?
Take responsibility for what went wrong.OK，so it was not all your fault—but some of it was.Successful people don’t make excuses or blame others.They take ownership of the issues.Be critical but constructive.Try to look at the experience objectively.Make a list of the key things that happened.Analyze the list step-by-step and look for the learning points.
2.What could I have done differently?
What other options did you have? What choices did you make? How could you have handled it differently? With the benefit of hindsight，what different steps would you have taken?
3.Do I need to acquire or improve some skills?
Did the problem reveal some lack of skill on your part? How could you learn or improve those skills? Perhaps there are books or courses or people you could turn to.Make a self-development plan to acquire the skills and experiences you need.
4.Who can I learn from?
Is there someone to whom you can turn to for advice? Did a boss，colleague or a friend see what happened? If they are constructive and supportive then ask them for some feedback and guidance.Most people do not ask for help because they believe it to be a sign of weakness rather than strength.It’s not.It shows that you are ready to learn and change.Any good friend will be happy to help.
5.What will I do next?
Now draw up an action plan.Will you try something similar or something different? Revisit your goals and objectives.This reversal has been a setback on your journey but think of it as a diversion rather than a halt.You can now reset your sights on your destination and plan a new course.
If you read the life stories of successful people—especially inventors，explorers，scientists or statesmen—you will find that their early careers are littered with failures.Walt Disney，Thomas Edison and Henry Ford are typical examples.Abraham Lincoln，suffered many defeats in his career in politics including losing the nomination for vice president in 1856 and his second run at being a U.S.Senator in 1858，two years later he was elected president.
The important point is to use your setbacks as learning experiences and make them stepping stones to future success.There are always positives you can take from every episode in your life.Asking yourself these five questions can help find them.
【语篇解读】文章主要讲述了生活中人人都有失败，不如坦然面对。

1.unsmooth/unhappy[依据文章第二段中的“As we go through life we have relationships that don’t work out，jobs that just aren’t right，exams that we flunk，initiatives that don’t succeed.”可知，生活中有诸多的“不顺利/不开心的事情”，故使用unsmooth/unhappy。

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2.likely[依据文章第二段中的“The more new things we try the more failures we are likely to have”可知答案。

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3.process/combination[依据文章第三段中的“But experiencing failure can be
a learning experience and an opportunity for a fresh start”可知答案。

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4.responsible[依据文章中的“Take responsibility for what went wrong”可知答案。

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5.benefit[依据文章中的“With the benefit of hindsight，what different steps would you have taken？”可知答案。

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6.setting[依据文章中的“Make a self-development plan to acquire the skills and experiences you need.”可知此处需要使用短语“set out”表示“制定”之意。

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7.instead[根据文章中的“Most people do not ask for help because they believe it to be a sign of weakness rather than strength”可知答案。

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8.adjusting/adapting[依据文章中的“his reversal has been a setback on your journey but think of it as a diversion rather than a halt.You can now reset your sights on your destination and plan a new course.”可知答案。

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9.avoid[依据文章中的“if you read the life stories of successful people—especially inventors，explorers，scientists or statesmen—you will find that their early careers are littered with failures.”可知答案。

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10.leading/contributing[依据文中的“The important point is to use your setbacks as learning experiences and make them stepping stones to future success.”可知答案。

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A
Caring about what other people think about what you do in a healthy way can help you to gain valuable feedback and keep you grounded.But caring too much about what people may say or think when you do something can keep you in the same old rut(刻板的常规)，unable to move forward and to live the life you truly want to live.So how can you overcome this common problem and find more inner freedom to do what you want?
1.People don’t think about you and what you do that much.
Holding yourself back in life because of what other people may think or say。