《欧美历史与文化》复习综合题库详解

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朱维之《外国文学史(欧美卷)》复习笔记和课后习题详解及考研真题与典型题详解(第10章 20世纪后期文

朱维之《外国文学史(欧美卷)》复习笔记和课后习题详解及考研真题与典型题详解(第10章 20世纪后期文

第10章20世纪后期文学10.1 复习笔记一、社会主义现实主义文学1.概述总体上说,社会主义现实主义文学已逐渐失去了在苏联文学中的主导地位,文学思潮、文学创作日益趋向多元化与多样化,既有正统的社会主义文学,也有一般的现实主义文学,还有形形色色近乎西方现代主义的新潮文学。

到1989年,苏联作家协会公布了新《章程》草案,彻底删除了社会主义现实主义这一流行了半个多世纪的创作方法。

1991年苏联解体,苏联文学宣告结束。

2.特瓦尔多夫斯基早期特瓦尔多夫斯基一贯坚持“写真实”“非英雄化”,他的作品大多描写凡人小事,其风格平易近人,幽默风趣,通俗易懂,具有浓郁的民间文学色彩,深受群众欢迎。

代表作有长诗《春草国》《华西里·焦尔金》《路旁人家》等。

后来作品风格发生转变,如《山外青山天外天》《焦尔金游地府》等,对斯大林进行反思,长诗发表后引起强烈反响与激烈争论。

3.爱伦堡爱伦堡是一位久负盛名的老作家,发表过小说、诗歌、通讯、政论等大量作品。

长篇小说《解冻》,大胆冲破禁区,揭露了苏联政治经济体制的僵化,提出应当对个人生存权益给予关怀、重视等尖锐的社会问题,被视为苏联文学“解冻”的先声。

4.西蒙诺夫在卫国战争时期曾发表诗歌《等着我吧》、剧本《俄罗斯人》和小说《日日夜夜》。

后发表的《生者与死者》三部曲:《生者与死者》《军人不是天生的》《最后一个夏天》,对苏联卫国战争作了史诗式的多角度、多层次的全景描写,引起争议。

5.索尔仁尼津他是著名的“持不同政见者”,发表过《伊凡·杰尼索维奇的一天》《第一圈》《癌病房》《古拉格群岛》等多部小说。

1970年被授予诺贝尔文学奖。

索尔仁尼津的作品以劳改营的生活为题材,采用自然主义式的写实手法,揭露骇人听闻的冤假错案,为此1974年被驱逐出境,1994年苏联解体后返回俄罗斯,成为“回归文学”的代表人物。

6.艾特玛托夫其作品有《白轮船》《一日长于百年》《断头台》等,他的小说大都在写实基础上融入神话传说、寓言故事,虚实相间,并通过象征、隐喻等艺术手法揭示深刻的人生哲理与严肃的社会问题,在苏联和欧美国家享有很高的声誉。

大学欧洲历史考试题及答案

大学欧洲历史考试题及答案

大学欧洲历史考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 中世纪欧洲的封建制度主要基于哪种关系?A. 宗教关系B. 土地关系C. 血缘关系D. 商业关系答案:B2. 被称为“欧洲之父”的历史人物是:A. 查理曼B. 拿破仑C. 教皇格里高利七世D. 温斯顿·丘吉尔答案:A3. 欧洲文艺复兴运动起源于哪个城市?A. 罗马B. 佛罗伦萨C. 巴黎D. 柏林答案:B4. 以下哪个不是法国大革命期间的主要事件?A. 攻占巴士底狱B. 路易十六被处决C. 拿破仑称帝D. 黑死病的爆发答案:D5. 欧洲宗教改革运动中,哪个教派是由马丁·路德创立的?A. 加尔文主义B. 路德宗C. 天主教D. 东正教答案:B6. 以下哪个国家不是现代欧洲联盟(EU)的成员国?A. 德国B. 法国C. 英国D. 挪威答案:D7. 第一次世界大战中,哪国是同盟国的主要成员?A. 德国B. 俄国C. 意大利D. 美国答案:A8. 欧洲的启蒙运动主要发生在哪个世纪?A. 16世纪B. 17世纪C. 18世纪D. 19世纪答案:C9. 以下哪个条约标志着第二次世界大战的结束?A. 凡尔赛条约B. 波茨坦宣言C. 慕尼黑协定D. 马斯特里赫特条约答案:B10. 欧洲共同体(EEC)是在何时成立的?A. 1945年B. 1957年C. 1967年D. 1973年答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)11. 中世纪欧洲的大学通常是由_________和_________共同管理的。

