(推荐)GeneticallyModifiedFood
Genetically-Modified-Foods
Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?转基因食品：有害还是有益？Genetically-modified foods (GM foods) have made a big splash in the news lately.在最近的新闻中，转基因食品激起了极大反响。
European environmental organizations and public interest groups have been actively protesting against GM foods for months, and recent controversial studies about the effects of genetically-modified corn pollen on monarch butterfly caterpillars have brought the issue of genetic engineering to the forefront of the public consciousness in the U.S.欧洲的环保组织和公益团体几个月来大力反对转基因食品，最近在美国，关于转基因玉米花粉对帝王蝶毛虫影响的调查备受争议，将基因工程学问题推到了公众意识的前沿。
In response to the upswelling of public concern, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held three open meetings in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Oakland, California to solicit public opinions and begin the process of establishing a new regulatory procedure for government approval of GM foods.作为对不断加深的公众担心的回应，美国食品及药物管理局(FDA)在分别在芝加哥，华盛顿特区和加州的奥克兰市召开了三场听证会，征求公众意见，开始建立了对政府批准转基因食物的新监管。
基因改良食品.
前言(續)
各種生物都有其特殊的基因。基因決定了每個細 胞要做什麼，並且代代相傳。基因確保了生物傳宗 接代的穩定性。在自然界的規律下，交叉繁殖只會 在相同的物種之內發生。但是，基因工程將抽取一 物種(例如，北極魚) 基因，轉移到不同物種(例如： 番茄)，從而創造成前所未有的嶄新品種(例如：北極 魚番茄)，它們不是透過大自然本身正常演化而產生 的物種，若將這些人造的生物體放在自然環境中， 會帶來什麼後果，目前還是未知數。食品所使用的 原料如果含有基因轉殖作物，可被歸類為基因改造 食品(genetically modified food, GMF)。
基因改造食品(續)
• 基因改良食品之特性
– 現有之技術所能達成之改良特性有增加生長速度、 改良營養價值、抗蟲、抗病、抗除草劑、抗低溫、 延長保存期限、耐運送或利於加工等
• 基因改良食品之好處：
– – – – – – 增加耕地產量，解決糧食短缺 減少農藥使用，避免環境污染 節省生產成本，降低食物售價 增加食物種類，提升食物品質 改進食物營養，提高附加價 促進生產效率，帶動相關產業發展
基因改造技術
• 能克服自然生理學上、生殖上或重組上 的障礙（此障礙係指供應細胞或原生質 在分類上並非屬於同一科）
– 載體系統重組核酸技術 – 顯微注射法（micro-injection）、巨量注射法 （macro-injection）及微膠囊法（microencapsulation）將生物體外製備之遺傳物質 直接注入生物體內的技術 – 細胞融合或雜交技術
黃金米(Golden Rice)
目 的
雖然在過去十年來，農作物單位面積 的生產量明顯增加許多，但是面對未來愈 來愈多的人口、水資源的減少以及土地利 用的限制，全球農作物的生產力仍倍受考 驗。如果能適當應用生物技術，則除了使 農業耕作環境更符合生態需求外，對於餵 養全人類的目標，因改造食品(又稱基因轉殖食品) ，利用 基因工程技術而生產獲得特性經過改造之食品。 • 「基因改造」定義：使用基因工程或分子生物 技術，將遺傳物質植入活細胞或生物體，產生 基因重組現象，並使之增殖的相關技術。 • 聯合國糧農組織/世界衛生組織（FAO/WHO）– 「基因改造生物」（Genetically Modified Organism， 簡稱GMO）之定義為：「基因改造生物」是指基因 遺傳物質被改變的生物，其基因改變的方式係透過 基因技術，而不是以自然增殖及/或自然重組的方式 產生。
转基因食品英语作文
转基因食品英语作文Genetically Modified Foods。
Genetically modified foods, also known as genetically engineered foods or biotech foods, refer to foods that have been modified through genetic engineering techniques. The genetic material of these foods has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally through mating or natural recombination. The objective of genetically modifying foods is to improve their nutritional value, increase their resistance to pests and diseases, and enhance their shelf life.The debate over genetically modified foods has been ongoing for many years. Supporters argue that genetically modified foods can help to address the world's foodsecurity challenges by increasing crop yields and reducing the use of pesticides and herbicides. They also argue that genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption and have undergone extensive testing and regulation.However, opponents of genetically modified foods argue that they pose potential health risks, including allergic reactions and the development of antibiotic resistance. They also argue that genetically modified foods can have negative environmental impacts, including the development of superweeds and the loss of biodiversity.Despite the controversy surrounding genetically modified foods, they have become increasingly prevalent in the global food supply. Many countries, including the United States, China, and Brazil, have approved the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops. In addition, many processed foods contain genetically modified ingredients, such as corn, soybeans, and canola.In conclusion, the debate over genetically modified foods is complex and ongoing. While supporters argue that they can help to address the world's food security challenges, opponents argue that they pose potential health and environmental risks. As consumers, it is important to educate ourselves about the potential benefits and risks ofgenetically modified foods and make informed decisions about what we choose to eat.。
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS翻译
Assignment for Week 3Genetically Modified Foods (I)转基因食品If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions—and vocal green lobbies—the idea seems against nature.假如你想在一个宴会上发起一场激烈的争论，那么就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因农作物的概念带来了许多环境、健康、安全和伦理的问题。
特别是在有着长期耕耘传统的和呼吁保护环境团体的国家。
这转基因食品观念是违背自然的。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 实际上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活中的重要部分。
转基因食物英语作文
转基因食物英语作文篇一：转基因食品Genetically modified food is science brings us the product, now of cultivated land area of less, genetically modified food will play more and more important role, if the use of transgenic technology can solve the world food shortage problem, it is not quite good? Genetically modified food in the world now is a kind of new things, new things, people need time to promote its accept also need some time, we cannot put new things in the cradle, a stick to it from the beginning, that cannot be eaten of genetically modified food.You think we don't of hybrid rice is a genetically modified food? But we can open it from? And if they can pass the soybeans genetically modified technique using atmospheric nitrogeninside his produces fertilizers to other crops gene transfer in the mankind, it is. Everything is both sides, especially technology, science and technology is a double-edged sword? Genetically modified food has its disadvantages, like some worry, because it will not change, will destroy genetic evolution, etc. Genetically modified food and nutrition inside it isn't like that, the propaganda of people worry is understandable, after accepting a new things take time. But we also should see the benefits of them,I think as time slowly past, genetically modified foods will be accepted by people.