ORACLE 常用命令.

第一章：日志管理1.forcing log switchessql> alter system switch logfile;2.forcing checkpointssql> alter system checkpoint;3.adding online redo log groupssql> alter database add logfile [group 4]sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;4.adding online redo log memberssql> alter database add logfile membersql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;5.changes the name of the online redo logfilesql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log' sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';6.drop online redo log groupssql> alter database drop logfile group 3;7.drop online redo log memberssql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';8.clearing online redo log filessql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo'; ing logminer analyzing redo logfilesa. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' 'b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',sql> dbms_logmnr.new);d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters sql> v$logmnr_logs);g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;第二章：表空间管理1.create tablespacessql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m, sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging] sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]2.locally managed tablespacesql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;3.temporary tablespacesql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;4.change the storage settingsql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);5.taking tablespace offline or onlinesql> alter tablespace app_data offline;sql> alter tablespace app_data online;6.read_only tablespacesql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;7.droping tablespacesql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;8.enableing automatic extension of data filessql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;9.change the size fo data files manuallysql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;10.Moving data files: alter tablespacesql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';11.moving data files:alter databasesql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';第三章：表1.create a tablesql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]2.copy an existing tablesql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery3.create temporary tablesql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)5.change storage and block utilization parametersql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500ksql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);6.manually allocating extentssql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');7.move tablespacesql> alter table employee move tablespace users;8.deallocate of unused spacesql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]9.truncate a tablesql> truncate table table_name;10.drop a tablesql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];11.drop a columnsql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;alter table table_name drop columns continue;12.mark a column as unusedsql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs第四章：索引1.creating function-based indexessql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);2.create a B-tree indexsql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespacesql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0sql> maxextents 50);3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows4.creating reverse key indexessql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200ksql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;5.create bitmap indexsql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200ksql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;6.change storage parameter of indexsql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);7.allocating index spacesql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;第五章：约束1.define constraints as immediate or deferredsql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraintssql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints 3. define constraints while create a tablesql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);primary key/unique/references table(column)/check4.enable constraintssql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;5.enable constraintssql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;第六章：LOAD数据1.loading data using direct_load insertsql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologgingsql> select * from emp_old;2.parallel direct-load insertsql> alter session enable parallel dml;sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologgingsql> select * from emp_old;ing sql*loadersql> sqlldr scott/tiger \sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true第七章：reorganizing dataing expoty$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y ing import$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y3.transporting a tablespacesql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_tstriggers=n constraints=n$copy datafile$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2 /sles02.dbf)sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;4.checking transport setsql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true); 在表transport_set_violations 中查看sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是，表示自包含第八章：managing password security and resources1.controlling account lock and passwordsql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;er_provided password functionsql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean3.create a profile : password settingsql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_functionsql> password_grace_time 5;4.altering a profilesql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;5.drop a profilesql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];6.create a profile : resource limitsql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;7. view => resource_cost : alter resource costdba_Users,dba_profiles8. enable resource limitssql> alter system set resource_limit=true;第九章：Managing users1.create a user: database authenticationsql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace userssql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expiresql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];2.change user quota on tablespacesql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;3.drop a usersql> drop user juncky [cascade];4. monitor userview: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas第十章：managing privileges1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs2.grant system privilegesql> grant create session,create table to managers;sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile, alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover databasealter database archivelog,restricted sessionsysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema6.revoke system privilegesql> revoke create table from karen;sql> revoke create session from scott;7.grant object privilegesql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs9.revoke object privilegesql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$11. protecting the audit trailsql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;12.statement auditingsql> audit user;13.privilege auditingsql> audit select any table by summit by access;14.schema object auditingsql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts16.view audit result: view=>dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement第十一章：manager role1.create rolessql> create role sales_clerk;sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;2.modify rolesql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;3.assigning rolessql> grant sales_clerk to scott;sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;4.establish default rolesql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;sql> alter user scott default role all;sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;sql> alter user scott default role none;5.enable and disable rolessql> set role hr_clerk;sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;sql> set role all except sales_clerk;sql> set role none;6.remove role from usersql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;sql> revoke hr_manager from public;7.remove rolesql> drop role hr_manager;8.display role informationview: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles 第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)> shutdown immediate> cp files /backup/> startup5.restore to a different location> connect system/manager as sysdba> startup mount> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf'; > alter database open;6.recover syntax--recover a mounted database>recover database;>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';>alter database recover database;--recover an opened database>recover tablespace user_data;>recover datafile 2;>alter database recover datafile 2;7.how to apply redo log files automatically>set autorecovery on>recover automatic datafile 4;plete recovery:--method 1(mounted databae)>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf>startup mount>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;>alter database open;--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile) >copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or>recover tablespace user_data;>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or>alter tablespace user_data online;--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile) >startup mount>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;>alter database open>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf>alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'>recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;>alter tablespace user_data online;--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;>alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf'' >recover tablespace user_data;>alter tablespace user_data online5.perform an open database backup> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;> copy files /backup/> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;> alter system switch logfile;6.backup a control file> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';> alter database backup controlfile to trace;7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)> shutdown abort> cp files> startup8.recovery of file in backup mode>alter database datafile 2 end backup;9.clearing redo log file>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;10.redo log recovery>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k; >alter database drop logfile group 1;>alter database open;or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log>alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';。