03-2014年上海(试卷+答案)
上海2014年中考英语真题答案及解析
2014年上海市中考英语真题解析综述：改革后的第一次中考在雨中结束了，总体而言大家还是感觉试卷是平稳过渡的，而且经历了一模二模甚至三模的锻炼，同学们也基本没有表现出对题目变化的不适应。
应该讲，今年的试卷还是严格依照了市教委教育考试院的考试要求和改革方向，难度是有升有降，总体平稳。
至于同学们会有什么样的分数还要到成绩公布之后才可见分晓。
以下我们分大题来进行探讨，并试探性提出以后的备考建议。
Part I Listening (第一部分听力)真题回放：I Listening Comprehension (听力理解) （共30分）A. Listen and choose the right picture. (根据你所听到的内容选择相应的图片)（6分）1. ______2. _______3. _________4. _______5. ________6. _________B. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear.(根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最恰当的答案)（8分）7. A) Chemistry B) HistoryC) English D) Maths8. A) A hamburger B) A fruit saladC) A hot-dog D) A sandwich9. A) Tired B) SurprisedC) Excited D) Frightened10. A) Watch TV B) Play footballC) Go to the cinema D) Read a book11. A) Fifteen minutes’ walkB) Fifteen minutes’ bus rideC) Fifty minutes’ walkD) Fifty minutes’ bus ride12. A) Thursday B) FridayC) Saturday D) Sunday13. A) Trips B) ComputersC) Parents D) Jobs14. A) At the beach B) At the airportC) In the theatre D) In the hotelC. Listen to the passage and decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False(F) (判断句子是否符合你听到短文内容，符合的用T表示，不符合的用F表示)(6分)15. My aunt and uncle sent me a bottle of honey as a birthday present last year.16. The smell of my hair attracted lots of bees when I were outside.17. I jumped into my neighbour’s swimming pool to stay away from the bees.18. When I climbed out of the pool, the bees were still flying around.19. My aunt and uncle wrote me a letter to apologize to me.20. This is a story about my unforgettable birthday present.D. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences. (听短文，完成下列内容，每空限填一词)（10分）21. Dan Carter lives in London and works as _________ _________ there.22. Dan and I stay in touch _______ ________ and sometimes we call each other.23. When I ___________ __________ when I need to talk to somebody, I can always call Dan.24. Dan is always ___________ __________ everything and he never says sorry.25. One day, we a rranged to meet _________ __________ to play football, but Dan didn’t comeon time.评析：本次听力考试的题型变化比较明显，尤其是最后一大题变为了5句话听出10个单词，对学生的记忆和应变能力提出了更高的要求。
2014上海高考高考带答案
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海物理试卷本试卷共7页，满分l50分，考试时间l20分钟。
全卷包括六大题，第一、二大题为单项选择题，第三大题为多项选择题，第四大题为填空题，第五大题为实验题，第六大题为计算题。
考生注意：1、答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
2、第一、第二和第三大题的作答必须用28铅笔涂在答题纸上相应区域内与试卷题号对应的位置，需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。
第四、第五和第六大题的作答必须用黑色的钢笔或圆珠笔写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置（作图可用铅笔）。
3、第30、31、32、33题要求写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要的演算步骤。
只写出最后答案，而未写出主要演算过程的，不能得分。
有关物理量的数值计算问题，答案中必须明确写出数值和单位。
一．单项选择题（共16分，每小题2分。
每小题只有一个正确选项。
）1．下列电磁波中，波长最长的是（ ）A ，（A ）无线电波 （B ）红外线 （C ）紫外线 （D ）γ射线2．核反应方程94Be ＋42He →12 6C ＋X 中的X 表示（ ）D ，（A ）质子 （B ）电子 （C ）光子 （D ）中子3．不能．．用卢瑟福原子核式结构模型得出的结论是（ ）B ， （A ）原子中心有一个很小的原子核 （B ）原子核是由质子和中子组成的（C ）原子质量几乎全部集中在原子核内 （D ）原子的正电荷全部集中在原子核内4．分子间同时存在引力和斥力，当分子间距增加时，分子间（ ）C ，（A ）引力增加，斥力减小 （B ）引力增加，斥力增加（C ）引力减小，斥力减小 （D ）引力减小，斥力增加5．链式反应中，重核裂变时放出的可以使裂变不断进行下去的粒子是（ ）B ，（A ）质子 （B ）中子 （C ）β粒子 （D ）α粒子6．在光电效应的实验结果中，与光的波动理论不矛盾．．．的是（ ）C ， （A ）光电效应是瞬时发生的（B ）所有金属都存在极限频率（C ）光电流随着入射光增强而变大（D ）入射光频率越大，光电子最大初动能越大7．质点做简谐运动，其v -t 关系如图，以x 轴正向为速度v 的正方向（ ）B ，8．在离地高h 处，沿竖直方向同时向上和向下抛出两个小球，它们的初速度大小均为v ，不计空气阻力，两球落地的时间差为（ ）A ，（A ）2v /g （B ）v /g （C ）2h /v （D ）h /v二．单项选择题（共24分，每小题3分。
2014年高考上海理科数学试题及答案（解析版）
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学（理科）第Ⅰ卷（选择题共50分）一、填空题（本大题共14小题，共56分）考生应在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果，每个空格填对得4分，否则一律得零分．（1）【2014年上海，理1，4分】函数212cos (2)y x 的最小正周期是．【答案】2【解析】原式＝cos4x ，242T．（2）【2014年上海，理2，4分】若复数12i z ，其中i 是虚数单位，则1zzz．【答案】6【解析】原式＝211516z z z．（3）【2014年上海，理3，4分】若抛物线22ypx 的焦点与椭圆22195xy的右焦点重合，则该抛物线的准线方程为．【答案】2x 【解析】椭圆右焦点为(2,0)，即抛物线焦点，所以准线方程2x．（4）【2014年上海，理4，4分】设2(,)()[,)x x a f x xx a ，若(2)4f ，则a 的取值范围为．【答案】2a 【解析】根据题意，2[,)a ，∴2a ．（5）【2014年上海，理5，4分】若实数x ，y 满足1xy ，则222xy 的最小值为．【答案】22【解析】2222222xyx y．（6）【2014年上海，理6，4分】若圆锥的侧面积是底面积的3倍，则其母线与底面夹角的大小为．（结果用反三角函数值表示）【答案】1arccos3【解析】设圆锥母线长为R ，底面圆半径为r ，∵3S S 侧底，∴23r R r ，即3Rr ，∴1cos3，即母线与底面夹角大小为1arccos 3．（7）【2014年上海，理7，4分】已知曲线C 的极坐标方程为(3cos 4sin )1，则C 与极轴的交点到极点的距离是．【答案】13【解析】曲线C 的直角坐标方程为341xy，与x 轴的交点为1(,0)3，到原点距离为13．（8）【2014年上海，理8，4分】设无穷等比数列n a 的公比为q ，若134lim n n a a a a L ，则q ．【答案】512【解析】223111510112a a qa qq qqq，∵01q，∴512q．P2P5P 6P7P 8P4P3P1B A（9）【2014年上海，理9，4分】若2132()f x x x，则满足()0f x 的x 的取值范围是．【答案】(0,1)【解析】2132()f x x x，结合幂函数图像，如下图，可得x 的取值范围是(0,1)．（10）【2014年上海，理10，4分】为强化安全意识，某商场拟在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天进行紧急疏散演练，则选择的3天恰好为连续3天的概率是．（结果用最简分数表示）【答案】115【解析】3108115PC．（11）【2014年上海，理11，4分】已知互异的复数,a b 满足0ab，集合22,,a ba b，则a b ．【答案】1【解析】第一种情况：22,a a b b ，∵0ab ，∴1a b ，与已知条件矛盾，不符；第二种情况：22,ab ba ，∴431a a a ，∴210a a ，即1ab ．（12）【2014年上海，理12，4分】设常数a 使方程sin 3cos xxa 在闭区间[0,2]上恰有三个解123,,x x x ，则123x x x ．【答案】73【解析】化简得2sin()3x a ，根据下图，当且仅当3a 时，恰有三个交点，即12370233x x x ．（13）【2014年上海，理13，4分】某游戏的得分为1,2,3,4,5，随机变量表示小白玩该游戏的得分．若()4.2E ，则小白得5分的概率至少为．【答案】0.2【解析】设得i 分的概率为i p ，∴123452345 4.2p p p p p ，且123451p p p p p ，∴12345444444p p p p p ，与前式相减得：1235320.2p p p p ，∵0ip ，∴1235532p p p p p ，即50.2p ．（14）【2014年上海，理14，4分】已知曲线2:4C xy ，直线:6l x ．若对于点(,0)A m ，存在C 上的点P 和l 上的Q 使得0AP AQ u u u r u uu r r，则m 的取值范围为．【答案】1615【解析】根据题意，A 是PQ 中点，即622PQP x x x m，∵20P x ，∴[2,3]m ．二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分20分）考生应在答题纸相应编号位置填涂，每题只有一个正确选项，选对得5分，否则一律得零分．（15）【2014年上海，理15，5分】设,a b R ，则“4a b ”是“2a 且2b ”的（）（A ）充分条件（B ）必要条件（C ）充要条件（D ）既非充分也非必要条件【答案】B【解析】充分性不成立，如5a ，1b ；必要性成立，故选B ．（16）【2014年上海，理16，5分】如图，四个棱长为1的正方体排成一个正四棱柱，AB 是一条侧棱，(1,2,,8)i P i L 是上底面上其余的八个点，则(1, 2,, 8)i AB AP i uu u r u u u rK 的不同值的个数为（）（A ）1 （B ）2 （C ）4 （D ）8【答案】AACBD【解析】根据向量数量积的几何意义，i ABAP u uu ru uu r 等于AB uu u r 乘以i AP u u u r 在AB u uu r 方向上的投影，而i AP uu u r 在AB uu u r方向上的投影是定值，AB u u u r 也是定值，∴i AB AP u uu ru u u r 为定值1，故选A ．（17）【2014年上海，理17，5分】已知111(,)P a b 与222(,)P a b 是直线1ykx （k 为常数）上两个不同的点，则关于x 和y 的方程组112211a xb y a xb y的解的情况是（）（A ）无论12,,k P P 如何，总是无解（B ）无论12,,k P P 如何，总有唯一解（C ）存在12,,k P P ，使之恰有两解（D ）存在12,,k P P ，使之有无穷多解【答案】B 【解析】由已知条件111b ka ，221b ka ，11122122a b D a b a b a b 122112(1)(1)0a ka a ka a a ，∴有唯一解，故选B ．（18）【2014年上海，理18，5分】设2(),0,()1,0.xa xf x xa xx若(0)f 是()f x 的最小值，则a 的取值范围为（）（A ）[1,2]（B ）[1,0]（C ）[1,2]（D ）[0,2]【答案】D【解析】先分析0x 的情况，是一个对称轴为xa 的二次函数，当0a 时，min()()(0)f x f a f ，不符合题意，排除AB 选项；当0a 时，根据图像min ()(0)f x f ，即0a符合题意，排除C 选项，故选D ．三、解答题（本题共5题，满分74分）解答下列各题必须在答题纸相应编号的规定区域内写出必要的步骤．（19）【2014年上海，理19，12分】底面边长为2的正三棱锥P ABC ，其表面展开图是三角形123PP P ，如图．求123PP P 的各边长及此三棱锥的体积V ．解：根据题意可得12,,P B P 共线，∵112ABP BAP CBP ，60ABC，∴11260ABP BAP CBP ，∴160P ，同理2360P P ，∴123PP P 是等边三角形，P ABC 是正四面体，所以123PP P 边长为4；∴3222123VAB．（20）【2014年上海，理20，14分】设常数0a，函数2()2x xa f x a ．（1）若4a，求函数()yf x 的反函数1()yfx ；（2）根据a 的不同取值，讨论函数()yf x 的奇偶性，并说明理由．解：（1）∵4a，∴24()24x xf x y ，∴4421xyy ，∴244log 1y x y，∴1244()log 1xyfx x ，(,1)(1,)xU ．……６分（2）若()f x 为偶函数，则()()f x f x ，∴2222x x xxa a aa ，整理得(22)0xxa ，∴0a ，此时为偶函，若()f x 为奇函数，则()()f x f x ，∴2222x x xxaaa a，整理得210a，∵0a，∴1a，此时为奇函数，当(0,1)(1,)a时，此时()f x 既非奇函数也非偶函数．……14分（21）【2014年上海，理21，14分】如图，某公司要在A B 、两地连线上的定点C处建造广告牌CD ，其中D 为顶端，AC 长35米，CB 长80米．设点A B 、在同一水平面上，从A 和B 看D 的仰角分别为和．（1）设计中CD 是铅垂方向．若要求2，问CD 的长至多为多少（结果精确到0.01米）？（2）施工完成后，CD 与铅垂方向有偏差．现在实测得38.12，18.45，求CD 的长（结果精确到0.01米）．BA CP 3P 1P 2解：（1）设CD 的长为x 米，则tan,tan3580x x ，∵202，∴tantan 2，∴22tan tan1tan，∴2221608035640016400x x x xx，解得020228.28x ，∴CD 的长至多为28.28米．……６分（2）设,,DBa DAb DCm ，180123.43ADB，则sinsina AB ADB，解得115sin38.1285.06sin123.43a∴2280160cos18.4526.93maa ∴CD 的长为26.93米．……14分（22）【2014年上海，理22，16分】在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，对于直线:0l ax by c 和点111222(,),(,)P x y P x y ，记1122()()ax by c ax by c ．若0，则称点12,P P 被直线l 分割．若曲线C 与直线l 没有公共点，且曲线C 上存在点12,P P 被直线l 分割，则称直线l 为曲线C 的一条分割线．（1）求证：点(1,2),(1,0)A B 被直线10x y 分割；（2）若直线ykx 是曲线2241x y 的分割线，求实数k 的取值范围；（3）动点M 到点(0,2)Q 的距离与到y 轴的距离之积为1，设点M 的轨迹为曲线E ．求证：通过原点的直线中，有且仅有一条直线是E 的分割线．解：（1）将(1,2),(1,0)A B 分别代入1x y ，得(121)(11)40，∴点(1,2),(1,0)A B 被直线10x y 分割．……3分（2）联立2241xy ykx，得22(14)1k x，依题意，方程无解∴2140k，∴12k或12k．……8分（3）设(,)M x y ，则22(2)1x y x，∴曲线E 的方程为222[(2)]1xy x①当斜率不存在时，直线0x ，显然与方程①联立无解，又12(1,2),(1,2)P P 为E 上两点，且代入0x ，有10，∴0x 是一条分割线；当斜率存在时，设直线为y kx ，代入方程得：2432(1)4410kxkxx，令2432()(1)441f x kxkx x，则(0)1f ，22(1)143(2)f kkk，22(1)143(2)f kkk，当2k 时，(1)0f ，∴(0)(1)0f f ，即()0f x 在(0,1)之间存在实根，∴ykx 与曲线E 有公共点当2k时，(0)(1)0f f ，即()0f x 在(1,0)之间存在实根，∴ykx 与曲线E 有公共点，∴直线ykx 与曲线E 始终有公共点，∴不是分割线，综上，所有通过原点的直线中，有且仅有一条直线0x 是E 的分割线．……16分（23）【2014年上海，理23，18分】已知数列n a 满足1133nnn a a a ，*n N ，11a ．（1）若2342,,9a a x a ，求x 的取值范围；（2）设n a 是公比为q 的等比数列，12n n S a a a L ．若1133nnn S S S ，*n N ，求q 的取值范围；（3）若12,,,k a a a L 成等差数列，且121000ka a a L ，求正整数k 的最大值，以及k 取最大值时相应数列12,,,k a a a L 的公差．解：（1）依题意，232133a a a ，∴263x ，又343133a a a ，∴327x ，综上可得36x ．……3分（2）由已知得1n na q ，又121133a a a ，∴133q ，当1q 时，n S n ，1133n nn S S S ，即133n nn ，成立；当13q时，11nnq S q ，1133nnn S S S ，即1111133111nn nq qqq q q ，∴111331n nqq ，此不等式即1132032n n n nq q qq，∵1q ，∴132(31)2220n nnnqqq q q ，对于不等式1320n nq q，令1n ，得2320qq ，解得12q ，又当12q 时，30q ，∴132(3)2(3)2(1)(2)0n nnq qq q q qq q 成立，∴12q ，当113q 时，11nnqS q，1133nnn S S S ，即1111133111nn nq qq q q q，即11320320n n n nq q qq ，310,30q q，∵132(31)2220n nnnq qq q q，132(3)2(3)2(1)(2)n nnqqq q q q q q∴113q 时，不等式恒成立，综上，q 的取值范围为123q．……10分（3）设公差为d ，显然，当1000,0kd 时，是一组符合题意的解，∴max 1000k ，则由已知得1(2)1(1)3[1(2)]3kdk dkd ，∴(21)2(25)2k d kd，当1000k 时，不等式即22,2125d dk k，∴221dk，12(1) (10002)kk kd a a a k，∴1000k时，200022(1)21k dk kk ，解得10009990001000999000k ，∴1999k ，∴k 的最大值为1999，此时公差2000219981(1)199919981999kdk k ．……18分。