篇二：转基因食物With the science and technology expanding day by day,we can get and experience more and more things which have never existed before,such as plane,car and genetically modified food.Theplanes and cars can let us be more convenient in our daily life.However,so far we still do not clearly know all the aspects of genetically modified food.Do they damage to our healthy? So what is the genetically modified food?It is a kind of food that people apply modern molecular biotechnology,transfer some biological gene to other species, transform the genetic material of living things,change the shape, nutritional quality, consumer quality to the target of people's needs.So from the definition of GMF,we can know it happened for people's needs.We can have more options to cook and eat,and it also can save our money because this kind of food is usually cheaper and easier to plant than others.Originally, it is good for our life. While,almost 50 percent of the whole people in China believe that the genetically modified food is not safe to our healthy,but what is the fun thing is most of them don't knowhow the genetically modified food damage their healthy.They just are deeply misunderstanding and even have repellent psychology because of the long-time negative public opinion. Of course,in our country,the new grain law have same more rigorous rules.For example,the genetically modified seeds' scientific research,experiments,productions,sales,imports and exports should be followed to the country's laws,and every individual person and unit are not allowed to imply genetically modified technology at principle grain cultivars without authorization.So in my opinion,we should believe that the genetically modified technology can bring more advantage and less disadvantage to us.It becomes a tendency to eat genetically modified food.So we just be at ease to eat unless the productions are counterfeit and inferior and it is notqualified by the standard department.篇三：转基因食物Today there are 6 billion people on the earth. By the year 2050 there may be 12.5 billion. This is a lot of people to feed. We need more food.One way to produce more food is by growing stronger plants. For thousands of years, farmers have made plants better. Every season, they pick the best plants for the next season. It works very slowly. Since 1983, scientists have been able to change plants more quickly by changing their genetic material(遗传物质). Foods from plants grown in this way are called genetically modified foods（转基因食品）, or GM foods.By changing the genetic material of a plant, it is possible to make new plants. They make plants which are strong against plant diseases. They can also help with our diseases: a kind of riceis being prepared(准备), for example, which stops people from becoming blind.Rich countries produce GM foods because they are easy to grow and bring in more money. Poor countries are interested in them because they help produce more food.GM plants are not natural. No one knows how good or bad they are. Making GM foods is only one way of feeding people in 2050. There are strong feelings against them, because they are unnatural. They may feed people, then hurt them or their children later. But, both rich and poor countries are very interested in their use, and they are not going to go away. In 2050 We may think differently about them.。
转基因食物 英语作文
转基因食物英语作文Genetically Modified Foods。
Genetically modified foods, or GMOs, are foods that have been altered in some way through genetic engineering. This process involves taking genes from one organism and inserting them into another in order to give it certain desirable traits, such as resistance to pests or a longer shelf life.While GMOs have been around for several decades, they have become increasingly controversial in recent years. Some people argue that they offer many benefits, such as increased crop yields and reduced pesticide use. Others, however, are concerned about the potential risks to human health and the environment.One of the main concerns about GMOs is that they may have unintended consequences. For example, there is some evidence that they may cause allergic reactions in somepeople. Additionally, some studies have suggested that they may harm beneficial insects, such as bees, which arecrucial for pollination.Another concern is that GMOs may have negative effects on the environment. For example, they may lead to the development of superweeds or superbugs that are resistant to pesticides. This can lead to increased pesticide use, which can harm both the environment and human health.Despite these concerns, many people still support the use of GMOs. They argue that they offer many benefits, such as increased crop yields and reduced pesticide use. Additionally, they argue that the risks of GMOs are relatively low and that they are rigorously tested before being approved for use.In conclusion, genetically modified foods are a controversial topic that has divided many people. While some argue that they offer many benefits, others are concerned about the potential risks to human health and theenvironment. Ultimately, it is up to each individual to decide whether or not they want to consume GMOs.。
2019年12月大学英语四级翻译练习：转基因食品
2019年12月大学英语四级翻译练习：转基因食品请将下面这段话翻译成英文：转基因食品(genetically modified foods)是通过基因工程的方法对生物体的DNA作特定改变并由此产出的食品。
这些技术允许引入新的作物性状，对于食物基因结构的掌控也比之前的方法，如选择性育种、诱变育种(mutation breeding)大。
中国已经成为世界上的大豆(soybean)进口国，购买60%的世界交易大豆。
这些进口大豆绝大部分是转基因品种。
在中国，有对关于转基因食品的激烈的公开辩论。