答案:教师和学生12. 欧洲的_________运动是现代科学革命的前身。

答案:文艺复兴13. 1492年,_________发现了新大陆,这一事件改变了世界历史的进程。

答案:哥伦布14. 法国大革命期间,_________是推动革命进程的重要政治组织。

答案:雅各宾派15. 欧洲宗教改革期间,_________是反对天主教会的主要宗教改革家之一。

英美国家历史与文化答案新整理

英美国家历史与文化答案新整理

C h a p t e r1L a n d a n d H i s t o r y1.Choose the most appropriate answer to each question or statement.5 points for each 1)The following figures were often considered the founding fathers of the American Republic EXCEPT__C_.A.George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Roger WilliamsD. John Adams2)The following were some of the characteristics of Puritanism EXCEPT_A_.A. Manifest destinyB. Religious freedomC. Intolerant moralismD. Separation of state and church3)The 1920s was associated with the following EXCEPT__D.A. Silent moviesB. Ku Klux KlanC. ProhibitionD. Television4)Clinton was the second US president to be impeached by the House of Representatives, but retired in the_A_.A. The Senate Supreme Court C. The Department of Justice D. The Federal Reserve5)Which of the following did not take place in the Nixon administration BA. VietnamizationB. Cuban Missile CrisisC. Watergate ScandalD. Re-establishing US with China.2.Match the US president with the event that took place in his presidency. 5 points for each1)Abraham Lincoln e a. New Deal2)Franklin D. Roosevelt. a b. Rapid development in IT Industry3)John F. Kennedy d c. Watergate Scandal4)Richard Nixon c d. Cuban Missile Crisis5)Bill Clinton b e. Civil War3.Translate the English passage into Chinese.When an American says that he loves his country, he means not only that he loves the New England hills, the prairies glistening in the sun, the wide and rising plains, the great mountains, and the sea. He means that he loves an inner air, an inner light in which freedom lives and in which a man can draw the breath of self-respect.当一个美国人说他热爱他的祖国, 他不仅仅意味着他深爱着新英格兰连绵的山丘,阳光下熠熠生辉的草原,宽阔无边际的平原,巍峨的高山和一望无际的大海;他真正想表达的是他热爱美国内在的氛围,内在的精神那就是在美国这片土地上他可以自由的呼吸,有尊严的生活;Chapter 2 Government and Politics1.Choose the most appropriate answer to each question or statement.5 points for each1)Congress can override the president’s vote by a ___vote. AA.two-thirdsB. Three-fourthsC. Single majorityD. four-fifths2)There are currently ___Supreme Court justices on the bench. BA. 7B. 9C. 11D. 133)The Founders wanted the ___branch to be the dominant branch of the federal government. BA.executiveB. legislativeC. JudicialD. media4)Among the elected political officials, only___are elected by all citizens of the United States. CA.CongressmanB. Vice-presidentC. PresidentD. State governors5)What is the most important weapon in the hand of Supreme Court DA.VetoB. Overriding a vetoC. ImpeachmentD. Judicial review.2.Judge whether each statement is trueT or false F. 5 points for each1)___F_ African American had the rights to vote in 1776.2)__F__For the United States, one of the basic principles is socialist democracy.3)__T__American president has no vote in congress.4)__F__Most of the bills introduced to Congress can eventually become law.5)_F__Wilson succeeded to persuade Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.3.Translate the English passage into Chinese.Whatever changes in Obama’s handling of foreign affairs, one thing to be sure about is that the changes are tactical in nature. Many of the goals pursued by the Bush administration remain unchanged. First, America will lead. As Secretary of State Hillary Clinton put it, “The question is not whether our nation can or should lead, but how it will lead in the 21st century.”Second, export of democracy will continue, but less with the help of bayonet. Third, military strength and use of force are important. “We will not hesitate to defend our friends, our interest and also all our people, vigorously and when necessary with the world’s strongest military.不管奥巴马怎样改变其处理外国事物的手段,我们可以确定的一点是这些变动在本质上都是外交策略;布什总统执政时期追求的很多目标都没有变;首先,美国将会领导其他国家;正如美国国务卿希拉里·克林顿所说:现在的问题不是我们国家能不能或该不该领导,而是我们应怎样在21世纪领导;其次,民主输出将会继续,但是要减少对武力的依赖;再次,军备实力和武装的调度很重要;“我们将毫不犹豫的保护我们的朋友,保障我们的利益和我们的人民,并将在必要的时候大力的动用世界上最强大的军事力量;”Chapter 4 Social Life and Culture1.Choose the most appropriate answer to each question or statement.5 points for each1)which of the following is a non-profit public television network in the US CA.ABCB. CBSC. PBSD. CNN2)Jazz has its roots in the following EXCEPT___. DA.West African musical culture.B. African American music traditionsC. European military band musicD. American native Indian music3)which is not included in the theme of country music BA.Love and romanceB. War and peaceC. Past gloriesD. Religious beliefs4)which theme among the four was the LEAST relevant to Ernest Hemingway’s works5)B6)A.WarB. RomanceC. DeathD. Disillusionment5)which one among the following writers was an African American B2.Judge whether each statement is trueT or false F. 5 points for each1)__T_American churches are not only places where ceremonies are conducted, but community centers for people to make friends with each other.2)_F__Americans observe the Labor Day on the same day as the Chinese.3)__F_Americans only like popular music while little attention is paid to classical music.4)__T_Country music was originally played and listened to by Americans farmers.5)__T_Rock’n’roll is not only a form of music but also a lifestyle.the English passage into Chinese.Toni Morrison is an African-American novelist. Her richly woven fiction has gained her international reputation. In her novels, she treats the complex identities of black people in a universal manner. And in 1993, she won the Nobel Prize for Literature. In her early work The Bluest Eye1970, a strong-willed young black girl tells the story of Pecola Breedlove, who survives an abusive father. Pecola believes that her dark eyes magically become blue, and that they will make her lovable. Morrison has said that she was creating her own sense of identity as a writer through this novel: “I was Pecola, Claudia, everybody.”her other books include Sula 1973, Song of Solomon 1977, and Beloved 1987.托尼·莫里森是一位着名的非裔美籍小说家;她凭借其情节跌宕起伏的小说而享誉全球;在她的小说里,她一一种最普遍的方式来处理黑人复杂的身份认知;她与1993年获得里诺贝尔文学奖;在其早期的作品最蓝的眼睛1970中,一个坚强的黑人女孩讲述了一个从有暴力倾向的父亲手里存活下来的帕克拉·布里得拉维的故事;帕克拉相信她的黑色眼睛奇迹般的变成蓝色,并且蓝色的眼睛会让她变得讨人喜欢;莫里森说过她是以一个作家的身份通过这本小说来建立自己的身份认知;“大家好, 我是帕克拉·克劳迪娅;”她其他的作品包括苏拉1973,所罗门之歌1977和亲爱的1987;Chapter 6 Land an History1.Choose the most appropriate answer to each question or statement.5 points for each1)Great Britain includes the following EXCEPT___. DA.EnglandB. WalesC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland.2)which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text about London as a center of ____ DA.PoliticsB. CommerceC. CultureD. Industry.3 the item that Doomsday book did not recordnd and propertyB. Mills and cottagesC. Duties and landownersD. Pet animals4)the “glorious revolution” of 1688 put ____ on the throne. DA.Charles IB. Charles IIC. James IID. William and Mary.5)Oliver Cromwell ruled England for about ___ years in the 17th century. AA. 10B. 20C. 302.Match the items in Column A with the answers in Column B.1)Ben Nevis c a. the best-known river in the IK2)The Thames a b. who led Saxon against invasion by the Vikings3)Loch Ness d c. the highest peak in the UK4)Alfred the Great b d. a lake in Scottish Highlands5)William the Conqueror d e. who ruled England from early 11th century.3.Translate the English passage into Chinese.The city is appreciated for its beauty and its cultural life, particularly during the world-famous Edinburgh Festival, a collection of several festivals of music and drama held in autumn at various centers in Edinburgh. The Edinburgh Military Tattoo an annual military parade is held in the parade ground of the castle for three weeks in August an September. The event is a popular tourist attraction an adds color to the Edinburgh Festival.这座城市以其美丽的风光和丰富的文化生活而为人所向往,尤其是在世界闻名的爱丁堡节庆期间——秋季,在各种各样的中心开展丰富多彩的音乐节和戏剧节;每年的八月和九月都会在城堡的游行广场举行为期三周的爱丁堡军乐节一种年度的军队游行;这个盛世喜迎了很多的游客,同时,也为爱丁堡节庆增添了色彩;Chapter7 Government and Politics1.Choose the most appropriate answers to each question or statement.1)A bill dealing with finance is introduced ____. BA.In the House of LordsB. In the House of CommonsC. By the Lord ChancellorD. By the Home of Secretary2)The Prime Minister leads in____. AA.The CabinetB. The House of OfficeC. ParliamentD. The judiciary3)The Conservative and Labor parties predominant the general election ever since ____. BA. 1920B. 1945C. 1950D. 19754)The general election in the UK is held every___years. DA.TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five5)Statue la in the UK consists of ____. CA.Practice in courtB. ConventionC. Acts of ParliamentD. Customs2.Judge whether each of the following statement is trueT or falseF.1)_F___ The Cabinet consists of only important department minsters.2)__F__ Only the House of Commons can introduce bills.3)___T_ Tony Blair ran the government in three terms in a row.4)__T__ Chancellor of the Exchequer is a Cabinet minister.5)__F__ NO. 10 Downing Street stands for the Cabinet while Buckingham Palace stands for Parliament.3.Translate the English passage into Chinese.Official UK policy since 1997 towards China is to advance its commercial interests and to promote “positive” social and political change in China. The UK retains a political dialogue with China over human rights apart from participating in multilateral dialogue through the EU. In effect, increasing economic ties with China is seen as being the best way of integrating China into international society and also of benefiting the interests of UK business. The bilateral trade and economic cooperation between nations has enjoyed continued development. The United Kingdom remains China’s largest interest investor and the second largest trade partner among countries.自1997年起,英对中的官方政策一推动商贸交易和促进中囯在社会和经济上的改革委中心;除了欧盟的多方会谈外,英国还就人权问题同中国保持对话;事实上,加强中英双方的经济交流是中国融入国际社会的最好方式,同时也是有利于英国商业受益的最好方式;中英两国的双方贸易和经济合作持续推进;在所有欧盟国家中,英国是中国最大的投资国和第二大贸易伙伴;Chapter 9 Social life1.Choose the most appropriate answers to each question or statement.1)British way of life has often been described asA.Peaceful and quietB. UnderdevelopmentC. Poor and miserableD. Materialized2)Which of the following changes is NOT accurate about British food CA.QualityB. CharacterC. TasteD. Chefs3)In a British pub one can do the following EXCEPT___. BA.Order a drink at the barB.Order food at a tableC.Talk to strangers freelyD.Talk to others noisily.4)The sport that is being criticized in the UK is____. AA.Fox huntingB. FootballC. Open campingD. Horse racing5)Which of the following is a quality paper AA.Daily TelegraphB. Daily MirrorC. Daily Mai lD. Daily Express2. Judge whether each of the following statement is trueT or falseF.1)__T__ there are rapid growth in the post-war prosperity of British society.2)__T__ British people enjoy food from foreign restaurants in the UK.3)__F__ Most of the British holidays now are spent by people traveling abroad.4)___F_ The low price offered by out-of-town malls can be upset by the cost of petrol used for driving there.5)_F___ Most of the owner-occupied dwellings have been acquired with the aid from the government.3.Translate the following English passage into Chinese.Newspapers in the UK speak for class-based groups. The two tabloids have a predominantly working-class readership, the “qualities” a more middle-class and well-educated one. Advertisements foe teachers and social workers usually appear in the The Guardian because teachers ans social workers are apt to read The Guardian, which support the interests of public sector employees. In contrast, The Times speaks for what used to be called the establishment. The Daily Express and Daily Mail are more up-market tabloids and have a socially more representative readership.在英国,针对不同的阶级有不同的报纸;通俗小报拥有很多工薪阶层的读者,而“品质”报则拥有中产阶级和受过良好教育的读者;在卫报上常常刊登教师和社工的招聘广告,因为教师和社工倾向于看维护公共雇员利益的卫报;相反,时代周刊则为所谓国家利益机构代言;每日快报和每日邮报是较上层的小报并且拥有较有社会代表性的读者;Chapter 11 A Nation from Sea to Sea1.Judge whether each of statement is trueF or falseF.1)__F__ In area, Canada is the largest country i the world.2)___F_ Canada has always been ranked in first place as “ the most livable country in the world.”3)__T__ The westernmost province of British Columbia is in the Pacific Region.4)__T__ The majority of population in Toronto is of neither British nor French descent.5)__T__ The newly set up of the Italian navigator who landed in Newfoundland in 1497 is John Cabot.2.Match the items in Column A with the answers in Column B.1)Canada’s first Prime Minister c2)Father of New France a3)Largest Canadian city d A .Macdonald4)The official Languages Act e d. Toronto5)Capital city of Canada b3.Translate the following English passage into Chinese.When I think of Canada, I think of forests filled with animals, and vast amounts of trees. I think of mountains high, of lakes where beavers live. When I think of Canada, I see hockey on the ice, and baseball players on the field, holding our flag with pride. When I think of Canada, I think of people proud, to be of different cultures, I think of Niagara Falls, the natural wonders of our land. When I think of Canada, I see the great Sky Dome. I see a place that many people can proudly call their home.Chapter 14 The Country Down Under1.Choose the most appropriate answers to each question or statement. 5 points for each1)Currently, Australia’s biggest trading partner is ____. AA.ChinaB. JapanC. The USAD. ASEAN countries.2)Australia and China established diplomatic relations in____. BA. 1971B. 1972C. 1973D. 19743)Australia is NOT a member of_____. CA.APECB. ANZUSC. ASEAND. WTO4)Which of the following is a minority party in Australian politics DA.The Australian Labor PartyB. The Liberal PartyC. The National PartyD. The Australian Greens.5)Which of the following statement s true DA.The party that wins the majority of seats in the Senate forms the government.B.The Prime Minster is appointed by the Governor-General.C.The House of Representatives has an equal members form each state.D.The Senate has an equal number of members from each state.2.Match the items in Column A with the answers in Column B.1)South Australia d a. the most isolated city in the world.2)Australia Day c b. the most artificial city in Australia3)“ Advanced Australia Fair” e Day for the indigenous people4)Canberra b d. a convict-free colony5)Perth a anthem of Australia3.Translate the following English passage into Chinese.Australia is the second largest country in the southern hemisphere in terms of is land area, neat to Brazil. It is also the only country in the world that occupies a whole continent. The Australian continent is the smallest of all the continents; at the same time it is also the largest island in the world. The total territory of Australia covers an area of 7’692’024 sq km Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. It is the sixth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China, the United States and Brazil.就陆地面积而言,澳大利亚是南半球面积第二的国家;毗邻巴西;它也是世界上唯一一个独占一个大洲的国家;澳大利亚大陆是所有大陆中面积最小的;同时,它也是世界上最大的岛屿;澳大利亚的所有领地面积为7,692,024平方千米;澳大利亚国家统计局2006年数据它是世界上第六大国家,仅次于俄罗斯,加拿大,中国,美国和巴西;Chapter 17 Land, History and People.1.Judge whether each statement is trueF or falseF.1)___T_ It was the Viking invaders that gave Ireland its present name.2)___F_ Like English, Irish Gaeilge belongs to Roman languages.3)__F__ Ireland declared itself a republic in 1922.4)___T_ The Tain is the title for the Irish Celt’s saga.5)__T__ When founded in 1594, Trinity College, Dublin was open only to Protestants.2.Match the items in Column A with the answers in Column B.1)St Brigid a king/queen who found Trinity College, Dublin2)Maria Edgeworth c king/queen who first set foot in Ireland.3)Henry II b of Castle Rackrent.4)Henry VIII e of a nunnery in County Kildare5)Elizabeth I a king/queen who upgraded Ireland from Lordship toa full Kingdom3.Translate the following English passage into Chinese.Despite these tensions, most of the 18th century was a period of relative peace in comparison with the preceding two hundred years and the two centuries to follow. During this period the population doubled to cover four million, and, while this time is recalled in folk memory as one of political oppression of the majority of the Irish population, by the late 18th century, many of the Anglo-Irish ruling class-once considered too Irish in England and too English in Ireland, now became quite adamantly Irish in Ireland. It is perhaps one of the greatest ironies of British colonization that, in the revolts over the coming century, those who inspired them were largely Protestant,well-born and Anglo-Irish in origin.除了一些紧张的局势外,相对于之前的两个世纪和之后的两个世纪来说,18世纪的大部分时间局势都相对和平;在这段时期内,人口增长了两倍,超过了400万,并且这个事情被认为是对爱尔兰人的压迫时期;在18世纪晚期,很多在英国的安格拉-爱尔兰统治阶级被认为太爱尔兰化,而在爱尔兰的安格拉-爱尔兰统治阶级被认为太过英国化;而这些人现在都成了坚定不移的爱尔兰人;这也许是英国殖民地最讽刺的事情了,这些鼓励他们的人大部分都是清教徒和出身高贵的安格拉-爱尔兰人;Chapter 19 Land and History1.Choose the most appropriate answers to each question or statement. 5 points for each1)The first European to sight New Zealand was____. BA.Captain James CookB. Abel TasmanC. Young NickD. Captain Bligh2)New Zealand’s highest mountain is _____. CA.Mt. RuapehuB. Mt. Tatanaki/ Mt EgmontC. Mt. CookD. Mt. Tasman3)The unique flightless bird in New Zealand is ___. AA.Th kiwiB. The laughing birdC. The keaD. The swallow4)Mario have lived in New Zealand forA. overB. Over 500C. Less than 500D. Less than 1005)How many Mario tribe chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi with the British Crown BB. 200C. 500 .10006)The Treaty of Waitangi was signedB. 1850C. 1890the items in Column A with the answers in Column B. 5 points for each1 South Island c2 North Island b3 national symbol d c. glaciers4 extinct bird a3. Translate the following English passage into Chinese.Many birds species became extinct after the arrival of Polynesians, who brought the kiore Pacific rat and the kufi dog from Polynesia. Flightless and ground-nesting birds proved easypicking for Polynesian, who simply walked up to moa and hit them. While humans are the most likely cause of the larger birds’ extinction, the kiore is the prime suspect in the disappearance of smaller birds and invertebrates. The kiore and the kuri wre the only mamals until Europeans arrived.在博尼利亚人来到新西兰后很多鸟类灭绝了;他们从博尼利亚带来了笑鸮太平洋地区的老鼠和狗;不擅飞行和在地上筑巢的鸟类对他们来说简直就是手到擒来;他们只需简单的走上前去击打它们;人类是体型较大鸟类灭亡的主要原因,而笑鸮则是小型鸟类和无脊椎动物灭绝的主要嫌犯;笑鸮和是欧洲人到达新西兰大陆前仅有的哺乳动物;。

