中文版GIS

A standard line refers to the line of tangency between the projection surface and the reference globe. In other words, there is no projection distortion along a standard line. The central lines (i.e., the central parallel and meridian) define the center of a map projection.
8、在图3.8中，弧段4中有多少条线段？
4条线段
11. Explain the importance of topology in GIS.
Topology is important in GIS for two reasons. First, it ensures data quality, such as lines meeting perfectly and polygons closed properly. Second, topology can enhance certain types of GIS analysis such as geocoding and traffic volume analysis.
1、定义地理参照数据
地理参照数据是用于描述位置和空间要素属性的数据，例如道路、宗地和地球表面的植被覆盖。
8. Define spatial data and attribute data.
Spatial data describe the locations of spatial features, which may be discrete or continuous. Attribute data describe the characteristics of spatial features.
12、假如要求你为班级做一个GIS项目，完成该项目你需要进行哪些活动和运作？
该项目将可能涉及数据输入、数据管理、数据显示、数据探索、数据分析,在某些情况下,还需要GIS模型和建模。
★ Chapter 2 Review Questions
2. Why is the datum important in GIS?
A datum is important in GIS because it serves as the reference or base for calculating the geographic coordinates of a location.
2、大地基准在GIS中的重要性何在？
大地基准在GIS中很重要是因为它可作为计算某个位置地理坐标的参照或基础。
9、解释标准线和中央线的差异。
标准线指明投影变形分布的模式，而中心线（中央纬线和中央经线）定义了地图投影的中心或原点。
16. Describe how on-the-fly projection works.
A GIS package, if it offers on-the-fly projection, can use the projection files available with the data sets and automatically convert the data sets to a common coordinate system. This common coordinate system is by default the coordinate system of the first data set in display.
6. Explain the importance of map projection.
A map projection offers a couple of advantages. First, a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection allows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and yield less accurate distance measurements.
16、描述即时（on-the-fly）投影如何运作。
一个GIS软件包使用现有投影文件并自动将数据集转换成通用坐标系统，这个通用坐标系统是所显示的第一个数据集默认坐标系统。
★Chapter 3 Review Questions
3. Name the three data formats that ESRI, Inc. has developed for vector data over the past 20 years.
[The project will most likely involve data input, data management, data display, data exploration, data analysis, and, in some cases, GIS models and modeling.]
12、使用shapefile有哪些主要优势？
Shapefiles相对于coverage有两个主要的优势：第一，非拓扑矢量数据能比拓扑数据更快速的在计算机屏幕上显示出来；第二，非拓扑数据具有非专业行和互操作性，这意味着非拓扑数据可以在不同的软件包之间通用。
Three arcs (1, 2, and 3) connect at node 12.
7、在图3.8中，有多少条弧段与节点12相连？
有三条及（1,2,3）与节点12相连。
8. How many line segments does arc 4 have in Figure 3.8?
Arc 4 has four line segments.
11、简述拓扑在GIS中的重要性。
拓扑在GISபைடு நூலகம்有两个重要优势：首先是能确保数据质量，例如，正确结合线，正确闭合多边形；其次，拓扑可强化GIS分析如编码和交通容量分析。
12. What are the main advantages of using shapefiles?
Shapefiles have two main advantages over topology-based data such as coverages. First, shapefiles can display more rapidly on the computer monitor. Second, shapefiles are nonproprietary and interoperable, meaning that they can be used across different software packages.
10、解释地理相关数据模型和基于对象数据模型之间的不同
地理相关数据模型使用不同的数据系统分别存储空间数据和属性数据。基于对象数据模型将空间数据和属性数据存储在统一的数据系统中。
11. How does data exploration differ from data analysis?
Data exploration involves the activities of exploring the general trends in the data, taking a close look at data subsets, and focusing on possible relationships between data sets, whereas data analysis uses GIS commands to perform operations on data.
They are the coverage, shapefile, and geodatabase.
3、说出ESRI公司过去20年来开发的三种矢量数据格式。
Arc/Info对应的coverage，ArcView 对应shapefile，ArcGIS对应Geodatabase.
7. How many arcs connect at node 12 in Figure 3.8?
★ Chapter 1 Review Questions
1. Define geographically referenced data.
Geographically referenced data are data that describe both the locations and characteristics of spatial features such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth’s surface.
11、数据查探和数据分析有何不同
数据查探是数据分析的前期工作，弄清数据中的大概趋势，更好地观察并理解数据子集，及关注数据集间的可能关系，而数据分析利用地理信息系统(GIS)指令数据进行操作。
12. Suppose you are required to do a GIS project for a class. What kinds of activities or operations do you have to perform to complete the project?