参考译文：Genetically modified foods are foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.These techniques have allowed the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over the food's genetic structure than previous methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.China has become the world s largest soybean importer, buying about 60% of the globally traded soybeans.Most of those imported soybeans are genetically modified varieties.In China, there is a fierce public debate on genetically modified food.1.转基因食品是通过基因工程的方法对生物体的DNA作特定改变并由此产出的食品：这句话较长，经分析其主干为“转基因食品是…食品”，即Genetically modified foods are...foods。
英语作文转基因食品
英语作文转基因食品Genetically Modified Food。
Genetically modified (GM) food has been a hot topic in recent years. While some people believe that GM food is the solution to world hunger and a way to increase crop yields, others are concerned about the potential risks to human health and the environment. In this essay, we will explore the pros and cons of GM food and discuss whether it is a viable solution to our food needs.First and foremost, GM food has the potential to increase crop yields and improve the nutritional content of food. By introducing genes from other organisms, scientists can create crops that are more resistant to pests, diseases, and harsh weather conditions. This means that farmers can produce more food on the same amount of land, which could help to alleviate world hunger. Additionally, GM food canbe engineered to contain higher levels of essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, which could helpto improve the overall health of the population.On the other hand, there are concerns about thepotential risks of GM food to human health and the environment. Some studies have suggested that consuming GM food could have negative effects on human health, such as allergies and antibiotic resistance. Additionally, thereare worries about the impact of GM crops on the environment, such as the potential for cross-breeding with wild plants and the development of superweeds that are resistant to herbicides. These concerns have led to calls for more stringent regulation of GM food and for more research into its long-term effects.Despite these concerns, many experts believe that GM food has the potential to play a key role in addressing our future food needs. With the global population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, there will be increasing pressure on the world's food supply. GM food could help to meet this demand by increasing crop yields and improving thenutritional content of food. However, it is important that we proceed with caution and ensure that GM food isthoroughly tested for its safety and environmental impact before it is widely adopted.In conclusion, GM food is a complex and controversial issue. While it has the potential to increase crop yields and improve the nutritional content of food, there are concerns about its potential risks to human health and the environment. As we move forward, it is important that we carefully consider the pros and cons of GM food and ensure that it is thoroughly tested and regulated before it is widely adopted. Only then can we be confident that GM food is a viable solution to our future food needs.。
genetically modified food雅思阅读
genetically modified food雅思阅读Genetically Modified FoodGenetically modified food (GM food) is a hotly debated topic, with strong opinions on both sides. On the one hand, supporters argue that GM technology has the potential to provide solutions to global issues such as hunger and food shortages. On the other hand, opponents are concerned about the possible long-term health and environmental effects of GM food.Proponents of GM food point to the potential of the technology to increase yields and reduce the impact of climate change. By modifying the genetic makeup of crops, scientists can create varieties that are more resilient to environmental stressors such as drought and disease. This could mean more food production in a world where the population is rapidly increasing and finite resources are becoming more stretched. Furthermore, GM technology allows for the production of crops with specific nutritional profiles, such as increased levels of essential nutrients.However, opponents of GM food raise concerns about potential health effects. There is no conclusive evidence to suggest that GM food is harmful to human health, but there is also no evidence to prove it is safe. It is possible that long-term consumption of GM food could lead to unforeseen health issues, such as allergies or other adverse reactions.Additionally, there are concerns about the lack of transparency in the labeling of GM food, which means consumers may unknowingly be eating GM products.The environmental impact of GM food is also a contentious issue. Some studies have shown that GM crops can have a negative impact on biodiversity by reducing genetic diversity within a species and by driving non-GM alternatives out of the ecosystem. Furthermore, the widespread planting of GM crops could lead to an increase in the use of pesticides and herbicides, potentially leading to environmental damage and human health issues.In conclusion, the debate over GM food continues, with both sides presenting valid arguments. On one hand, there is the potential for GM technology to address global hunger and food shortages, but on the other hand, there are concerns about potential health and environmental effects. It is clear that more research is needed to fully understand the long-term impacts of GM food before any widespread use can be recommended. In the meantime, it is important that consumers are given the choice whether to eat GM food or not and that proper labeling is in place to allow informed choices.。
GeneticallyModifiedFood(GMF)andItsSafety转基因食品与
• 从本质上讲，转基因生物和常规育种的品种 是一样的．
• 两者都是在原有的基础上对某些性状进行修 饰，或增加新性状、或消除原有不利性状。
• 有意识的杂交育种已有100多年的历史．
• 为什么对转基因植物进行安全性分析?