朱维之《外国文学史(欧美卷)》复习笔记和课后习题详解及考研真题与典型题详解(第5章 18世纪文学)【

朱维之《外国文学史(欧美卷)》复习笔记和课后习题详解及考研真题与典型题详解(第5章 18世纪文学)【

第5章18世纪文学5.1 复习笔记一、历史背景1.启蒙运动(1)启蒙运动的兴起①18世纪欧洲历史发展的总趋势是广大人民的反封建斗争空前激烈,其中法国大革命就是这一时代的标志性事件。

这个时期,在资本主义经济发展、广大人民反封建斗争高涨的历史条件下,在自然科学和唯物主义哲学所取得的伟大成就的影响下,欧洲各国发生了继文艺复兴运动之后的第二次思想革命运动——启蒙运动。

②启蒙运动,指当时的进步思想家提倡用近代文化“启迪”人们的理性和智慧,“照亮”愚昧、落后、黑暗的封建社会,以消除教会和贵族统治所散布的迷信与偏见。

它不仅是一次新文化运动,而且是一场反封建、反教会的思想革命运动,比人文主义运动带有更加强烈、更加明显的政治革命的性质。

③自由与平等成为启蒙运动中最鲜明的两面大旗。

“理性”是启蒙思想家反对封建制度的理论武器,他们把人的理性看做是一切现存事物的最高裁判。

(2)启蒙运动的缺陷由于时代的局限,启蒙运动也不可避免地存在缺陷。

首先,其唯物论是不彻底的,他们的社会历史观是唯心的。

其次,过分强调思想意识的作用,把改革社会的希望寄托在所谓“开明君主”“天才”人物的身上。

再次,在宗教问题上,他们并不完全否定宗教的力量。

最后,一些社会政治理论,虽有其反封建的进步意义,但并不能揭露封建制度的反动实质。

2.启蒙文学启蒙运动作为一个广泛的思想革命运动,也影响到文学的发展。

许多启蒙思想家直接进行文学创作,把文学作为宣传启蒙思想、批判封建制度的有力工具。

(1)启蒙文学具有鲜明的倾向性和教诲性。

启蒙文学的批判锋芒非常明确,战斗性较强,特别重视文学作品在批判封建制度、批判宗教迷信与提高人们道德素养方面的意义。

(2)启蒙文学具有民主性。

当时的资产阶级文学家为争取第三等级文学地位而斗争,主张文学面向广大平民,描写平民的日常生活,采用人民群众喜闻乐见的艺术形式和表现技巧。

(3)启蒙文学作家更强调真实性。

他们不仅反映生活,具体地描绘生活,而且对之进行分析和议论,因而作品带有哲理性和分析性,但是,启蒙文学作家往往不注意塑造个性鲜明的艺术形象。

西方文化史复习必备重点

西方文化史复习必备重点

第一章原始人类文化1.种族:又称做人种,是在体质形态上具有某些共同遗传特征的人群。

人类向各地分散的同时,逐步产生了种族上的差异,出现了各自在肤色、毛发和脸型上的显著差异。

人类学家把现代人划分为三大人种。

即蒙古利亚人种(黄色人种)、欧罗巴人种(白色人种)和尼格罗人种(黑色人种)。

2、崇拜:早期宗教表现出来的形式有自然崇拜和图腾崇拜。

自然崇拜是最原始的宗教形态之一。

原始宗教崇拜带有很强的礼仪性质。

图腾是指标志或象征某一群体或个人的动物、植物或其他物品。

原始人把某种在生活中与自己有密切关系的动植物当作自己的亲属,认为它和自己有着共同的血缘,或者认为自己氏族的一切成员都起源于它。

除自然崇拜外,原始人还有祖先崇拜、死人崇拜和生殖崇拜等等宗教观念。

生殖崇拜,是原始社会普遍流行的一种风习。

它是原始先民追求幸福、希望事业兴旺发达的一种表示。

所谓生殖崇拜,就是对生物界繁殖能力的一种赞美和向往。

主要部位包括:生殖器、乳房、臀部。

3.楔形文字:目前所知最早的文字是公元前4000年苏美尔人创造的楔形文字。

楔形文字也叫“钉头文字”或“箭头字”,多刻写在石头和泥版(泥砖)上。

笔画成楔状,颇像钉头或箭头。

4.两河流域:两河,指幼发拉底河和底格里斯河,大体相当于今天的伊拉克共和国。

两河流域可分为南北两部分,北部为亚述,南部为巴比伦尼亚;巴比伦尼亚也可以分为南北两部分,北部为阿卡德地区,南部为苏美尔地区。

河流定期泛滥,给沿岸带来适于农耕的土地,史称“肥沃的新月地带”。

5.《汉莫拉比法典》:古巴比伦国王汉莫拉比颁布的法典。

汉莫拉比法典是古代第一部比较完整的法典,全文用楔形文字铭刻,1901年通过考古发掘发现于伊朗苏萨古城。

法典由序言、正文(共282条)和结语三部分组成.特点:1.它明显地维护奴隶主阶级的利益,保护奴隶制的私有制;2.法典还保存某些习惯法残余,例如“以牙还牙,以眼还眼”的同态复仇原则;3.从现代意义上说,汉谟拉比法典并未区分公法、私法(民法)和刑法,诸法合一,法律条例既从民法角度也从刑法角度来确定。