2014年上海市中考英语试卷(含答案)
1 / 11 D) Maths.D) A sandwich.D) Frightened.2014年上海市初中毕业统一学业考试英语试卷(满分150分，考试时间100分钟)考生注意：本卷有7大题，共94小题。
试题均采用连续编号，所有答案务必按照规定在答题纸上完成，做在试卷上不给分。
Part 1 Listening (第一部分听力）I. Listening Comprehension.(听力理解)(共30分)A. Listen and choose the right picture（根据你听到的内容，选出相应的图片）（6分）E7.A) Chemistry. B) History. C) English.8.A) A hamburger. B) A fruit salad. C) A hot-dog.9.A) Tired. B) Surprised. C) Excited.10.A) Watch TV. B) Play football. C) Go to the cinema. D) Read a book.11.A) Fifteen minutes’walk. B) Fifteen minutes’ bus ride.C)Fifty minutes’ walk.D) Fifty minutes’ bus ride.12.A) Thursday. B) Friday. C) Saturday. D) Sunday.13.A) Trips. B) Computers. C) Parents. D) Jobs.14.A) At the beach. B) At the airport. C) In the theatre. D) In the hotel.C. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true o r false (判断下列句子是否符合你听到的短文内容，符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示)（6分）15. My aunt and uncle sent me a bottle of honey as a birthday present last year.16. The smell of my hair attracted lots of bees when I went outside.D AG17. I jumped into my neighbour’s swimming pool to stay away from the bees.18. When I climbed out of the pool, the bees were still flying around.19. My aunt and uncle wrote me a letter and apologized to me.20. This is a story about my unforgettable birthday present.D. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences（听短文，完成下列内容。
032014年上海高考数学理科卷解析版
数学（理）2014 第1页（共4页）2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海 数学试卷一、填空题（本大题共有14题，满分56分）考生应在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果，每个空格填对得4分，否则一律得零分. 1. 函数212cos (2)y x =-的最小正周期是____________.12π 2. 若复数12z i =+，其中i 是虚数单位，则1z z z ⎛⎫+⋅= ⎪⎝⎭____________. 考点：复数代数形式的乘除运算分析：把复数代入表达式，利用复数代数形式的混合运算化简求解即可 解答：解：复数z=1+2i，其中i 是虚数单位11(12)(12)612z zi i i z ⎛⎫+⋅=++-= ⎪-⎝⎭3. 若抛物线22y px =的焦点与椭圆22195x y +=的右焦点重合，则该抛物线的准线方程为分析215y +=的右焦点重合，故可以先求出椭圆的右焦点坐标，根据两曲线的关系求出p ，再由抛物线的性质求出它的准线方程2 解答215y =，故它的右焦点坐标是（2，0），215y =故P=4∴抛物线的准线方程为x=-2．4. 设2,(,),(),[,).x x a f x x x a ∈-∞⎧=⎨∈+∞⎩若(2)4f =，则a 的取值范围为____________.5. 若实数,x y 满足1xy =，则222x y +的最小值为____________. 分析：由已知可得y =1=得222222x y x x+=+≥。
得x =答案是6. 若圆锥的侧面积是底面积的3倍，则其母线与底面夹角的大小为__________（结果用反三角函数值表示）3径的3倍，在轴截面中，求出母线与底面所成角的余弦值，进而可得母线与轴所成角．cos θ==得arccos θ=半径的3倍，是解答的关键．7. 已知曲线C 的极坐标方程为(3cos 4sin )1ρθθ-=，则C 与极轴的交点到极点的距离是____________.∴C 与极轴的交点到极点的距离是13ρ=8. 设无穷等比数列{}n a 的公比为q ，若()134lim n n a a a a →∞=+++，则q =________.分析：由已知条件推导出11111a a a a q q=---由此能求出q 的值．411111112(1)lim 111011n x a q aa a a q a a qq qq q q q →∞⎛⎫-=--=-- ⎪--⎝⎭∴+-=--==得或（舍）9. 若32()f x x x-=-，则满足()0f x <的x 的取值范围是_____________.()036621()0,1x x x x f x x -<<==得得；是增函数得x 得解集为10. 为强化安全意识，某商场拟在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天进行紧急疏散演练，则选择的3天恰好为连续3天的概率是_______________（结果用最简分数表示）. 恰好为连续3天的概率，须先求在10天中随机选择3天的情况，再求选择的3天恰好为连续3天的情况，即可得到答案． 解答：解：在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天共有310120C =种情况，其中选择的3天恰好为连续3天的情况有8种， 115= 11. 已知互异的复数,a b 满足0ab ≠，集合{}{}22,,a b a b =，则a b +=__________.5}{}22,,a b a b=2201b a b b a b⎨⎨⎨====⎪⎪⎩⎩⎩或得：或 ∵ab ≠0，∴a ≠0且b ≠0，即a=1，b=1，此时集合{1，1}不满足条件．若b=a 2，a=b 2，则两式相减得a 2-b 2=b-a ， ∵互异的复数a ，b ， ∴b-a ≠0，即a+b=-1， 故答案为：-1．的关键，注意要进行分类讨论． 12. 设常数a 使方程sin cos x x a =在闭区间[0,2]π上恰有三个解123,,x x x ，则123xx x ++=____________.分析：先利用两角和公式对函数解析式化简，画出函数2sin()3y x π=+的图象，直线与三角函数图象恰有三个交点，进而求得此时x 1，x 2，x 3最后相加即可．123sin 0,,2323x x x x πππ⎛⎫+==== ⎪⎝⎭12373x x x π++=13. 某游戏的得分为1,2,3,4,5，随机变量ξ表示小白玩该游戏的得分. 若() 4.2E ξ=，6 则小白得5分的概率至少为____________.此能求出结果．则由题意知小白得4分的概率为1-x ，∵某游戏的得分为1，2，3，4，5，随机变量ξ表示小白玩该游戏的得分， E （ξ）=4.2， ∴4（1-x ）+5x=4.2， 解得x=0.2． 故答案为：0.2．变量的数学期望的合理运用14. 已知曲线:C x =，直线:6l x =. 若对于点(,0)A m ，存在C 上的点P和l上的Q 使得0AP AQ +=，则m 的取值范围为____________. 分析：通过曲线方程判断曲线特征，通过0AP AQ +=说明A 是PQ 的中点，结合x 的范围，求出m 的范围即可．解答：解：曲线:C x =[]2,0p x ∈-对于点A （m ，0），存在C 上的点P 和l 上的Q 使得0AP AQ +=， 说明A 是PQ 的中点，Q 的横坐标x=6，[]62,32xpm +=∈ 故答案为：[2，3]7P 2P 5P 6P 7P 8P 4P 3P 1BA二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分20分）每题有且只有一个正确答案，考生应在答题纸的相应编号上，将代表答案的小方格涂黑，选对得5分，否则一律得零分. 15. 设,a b ∈R ，则“4a b +>”是“2a >且2b >”的[答]（ ）(A) 充分条件. (B) 必要条件.16. 如图，四个棱长为1的正方体排成一个正四棱柱，AB是一条侧棱，(1,2,,8)i P i = 是上底面上其余的八个点，则(1, 2, , 8)i AB AP i ⋅=的不同值的个数为[答]（ ） (A) 1. (B) 2. (C) 4.(D) 8.计算可得答案．则A （2，0，0），B （2，0，1），P 1（1，0，1），P 2（0，0，1），P 3（2，1，1），P 4（1，1，1），P 5（0，1，1），P 6（2，2，1），P 7（1，2，1），8 P 8（0，2，1），11(1,2,,8)AB AP i ==故选择A数量积运算是解题的常用手段．17. 已知111(,)P a b 与222(,)P a b 是直线1y kx =+（k 为常数）上两个不同的点，则关于x和y 的方程组11221,1a xb y a x b y +=⎧⎨+=⎩的解的情况是[答]（ ）(A) 无论12,,k P P 如何，总是无解. (B) 无论12,,k P P 如何，总有唯一解. (C) 存在,,k P P ，使之恰有两解.(D) 存在,,k P P ，使之有无穷多解.111(,)P a b 与222(,)P a b 是直线1y kx =+（k 为常数）上且斜率存在。
2014年上海高考英语试卷word版(校对版本含答案)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn‟t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor‟s speech.C. It made the mayor‟s view clearer.D. It carried the mayor‟s sp eech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Travelers’ Survey SheetTravel purpose: for a(n) 17 in LondonComments on the airport environment / facilities:Likes: •18•19 walkwaysDislikes:• 20 shops•small trolleysBlanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.What is critical thinking in reading? Assessing the writer‟s ideas and thinking about the 21 of what the writer is saying.What is the first step in reading an academic text critically? Finding out the argument and the writer's main line of 22 .What may serve as the evidence? 23 , survey results, examples, etc.What is the key to critical thinking? To read actively and 24 .II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country‟s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a minishop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn‟t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term …automatic shop‟ is far (37)______ (appropriate)”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ (force )village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. alertB. classifyC. commitD. delicatelyE. gentleF. imposeG. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simplyLet's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws---for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can theylie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying,but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behavedishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps themsurvive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there's a cue, something that tellsyour brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine. And finally, areward, which helps your brainlearn to desire the behavior. It'swhat you can use to create-orbreak-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick.a reward-say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym.That way, the cue and the rewardbecome interconnected. Finally,when you see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward,which will make it easier to workout day after day. The best part? Ina couple of weeks, you won't needthe chocolate at all. Your brain willcome to see the workout itself asthe reward. Which is the wholepoint, right?70. Which of the following best fitsin the box with a “?” in THEHABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control adark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you‟re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年高考英语上海卷及答案解析