1、食物安全性因素 2、环境安全性因素
1、食物安全性因素
（1）转基因产物的直接影响：包括营养成 分、毒性或增加食物过敏性物质的可能；
（2）转基因间接影响：经遗传工程修饰 的基因片段导入后，引发基因突变或改 变代谢途径，造成 的间接影响；
（3）植物里导入了具有抗除草剂或毒杀虫 功能的基因后，它是否也象其他有害物 质一样能通过食物链进入人体内；
转基因食品存在的最大理由：
• 转基因食品并不会比常规育种有更多的 危险，恰恰相反，更大的危险是世界上 60亿人口中还有12亿人仍在温饱线上挣 扎。
（4）转基因食品经由胃肠道的吸收而将基 因转移至胃肠道微生物中，从而对人体 健康造成影响
2、环境安全性因素
（1）转基因生物对农业和生态环境的影响；
（2）产生超级杂草的可能；
（3）种植抗虫转基因作物后可能使害虫产 生免疫并遗传、从而产生更加难以消灭 的“超级害虫”；
（4）转基因向非目标生物漂移的可能性；
Genetically Modified Food (GMF)
and Its Safety
转基因食品与安全性
你吃过转基因食品吗？
• 不管您愿不愿意，您己经或正在把 转基因食品吃进肚里
• 转基因食品已经走进我国百姓的生活。
• 国内尚没有转基因作物的大规模生产
• 近几年我国大量从美国、阿根廷等国进 口大豆，其中大部分是转基因大豆。
转基因食品英语作文200
转基因食品英语作文200Genetically Modified Food。
Genetically modified food, also known as genetically engineered food, is a type of food that has been altered in some way through the use of genetic engineering techniques. This technology allows scientists to manipulate the DNA of plants and animals in order to produce desired traits, such as resistance to pests or increased nutritional value.While some people believe that genetically modified food is a safe and effective way to address issues like hunger and malnutrition, others are concerned about the potential health and environmental risks associated with these products. In this essay, I will explore the pros and cons of genetically modified food and offer my own perspective on this controversial issue.On the one hand, proponents of genetically modified food argue that these products have the potential to solvesome of the world's most pressing food-related problems.For example, genetically modified crops can be designed to resist pests and diseases, which can reduce the need for harmful pesticides and herbicides. In addition, scientists can use genetic engineering to increase the nutritional value of food, which could help to address malnutrition in developing countries.Another potential benefit of genetically modified foodis that it could help to increase crop yields, which would be particularly important in areas with limited arable land. By making crops more resistant to drought, for example, farmers could produce more food with less water, whichwould be especially important in regions that are prone to drought or other climate-related challenges.Despite these potential benefits, however, there are also a number of concerns about the safety andenvironmental impact of genetically modified food. For example, some studies have suggested that genetically modified crops could have negative effects on human health, such as causing allergic reactions or contributing to thedevelopment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.In addition, there are concerns about the potential environmental impact of genetically modified crops. For example, some critics argue that these crops could crossbreed with wild plants, creating "superweeds" that are resistant to herbicides and difficult to control. Others worry that genetically modified crops could harm beneficial insects, such as bees, which are essential for pollination.Given these concerns, it is clear that more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks and benefits of genetically modified food. In the meantime, however, it is important for consumers to be aware of the potential risks associated with these products and to make informed decisions about the food they eat.In my opinion, while genetically modified food may have some potential benefits, the risks associated with these products are simply too great to justify their widespread use. Until more research is conducted to fully understand the potential health and environmental risks of geneticallymodified food, I believe it is best to err on the side of caution and avoid these products whenever possible.。
转基因食品 英语作文
转基因食品英语作文Genetically Modified Foods。
Genetically modified foods, also known as GM foods, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. These modifications are typically intended to enhance the nutritional value, increase resistance to pests and diseases, or improve the overall growth and yield ofthe crops. The debate over the safety and ethical implications of genetically modified foods has been ongoing for many years, with strong arguments on both sides of the issue.Proponents of GM foods argue that these crops have the potential to solve many of the world's food shortages and malnutrition problems. By enhancing the nutritional content of staple crops such as rice and corn, genetically modified foods have the potential to provide essential vitamins and minerals to populations that are lacking in these nutrients.Additionally, the increased resistance to pests and diseases can result in higher crop yields, leading to more efficient and sustainable agricultural practices.Furthermore, supporters of GM foods point to the environmental benefits of these crops. By reducing the need for chemical pesticides and herbicides, genetically modified foods can have a lower impact on the environment and reduce the exposure of farmers to potentially harmful chemicals. Additionally, the increased yield of GM crops can reduce the amount of land needed for agriculture, potentially preserving natural habitats and biodiversity.On the other hand, critics of genetically modified foods raise concerns about the potential health risks and ethical implications of these crops. There is a lack of long-term studies on the effects of consuming genetically modified foods, leading to uncertainty about their safety for human consumption. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for unintended consequences, such as the development of resistance in pests and the creation of "superweeds" that are resistant to herbicides.Ethically, there are concerns about the control of the food supply by a few large corporations that produce genetically modified seeds. The patenting of these seeds can lead to increased costs for farmers and reduce the availability of traditional, non-modified seeds. Furthermore, there are worries about the potential for genetic contamination of non-GM crops, leading to the loss of biodiversity and the potential for irreversible changes to natural ecosystems.In conclusion, the debate over genetically modified foods is complex and multifaceted, with strong arguments on both sides of the issue. While proponents of GM foods point to their potential to alleviate food shortages and improve agricultural practices, critics raise concerns about the potential health risks and ethical implications of these crops. As the technology and understanding of genetic engineering continue to advance, it is essential to carefully consider the benefits and drawbacks ofgenetically modified foods and make informed decisions about their use and regulation.。
转基因食品介绍(英语课前演讲)
poison in pans
IIn 1999, the researcher at the university of Cornell John Losey issued a report in the British journal nature, feeding butterflies with leaves coated by travnsgenic Bt corn pollen, resulting in 44% of the ext larvae died 2007, French scientists confirmed that monsanto a genetically modified corn production has toxicity to the human liver and kidney
Genetically modified food
There are no strict boundaries between food and poison
Genetically modified food(GMF) refers to the food using genetic engineering (GM) technology in the species genome(基因组；染色体组) to embed(嵌入) in heterologous 1 ( 异种的)gene,including transgenic(转基因的； 基因改造的)plants,genetically modified animal,and genetically modified Microbial(微生物的) food.