西方文化史复习题(开卷)陈整理

西方文化史复习题(开卷)陈整理

一.名词解释:荷马史诗:古希腊史诗。

相传由古希腊盲诗人荷马于公元前6世纪创作的一部以历史和传说为原型的“英雄史诗”,是两部长篇史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称,都分成24卷。

它不仅反映了公元前11世纪到公元前9世纪希腊的社会情况,而且反映了迈锡尼文明,是研究希腊“黑暗时代”的重要史料。

同时,《荷马史诗》是欧洲最早的文学巨著,是欧洲文学的渊源,具有珍贵的文学价值,它还在在历史、地理、考古学和民俗学方面也提供给后世很多值得研究的东西,对后世产生了深远影响。

一般认为荷马生于公元前9至前8世纪之间,出生地是希腊东部的某地。

《伊利昂记》和《奥德修记》都是洋洋万言的史诗,前者长达15693行,后者亦有12110行。

两部史诗最初只是一些零散篇章,其依据是古代的传说;由于乐师们在民间说唱得以流传,荷马应该是初步将这两部史诗定型的人。

艺术上,荷马史诗内容丰富,风格古朴自然,节奏感很强。

2000多年来,西方人始终认为它是古代最伟大的史诗。

《罗马民法大全》《查士丁尼法典》《法学汇纂》《法理概要》《新律》的总称。

拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼于528年下令编纂,由法学家特里波尼安主持。

巩固帝位、突出君权是这部法学文献的基本宗旨,宣扬皇帝意志、承认阶级差别、保护私有财产。

这是欧洲历史上第一部系统完备的成文法典,奠定了后世西方大陆法系的基石,对欧洲各国法律产生巨大影响。

巴洛克艺术:17、18世纪流行于欧洲的一种新型视觉艺术形式。

源于意大利,后风行欧洲各国,法国凡尔赛宫一度成为这种艺术的中心。

其本意是奇形怪状、矫揉造作的意思。

最初主要应用于建筑、雕塑和绘画等视觉艺术当中,后影响到文学、艺术和思想领域,具有以下特点:力求表达一种强烈的感情;注重心理描述;刻意强调精湛技艺;凸显自由、悲壮和明暗对比。

奠基者为卡拉瓦乔,意大利艺术大师贝尼尼和佛兰德斯画家鲁本斯将其推向辉煌。

巴洛克艺术不排斥异端的感官喜悦,亦忠实于基督教的世界观,故亦是“基督教化的文艺复兴”。

欧美历史知识点总结

欧美历史知识点总结

欧美历史知识点总结1. 古希腊:古希腊是西方文明的摇篮,拥有众多重要的文化、哲学和政治成就。

古希腊城邦制度、民主政治、奥林匹克运动会、柏拉图、亚里士多德等都对后世产生了深远的影响。

2. 罗马帝国:罗马帝国是古代欧洲最强大的帝国之一,它的法律、政治和建筑成就至今仍然影响着世界。

罗马人的军事技术、城市规划和宗教信仰都对后世产生了深远的影响。

3. 中世纪:中世纪是欧洲历史上一个重要的时期,又被称为黑暗时代。

在这个时期,基督教在欧洲传播,封建制度得以确立,欧洲经济、文化和政治都发生了巨大的变化。

这个时期也是十字军东征、黑死病、教皇权力最高峰的时期。

4. 文艺复兴:文艺复兴是意大利于14世纪后期至17世纪初期的一场艺术和思想运动,标志着欧洲文化的新生。

这一运动主张独立思考、追求知识、尊重人本主义和重视艺术。

文艺复兴也是现代欧洲的使命和方向。

5. 启蒙运动:启蒙运动是欧美思想史上一个重要的时期,主张人类理性、科学、宽容和平等。

伏尔泰、卢梭、孟德斯鸠等人的思想对后世产生了深远的影响。

启蒙运动也为后来的法国大革命、美国独立战争等事件奠定了思想基础。

6. 殖民地扩张:欧洲列强在16至19世纪间进行了大规模的殖民地扩张,欧洲各个国家在非洲、亚洲和美洲建立了殖民地。

这一过程对殖民地和本土产生了深刻影响,也是现代全球化的前奏。

7. 美国独立:美国独立战争是美国历史上一个重要的事件,是美国国家建立的重要里程碑。

在这场战争中,美国加州的殖民地成功摆脱了英国的统治,独立宣言书的签署成为了美国的象征。

总结来说,欧美历史包括古希腊、罗马帝国、中世纪、文艺复兴、启蒙运动、殖民地扩张和美国独立等一系列重大事件。

这些事件对现代欧洲和美洲的历史、文化和政治产生了深远的影响,值得我们进行深入的研究和思考。

20世纪欧美文学史名词解释复习资料

20世纪欧美文学史名词解释复习资料
流亡文学是德国文学在法西斯统治时期保持德国民族精神的传统文学。
“间离效果”理论布莱希特提出了“陌生化效果”又称“间离效果”这一戏剧术语。
所谓“陌生化效果”,是指舞台演出要使观众习以为常、司空见惯的时间以新的形式出现,使观众感到惊奇,从而引发他们进行重新审视和思考。
“叙事剧”理论:
布莱希特认为,戏剧要通过舞台表演让观众认识社会,并在认识的基础上对社会加以改造,他强调戏剧的教育作用。
愤怒的青年:
50年代,英国文坛上一批青年作家群起,在二战后动荡不安的社会背景下,普遍感到理想与社会现实的格格不入,以愤怒和不满为文学创作的共同主题,表达了人们对社会普遍的愤懑情绪以及对命运无能为力的失落感,长于塑造有愤怒气息的反英雄形象。
其命名来自莱利.艾伦.保罗的自传体小说《愤怒的青年》。
代表作家是约翰.奥斯本、金斯利.艾米斯、约翰.维恩。
“新实际主义”浪潮:
1925年左右,德国文坛兴起了”新实际主义”浪潮,作为表现主义的反对者,它主张文学要表现生活的本来面目,主张作家客观、实际、具体、准确地反映现实生活。
流亡文学:
由于反对法西斯,德国出现大量流亡作家(大部分属于现实主义作家),他们立场各异,但都反对法西斯。
过着颠沛流离的生活,承受精神和物质的双重压力,很多因精神崩溃而自杀,在12年里出版了2000多种图书,向全世界人民真实再现了法西斯专政前后德国的社会状况、法西斯的残暴行径、流亡作家们在异国他乡的不幸遭遇。
斯泰因说“你们都是迷惘的一代”,被年轻作家海明威写在《太阳照常升起》的扉页上,于是这一代被命名为“迷惘的一代”.奥登一代20世纪30年代的英国诗坛出现了以奥登为代表的年轻的“奥登一代”诗人。
他们用诗歌反映社会和政治问题,并积极参加左翼运动,在青年中影响较大。

欧美历史概论(考题)

欧美历史概论(考题)

欧美社会概况一填空(1'×10)1.古希腊文明进程:爱琴文明(2000BC——1100BC);荷马时代(1100 BC—800BC);希腊化时代(330 BC —30 BC)2.最早期爱琴文明中心:克利特岛(克利特文明);迈锡尼文明3.爱琴文明最早文字类型:线形文字A4.荷马史诗哪两部:《伊利亚特》《奥德赛》5.古罗马从共和制度到帝国制,第一任皇帝:屋大维6.罗马法令体系,三个系统:市民法、自然法、国际关系法7.罗马法是由谁何时编纂的?:《查士丁尼法典》查士丁尼东罗马帝国即拜占廷帝国 534年8.毕达哥拉斯学派对世界本原的看法:抽象的数是万物之本9.百科全书式的学者:亚里士多德10.维吉尔的两部代表作:《埃涅阿斯纪》《牧歌》11.基督教基本教义之三位一体论:圣父、圣子、圣灵12.古希腊悲剧作家:埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯二名词解释(5'×3)(要求:高度总结)1.希波战争希波战争是指希腊诸城邦与波斯帝国之间的战争。

古代波斯帝国为了扩张版图而侵略希腊,战争以希腊获胜,波斯战败而告结束。

5世纪BC,波斯帝国强盛,向希腊殖民地侵略,米利都地区人民不堪忍受进行反抗,成为战争的导火索。

波斯帝国与BC490进行第一次入侵,在马拉松平原战役中,希腊军队以少胜多。

十年后,波西军队进行第二次进攻,全希腊各城邦共同抵御,经温泉关战役、雅典空城计、萨拉米湾海战后,波斯军败退。

战争结束,波斯帝国与希腊城邦签订卡利阿斯合约;波斯帝国逐渐衰落,后被马其顿的亚历山大大帝所灭。

雅典进入黄金时代。

西方世界的历史中心由两河流域向地中海地区推移,希腊文明保留并发扬光大,成为日后西方文明的基础。

2.伯罗奔尼撒战争是以雅典为首的“提洛同盟”与以斯巴达为首的“伯罗奔尼撒联盟”之间的一场战争。

斯巴达获胜。

这场战争是雅典由盛至衰的转折点:结束了雅典的经典时代,结束了希腊的民主时代,强烈地改变了希腊的国家。

外国文学(欧美卷) 重点含答案

外国文学(欧美卷) 重点含答案

1、奥林波斯神统:反映了父权社会的人际关系。

宙斯是众神之主,他的兄弟波塞冬是海神,哈得斯是冥王。

他让他的子女分管天上人间,如阿波罗是日神,阿尔忒弥斯是月神,阿瑞斯是战神,阿佛洛狄忒是爱神等。

他们组成了一个高度组织化、纪律化的社会,住在希腊最高的奥林波斯山上。

这是人类社会的缩影。

2、文艺复兴:文艺复兴是十四世纪到十六世纪首先发生于意大利,继而影响整个欧洲的新兴资产阶级反对封建主阶级的一场反封建反教会思想文化运动,同时又是一场文化革命运动。