绝密★启用前2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1. 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-11页）和第Ⅱ卷（第12页），全卷共12页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I 卷（共103分）Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency. C. In a bank. D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane. C. Get some stationery. D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes. C. Protect herself from being hurt. D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course. C. Help him revise his report. D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn’t plan to continue studying next year. B. She has already told the man about her plan. C. She isn’t planning to leave her university. D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech. C. It made the mayor’s view clearer. D. It earned the mayor’s speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. 70.B. 20.C. 25.D. 75. 12. A. The houses there can’t be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday. C. The cabins and facilities are shared. D. It is run by the residents themselves. 13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community. C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news. 14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease. C. Those who did no physical exercise. D. Those who were unmarried. 15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages. C. They typed 10 percent faster on average. D. They edited more passages. 16. A. Why chemical therapy works. B. Why marriage helps fight cancer. C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet. Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.-------------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------姓名________________ 准考证号_____________Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Ⅱ. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25) ______ I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______ my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______ I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine（自动售货机）is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33) ______ electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34) ______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms, and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35) ______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark areturn to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said: “I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36) ______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’ is far (37) ______ (appropriate).”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38) ______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39) ______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40) ______ these villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let’s say you’ve decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don’t have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41 at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn’t it? This is where a “choice architect” can help 43 some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket—including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to 44 healthier lifestyles through laws—for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect—one that encourages us to choose what is best—we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedomof choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 45 hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called “traffic light system” to 46 foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 48 that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 49 ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 50 . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we’ve just watched or books we’ve just finished reading, but plain and simple 51 .Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 52 do with it? We gossip. About others’ behaviour and private lives, such as who’s doing what with whom, who’s in and who’s out—and why; how to deal with difficult 53 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 54 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 55 issues.Dunbar 56 he traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— 57 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 58 of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 59 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 62 the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 63 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 64 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 65 contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can’t talk, but can they lie in other ways? Canthey lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call itlying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees,behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helpsthem survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the “hurt” adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don’t make nests. Instead, they get into other birds’ nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don’t hear them, and they don’t need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying “You can’t fool Mother Nature.” But maybe you can’t trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by ______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By “Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky” (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner’s hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let’s say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here’s how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there’s a cue, something that tells yourbrain to operate automatically. Thenthere’s a routine. And finally, a reward,which helps your brain learn to desirethe behavior. It’s what you can use tocreate—or break—habits of your own.Here’s how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick. areward—say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym. Thatway, the cue and the reward becomeinterconnected. Finally, when you seethe shoes, your brain will start longingfor the reward, which will make iteasier to work out day after day. Thebest part? In a couple of weeks, youwon’t need the chocolate at all. Yourbrain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by ______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What’s the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year’s resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel oran English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour.” What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. “As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner’s pants,” she said. “That’s the picture I remember best.”The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person’s body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person’s body.Using such technology promises to alter people’s behaviour afterwards—potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism—the bias （偏见）that humans have against those who don’t look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people’s associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants’ bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you’ve “put yourself in another’s shoes” you’re less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. “At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms,” says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. “It’s a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone.”74. The word “swapping” (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that ______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people’s bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to controla dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则）and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too, they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company’s competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of “doing well by doing good” has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and with your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）: it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money tocharities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to _______.81. According to the passage, “good business” (paragraph 6) means that corporations _______while making profits第Ⅱ卷（共47分）Ⅰ.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年全国高考上海市数学(理)试卷及答案【精校版】
21.（本题满分 14 分）本题共有 2 个小题，第 1 小题满分 6 分，第 2 小题满分 8 分 .
如图，某公司要在 A、 B 两地连线上的定点 C 处建造广告牌 CD ，其中 D 为顶端， AC 长 35 米， CB 长 80 米，设 A、 B 在同一水平面上，从 A 和 B 看 D 的仰角分别为 和 .
5. 若实数 x,y 满足 xy=1, 则 x 2 + 2 y 2 的最小值为 ______________.
6. 若圆锥的侧面积是底面积的 值表示） .
3 倍，则其母线与底面角的大小为