4
The 1st kind GMF： transgenic(转基因的；基因改造的)plants food The 2nd kind GMF Genetically modified animal food The 3nd kind GMF Genetically modified microbial food The 4nd kind GMF Genetically modified special food
英语作文 转基因食品
英语作文转基因食品Genetically modified foods, also known as GMOs, have been a controversial topic for many years. Some people believe that GMOs are the solution to world hunger, while others argue that they pose serious health risks.GMOs are created by altering the genetic makeup of plants or animals to make them more resistant to pests, diseases, or environmental conditions. This process involves inserting genes from one species into another, which can have unpredictable effects on the organism and the environment.Proponents of GMOs argue that they can help increase crop yields, reduce the need for pesticides, and create more nutritious foods. However, critics are concerned about the long-term health effects of consuming GMOs, as well as the potential for genetic contamination of non-GMO crops.In many countries, GMOs are required to be labeled sothat consumers can make informed choices about the foods they eat. However, there is still a lack of consensus on the safety and regulation of GMOs, leading to ongoing debate and controversy.As the demand for food continues to grow, the use of GMOs is likely to increase. It is important for consumers to educate themselves about the potential risks and benefits of GMOs, and to advocate for transparent labeling and rigorous testing of these products. Ultimately, the future of GMOs will depend on how society chooses to balance the need for food security with concerns about health and environmental sustainability.。
【素材】 Unit 2 背景知识 Genetically modified food(人教)
Genetically modified foodKenyans examining insect-resistant transgenic Bt corn. Genetically modified (GM) foods are food items that have had their DNA changed through genetic engineering. Unlike conventional genetic modification that is carried out through conventional breeding and that have been consumed for thousands of years, GM foods were first put on the market in the early 1990s. The most common modified foods are derived from plants: soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil. For example, a typical GM Food could be a strawberry that has to survive in cold climates. Therefore, the farmer would get its DNA altered so it could survive in the frost. They would take DNA from a frost resistant cell, and transfer it into the strawberry cells genes. Therefore, the cells of the strawberry are now frost resistant and will survive the frost, so the farmer does not lose money.[1][2]Many major controversies surround genetically engineered crops and foods. These commonly focus on the long-term health effects for anyone eating them, environmental safety, labeling and consumer choice, intellectual property rights, ethics, food security, poverty reduction, environmental conservation, and potential disruption or even possible destruction of the food chain. The multi-national corporations and governments engaged in the genetic engineering of food claim the technology to be a boon for the human race, while many health-conscious people believe it to be a potential and/or actual disaster.DevelopmentThe first commercially grown genetically modified whole food crop was the tomato (called Flavr Savr), which was made more resistant to rotting by Californian company Calgene.[3] Calgene was allowed to release the tomatoes into the market in 1994 without any special labeling.[4] It was welcomed by consumers who purchased the fruit at two to five times the price of regular tomatoes. However, production problems[3] and competition from a conventionally bred, longer shelf-life variety prevented the product from becoming profitable. A variant of the Flavr Savr was used by Zeneca to produce tomato paste which was sold in Europe during the summer of 1996.[5] The labeling and pricing were designed as a marketing experiment, which proved, at the time,that European consumers would accept genetically engineered foods. However with news that Dr. Árpád Pusztai a leading UK scientist who had been hired by the Rowett Institute to develop the new safety protocol for genetically modified foods in Europe. He found that the rats in his study had developed potentially precancerous cell growth in the digestive tract, inhibited development of their brains, livers, and testicles, partial atrophy of the liver, enlarged pancreases and intestine, and immune system damage. He concluded that it was not the insecticide gene that was inserted, but was the process of genetic engineering itself.[6] Upon appearing on television where he said he expressed his concerns that the government and companies were using the population as Guinea pigs. Europeans were outraged, and within a week every major food company on the continent including McDonalds, Nestlé and Burger King, all committed to not purchase GM foods. To date this remains one of the best designed and carefully controlled feeding studies of genetically engineered foods on mammals.The attitude towards GM foods only got worse after outbreaks of Mad Cow Disease weakened consumer trust in government regulators, and protesters rallied against the introduction of Monsanto's "Roundup Ready" soybeans.[citation needed] The next GM crops included insect-resistant cotton[7][8] and herbicide-tolerant soybeans[9] both of which were commercially released in 1996. GM crops have been widely adopted in the United States. They have also been extensively planted in several other countries (Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, India, and China) where the agriculture is a major part of the total economy. Other GM crops include insect-resistant maize and herbicide-tolerant maize, cotton, and rapeseed varieties.GM Foods currentlyCurrently, there are a number of foods of which a genetically modified version exists.Food Properties of thegeneticallymodified varietyTradenameCompany ModificationPercent inUSPercentinworldSoybeans Resistant toherbicidesRoundupReady,MonsantoHerbicide resistantgene taken frombacteria inserted intosoy bean89% TBACorn Resistance tocertain pesticides(tolerating cropspray - this way afarmer can useamounts ofpesticides whichwould normally killthe plant, withoutharming it)RoundupReady,MonsantoNew geneadded/transferred intoplant genome60% TBACotton Pest-resistantcottonTBANew geneadded/transferred intoplant genome83% TBAHawaiian Papaya Variety is resistantto the PapayaRingspot Virus.TBANew geneadded/transferred intoplant genome+50% TBATomatoes Variety that doesnot rot (degrade)as fast - thegeneticallymodified (gm)tomatoes do notproduce asubstance thatnormally causestomatoes to rotand degrade.E.g.FlavrSavrFirst geneticallymodified tomatoescontained genes thatmade them resistantto antibiotics. Afterconcern from doctorsand the medicalcommunity, tomatoesare now geneticallymodified in analternative way.Taken offthe marketdue tomarketingreasons.TBAPotatoes TBA TBARapeseed (Canola) Resistance tocertain pesticides(tolerating cropspray)BtNew geneadded/transferred intoplant genome75% TBA[10]Sugar cane Resistance tocertain pesticides(tolerating cropspray)TBANew geneadded/transferred intoplant genomeTBA TBASugar beet Resistance tocertain pesticides(tolerating cropspray)RoundupReady,MonsantoNew geneadded/transferred intoplant genomeTBA TBASweet corn Produces its owninsecticide (a toxinto insects, soinsect attacks areless likely)Bt cornInsect-killing geneadded to the plant.The gene comes fromthe bacteria Bacillusthuringiensis.TBA TBARice Geneticallymodified tocontain highamounts ofVitamin A(beta-carotene)"Goldenrice"Three new genesimplanted: two fromdaffodils and the thirdfrom a bacteriumTBA TBAA list of FDA Approved GMO Foods is public information on the FDA website [11] View a list of commercialized GM crops in the US as of July 2007[12]Growing GM cropsBetween 1995 and 2005, the total surface area of land cultivated with GMOs had increased by a factor of 50, from 17,000 km² (4.2 million acres) to 900,000 km² (222 million acres), of which 55 percent were Brazil.Although most GM crops are grown in North America, in recent years there has been rapid growth in the area sown in developing countries. For instance in 2005 the largest increase in crop area planted to GM crops (soybeans) was in Brazil(94,000 km²in 2005 versus 50,000 km²in 2004.)