它是资产阶级借助于古代希腊文化对封建制度和宗教势力所进行的斗争。

新兴的资产阶级思想家们打着“回到希腊去”的旗号,声称要把久被埋没的古典文化“复兴”起来,“文艺复兴”就由此而得名。

文艺复兴以人文主义为反封建斗争的思想武器,以文学为斗争的主要形式。

其中英国的文学成就最高。

3、荷马史诗:公元前12世纪末,战争结束后流传着歌颂英雄事迹的短歌,有民间歌人口头传授,公元前9世纪与公元前8世纪之间,一位盲诗人荷马以短歌为基础,整理出两部史诗即《伊利亚特》和《奥德修记》。

它是欧洲文学史上最早的优秀作品,犹如百科全书,其影响遍及希腊生活的各个领域;它是欧洲史诗的典范,并为后世作家提供了取之不尽的创作素材。

4、流浪汉小说:流浪汉小说最初出现在十六世纪中叶的西班牙。

这类小说描写城市平民的生活,并通过城市平民的眼光对各阶层人物加以讽刺。

最早的一部流浪汉小说是无名氏的《小癞子》,作品叙述了主人公小癞子从一个盲丐的引路童最后成为一个小康之家的主人的生活经历,讽刺了僧侣的欺诈、贪婪,贵族们的傲慢、空虚。

流浪汉小说对欧洲小说的发展产生深远影响,如笛福、狄德罗、高尔基等人都从中获益非浅。

5、城市文学:10世纪到11世纪随着欧洲城市的发展出现了城市文学,它是在民间文学的基础上发展起来的。

它与教会文学不同,在内容上现实性较强,在风格上也是生动活泼的,这要是用讽刺手法。

在文学样式上,城市文学也有创新,产生了韵文故事讽刺故事诗的体裁。

欧美文化——考试题库及答案

欧美文化——考试题库及答案
收藏 A. Boxing Day B. Easter Monday
C. Guy Fawkes Day D. Armistice Day
回答错误!正确答案: D
Glasgow is in
收藏 A. Scotland B. Wales C. England D. Northern Ireland
回答错误!正确答案: A
收藏 A. King John B. King Richard C. King William I D.
King Henry II
回答错误!正确答案: A
Britain, France and _____concluded Triple Entente
收藏 A. Spain B. Germany C. The U.S. D. Russia
The turning point of the War of the Independence was the Battle of ___in 1777.
收藏 A. Bunker Hill B. Yorktown C. Saratoga D. Lexington
回答错误!正确答案: C
The festival which the British people keep to remember the people who died in two World Wars is
收藏 A. George Baron B. Winston Churchill C. John Baldwin D. Adam Smith
回答错误!正确答案: D
Some people argued that Britain has no climate but weather becaus e of

欧洲文化的形成 考点练习 高三历史统编版(2019)选择性必修3一轮复习

欧洲文化的形成 考点练习 高三历史统编版(2019)选择性必修3一轮复习

欧洲文化的形成一、选择题1.[2024成都模拟]公元751年,丕平在教皇的支持下建立了加洛林王朝。

公元756年,他兑现承诺划分土地,建立教皇国。

14世纪初,罗马教廷迁至法国边境的阿维农,此后教皇受制于法国王权近70年。

这表明()A.教权始终高于王权B.王权总是从属于教权C.王权教权长期并立D.欧洲民族国家已形成2.[2024南京六校联考]14世纪时,奥斯曼帝国不断发起对拜占庭帝国的战争,拜占庭学者带着大批古希腊和罗马的艺术珍品及文学、历史、哲学等书籍逃往西欧避难,在那里讲授古希腊辉煌的历史和文化。

由此可见()A.基督教文化受到批判和改造B.奥斯曼帝国的文化中心西移C.意大利具有成熟的文化体系D.政治格局变动影响文化发展3.[2023湖北十一校联考]约公元前1世纪,由于外事大法官在审理涉外案件时,既不能援引只适用于罗马公民的法律诉讼程序,又无其他明文规定的诉讼程序可供依循,只能通过行使“自由心证”的裁量权,自行创制了一套新的诉讼程序——程式诉讼程序。

这表明()A.公民与非公民差别已消失B.国家治理实践丰富了罗马法C.程式诉讼取代了法律诉讼D.司法程序保证了法律公正性4.[情境创新/2023辽宁锦州模拟]拜占庭在实用科学如建筑、美术等方面成就突出,文艺复兴时期的西欧教堂采用了拜占庭式的穹顶。

正当文艺复兴兴起时,拜占庭则出现了与人文主义近似的倾向,即所谓“拜占庭文艺复兴”。

据此可知,当时欧洲()A.思想解放植根于东欧文化B.东正教文明区域扩展C.文化的同源异流特征明显D.东西欧文化遥相呼应5.[2024河北模拟]在谈到古代罗马二元法律体系最终消亡并形成统一的法律体系时,有学者说,罗马法学家们谈论的一般不再是想象之中的“正义”或“应然”之中的理想,而是一般人的境遇、普通人的常识、世俗人的生存事实,以及商业交换的探究。

该学者意在强调()A.罗马法兼顾了社会各阶级的利益B.古罗马最早产生理性精神C.罗马法具有较强灵活性和实用性D.法学家可左右法律的解释6.[2024浙江模拟]有学者认为:“拜占庭对东斯拉夫人(俄罗斯民族是其中一支)来说,就如同罗马对日耳曼人而言一样,是伟大的教育者、伟大的引导者、宗教和文明的源泉。

西方文化习题参考复习资料

西方文化习题参考复习资料

西方文化参考复习资料1如何认识雅典与斯巴达的政治差异与文化差异........................................................... - 2 - 2.希腊神话的“神人同形同性”的特点反映了什么样的文化精神 ............................ - 2 - 3.试述古希腊哲学成就.................................................................................................... - 2 - 4.试述希腊化时期的文化精神.......................................................................................... - 3 - 5试述罗马文化的基本特点............................................................................................... - 3 - 6试述罗马法的内容........................................................................................................... - 4 - 7.罗马帝国是如何衰落的................................................................................................ - 4 - 8、基督教与犹太教的主要差别表现在哪些方面............................................................ - 5 - 9如何理解基督教与日耳曼蛮族之间的关系................................................................... - 5 - 10.在西欧封建社会中,领主和封臣之间的关系是怎样的.......................................... - 6 - 11.“阿维农之囚”在中世纪教俗之争中具有什么意义................................................ - 6 - 12.十字军东征的原因和实质是什么................................................................................ - 7 - 13.试述文艺复兴运动的原因及其特点.......................................................................... - 8 - 14.马丁路德因信称义的实质.......................................................................................... - 8 - 16论宗教宽容的历史意义。

《欧洲文化入门》试题及重点内容归纳总结(完整版)

《欧洲文化入门》试题及重点内容归纳总结(完整版)

《欧洲文化入门》第一部分试题I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. LucretiusB. VirgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》重点归纳1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Ho mer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮,属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotu s —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒,3只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。

2019-2020学年北京欧美外语中学高三历史测试题含解析

2019-2020学年北京欧美外语中学高三历史测试题含解析

2019-2020学年北京欧美外语中学高三历史测试题含解析一、选择题(每小题2分,共60分)1. 2001年上海合作组织成立,坚持“互信、互利、平等、协作、尊重多样文明、谋求共同发展”的“上海精神”。

它与欧盟的主要区别在于()A.顺应了和平与发展的时代潮流B.构建了个地区国家安全共同体C.加强了区域性经济合作D.促进了地区经济政治一体化参考答案:D略2. 有人认为:“孙行者固然要受紧箍咒的约束,而唐僧如何应用紧箍咒,似亦有拘束之必要,……这是《西游记》的漏洞,其实就是吾国政治的漏洞。

”材料中“漏洞”指的是A.贵贱等级分明B.官员素质低下C.权力缺乏制衡D.自由受到束缚参考答案:C解析:题干关键“唐僧如何应用紧箍咒,似亦有拘束之必要”表明作者主张对唐僧应用紧箍咒的随意性应加以限制,政治漏洞即权力缺乏监督容易滋生腐败。

故本题选C。

【思路点拨】本题考查学生材料信息获取能力和分析综合能力。

由对唐僧无限使用紧箍咒权力的反思理解当今政治体制改革的必要性。

3. 北宋时期与之并存的少数民族政权的疆域为“东尽黄河,西界玉门,南接萧关(甘肃固原东南),北控大漠,地方万余里”,这个少数民族政权是()A.西夏 B.辽C.金D.吐蕃参考答案:A4. 15.安妮女王没有子嗣,她去世后王位就要复归詹姆士二世及其世系,“光荣革命”的成果将要功亏一篑。