（结果用反三角函数
7. 已知曲线 C 的极坐标方程为 p(3cos 4sin ) 1，则 C 与极轴的交点到极点的距离
（ B)无论 k ， P1, P2 如何，总有唯一解
（ C）存在 k ， P1, P2 ，使之恰有两解
（ D）存在 k， P1 , P2 ，使之有无穷多解
(x a)2 , x 0,
18. f ( x)
1
若 f (0) 是 f ( x) 的最小值，则 a 的取值范围为（
）.
x
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(A)[-1,2]
2014 年上海市高考数学试卷（理科）解析
一、填空题 (本大题满分 56 分)本大题 共有 14 题，考生必须在答题纸相应编号的
空格内直接填写结果，每个空格填对得 4 分，否则一律得零分．
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2. 若复数 z=1+2i，其中 i 是虚数单位，则
l 没有公共点，且曲线 C 上存在点 P1， P2 被直线 l 分隔，则称直线 l 为曲线 C 的一条分隔线 . ⑴ 求证：点 A（1,2）， B（ 1，0）被直线 x y 1 0 分隔；
2014年高考(上海卷)及参考答案
2014年高考（上海卷）及参考答案高三2014-06-08 21:032014年高考（上海卷）及参考答案一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。
前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。
2014年高考英语上海卷及答案解析
绝密★启用前2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1. 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-11页）和第Ⅱ卷（第12页），全卷共12页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I 卷（共103分）Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency. C. In a bank. D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane. C. Get some stationery. D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes. C. Protect herself from being hurt. D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course. C. Help him revise his report. D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn’t plan to continue studying next year. B. She has already told the man about her plan. C. She isn’t planning to leave her university. D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech. C. It made the mayor’s view clearer. D. It earned the mayor’s speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. 70.B. 20.C. 25.D. 75. 12. A. The houses there can’t be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday. C. The cabins and facilities are shared. D. It is run by the residents themselves. 13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community. C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news. 14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease. C. Those who did no physical exercise. D. Those who were unmarried. 15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages. C. They typed 10 percent faster on average. D. They edited more passages. 16. A. Why chemical therapy works. B. Why marriage helps fight cancer. C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet. Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.-------------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------姓名________________ 准考证号_____________Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Ⅱ. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25) ______ I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______ my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______ I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine（自动售货机）is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33) ______ electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34) ______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms, and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35) ______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark areturn to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said: “I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36) ______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’ is far (37) ______ (appropriate).”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38) ______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39) ______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40) ______ these villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let’s say you’ve decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don’t have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41 at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn’t it? This is where a “choice architect” can help 43 some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket—including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to 44 healthier lifestyles through laws—for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect—one that encourages us to choose what is best—we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedomof choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 45 hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called “traffic light system” to 46 foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 48 that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 49 ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 50 . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we’ve just watched or books we’ve just finished reading, but plain and simple 51 .Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 52 do with it? We gossip. About others’ behaviour and private lives, such as who’s doing what with whom, who’s in and who’s out—and why; how to deal with difficult 53 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 54 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 55 issues.Dunbar 56 he traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— 57 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 58 of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 59 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 62 the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 63 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 64 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 65 contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can’t talk, but can they lie in other ways? Canthey lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call itlying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees,behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helpsthem survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the “hurt” adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don’t make nests. Instead, they get into other birds’ nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don’t hear them, and they don’t need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying “You can’t fool Mother Nature.” But maybe you can’t trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by ______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By “Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky” (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner’s hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let’s say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here’s how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there’s a cue, something that tells yourbrain to operate automatically. Thenthere’s a routine. And finally, a reward,which helps your brain learn to desirethe behavior. It’s what you can use tocreate—or break—habits of your own.Here’s how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick. areward—say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym. Thatway, the cue and the reward becomeinterconnected. Finally, when you seethe shoes, your brain will start longingfor the reward, which will make iteasier to work out day after day. Thebest part? In a couple of weeks, youwon’t need the chocolate at all. Yourbrain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by ______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What’s the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year’s resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel oran English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour.” What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. “As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner’s pants,” she said. “That’s the picture I remember best.”The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person’s body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person’s body.Using such technology promises to alter people’s behaviour afterwards—potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism—the bias （偏见）that humans have against those who don’t look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people’s associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants’ bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you’ve “put yourself in another’s shoes” you’re less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. “At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms,” says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. “It’s a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone.”74. The word “swapping” (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that ______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people’s bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to controla dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则）and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too, they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company’s competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of “doing well by doing good” has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and with your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）: it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money tocharities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to _______.81. According to the passage, “good business” (paragraph 6) means that corporations _______while making profits第Ⅱ卷（共47分）Ⅰ.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年全国高考上海市数学(文)试卷及答案【精校版】