[13] There has also been rapid and continuing expansion of GM cotton varieties in India since 2002. (Cotton is a major source of vegetable cooking oil and animal feed.) It is predicted that in 2008/9 32,000 km² of GM cotton will be harvested in India (up more than 100 percent from the previous season). Indian national average cotton yields of GM cotton were seven times lower in 2002, because the parental cotton plant used in the genetic engineered was not well suited to the climate of India and failed. The publicity given to transgenic trait Bt insect resistance has encouraged the adoption of better performing hybrid cotton varieties, and the Bt trait has substantially reduced losses to insect predation. Though controversial and often disputed, economic and environmental benefits of GM cotton in India to the individual farmer have been documented.[14][15]In 2003, countries that grew 99% of the global transgenic crops were the United States (63%), Argentina (21%), Canada (6%), Brazil (4%), China (4%), and South Africa(1%).[16] The Grocery Manufacturers of America estimate that 75% of all processed foods in the U.S. contain a GM ingredient [17] . In particular, Bt corn, which produces the pesticide within the plant itself is widely grown, as are soybeans genetically designed to tolerate glyphosate herbicides. These constitute "input-traits" are aimed to financially benefit the producers, have indirect environmental benefits and marginal cost benefits to consumers.In the US, by 2006 89% of the planted area of soybeans, 83% of cotton, and 61% maize were genetically modified varieties. Genetically modified soybeans carried herbicide tolerant traits only, but maize and cotton carried both herbicide tolerance and insect protection traits (the latter largely the Bacillus thuringiensis Bt insecticidal protein). In the period 2002 to 2006, there were significant increases in the area planted to Bt protected cotton and maize, and herbicide tolerant maize also increased in sown area.[18]However, several studies have found that genetically modified varieties of plants do not produce higher yields than normal plants.[19]Coexistence and traceabilityIn many parts of the world such as the European Union, Japan, Malaysia and Australia consumers demand labelling so they can exercise choice between foods that have genetically modified, conventional or organic origins.[20][21]This requires a labelling system as well as the reliable separation of GM and non-GM organisms at production level and throughout the whole processing chain.[20][21]Research suggests that this may prove impossible, reason why GM opponents use the 'genie out of a bottle' analogy.For traceability, the OECD has introduced a "unique identifier" which is given to any GMO when it is approved. This unique identifier must be forwarded at every stage of processing.Many countries have established labelling regulations and guidelines on coexistence and traceability. Research projects such as Co-Extra, SIGMEA and Transcontainer are aimed at investigating improved methods for ensuring coexistence and providing stakeholders the tools required for the implementation of coexistence and traceability.The GM food controversy is a dispute over the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified food crops. See Genetically modified food controversies.Debate around the worldMany scientists[22] argue that there is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is caused by problems in food distribution and politics, not production, so people should not be offered food that may carry some degree of risk.[23][24]Genetic modifications often have significant unforeseen consequences, both in the initially modified organisms and their environments. For example, certain strains of maize have been developed that are toxic to plant eating insects (see Bt corn). It has been alleged those strains cross-pollinated with other varieties of wild and domestic maize and passed on these genes with a putative impact on Maize biodiversity.[25]Subsequent to the publication of these results, several scientists pointed out that the conclusions were based on experiments with design flaws. It is well known that the results from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods of analysing DNA can often be confounded by sample contamination and experimental artifacts. Appropriate controls can be included in experiments to eliminate these as a possible explanation of the results - however these controls were not included in the methods used by Quist and Chapela.[26] After this criticism Nature, the scientific journal where this data was originally published concluded that "the evidence available is not sufficient to justify the publication of the original paper".[27]More recent attempts to replicate the original studies have concluded that genetically modified corn is absent from southern Mexico in 2003 and 2004 [28]. Also in dispute is the impact on biodiversity of the introgression of transgenes into wild populations [6]. Unless a transgene offers a massive selective advantage in a wild population, a transgene that enters such a population will be maintained at a low gene frequency. In such situations it can be argued that such an introgression actually increases biodiversity rather than lowers it.Activists and many scientists opposed to genetic engineering say that with current recombinant technology there is no way to ensure that genetically modified organisms will remain under control, and the use of this technology outside secure laboratory environments represents multiple unacceptable risks to both farmed and wild ecosystems.Potential impact on biodiversity may occur if herbicide-tolerant crops are sprayed with herbicide to the extent that no wild plants ('weeds') are able to survive. Plants toxic to insects may mean insect-free crops. This could result in declines in other wildlife (e.g. birds) which feed on weed seeds and/or insects for food resources. The recent (2003) farm scale studies in the UK found this to be the case with GM sugar beet and GM rapeseed, but not with GM maize (though in the last instance, the non-GM comparison maize crop had also been treated with environmentally-damaging pesticides subsequently (2004) withdrawn from use in the EU). Although some scientists have claimed that selective breeding is a form of genetic engineering,[29](e.g., maize was modified from teosinte, dogs have evolved with human intervention over the course of tens of thousands of years from wolves), others assert that modern transgenesis-based genetic engineering is capable of delivering changes faster than, and sometimes of different types from, traditional breeding methods.