因此,1701年英国通过法律规定,安妮去世后王位将转入詹姆士二世的德意志表亲索菲亚手中。

此举体现了英国政体的本质特点是 A.以和平方式过渡政权 B.完善王位继承制度 C.深受欧洲大陆王室影响 D.议会权力高于王权参考答案:解析:议会掌握立法权,其通过制定法律来干涉王位的继承,从本质上来说明了议会的权力高于王权。

故正确答案为D。

5. 1844年,一个英国人搜集了中国生产的各式各样的土布布样送回英国,看能不能按照中国土布的价格在英国生产出来,但是得到的回答却是:“他们在曼彻斯特不能按照同样的价格生产那种布匹,更说不上按照这种价格在中国出卖了。

欧洲文化入门 复习题

欧洲文化入门 复习题

《欧洲文化入门》复习题(一)Division One: Greek Culture and Roman CultureGreek CultureI.填空1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to bemore enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander,king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.7.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led byAgamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island ofIthaca.10.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sapphoand Pindar.11.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.12.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the14 Olympic odes.13.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.14.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.15.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone.16.Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and TrojanWomen.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who hasleft eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps a nd Birds.tween Greeks and 18.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars bePersians.19.Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse,a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.20.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything elsehad arisen.23.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.24.Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomicstructure of matter.25.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they arethe Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics.26.Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry.27.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me aplace to stand, and I will move the world.”28.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called themasculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that iscalled the Corinthian style.29.The Acropolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture andsculpture in more than 2000 years.modernist30.In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’smasterpiece Ulysses.II.选择1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A.Greek CultureB.Roman CultureC.Egyptian CultureD.Chinese Culture2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200B.C.B.700 B.C.C.146 B. C.D.The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A.Oedipus the KingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.AntigoneB.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A.AristophanesB.EuripidesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”?A.PythagorasB.HeracleitusC.Aristotle9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagorasthe measure of all things”?10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man isA.ProtagorasB.PythagorasC.PyrrhonD.EpicurusIII.名词解释1.Aeschylus2.Plato3.The CynicsIV.简答与问答1.What are the major elements in European culture?2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?3.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of themwrite?4.Tell some of P lato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?5.Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Roman CultureI. 填空1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was thenreduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.3.In 27 B. C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus.4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkablephenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium,renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Coths and marked the end of the WestRoman Empire.7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part inand these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin.9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C.And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D..11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.II.选择1.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A.HoraceB.Julius CaesarC.VirgilD.Marcus Tullius Cicero2.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A.VirgilB.Julius CaesarC.HoraceD.Lucretius3.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB.The PanthenonC.The ParthenonD.Pont du Gard4.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”?A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.HoraceIII.名词解释1.Julius Caesar2.The Pax RomanaIV.简答与问答1.What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief differencebetween them?2.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries? In what way is thebook linked with the Greek past?3.Why do we say Aeneas is a truly tragic hero?Division Two: The Bible and ChristianityThe Old TestamentⅠ填空题1.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the mostinfluential in the West.2.Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes,which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.3.Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews – wandered through the desertsof the Middle East.4.About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, andformed small kingdoms.5.The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the formof folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.6.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and theNew Testament.7.The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first fivebooks, called Pentateuch.8.When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to thetop of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.9.Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.10.In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues topractise their religion.II 选择题1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the firstfive books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?_______A.Honour your father and your motherB.Do not commit suicideC.Do not desire your neighbour’s wifeD.Do not take the name of God in vain4.When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion? ______A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th centuryⅢ名词解释1.the Bible2.the Pentateuch3.Ten CommandmentsⅣ简答与问答1.What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization?2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?3.What are the Ten Commandments about?Rise of ChristianityⅠ填空题1.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.2.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.3.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda.5.In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all andmade Christianity legal.6.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire andoutlawed all other religions.7.After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in theMediterranean regions.Ⅱ选择题1.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third2.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire andoutlawed all other religions? __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar3.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?__________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I4.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John WycliffⅢ名词解释1.The Edict of MilanⅣ简答与问答1.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The New TestamentⅠ填空题1.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as priest.2.Towards the end of he fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the NewTestament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was 3.When as Jesus’ found with child of the Holy Ghost4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda andcaught at the Last Supper.Translations of the BibleⅠ填空题1.Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally writtenin Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint, asaccording the fictional letter of Aristeas, it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days.3.The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which wasnguage.done in 384 –405 A.D. by St. Jerome in common people’s la4.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 andwas copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.5.The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” o r King James’ version, first published in 1611.Ⅱ选择题1.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 1542.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint3.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete workprinted.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew4.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 1979Division Three: The Middle AgesManor and ChurchⅠ填空题1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire inthe fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars andinvasions.3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding –a system of holding land inexchange for military service.5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward fortheir service.6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone anddesigned as fortress.8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lordand to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from whichthe western idea of good manners developed.9.In the medieval days a knight was trained for war by fighting each other in mock batterscalled tournaments.10.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the EasternOrthodox Church.11.The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who livedin North Africa in the fifth century.12.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy,lords and peasants.13.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of allChristian churches in western Europe.14.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court –the Inquisition to stamp outso-called heresy.15.One of the most important sacraments was Holy Communion, which was to remind peoplethat Christ had died to redeem man.16.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys tosacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.17.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holywars called the Crusades.Ⅱ选择题1.In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe fromcentral Asia, robbing and killing a large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes?________A. the MongoliansB. the HunsC. the TurkishD. the Syrians2.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”3.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight?_______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth4.In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? _________A. Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler5.When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern OrthodoxChurch?_________A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4766.Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe isNOT true?____________A.Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C.As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D.At about fourteen, the page became a knight.7.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe? _______A.At the age of 14.B.When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for theladies.C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D.When he was pledged to fight for the church.8.Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering themonastery according to the Benedictine Rule?A.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight.B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.9.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs10.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusadesand ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 1291Ⅲ名词解释1.the Middle Ages2.Manor3.Code of Chivalry4.Benedictine Rule5.the CrusadesⅣ简答与问答1.Who was Charles Martel?2.What was the difference between a serf and a free man?3.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism?4.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?Learning and Science, Literature, Art and ArchitectureⅠ填空题1.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps themost important figure of the medieval period.Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.2.Charlemagne w as crowed “3.The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up allthe knowledge of medieval theology.4.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of Scientific research and called for carefulobservation and experimentation.vernacular languages – that is, the languages of 5.“National epic” refers to the epic written invarious national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.6.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts oforal literature.7.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one ofthe landmarks of world literature.8.Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for theirpower of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.9.Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight and popularity of hiswritings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English.10.The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity andmonumentality with all overall blocky appearance.11.The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the follo wing was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James2.Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to themedieval European culture? _________A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great3.Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic? _________A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French4.Who is the author of the Opus Maius? ________A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas AquinasⅢ名词解释1.Carolingian Renaissance2.Beowulf3.Song of Roland4.The Canterbury tales5.Romanesque6.GothicⅣ简答与问答1.What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share?Division IV: Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance in ItalyⅠ填空题1.Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.2.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.3.In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers andscholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideasthat expressed the interests of bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by theRoman Church authorities.4.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture andarchitecture.5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy.6.Decameron is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen ontheir way to escape the Black Death of 1348.7.Petrach was best known for Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect.8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy andperspective.9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci,michelangelo, Raphael and Titian.Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; Mona 10.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works:Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.11.Michelangelo created a style of art in which he freed himself from the old tradition ofdecoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other.painting is acknowledged to have established oil colour on canvas as the typical 12.Titian’smedium of the pictorial tradition in western art.13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 andthe rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to Indiawhich provided a cheaper means of transport.14.Petrach is looked up as the father of modern poetry.15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?_______A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, andcreated High Renaissance? ___________A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione5.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?_______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo6.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (VirginMary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael7.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on adonkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the HuntersⅢ名词解释1.Renaissance2.DecameronⅣ简答与问答1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?2.What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art andliterature during the Italian Renaissance?3.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tradition?4.In what way was Leonardo da Vinci important during the Renaissance?Reformation and Counter-ReformationⅠ填空题1.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with theabsolute authority of the Bible.2.Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked thefirst break in the unity of the Catholic Church.3.When the Pope refused to recognized Henry’s marriage with Anne Boleyn, British Parliament,in 1534, passed the Act of Supremacy which marked the formal break of the British with thePapal authorities.4.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.5.John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which wasconsidered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Ⅱ选择题1.Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? ________A. Jan HusB. John WyliffC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin2.Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion?A. John WycliffB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD.Erasmus3.In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place?____A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII4.After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church?_______A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. QueenⅢ名词解释1.Calvinism2.the Council of Trent3.Counter-ReformationⅣ简答与问答1.What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?2.What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?Renaissance in other CountriesⅠ填空题1.The Protestant group in France was known as the Huguenots whose rivalry with the CatholicChurch led to the wars of religion from 1562 to 1598.2.In 1492 the Moors that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their laststronghold.3.In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.4.The author of Don Quixote is Cervantes.5.Albrecht Dürer was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. His engravings areunsurpassed and his paintings of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.6.Under the reign of Elizabeth I, England began to embark on the road to colonization andforeign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.7.Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings the bestknown is Utopia.8.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness ofman, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?_______A.Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia2.Whose motto put down in his essays “What do Know” is world famous?________A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD. Shakespearehumanist ideas and a style 3.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’swhich is easy and familiar? ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance4.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne5.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais6.“To be, or not to be, -- that is the question ” from whose works? _______A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. ShakespeareⅢ简答与问答1.Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way wasEnglish Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what were their contributions?Science and Technology during the RenaissanceⅠ填空题1.The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 thesurface of the known earth was doubled.。