2014年上海市高考数学试卷（文科）解析一、填空题(本大题满分56分)本大题共有14题，考生必须在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果，每个空格填对得4分，否则一律得零分．1． 函数212cos (2)y x =-的最小正周期是 .2. 若复数z=1+2i ，其中i 是虚数单位，则1()z z+z ⋅=___________.3. 设常数a R ∈，函数2()1f x x x a =-+-，若(2)1f =，则(1)f = .4. 若抛物线y 2=2px 的焦点与椭圆15922=+y x 的右焦点重合，则该抛物线的准线方程为___________.5. 某校高一、高二、高三分别有学生1600名、1200名、800名，为了解该校高中学生的牙齿健康状况，按各年级的学生数进行分层抽样，若高三抽取20名学生，则高一、高二共抽取的学生数为 .6.若实数x,y 满足xy=1,则2x +22y 的最小值为______________.7. 若圆锥的侧面积是底面积的3倍，则其母线与底面角的大小为 （结果用反三角函数值表示）.8. 在长方体中割去两个小长方体后的几何体的三视图如图，则切割掉的两个小长方体的体积之和等于 .9. 设,0,()1,0,x a x f x x x x -+≤⎧⎪=⎨+>⎪⎩若(0)f 是()f x 的最小值，则a 的取值范围是 .10.设无穷等比数列{n a }的公比为q ，若)(lim 431 ++=∞→a a a n ，则q= .11．若2132)(x x x f -=，则满足0)(<x f 的x 取值范围是 .12.方程sin 1x x +=在区间[0,2]π上的所有解的和等于 .13.为强化安全意识，某商场拟在未来的连续10天中随机选择3天进行紧急疏散演练，则选择的3天恰好为连续3天的概率 是 （结构用最简分数表示）.14. 已知曲线C：x =l ：x=6.若对于点A （m ，0）,存在C 上的点P 和l 上的点Q 使得0AP AQ +=，则m 的取值范围为 .二、选择题：本大题共4个小题,每小题5分,共20分.在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的.15. 设R b a ∈,,则“4>+b a ”是“2,2>>b a 且”的（ ） （A ）充分条件 （B ）必要条件（C ）充分必要条件 （D ）既非充分又非必要条件16. 已知互异的复数,a b 满足0ab ≠，集合{,}a b ={2a ,2b },则a b += （ ） （A ）2 （B ）1 （C ）0 （D ）1-17. 如图，四个边长为1的正方形排成一个大正方形，AB 是在正方形的一条边，(1,2,,7)i P i =是小正方形的其余各个顶点，则(1,2,,7)i AB AP i ⋅=的不同值的个数为（ ）（A ）7 （B ）5 （C ）3 （D ）118. 已知),(111b a P 与),(222b a P 是直线y=kx+1（k 为常数）上两个不同的点，则关于x 和y 的方程组112211a xb y a x b y +=⎧⎨+=⎩的解的情况是（ ）（A ）无论k ，21,P P 如何，总是无解 （B)无论k ，21,P P 如何，总有唯一解 （C ）存在k ，21,P P ，使之恰有两解 （D ）存在k ，21,P P ，使之有无穷多解 三．解答题（本大题共5题，满分74分）19、（本题满分12分）底面边长为2的正三棱锥P ABC -, zxxk 其表面展开图是三角形321p p p ，如图，求△321p p p 的各边长及此三棱锥的体积V .20.（本题满分14分）本题有2个小题， 第一小题满分6分，第二小题满分1分。
2014年全国高考上海市数学(文)试卷及答案【精校版】
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z =___________.
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21.（本题满分 14 分）本题共有 2 个小题，第 1 小题满分 6 分，第 2 小题满分 8 分 .
如图，某公司要在 A、 B 两地连线上的定点 C 处建造广告牌 CD ，其中 D 为顶端， AC 长 35 米， CB 长 80 米，设 A、 B 在同一水平面上，从 A 和 B 看 D 的仰角分别为 和 .
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2014年高考上海卷数学(文)试卷及答案解析
2014年高考上海卷数学（文）试卷及答案解析考生注意：1、本试卷共4页，23道试题，满分150分。
考试时间120分钟。
2、本考试分设试卷和答题纸。
试卷包括试题与答题要求。
作答必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上。
在试卷上作答一律不得分。
3、答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名。
(1) 填空题（本大题共有14题，满分56分）考生应在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果，每个空格填对得4分，否则一律得零分。
1、函数._______)2(cos 212的最小正周期是x y -=1【答案】 2π【解析】2π4π2∴4cos -)2(cos 2-12====T x x y 周期2、若复数z=1+2i ，其中i 是虚数单位，则}1{zz +z ⋅=___________.2【答案】 6 【解析】61)41(1)1(∴21=++=+=•++=z z z zz i z3.设常数a ∈R ，函数2()1f x x x a =-+-。
若(2)1f =,则(1)f =___________. 3【答案】 3 【解析】3.3|4-1|0)1(∴4,1|-4|1)2(∴|-||1-|)(2所以，是解得=+===+=+=f a a f a x x x f4.若抛物线y 2=2px 的焦点与椭圆15922=+y x 的右焦点重合，则该抛物线的准线方程为___________.4【答案】 x=-2【解析】2-2-)0,2(2)0,2(159222==∴=∴=+x x px y y x 所以，是其准线方程为焦点为右焦点为5.某校高一、高二、高三分别有学生1600名、1200名、800名。
为了了解该校高中学生的牙齿健康状况，按各年级的学生数进行分层抽样。
若高三抽取20名学生，则高一、高二共需抽取的学生数为___________. 5【答案】 70 【解析】按比例进行抽样，设高一高二共抽n 个学生，则(1600+1200):800=n:20,解得n=706.若实数x,y 满足xy=1,则2x +22y 的最小值为______________. 6【答案】 22 【解析】22,2222≥22y ∴1222222所以，是=•+=+=xx x x x xy7.若圆锥的侧面积是底面积的3倍，则其母线与底面角的大小为 （结果用反三角函数值表示）。
上海高考英语真题及答案上海卷
2014年上海高考英语试卷考生注意：1．考试时间120分钟;试卷满分150分..2．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分..试卷分为第I卷第1-12页和第II卷第13页;全卷共13页..所有答题必须涂选择题或写非选择题在答题纸上;做在试卷上一律不得分..3．答题前;务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名;井将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上;在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名..第I卷共103分I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A; you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation; a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it; read the four possible answers on your paper; and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn't planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor's speech.C. It made the mayor's view clearer.D. It carried the mayor's speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B; you will hear two short passages; and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice; but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question; read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70. B. 20. C. 25. D. 75.12. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. Those who were unmarried.15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C; you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation; you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information youhave heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Section ADirections: After reading the passages below; fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word; fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks; use one word that best fits each blank.AMy stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university; I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York; 25 ______ I might have a better chance to find a good job. 26 ______ earn some money to pay the daily expenses; I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believed that 27 ______ I was offered a good position; I would resign at once.Over time; the high cost of living became a little burden on my already 28 ______ exhaust shoulders. On the other hand; my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university; I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had said that 29 ______ ______ ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement; I had to find work in the city. Perhaps;30 ______ my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently; I had difficulty 31 ______ adapt myself to life in the city; let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration.I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned 32 ______ I realise that a quiet town life was the best for me.BThe giant vending machine自动售货机is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However; help is now nearer at hand in the form of the country's first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox; who is 33 ______ electrical engineer; spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine 34 ______ equip with security cameras and alarms; and looks like a mini shop with a brick front; a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention; 35 ______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months; will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said: "I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn't find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted; so I did it by 36 ______. The result is what amounts to a huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term automatic shop is far 37 ______ appropriate."In recent years; the commercial pressure from supermarket chains 38 ______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010; it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed; 39 ______ urge the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new community stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own volunteer-run shops; but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution 40 ______ those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once.plan menus for meals or read food _41_ at the supermarket. Since you really _42_ yourself to a healthier lifestyle; a little help would come in handy; wouldn't it This is where a "choice architect" can help _43_ some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example; the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on; and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to _44_ healthier lifestyles through laws for example; smoking