[30]Proponents of current genetic techniques as applied to food plants cite hypothetical benefits that the technology may have, for example, in the harsh agricultural conditions of Africa. They say that with modifications, existing crops could possibly be able to thrive under the relatively hostile conditions providing much needed food to their people. Proponents also cite golden rice andgolden rice 2, genetically engineered rice varieties (still under development) that contain genetically-modified elevated vitamin A levels. Some hope that this rice may alleviate vitamin A deficiency that contributes to the death of millions and permanent blindness of 500,000 annually.[31]Proponents claim that genetically-engineered crops, although patented for economic benefit, are not significantly different from those modified by nature or humans in the past. They also argue that modified crops are as safe, or even safer, than those created through such time-tested methods. There is gene transfer between unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes. They argue that animal husbandry, Food Irradiation and crop breeding are also forms of genetic engineering that use artificial selection instead of modern genetic modification techniques. It is politics, they argue, not economics or science, that causes their work to be closely investigated, and for different standards to apply to it than those applied to other forms of agricultural technology. Proponents also believe the technology could possibly prove harmless because species or genetic barriers have been crossed in nature in the past, sometimes utilizing other better time-tested and natural methods. An oft-cited example is today's modern red wheat variety, which is the result of two natural crossings made long ago. It is made up of three groups of seven chromosomes. Each of those three groups came from a different wild wheat grass. First, a cross between two of the grasses occurred, creating the durum wheats, which were the commercial grains of the first civilizations up through the Roman Republic. Then a cross occurred between that 14-chromosome durum wheat and another wild grass to create what became modern red wheat at the time of the Roman Empire.Economic and political effectsSome opponents of current genetic engineering realize that increasing use of GM in major crops has caused a major power shift in agriculture towards Biotechnology companies, which are gaining more control over the production chain of crops and food, and over the farmers that use their products, as well.[citation needed]Many proponents of some current genetic engineering techniques claim that it will lower pesticide usage and has brought higher yields and profitability to many farmers, including those in developing nations [7]. A few genetic engineering licenses allow farmers in less economically developed countries to save seeds for next year's planting.[citation needed]In August 2003, Zambia cut off the flow of Genetically Modified Food (mostly maize) from UN's World Food Programme. This left a famine-stricken population without food aid.In December 2005 the Zambian government changed its mind in the face of further famine and allowed the importation of GM maize. [8]. However, the Zambian Minister for Agriculture Mundia Sikatana has insisted that the ban on genetically modified maize remains, saying "We do not want GM (genetically modified) foods and our hope is that all of us can continue to produce non-GM foods." [9][10]In April 2004 Hugo Chávez announced a total ban on genetically modified seeds in Venezuela.[11]In January 2005, the Hungarian government announced a ban on importing and planting of genetic modified maize seeds, although these were agreed authorized by the EU. [12]On August 18, 2006, American exports of rice to Europe were interrupted when much of the U.S. crop was confirmed to be contaminated with unapproved engineered genes, possibly due to accidental cross-pollination with conventional crops.[32] The U.S. government has since declaredthe rice safe for human consumption, and exports to some countries have since resumed, but in the past years more crops have started to cross-pollinate which leaves a problem that is yet to be solved.[citation needed]Intellectual propertyEnforcement of patents on genetically modified plants is often contentious, especially because of gene flow. In 1998, 95-98 percent of about 10 km² planted with canola by Canadian farmer Percy Schmeiser were found to contain Monsanto's patented Roundup Ready gene although Schmeiser had never purchased seed from Monsanto.[33] The initial source of the plants was undetermined, and could have been through either gene flow or intentional theft. However, the overwhelming predominance of the trait implied that Schmeiser must have intentionally selected for it. The court determined that Schmeiser had saved seed from areas on and adjacent to his property where Roundup had been sprayed, such as ditches and near power poles.[34]Although unable to prove direct theft, Monsanto sued Schmeiser for piracy since he knowingly grew Roundup Ready plants without paying royalties(Ibid). The case made it to the Canadian Supreme Court, which in 2004 ruled 5 to 4 in Monsanto’s favor.[33][34]The dissenting judges focused primarily on the fact that Monsanto's patents covered only the gene itself and glyphosate resistant cells, and failed to cover transgenic plants in their entirety.In response to criticism, Monsanto Canada's director of public affairs stated that "It is not, nor has it ever been Monsanto Canada's policy to enforce its patent on Roundup Ready crops when they are present on a farmer's field by accident...Only when there has been a knowing and deliberate violation of its patent rights will Monsanto act."[35]Currently Percy Schmeiser spends a large amount of his time traveling and speaking about how Monsanto ruined his career as a farmer. He also talks about the possible harms of genetic modification and why others in addition to himself should be protesting it.Future developmentsFuture envisaged applications of GMOs are diverse and include drugs in food, bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as Hepatitis B[36], metabolically engineered fish that mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier, and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties[37]. While their practicality or efficacy in commercial production has yet to be fully tested, the next decade may see exponential increases in GM product development as researchers gain increasing access to genomic resources that are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of individual projects. Safety testing of these products will also at the same time be necessary to ensure that the perceived benefits will indeed outweigh the perceived and hidden costs of development. Plant scientists, backed by results of modern comprehensive profiling of crop composition, point out that crops modified using GM techniques are less likely to have unintended changes than are conventionally bred crops.。
科技英语 Genetically modified foods
This far-flung outrage took aim at genetically modified crops. But the protests backfired: all the destroyed plants were conventionally bred. In each case, activists mistook ordinary plants for GM varieties.
