病生作业2

病理生理学作业2007级研究生班岳建伟学号2007161．有关致热原的种类（发热激活物、EP）？答：致热原包括外致热源和内生致热源（EP），病生五版教材中提到的内生致热源有LP,IL-1,TNF,IFN.IL-6等，2000年后有很多关于EP的报道，例如:MIP-1,MIP-2,CNTF,IL-8,IL-18、内皮素等。

现将几篇相关文献的摘要介绍如下：肺炎链球菌感染早期外源性白介素-18干预的实验研究华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院舒俊华熊盛道熊维宁徐国鹏,武汉430030摘要目的:探讨外源性IL-18在小鼠肺炎早期对肺组织中肺炎链球菌清除的影响。

方法:经鼻灌注肺炎链球菌诱导并建立小鼠肺炎链球菌肺炎模型,将实验小鼠分3组:正常对照组、感染组、感染加IL218干预组。

培养并计数小鼠肺组织内细菌数量,检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中中性粒细胞计数, RT-PCR方法检测小鼠肺组织中TNF-α及MIP-2 mRNA表达水平。

结果:①干预组小鼠肺泡灌洗液中,中性粒细胞计数明显高于感染组( P<0.01) ,感染组又高于对照组(P<0.01) ;②干预组小鼠肺组织中细菌计数较感染组明显降低(P<0.01) ;③干预组小鼠肺组织中TNF2α及MIP22 mRNA表达较感染组明显增高(P<0.01) ,而感染组又高于对照组(P<0.01)。

结论:在小鼠肺炎链球菌肺炎早期给予外源性IL-18可以上调肺组织中TNF-α及MIP22 mRNA的表达,促进中性粒细胞在感染部位聚集,减少肺组织中细菌数量。

关键词外源性白介素-18TNF-αMIP-2肺炎链球菌感染中性粒细胞计数中图分类号R563.1 文献标识码The inhibitoryeffect of PGE2on LPS2induced MIP21alpha andbeta by peritoneal macrophage cellsJing hua2e ,Gu peng1,Jing hui2e2(Departmentof Physiology;1Departmentof Imaging,NorthSichuanMedical College,Nanchong637007;2TheChildren’s Hospitalof Philadelphia,PA,USA)Abstract Objectives: To investigate whether PGE2has inhibitory effects on proinflammatory chemokine MIP21α/βproductionbyLPSactivatedperitoneal macrophagecellsin vitro. Methods:Primaryperitoneal macrophageswereprepared,culturedin thepres2enceor absenceof LPS. MIP21α/βreleas ed in the Supernatants were measured by Sandwich ELISA and mRNA expressionlevel wasmeasured by real2time PCR. Results:PGE2inhibits MIP21α/βproduction byperitoneal macrophagesintimeand dose dependent man2ners. Thisinhibitory effects wereobserved at both protein and mRNA level and was mediated through EP2and EP4receptors. Con2clusion: PGE2inhibitsLPS2induced proinflammatory chemokine MIP21α/β, thus, has anti2inflammatoryfunctions.Key words:PGE2;LPS;macrophage cells;MIP21α;MIP21βIn silico identification of functional divergence between themultiple groEL gene paralogs in Chlamydiae.McNally D, Fares MA.Evolutionary Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. dmcnally@tcd.ie <dmcnally@tcd.ie>BACKGROUND: Heat-shock proteins are specialized molecules performing different and essential roles in the cell including protein degradation, folding and trafficking. GroEL is a 60 Kda heat-shock protein ubiquitous in bacteria and has been regarded as an important molecule implicated in chronic inflammatory processes caused by Chlamydiae infections. GroEL in Chlamydiae became duplicated at the origin of the Chlamydiae lineage presenting three distinct molecular chaperones, namely the original protein GroEL1 (Ct110), and its paralogous proteins GroEL2 (Ct604) and GroEL3 (Ct755). These chaperones present differential and independent expressions during the different stages of Chlamydiae infections and have been suggested to present differential physiological and regulatory roles. RESULTS: In this comprehensive in silico study we show that GroEL protein paralogs have diverged functionally after the different gene duplication events and that this divergence has occurred mainly between GroEL3 and GroEL1. GroEL2 presents an intermediate functional divergence pattern from GroEL1. Our results point to the different protein-protein interaction patterns between GroEL paralogs and known GroEL protein clients supporting their functional divergence after groEL gene duplication. Analysis of selective constraints identifies periods of adaptive evolution after gene duplication that led to the fixation of amino acid replacements in GroEL protein domains involved in the interaction with GroEL protein clients. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that GroEL protein copies in Chlamydiae species have diverged functionally after the gene duplication events. We also show that functional divergence has occurred in important functional regions of these GroEL proteins and that very probably have affected the ancestral GroEL regulatory role and protein-protein interaction patterns with GroEL client proteins. Most of the amino acid replacements that have affected interaction with protein clients and that were responsible for the functional divergence between GroEL paralogs were fixed by adaptive evolution after the groEL gene duplication events.PMID: 17519003 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE脑热清对内毒素性发热家兔解热作用的实验研究刘智勤1,蒋玉凤2△,岳晓莉2,樊永平3,王玺玫2,黄启福2(1河北大学药学院, 河北保定071002;2北京中医药大学病理教研室, 北京100029;3中国医学科学院北京天坛医院, 北京100050)[摘要]目的: 探讨脑热清(NRQ)口服液对内毒素性发热家兔的解热作用。