bans. Rather; if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words; there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices; without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with _45_ hints from choice architects; who aim to help people live longer; healthier; and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to _46_ foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat; sugar; and salt each product contains _47_ by looking at the lights on the package. A green light _48_ that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be _49_; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in _50_. The customer is given important health information; but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A; B; C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day; not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading; but plain and simple _51_.Language is our greatest treasure as a species; and what do we _52_ do with it We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives; such as who's doing what with whom; who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult _53_ situations involving children; lovers; and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping Are we just natural _54_;of both time and words Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact; in his latest book; Grooming; Gossip and the Evolution of Language; the psychologist says gossip is one of these really _55_ issues.Dunbar _56_ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively; or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk; argues Dunbar—_57_; he goes on to say; language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the _58_ of the higher primates灵长类动物like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it; monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or _59_ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family; Dunbar _60_ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group; the greater the _61_ it provided; on the other hand; the bigger the group; the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to _62_ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger; the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be _63_ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly; a more _64_ kind of grooming was needed; and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal有声的grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one _65_ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A; B; C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.A.Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Natureagree Animals can't talk; but can they lie in other ways Can they lie with theirbodies and behavior Animal experts may not call it lying; but they do agreethat many animals; from birds to chimpanzees; behave dishonestly to foolother animals. Why Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. Forexample; a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order toprotect its young. When a predator猎食动物gets close to its nest; the ploverleads the predator away from the nest. How It pretends to have a broken wing.The predator follows the "hurt" adult; leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird; the scrub jay; buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later; unbury the food; and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How They don't make nests. Instead; they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out; their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees; or chimps; can also be sneaky. After a fight; the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand; too; the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways; too. When chimps find food that they love; such as bananas; it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way; other chimps don't hear them; and they don't need to share their food.As children; many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her; either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by___________.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees; or chimps; can also be sneaky" paragraph 5; the author means_______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passageA. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passageA. Do animals lieB. Does Mother Nature fool animalsC. How do animals learn to lieD. How does honesty help animals surviveBLet's say you want to hit thegym more regularly this year.How do you make thathappen Consider putting thehabit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First;there's a cue; something thattells your brain to operateautomatically. Then there's aroutine. And finally; a reward;which helps your brain learn todesire the behavior. It's whatyou can use to create-orbreak-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue; like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door; thenpick. a reward-say; a piece ofchocolate when you get homefrom the gym. That way; thecue and the reward becomeinterconnected. Finally; whenyou see the shoes; your brainwill start longing for the reward;which will make it easier towork out day after day. Thebest part In a couple of weeks;you won't need the chocolate atall. Your brain will come to seethe workout itself as the reward.Which is the whole point; right70. Which of the following bestfits in the box with a “” in THEHABIT LOOPA. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABITLOOP; you can stick to yourplan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to useA. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. "This year when I see the Harry Potter poster; I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolutionA. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.CIf you could be anybody in the world; who would it be Your neighbour or a super star A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person; thanks to an unusual virtual reality 虚拟现实device. Rikke Wahl; an actress; model and artist; was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab; a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner; an actor; using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down; I saw my whole body as a man; dressed in my partner's pants;" she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person; so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm; you see it. If you move your arm; she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it; participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly; so that the other can follow along. Eventually; this kind of slow synchronised同步的movement becomes comfortable; and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias偏见that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test; which measures the strength of people's associations between; for instance; black people and adjectives such as good; bad; athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses; before taking the test again. This time; the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them; because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping; people feel like holding each other in their arms;" says Arthur Pointeau; a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really; really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_________.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that____________.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test; before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a darkskinned digital character; __________.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that_________.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility CSR. CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies; shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use; and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR; which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s; with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill; industry after industry has suffered blows to itsreputation.So; companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations NGOs and to governments; create codes of conduct行为准则and devote themselves to more transparency透明in their operations. Increasingly; too. they; along with their competitors; set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive; but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way; CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless; the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategyCorporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly; CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well; though; it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side; a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue美德：it is just good business. Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity; the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage; "good business" paragraph 6 means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷共47分I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English; using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐..accustomed2. 将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己..be up to3．没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了..than4．家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏;以免遭遇不测..for fear5．虽然现代社会物资丰富;给予消费者更多的选择;但也使不少人变成购物狂..turnII. Guided WritingDirections: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.学校英语报正在酝酿改版;拟从现有的三个栏目健康、娱乐、文化中去除一个;并从三个备选栏目时尚、职业规划、读者反馈中挑选一个纳入该报..假设你是该校学生程飞;给校报编辑写一封电子邮件;表达你的观点..邮件须包括以下内容：1．你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由；2．你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由..上海英语参考答案第I卷第一大题第1至第10小题;每题1分；第11至第16小题;每题2分：第17至第24小题;每题1分..共30分..1. A2.D3.B4.A5.B6.D7.A8.C9.C 10.B11.C 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.A 16.B17. conference 18. daylight 19. moving 20. overcrowded21. implications and conclusions 22. reasoning 23. Figures 24. keep questioning第二大题每小题1分..共26分..25. where 26. To earn 27. as soon as / as long as 28. exhausted 29. if30. what 31. adapting 32. did 33. an 34. is equipped 35. which 36. myself 37. more appropriate 38. has forced 39. urging 40. to41. G 42. C 43.1 44. F 45. E 46. B 47. K 48. J 49. A 50. H第三大题第51至65小题;每题1分；第“至”小题;每题2分；第78至81小题;每题2分..共47分..51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. A 56. B 57. C 58. D 59. A 60. C61. D 62. D 63. B 64. B 65. C 66. D 67. B 68. A 69. A 70. C71.D 72.B 73.A 74.B 75.A 76.D 77.C78. shareholders and employees79. Companies talk to non-governmental organisations NGOs and to governments. / Companiescreate codes of conduct. / Companies devote themselves to more transparency in their operations. / Companies set common rules with their competitors to spread risks.80. create value81. take social responsibilities第II卷I．翻译共22分..1. I'm accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep.2. It's up to you what kind of life you will lead in the future.3. There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel program.4. Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen.5. While modern society; rich in material resources; has given consumers more choices; it also turns many of them into crazy shoppers.II．写作共25分..。
2014年上海高考英语试卷word版(校对版本含答案)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech.C. It made the mayor’s view clearer.D. It carried the mayor’s sp eech accurately. Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a minishop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’ is far (37)______ (appropriate)”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ (force )village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws---for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can theylie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying,but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behavedishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps themsurvive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there's a cue, something that tellsyour brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine. And finally, areward, which helps your brainlearn to desire the behavior. It'swhat you can use to create-orbreak-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick.a reward-say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym.That way, the cue and the rewardbecome interconnected. Finally,when you see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward,which will make it easier to workout day after day. The best part? Ina couple of weeks, you won't needthe chocolate at all. Your brain willcome to see the workout itself asthe reward. Which is the wholepoint, right?70. Which of the following best fitsin the box with a “?” in THEHABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control adark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you me asure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She iSn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It miSinterpreted the mayor’S Speech.C. it made the mayor’S view clearer.D. It carried the mayor’S Sp eech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.17 in London19Dislikes:• 20 shops•small trolleysBlanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’is far (37)______ (appropriate)”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ (force )village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws---for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want tohit the gym moreregularly this year. Howdo you make that happen?Consider putting thehabit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-stepprocess. First, there's acue, something that tellsyour brain to operateautomatically. Thenthere's a routine. Andfinally, a reward, whichhelps your brain learn todesire the behavior. It'swhat you can use tocreate-or break-habits ofyour own.Here's how toapply it:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. which of the following beSt fitS in the box with a “?” in the habit loop?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “thiS year when i See the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. RikkeWahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to havethis kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtualreality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charitiesis no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct （行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with ngoS and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年上海学业(合格性)考试卷及答案资料
2014上海市学业考试语文试卷考生注意：1．试卷满分120分，考试时间120分钟。
2．本考试分设试卷和答题纸。
试题分选择题和非选择题两种类型。
3．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写姓名、报名号、考场号和座位号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。
4．作答必须涂或写在答题纸上，在试卷上作答一律不得分。
选择题的作答必须涂在答题纸上相应的区域，非选择题的作答必须写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置。
一、阅读 60分(一)阅读下文，完成第1—4题。
(8分)①人们的生活实践要求彼此交际，相互交流经验、交流思想。
在没有文字的）有知识的人把他们的经验和。
②传说是靠口耳相传的。
它的基础是人的记忆，但是人们的记忆总是有限的。
传说在被人们互相转述的时代，往往．．会有所遗漏或添加。
因此一个传说，经过若干人的口传以后，可能会变得离原样很远，内容的真实性也受到很大的影响。
③在远古时代，传说是人们获得知识的主要途径。
我们现在关于远古时代一鳞．半爪．的知识，也是靠着这种传说保留下来的。
有些最古的著作，例如古希腊史诗《伊里亚特》和《奥德赛》，当初就是这样流传下来的。
1．第①段的“（）”处标点使用正确的一项（）。
(2分)A．破折号．分号 C．顿号 D．逗号2）（2分）A．炼．练 C．拣 D．冻3．“一鳞．半爪．”中加点字的注音正确的一项是（）（2分）A．lín zhǎo B．lín zhuǎ C．líng zhǎo D．líng zhuǎ4．结合文意，分析第②段中的“往往”一词在表达上的作用。
(2分)(二)阅读下文，完成第5—7题。
(9分)①诗生于大众，成于大众。
大众的原始表达是诗性特征生发的前提。
大众诗性表达的需求，是诗歌存在的依据。
从民歌到诗歌，诗在传诵中存活，在流动中成熟。
群众的喜好、相传、加工，是诗歌在文体上独立并成为社会公有之物的必要过程，没有这个过程便没有诗歌。
就一个民族而言，对诗性的感知和确认，是集体的共识，不是单个人或少数人的自我命名。
2014上海市高考英语试题真题含答案
上海英语试卷考生注意：1．考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第I卷（第1-12页）和第II卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，井将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn't planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor's speech.C. It made the mayor's view clearer.D. It carried the mayor's speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70. B. 20. C. 25. D. 75.12. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. Those who were unmarried.15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25) ______ I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulders. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had said that (29) ______ ______ ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps, (30) ______ my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration.I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______ I realise that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine（自动售货机）is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help isnow nearer at hand in the form of the country's first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33) ______ electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34) ______ (equip) with security cameras and alarms, and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35) ______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said: "I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn't find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36) ______. The result is what amounts to a huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term automatic shop is far (37) ______ (appropriate)."In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38) ______ (force) village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39) ______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new community stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40) ______ those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once.plan menus for meals or read food _41_ at the supermarket. Since you really _42_ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help _43_ some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to _44_ healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with _45_ hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to _46_ foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains _47_ by looking at the lights on the package. A green light _48_ that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be _49_; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in _50_. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple _51_.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we _52_ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult _53_ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural _54_，of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really _55_ issues.Dunbar _56_ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of socialdevelopment in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—_57_, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the _58_ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or _59_ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar _60_ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the _61_ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to _62_ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be _63_ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more _64_ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one _65_ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A).Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Natureagree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie withtheir bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they doagree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly tofool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. Forexample, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order toprotect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the ploverleads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing.The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by___________.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means_______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?（B）Let's say you want to hit thegym more regularly this year.How do you make thathappen? Consider putting thehabit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there's a cue, something thattells your brain to operateautomatically. Then there's aroutine. And finally, a reward,which helps your brain learn todesire the behavior. It's whatyou can use to create-orbreak-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, thenpick. a reward-say, a piece ofchocolate when you get homefrom the gym. That way, thecue and the reward becomeinterconnected. Finally, whenyou see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward,which will make it easier towork out day after day. Thebest part? In a couple of weeks,you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. "This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to_________.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that____________.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a darkskinned digital character, __________.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that_________.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
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2014年上海市初中毕业统一学业考试语文试题（含答案全解全析）一、文言文(39分)(一)默写(15分)1.乱花渐欲迷人眼,。
(《钱塘湖春行》)2.,莲动下渔舟。
(《山居秋暝》)3.谈笑有鸿儒,。
(《陋室铭》)4.,锦鳞游泳。
(《岳阳楼记》)5.向来枉费推移力,。
（《观书有感(其二)》）(二)阅读下面的宋词,完成第6—7题。
(4分)破阵子为陈同甫赋壮词以寄辛弃疾醉里挑灯看剑,梦回吹角连营。
八百里分麾下炙,五十弦翻塞外声,沙场秋点兵。
马作的卢飞快,弓如霹雳弦惊。
了却君王天下事,赢得生前身后名。
可怜白发生!6.这首词题目的意思是。
(2分)7.“可怜白发生”表达的作者情感是。
(2分)(三)阅读下面两段选文,完成第8—9题。
(8分)[甲]天下事有难易乎?为之,则难者亦易矣;不为,则易者亦难矣。
人之为学有难易乎?学之,则难者亦易矣;不学,则易者亦难矣。
[乙]①子曰:“学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
”②子曰:“譬如为山,未成一篑,止,吾止也!譬如平地,虽覆一篑,进,吾往也!”8.甲文选自课文《》;乙文选自《论语》,它是家经典。
(2分)9.甲文与乙文第段的意思相近,都谈到了学习贵在主动进取,不同的是乙文还谈到了。
(6分)(四)阅读下文,完成第10—13题。
(12分)韩生料秦王昔者秦王好．猎而扰民,下令猎于北郊。
前日,民皆徙避之。
有韩生者止之曰:“王之爱子病．三日矣,王心忧之,必不出。
”已而果然,或问之曰:“吾宿卫①王宫,且不知王之爱子病也。
子何以知之?”韩生曰:“吾闻王之爱子好纸鸢②,吾登丘而望王宫之上,三日不见纸鸢矣,是以知之。
”[注]①宿卫:在宫禁中值宿警卫。
②纸鸢:风筝。
10.解释文中的加点词。
(4分)(1)昔者秦王好．猎而扰民()(2)王之爱子病．三日矣()11.用现代汉语翻译下面的句子。
(2分)子何以知之?译文:12.本文情节曲折,引人入胜。
请在下面空格处依次填入恰当的内容。
(3分)秦王将猎韩生劝止韩生释疑13.这则故事告诉我们的道理是(3分)()A.遇事要勤学好问。
B.要善于见微知著。
C.要勤于观察思考。
D.遇事要集思广益。
二、现代文(40分)(一)阅读下文,完成第14—18题。
(20分)上海交响乐团音乐厅①犹如柏林爱乐乐团拥有爱乐大厅,维也纳爱乐乐团拥有金色大厅一样,上海交响乐团——这个拥有135年历史的“远东第一乐团”,也将拥有属于自己的音乐厅。
这标志着上海交响乐团的发展跃上了新台阶。
②历时6年即将建成的上海交响乐团音乐厅,地处闹中取静的复兴中路,这儿原来是上海跳水池。
为了与附近的历史风貌保护区相呼应,上海交响乐团音乐厅以简朴的陶土作为外立面。
建筑顶面配上了柔和舒展的曲面,让整个建筑从高处看像一本摊开的乐谱,与音乐厅之名自然贴合。
③与外观的低调．．不同,上海交响乐团音乐厅的内部设计有许多亮眼的创意。
其中一大一小两个音乐厅是当之无愧的主角,承担演出与录音的双重功能。
为了拓展功能,上海交响乐团音乐厅内更是巧用空间,辟出了一条长达80米的音乐互动长廊,进行交响乐的普及教育。
④一般来说,建造音乐厅,“看得见的”远远没有“听得见的”重要。
上海交响乐团音乐厅的每一个设计都有严格的声学考量。
为了克服附近地铁10号线的震动干扰,一大一小两个音乐厅采用了隔振器技术,通过安装底部弹簧阻振器的方法,将它们建成上海首个全悬浮结构的建筑。
上海交响乐团音乐厅地处繁华地段,为了阻隔外部噪音,大小音乐厅的外墙都采用了双层墙设计,由两堵25厘米的墙与两堵墙中间40厘米的空心距离组成,90厘米厚度的双层墙可以有效隔绝外部声音。
⑤在两个音乐厅的整个设计过程中,建筑设计师与声学设计师共同在电脑上进行了100多次声学模拟测试,确定没有留下声音死角。
然后他们又以大音乐厅1∶10的比例制作模型,特制了安装仿真人体胸腔的中空假人,作为模型里面的“听众”,巧设了最大程度接近真实的测试环境。
设计师在这个模型中做了4次声学测试,直至测试结果达到理想数值。
⑥音乐厅除了演出之外,还兼具了录音棚的功能。
几年前,上海交响乐团为著名音乐家谭盾录制电影《卧虎藏龙》的音乐,却苦于没有那么大的录音棚,只能几十个人挤在一个很小的房间里。
这样的历史将一去不复返。
可以设想,功能齐全、声学效果极佳的音乐厅,一定会成为演出和录音的理想之所。
⑦上海交响乐团音乐厅的建成,对乐团自身的建设和发展,对提升观众的音乐欣赏品位,对交响乐的推广和普及,都会产生积极而深远的影响。
14.第③段加点词“低调”在文中的意思是。
(2分)15.第④段画线句的具体含义是。
(3分)16.第⑤段中,设计师们共同努力,反复进行多种测试的目的是。
(2分)17.音乐厅的内部设计有哪些亮眼的创意?请分条概述。
(9分)(1)(2)(3)18.第⑥段举为谭盾录制音乐的例子,对其作用的分析最恰当的一项是(4分)()A.说明了上海交响乐团的音乐演奏水平非常高超。
B.说明了上海交响乐团过去的音乐录制条件十分简陋。
C.说明了音乐厅的建成对提升观众的欣赏品位将产生积极影响。
D.说明了音乐厅的建成对上海交响乐团未来发展的意义和价值。
(二)阅读下文,完成第19—23题。
(20分)列车上①前两天我坐火车出差。
一路看着窗外荒凉的冬日风景,听着咣当咣当的车轮声,实在是无聊透顶。
我想找个同行的旅客,聊聊天,打发一下时间。
②首先把目光落在了对面的小伙子身上,年龄相仿,应该有共同语言。
我正在考虑用什么话来开头,只见那小伙子打开随身带的电脑包,取出笔记本,放在腿上开始上网。
于是耳朵里传来了QQ的提示音,原来人家有人聊天。
③左边是个美女,一直侧脸向窗外看着。
虽说咱不贪图什么艳遇,但是如果有一位佳人旅途相伴,聊聊天,也是很不错的。
我整理一下自己的衣服,清了清嗓子,用尽量绅士一些的语调说:“你好,是不是没来过这里,见你一直在欣赏外面的景色啊?”话音落下,美女却丝毫没有反应。
仔细一瞧,人家秀发遮掩的耳朵里耷拉下一条黑线来,原来在静静地听音乐,把整个车厢里的人都排斥在外。
④我灰头土脸地苦笑一下,扭头看斜对面的那个大爷。
大爷穿着非常朴素,慈祥的面容,一看就是个实在人,使我想起了我的父亲。
大爷似乎觉察到我的目光一直盯着他,马上把手提包抱在怀里,把头埋下去,身子向我相反的方向扭了扭。
我颇为尴尬,使劲咽了口唾沫,站起身来。
⑤我穿过车厢,走到了两节车厢的接头处,看见一个中年人在那里抽烟。
我凑过去,掏出一支烟来,赔着笑说:“车厢里禁止抽烟,憋坏了,也过来抽一口。
大哥,借个火。
”中年人犹豫了一下,掏出打火机递过来。
我在火车的晃荡中把烟点着,吸了一口,把打火机还给他,说:“谢谢啊,大哥这是去哪?”⑥中年人把还剩一大截的烟掐灭,说了声:“你接着抽,我回座位了。
”⑦我正呆滞在那里,一个八九岁的阳光男孩出现在眼前,“叔叔,请问您,窗外那些高大笔直的树就是白杨树吗?”19.第①段画线部分的作用是。
(3分)20.细读第②—⑥段,“我”想与人聊天却四次未能如愿,请把“我”遇挫后的“反应”填写在下列横线上。
(4分)第一次:失望;第二次:;第三次:尴尬;第四次:。
21.第⑥段中年人的言行传递给我们的信息是。
(4分)22.对本文主旨概括最恰当的一项是(4分)()A.告诫人们,身处信息化时代,不能因人机交流而忽略人际交流。
B.警示我们,身处陌生的环境,应该注意保持适度的警觉和距离。
C.提醒人们,在公共场合,人与人之间也要多点信任,多点交流。
D.劝导我们,即使社会复杂,人们交流方式各异,仍需待人以礼。
23.联系全文,简要分析小说结尾的妙处。
(5分)答:三、综合运用(11分)阅读下面材料,完成第24—26题。
(11分)爱因斯坦与上海有特殊的情缘,他曾在1922年两次到访上海。
前一次他刚踏上堤岸就获悉自己得到诺贝尔物理奖的消息;后一次他在福州路工部局礼堂演讲“相对论”。
这两次抵沪,他都入住在理查饭店,即今天外滩的浦江饭店。
为了纪念这份特殊情缘,让更多市民感受这座城市的历史和文化,2008年6月,高达2.8米的爱因斯坦雕像(见右图)在上海城市雕塑中心揭幕。
按原计划,这尊雕像将安放在上海的某一个地方。
当时有媒体称“爱因斯坦,这个全世界最聪明的‘头脑’,从此常住上海”。
谁也没有想到,6年过去了,由于种种原因,这尊雕像至今仍存放在上海城市雕塑中心。
此事引发了上海市民的热议。
24.假设可以在以下地点安放爱因斯坦雕像,你会选择哪一处?请简述理由。
(4分)A.南京路步行街B.外滩街心花园C.东方绿舟智慧大道D.陆家嘴金融区选择:理由:25.请你为爱因斯坦雕像拟一个恰当的名字。
(3分)答:26.如果需要在这尊雕像底座上写一段简要说明,以下不必写入的两项．．．．．．．内容是(4分)() A.雕像设计者和立像时间、单位B.爱因斯坦的生平事迹C.爱因斯坦生卒年份D.爱因斯坦与上海的情缘E.雕像四周的环境特点F.爱因斯坦的主要贡献四、写作(60分)27.题目:这里也有乐趣要求:(1)写一篇600字左右的文章。
(2)不得透露个人相关信息。
(3)不得抄袭。
答案全解全析：1.答案浅草才能没马蹄2.答案竹喧归浣女3.答案往来无白丁4.答案沙鸥翔集5.答案此日中流自在行解析注意易错字,如“蹄、喧、浣、鸥、翔”等。
6.答案写这首词寄给挚友陈同甫,以共勉解析可以直接根据题目写出意思,还可以根据本词的写作背景来理解。
这首词约作于淳熙十五年(1188)。
当时辛弃疾被免官闲居江西上饶带湖。
布衣陈亮,为人才气超迈,喜谈兵,议论风生,下笔数千言立就。
辛、陈两人才气相若,抱负相同,都是力主抗金复国的志士、慷慨悲歌的词人。
1188年,辛、陈鹅湖之会议论抗金大事,一时传为词坛佳话。
这首词写于鹅湖之会分手之后。
评析本题考查学生对词的题目的理解能力,难度不大。
7.答案壮志难酬的悲愤之情解析结句“可怜白发生”,紧承前面两句,笔锋陡转,使感情从最高点一跌千丈,吐尽壮志难酬的无限感慨,揭示了理想与现实的尖锐对立,抒发了报国有心,请缨无路的悲愤,使全词笼上了浓郁的悲凉色彩。
这一句与首句相呼应,都是叙写现实生活的感受,与中间梦境形成强烈对比,有力地表现了报国有志志不伸的悲愤。
评析本题考查对词句所蕴含的情感的分析把握能力,难度适中。
8.答案为学儒解析本题是对文学常识的考查,直接根据识记作答即可。
9.答案(6分)②思学结合(坚持不懈)解析乙文第②段的意思是:好比堆土成山,只差最后一筐土却停了下来,那是我自己停下的。
又好比平地上堆山,虽然只倒上一筐土,如果决心干下去,也是我自己要干的。
这段话意在说明,每做一件事或者半途而废,或者坚持到底,都在于个人的决心和毅力,纵使平地上仅仅倒上一筐土,也会坚持不懈地干下去,直到堆成巍巍高山。
如果没有决心和毅力,哪怕只差一筐土,也会停下来,这就叫功亏一篑。
孔子用设喻的方法,阐明了一个深刻的道理。