原因不难理解。世界上已有4400万公顷土地（相当于台湾面积的12.3倍）种植了基改作物，可是从某个角度来看，那些作物都是隐形的。植入农作物的基因，你一个也看不见、尝不出、摸不着，或察觉它对环境的影响。光凭外观，你无从知道含有外源基因的花粉粒是否会毒害蝶儿，或是传播到几公里外使其他植株受精。最令人担忧的正是它的“隐形”。基改作物究竟如何影响环境？我们何时才会注意到这些影响呢？
It's easy to understand why. In a way, GM crops－now on some 109 million acres of farmland worldwide－are invisible. You can't see, taste or touch a gene inserted into a plant or sense its effects on the environment. You can't tell, just by looking, whether pollencontaining a foreign gene can poison butterflies or fertilize plants miles away. That invisibility is precisely what worries people. How, exactly, will GM crops affect the environment－and when will we notice?
口试话题之转基因食物
如果考到转基因食物（genetically modified food），应该如何应对？by 新东方口译口试组由于世界人口越来越多rapid population growth，而耕地面积日益缩减arable land is diminishing 各国政府不得不通过科技手段来增加粮食的产量。
Increase grain output by applying advanced technology. （注：饥荒famine）转基因食品通过基因重组，re-engineering of the DNA of crops使得农作物具有抗害虫的能力morepest-resistant ，从而增加亩产，因此被认为可以解决世界粮食危机to cope with global food crisis，保证食品供应的安全。
Ensure food security/safety.目前，许多人对转基因食品对其毒性问题、营养问题、对抗生素的抵抗作用以及环境威胁等问题都抱有质疑态度。
People are skeptical about the GM food’s toxicity, nutritional value and resistance against antibiotics as a result of being excessively used客观来讲Objectively speaking，每一件新生事物，都有它比经一个成长过程。
我们应该用客观的批判的和包容的眼光去看待。
One should be more tolerant to new things 目前转基因技术，尚处于研究的初级起步阶段starting phase。
许多人都坚持认为，这种技术培育出来的食物是“不自然的”unnatural。
许多消费者对转基因食品的安全问题提出了质疑。
最常见的就是，我国的转基因大豆有。
消费者对其安全性十分担忧people are concerned about the grave threat of GM food such as soybean。
2017年6月英语六级翻译训练转基因食品
2017年6月英语六级翻译训练：转基因食品2017年6月英语四六级考试考试报名已经接近尾声，各位考生应该开始准备复习了！在漫长的复习道路上，四六级考试网小编会陪伴着大家一起复习的！小编得知2016年的英语六级翻译真题方向多偏向于社会经济、文化等方面，日常复习中我们也要提前储备一些常考话题材料。
下面文都网校小编为大家准备了英语六级翻译训练：转基因食品，希望考生可以参考~请将下面这段话翻译成英文：转基因食品(Genetically Modified Food;GMF)是利用基因工程技术生产的食品。
它具有产量高、营养丰富、抗病力强等优势，但也存在明显的缺陷—可能会造成基因污染(gene contamination)。
因此，转基因食品的安全性一直是一个有争议的话题。
在中国，政府和科学界支持转基因作物的推广，却持续引发信任危机。
鉴于人们对相关农产品的安全担忧，中国政府草拟了新的粮食法，试图对转基因食品进行更严格的管理。
该法规定，任何单位和个人不得在主要粮食品种(principal grain cultivars)上应用转基因技术。
参考译文:Genetically Modified Food/GMF refers to food produced by applying the technology of genetic engineering. It has the advantages of high productivity, rich nutrition and strong disease resistance, etc. But its defect is also apparent —it may lead to gene contamination. Thus, the safety of GMF remains a controversial topic. In China, the government and the scientific communitysupport the promotion of genetically modified crops, but touch off a continuous trust crisis. In view of people's concern about the safety of related agricultural produces, the Chinese government has drafted a new grain law，intending to impose a stricter management on GMF. The law requires that no entity and individual should apply genetically modified technology to the principal grain cultivars.1.第二句比较长，可拆译成两句，前一句说明转基因食品的优势，后一句说它的缺陷。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• reduce pesticide use, to avoid environmental pollution
• save production costs, lower food prices
• increase the types of food, improve food quality
Genetically Modified Food： Harmful or Helpful？
南昌大学医学院 13研2班 罗斌
Contents
1. What is GM food？ 2. The advantages of GM foods 3. The criticisms against GM foods 4. Conclusions
• Reduced effectiveness of pesticides : many people are concerned that insects will become resistant to B.t. or other crops that have been genetically-modified to produce their own pesticides. .
For example:
Foods that contain an added gene sequence
Transgenic Crop
For example:
Foods that have a deleted gene sequence
Transgenic chicken
For example:
GM foods were first put on the market in the early 1990s. The most common modified foods are derived from plants: soybean, corn and cotton seed oil.
What is a Genetically Modified (GM) Food?
The advantages of GM food
• Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance :Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places.
Animal products from animals fed GM feed
Transgenic pig
For example:
Products produced by GM organisms
Transgenic tomato
Contents
1. What is GM food？ 2. The advantages of GM foods 3. The criticisms against GM foods 4. Conclusions
• Foods that contain an added gene sequence
• Foods that have a deleted gene sequence
• Animal products from animals fed GM feed
• Products produced by GM organisms
The advantages of GM foods
In the United States and Canada public acceptance of genetically modified food is quite high. On the market some of the processed foods such as soft drinks, beer, and breakfast cereals have contain genetically modified crops, have not encountered much questioning.
• Phytoremediation :Plants such as poplar trees have been genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil.
The advantages of GM foods
What is a Genetically
Modified (GM) Food?
Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods produced from genetically modified organisms (GMO) that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering.
• Nutritionally enhancement : If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated.
GM food？ 2. The advantages of GM foods 3. The criticisms against GM foods 4. Conclusions
The criticisms against GM foods
• Unintended harm to other organisms : Currently, there is no agreement about the results of these studies, and the potential risk of harm to nontarget organisms will need to be evaluated further.