2020-2021学年北京欧美外语中学高三历史期末试题含解析

2020-2021学年北京欧美外语中学高三历史期末试题含解析

2020-2021学年北京欧美外语中学高三历史期末试题含解析一、选择题(每小题2分,共60分)1. 美国历史学家斯塔夫理·阿诺斯的《全球通史》在谈到英国工业革命时写道:“工业革命不能仅仅归因于一小群发明者的天才。

天才无疑起了一定的作用,然而,更重要的是18世纪后期起作用的种种有利力量的结合。

”这里的“种种有利力量”包括①代议制立宪政体的确立②圈地运动的开展③机器工厂的出现④海外市场的扩大A.①②④ B.②③④ C.①③④ D.①②③④参考答案:A2. 中国作为四大文明古国之一,农业文明源远流长,以下农具开始应用于农业生产的先后顺序是()A.④①②③B.④①③②C.①④③②D.①④②③参考答案:B结合所学可知,①②③④分别是耧车、曲辕犁、翻车和骨耜,西汉时期发明播种工具耧车,唐朝时创制了曲辕犁,三国马均发明灌溉工具翻车,原始社会我国发明了骨耜,故先后顺序是④①③②,故选B。

3. 北宋文人王说指出,“盖唐之乱,非藩镇无以平之,而亦藩镇有以乱之。

……故其所以去唐之乱者,藩镇也;而所以致唐之乱者,亦藩镇也。

”作者旨在说明A.唐朝藩镇具有双重作用B.藩镇割据导致唐朝灭亡C.藩镇有利于维系唐朝统治D.藩镇是平定叛乱主要力量参考答案:A【详解】根据材料“去唐之乱者,藩镇也……致唐之乱者,亦藩镇也”,反映了藩镇两面性,故A项正确;藩镇割据导致唐朝灭亡,仅反映了“致唐之乱者,亦藩镇也”,故B项错误;藩镇有利于维系唐朝统治,仅反映了“去唐之乱者,藩镇也”,故C项错误;同理,故D项错误。

4. 在苏联七十多年的历史中,大规模的饥荒有三次,即1922-1923年、1932-1933年、1946-1947年。

其中1932-1933年大饥荒的程度最为严重,1932年苏联主要农业区乌克兰地区谷物产量仅是1930的36.8%,据估计饥荒死亡人数的在600—800万之间,导致这次饥荒的主要原因是()A.苏联的经济困难呈现周期性特征B.苏联优先发展重工业的错误决策C.经济建设模式模糊导致社会混乱D.农业集体化目的与客观效果相悖参考答案:D考点:本题旨在考查斯大林模式从题干中信息“1932年苏联主要农业区”,结合所学知识,这一时期苏联在斯大林领导下进行农业集体化运动。

欧洲文化复习题

欧洲文化复习题

欧洲文化复习题欧洲文化复习题欧洲,这片古老而富有魅力的大陆,承载着丰富多样的文化遗产。

无论是艺术、音乐、文学还是建筑,欧洲文化都有着独特的魅力。

让我们一起来回顾一下欧洲文化的一些重要方面吧!1. 文艺复兴时期是欧洲文化的重要转折点。

请简要介绍文艺复兴时期的背景和特点。

文艺复兴时期起源于15世纪的意大利,是一场对古典文化的热爱和追求的运动。

这一时期的背景是中世纪的黑暗与封闭,而文艺复兴则标志着人们对人文主义思想的追求和对自由思想的开放。

文艺复兴时期的特点包括对古希腊罗马文化的研究和借鉴,追求自由个性和人类尊严,以及对艺术和科学的追求。

2. 莎士比亚是英国文学史上的伟大作家,他的作品对世界文学产生了深远的影响。

请列举莎士比亚的几部代表作品,并简要介绍其中一部作品的主要情节。

莎士比亚的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《麦克白》等。

其中,《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是一部著名的悲剧作品。

故事发生在意大利的维罗纳市,讲述了两个家族之间的仇恨和两位年轻人罗密欧与朱丽叶的禁忌之爱。

尽管他们深爱着彼此,但命运的捉弄和家族的仇恨最终导致了他们的悲剧结局。

3. 巴洛克艺术是17世纪欧洲的一种艺术风格,其特点是奢华、夸张和运动感。

请举例说明巴洛克艺术在建筑和绘画方面的应用。

在建筑方面,巴洛克艺术的代表作之一是法国凡尔赛宫。

凡尔赛宫以其宏伟的建筑和精美的装饰而闻名,它展示了巴洛克艺术的奢华和夸张特点。

在绘画方面,巴洛克艺术的代表人物包括意大利画家卡拉瓦乔和荷兰画家伦勃朗。

他们的作品充满了戏剧性的光影效果和运动感,给人以强烈的视觉冲击力。

4. 维也纳是音乐之都,许多伟大的音乐家都在这座城市留下了卓越的作品。

请介绍一位维也纳音乐家及其代表作品。

莫扎特是维也纳音乐史上最杰出的音乐家之一。

他的代表作品包括交响曲《第四十号》和歌剧《费加罗的婚礼》。

莫扎特的音乐作品充满了优雅和激情,他的天赋和创造力使他成为了古典音乐史上的巨人。

欧洲文明史考点整理.

欧洲文明史考点整理.

欧洲文明史题型:填空题+选择题(各5题、简答题(3题+论述题(2题1.一般认为,人类文明的第一缕曙光首先出现在底格里斯河和幼发拉底河下游的苏美尔。

人类最早的文明是苏美尔文明,诞生于两河流域(幼发拉底河、底格里斯河,起始年代为公元前3500年-公元前3100年,使用楔形文字。

两河流域文明的三个民族:苏美尔人—阿卡德人—阿摩利人(巴比伦人。

巴比伦人创造的《汉谟拉比法典》被认为是人类历史上最早的有条理的法律文集。

人类古代文明大约始于公元前3500年,而且古代文明主要出现在大型河流经过的地区,以大河流域文明的形式出现,这些大河流域包括底格里斯河和幼发拉底河流域、尼罗河流域、印度河流域以及黄河流域。

这些古代文明出现的时间分别为:苏美尔文明开始于公元前3500年左右,埃及文明起于约公元前3000年,印度河流域的文明起于约公元前2500年,中国黄河流域的文明起于约公元前1500年。

另外,中美洲和秘鲁的文明起于约公元前500年。

人类社会在进入文明时代后发生了一些根本上的改变,这些变化的结果中最显著的两个就是社会关系的不平等和性别关系的不平等。

这些不平等的出现是所有古代文明的共同点。

2. 另一个古代文明在尼罗河流域产生,这就是古埃及文明。

埃及文明是典型的帝国文明。

古埃及文明被认为是“尼罗河的馈赠”,古埃及人使用象形文字,在公元7世纪被阿拉伯人所灭。

古埃及文明从公元前3100年得到统一开始到公元前252年被波斯征服结束,历经2500年时间,这段时间内埃及文明是连续、稳定和保守的。

在法老王统治埃及的这两三千年间,尼罗河的子民创造了举世仅见的辉煌建筑。

纪念碑、神庙、金字塔、石像是古埃及的象征,这些巨石构建的奇迹是埃及人对众神和诸王的奉献。

这些作品表达了对生命本身意义的追寻,与诸神相连的渴望,对美的追求和对不朽的希望。

古埃及人信仰永恒和永生,他们相信人和太阳一样会死而复生。

为保护法老的尸体并让其永生,埃及人认真努力的为他们的国王(即法老修建巨大的陵墓——金字塔。

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《欧美历史与文化》综合复习第一章西方文化的起源一、填空1 、希腊历史的第一页是 ____非洲____ 文明的历史。

爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化,先后形成了两大中心: ____克里特岛____ 和 __迈锡尼______ ,因此又通称克里特岛—迈锡尼文化。

2 、公元前 __1700-1400______ 年期间,是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。

克里特文化的中心是 ___克诺索斯城_____ ,传说中的米诺斯________ 国王建立了海上霸权,控制了整个爱琴海地区。

克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段,在它的繁盛期,线形文字全岛通用,这种文字又称 __线文”A”_____ ,以区别迈锡尼的 ___线文“B”_____ 。

3 、迈锡尼文化以 ____迈锡尼城____ 而得名,但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称,是 ____克里特文化____ 的继续,只不过又加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。

4 、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为 __陶艺______ ,陶器表面多用 ___几何图形_____ 来装饰,所以荷马时代的考古文化通称为_几何形_______ 风格文化。

5 、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。

随着希腊文化中心的北移,希腊文化也越来越摆脱了 ____西亚____ 和 _____北非___ 文明的巨大影响,形成了具有特色的希腊民族文化。

奠定了日后 __欧洲文化______ 的根基。

二、名词解释1 、迈锡尼文化迈锡尼文化是和克里特文化密切相关的,二者共同构成了爱琴文明。

公元前15世纪至公元前12世纪,爱琴由克里特文化为主转入以迈锡尼文化为主。

迈锡尼是荷马时代一个最强大的希腊城邦。

它位于伯罗奔尼撒半岛。

2 、荷马史诗《荷马史诗》相传由古希腊盲诗人荷马创作的两部长篇史诗——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称,是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成。

两部史诗都分成24卷。

是古希腊最伟大的作品,也是西方文学中最伟大的作品。

《荷马史诗》具有文学艺术上的重要价值,它在历史、地理、考古学和民俗学方面也提供给后世很多值得研究的东西。

三、问答题:1 、荷马史诗的成就是什么?(1)结构的巧妙和完整。

(2)史诗在人物形象的塑造上也取得了很高的成就。

塑造了众多的人物,但并不显雷同,不显重复。

塑造人物的主要手法是把人物放在一定的情势中,以夸张的手法和色彩浓重的诗句,具体地描绘人物的语言和行动,表现他的性格。

(3)史诗的诗句优美动听,成为欧洲文学史上此类作品的典范。

得力于它们具有丰富瑰丽的想象和出色的比喻。

因此全诗极富生活气息,而且五光十色,绚丽多彩(4)史诗采用六音步长短短格的诗体,不用尾韵,节奏感很强。

与史诗所要表现的内容是很协调的。

(5)史诗的有些表现手法与朗诵艺术有着密切关系。

如重复约占全诗的三分之一。

第二章希腊古典时代的文化一、填空1 、在古希腊史上,通常把公元前 8 世纪—前 6 世纪称为 ____大移民时代____ ,这是古希腊文化发展和形成的重要时期;公元前 6 世纪以后直至马其顿征服希腊,称为 ________ 古典时代,是上古希腊文化发展的鼎盛时期;古典时代以后到奥古斯都打败安东尼这一时期,为 __希腊化时代______ ,是上古希腊文化广泛传播于 ______欧_ 、 _亚_______ 、 ___非_____ 三大洲许多地区的时代,同时也是希腊文化没落的时代。

2 、希腊人信奉的新神是从 __宙斯_____ 开始的 , 神宫建在 ___希腊最高的奥林匹斯____ 山上,娶其姐 _赫拉(天空之神)______ 为后,有智慧女神雅典娜_______ ,太阳神 ____阿波罗____ ,爱神 ____阿芙罗狄德___ 。

希腊宗教是多神教,最重要的特点是神人 _同形______ ;另一个特点是没有庞大的 ___祭司___ 阶层。

3 、古典时代的希腊文化在很大程度上应该说是 ________ 的文化,文学主要是戏剧,有 ____古希腊戏剧____ 与 __近代希腊戏剧______ ,起源于 ___酒神狄奥尼索斯__ 的祭奠仪式。

4 、 ____埃斯库罗斯 ___ 是希腊悲剧之父,代表作有 __被缚的普罗米修斯》、《阿伽门农》、《善好者》(或称《复仇女神》等______ ; _索福克勒斯______ 被人们称作戏剧的荷马,代表作有 _____《俄狄浦斯王》___ ; ________ 的剧作标志着旧日戏剧的结束, ________ 是他描写妇女悲剧中最重要的一部。

_____阿里斯托芬___ 被誉为希腊喜剧之父。

5 、希腊的建筑主要有三种形式: ___多立克柱式爱奥尼柱式科林斯_____ 、 ________ 和 ________ 。

雅典最宏伟的建筑就是雅典卫城顶上为女神雅典娜建的 ___帕特农神庙_____ 。

古希腊三大雕刻家是菲狄亚斯________ 、 _____米隆___ 、 __波利克里托斯_____ 。

他们的代表作分别是____雅典卫城建筑《命运三女神》___ 、 ___著名雕塑《掷铁饼者》____ 、 ____《赫拉女神像》,___ 。

6 、在古希腊哲学中苏格拉底与他的弟子 ____柏拉图____ 及再传弟子 _____亚里士多德___ 奠定了后世西方哲学的基础。

7 、古希腊的医学之父是 ___希波克拉底_____ ,首倡体液学说,对医学贡献最大的是“ _液体学说_______ ”,至今仍被奉为国际医务道德准则。

历史之父是_____希罗多德___ 代表作是《历史》________ , _____休昔底德___ 也是这一时期的杰出历史学家,其代表作有 ____《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》__。

____亚里士多德____ 是古希腊科学的集大成者。

二、问答题1、希腊神话的内容与特点是什么?希腊神话包括神的故事和英雄传说两个部分。

神的故事涉及宇宙和人类的起源、神的产生及其谱系等内容。

神的故事涉及宇宙和人类的起源、神的产生及其谱系等内容。

相传古希腊有十二大神:众神之主宙斯,其妻赫拉,海神波塞冬,智慧女神雅典娜,太阳神阿波罗,狩猎女神与月神阿耳忒弥斯,爱与美之神阿佛罗狄忒(即维纳斯),战神阿瑞斯,火神与工匠神赫淮斯托斯,神使赫尔墨斯,农神得墨忒斯,灶神赫斯提亚。

他们掌管自然和生活的各种现象与事物,组成以宙斯为中心的奥林普斯神统和生活的各种现象与事物,组成以宙斯为中心的奥林普斯神统体系。

英雄传说起源于对祖先的崇拜,它是古希腊人对远古历史和对换自然界斗争的一种艺术回顾。

这类传说中的主人公大都是神与人的后代,半神半人的英雄。

他们体力过人,英勇非凡,体现了人类征服自然的豪迈气概和顽强意志,成为古代人民集体力量和智慧的化身。

最著名的传说有赫拉克勒斯的十二件大功,伊阿宋取金羊毛等。

希腊神话中的神与人同形同性,既有人的体态美,也有人的七情六欲,懂得喜怒哀乐,参与人的活动。

神与人的区别仅仅在于前者永生,无死亡期;后者生命有限,有生老病死。

希腊神话中的神个性鲜明,没有禁欲主义因素,也很少有神秘主义色彩。

因此,希腊神话不仅是希腊文学的土壤,而且对后来的欧洲文学有着深远的影响。

2、古希腊宗教的特点是什么?1.多神崇拜。

由于古希腊宗教渊源极其广泛,加之城邦林立且政体与经济形态各异,难于统一等因素的影响,故神的来源广、数量多、神的故事丰富而驳杂,神的系统不一而足。

2.古希腊神人同行的特点非常明显,这可从其绚丽多彩的神话小说中得到反映。

3,古希腊宗教活动频繁,但祭祀仪式相当简单朴素。

4,古希腊神庙虽然众多,宗教事务繁杂,却没有形成特殊的祭司阶层。

3 、古风时代的希腊文学与艺术。

第三章希腊化时代的文化一、填空1 、希腊化是古埃及_____ 、_巴比伦_ ____ 甚至 ___古印度___ 以及其他东方文化与希腊文化相互交汇、融合的产物。

它不仅首次沟通了 ____世界五大__ 文明发祥地,而且还揭开了 ____欧亚非____ 大陆间人类文化大交流、大汇合的序幕。

2 、希腊化时代的文学主要包括诗歌、戏剧和散文三大类。

抒情诗人 ________ 以描写西西里优美风光和淳朴乡民而知名,被称为 ________ 。

新喜剧作家中最有成就的是雅典的__阿里斯托芬______ 。

3 、希腊化时代的雕刻艺术主要集中于 ___亚历山大里亚_____ 、小亚西亚的____帕加马____ 和爱琴海的 _罗得斯岛_______ 的三个中心地区。

4 、爱琴海的罗得斯岛,在希腊化时期出现了一个著名的雕刻学派——________ , ________ 是罗得斯雕刻大师 ________ 等人的作品; _太阳神巨像_______ 是公元前 3 世纪雕刻家卡瑞斯的作品,因其宏大壮丽被誉为古代世界七大奇迹之一; 19 世纪在爱琴海南部的米洛岛上发现的__维纳斯______ ,被认为在雕刻艺术上达到了古希腊艺术的极至。

5 、 ________ 城的建筑反映了希腊化时代城市建筑的先进水平,最负盛名的是王宫 ________ (又称博学园),是当时最大的学术中心,藏书机构。

________ 高约 135 公尺,雄伟壮丽,被列为世界七大奇观。

6 、犬儒学派最早的领导人是 _安提斯梯尼_______ ,主张人要自然地生活;伊壁鸠鲁学派是当时影响最大的哲学派别,创始人就是 _伊壁鸠鲁_______ 。

斯多噶学派的创始人是出身于塞浦路斯岛的 ______芝诺__ ;怀疑论学派的创始人为 __皮浪______ 。

7 、希腊化时代的科学技术有了显著的进步,一方面是出现了一批卓越的科学家,另一方面希腊的自然科学已逐步发展到理论化阶段。

这一时代被誉为西方历史上“ ________ ”。

天文学方面 ____哥白尼(阿里斯塔库斯)____ 提出了太阳中心说;数学家有 ____欧几里得____ 撰写了《几何原本》; ___阿基米德_____ 是希腊化时代伟大的数学家和力学家。

_____埃拉托斯特涅斯___在他的《地理学概论》一书中,第一次使用了“地理学”这个名词。

二、名词解释1 、希腊化“希腊化”一般指马其顿亚历山大征服后的北非、西亚、中亚和希腊世界,包括他去世后建立的三个王朝,时间从公元前334年至公元前1世纪。

希腊化时期处于边缘地位的周边落后民族迅速崛起,文化交往从以往的单向性发展为双向性,文明中心迁移至欧亚大陆交界处和两河流域的新兴大城市或首都。

希腊化促进了东西方宗教的融合及世界宗教和中东文明圈的形成。

2 、犬儒学派儒学派就是对世界的不信任和对任何事物抱消极态度的学派。

犬儒学派因其创始人安提斯泰尼(Antisthenes)在一个名叫居诺萨格(Kunosarges)的体育场中讲学而得名。

因为Kuno就是希腊语“狗”的意思。

同时,“犬儒”这名称也标志着他们的生活方式3 、伊壁鸠鲁学派学派作为最有影响的哲学学派之一延续了4个世纪。

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