微积分答案(上册)(刘迎东版)第七章答案合集
微积分答案
International Monetary FundMoldova and the IMF Press Release:IMF Executive Board Completes Second Review Under the Extended Credit Facility and the Extended Fund Facility Arrangements with Moldova, Approves US$79 Million Disbursement April 7, 2011Country’s Policy Intentions DocumentsE-Mail Notification Subscribe or Modify your subscription Moldova: Letter of Intent, Supplementary Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of UnderstandingMarch 24, 2011M OLDOVA:L ETTER OF I N TE N TChişinău, March 24, 2011 Mr. Dominique Strauss-KahnManaging DirectorInternational Monetary Fund700 19th Street NWWashington, DC 20431 USADear Mr. Strauss-Kahn:The economic program supported by the IMF is playing a crucial role in restoring stability and rebuilding confidence in Moldova. With growth significantly exceeding projections in 2010, GDP has broadly recovered to pre-crisis levels. Inflation is under control, and the fiscal deficit has narrowed substantially. These remarkable results were achieved notwithstanding the challenges that the economy faces: fiscal adjustment and promotion of export-led growth require profound structural reforms; rising international food and fuel prices rekindle inflation pressures; job creation lags behind and unemployment still exceeds pre-crisis levels.The program is broadly on track. All quantitative performance criteria for end-September and most indicative targets for end-December 2010 were observed. However, the difficult political environment of 2010 and unforeseen technical complications have taken their toll, and several structural benchmarks under the program were delayed. In the coming period, we will move expeditiously to implement these measures, as well as the new reforms set forth in our agreement with the IMF. The 2011 fiscal budget consistent with the program objectives will be adopted as a prior action for completion of this review. In addition, we have prepared the Annual Progress Report on the implementation of our National Development Strategy and circulated it to the IMF Executive Board for information.In consideration of our strong record of program implementation, we request the completion of the second review of the program supported by the Extended Credit Facility and the Extended Fund Facility arrangements and the associated disbursement of SDR 50 million. As the Executive Board consideration of our request falls in early April 2011, we also request waivers of applicability of the relevant end-March performance criteria. The third program review, assessing performance based on end-March 2011 performance criteria and relevant structural benchmarks, is envisaged for June 2011. Moldova remains committed to improving the well-being of the population through reforms that promote sustainable growth and reduce poverty. In the period ahead, our program will focus on maintaining the targeted pace of fiscal adjustment; reining in inflation pressures; strengthening financial stability of the banking sector; restructuring the energy sector; rolling out the long-awaitededucation and other structural reforms that would support Moldova’s reorientation toward export-led growth.We believe that the policies set forth in the attached Supplementary Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies (SMEFP) are adequate to achieve these objectives but will take any additional measures that may become appropriate for this purpose. We will consult with the IMF on the adoption of such additional measures in advance of revisions to the policies contained in the SMEFP, in accordance with the Fund’s policies on such consultation. We will provide the Fund with the information it requests for monitoring progress during program implementation. We will also consult the Fund on our economic policies after the expiration of the arrangement, in line with Fund policies on such consultations, while we have outstanding purchases in the upper credit tranches. Sincerely yours,/s/Vladimir FilatPrime MinisterofRepublicMoldovatheGovernmentof/s/ /s/NegruţaVeaceslavValeriu LazărFinanceofDeputy Prime Minister MinisterEconomyMinisterof/s/Dorin DrăguţanuGovernorNational Bank of MoldovaAttachment: Supplementary Memorandum of Economic and Financial PoliciesUnderstandingofMemorandumTechnicalS UPPLEME N TARY M EMORA N DUM OF E CO N OMIC A N D F I N A N CIAL P OLICIESMarch 24, 20111.The present document supplements and updates the Memoranda of Economic and Financial Policies (MEFPs) signed by the authorities of the Republic of Moldova on January 14, 2010 and June 30, 2010. It accounts for recent macroeconomic developments and introduces policy adjustments, as well as additional policies necessary to achieve the objectives of the program. We remain determined to meeting our commitments made previously under the program.I. M ACROECO N OMIC D EVELOPME N TS A N D O UTLOOK2.Growth outperformed expectations in 2010, and the economic expansion is set to continue. Real GDP rebounded by 6.9 percent in 2010, more than offsetting the economic contraction of 6 percent recorded in 2009. We expect the economic growth to return to its sustainable pace of 4½-5 percent in 2011 and thereafter. Expansion of domestic demand, exports, and investment are expected to drive activity in the near term, with tailwinds from trade liberalization reforms, a more favorable external environment, and improving competitiveness.3.Barring severe external shocks, disinflation should continue in 2011-12. Despite adjustment of energy tariffs, depreciation of the leu, and higher excise rates, inflation remained under control at around 8 percent in 2010, while core inflation declined below 5 percent. Under our baseline assumptions for international food and energy prices, we expect that inflation will decline further to 7½ percent in 2011 and about 5 percent by end-2012, the medium-term target set by the NBM. However, we recognize the risk that further surges in international food and energy prices and faster than expected rebound in domestic demand can temporarily push headline inflation above the projected path.4.Strong economic recovery boosted budget revenues and helped improve the fiscal position. In 2010, revenue significantly exceeded the program projections in nominal terms, but underperformed as percent of GDP, mainly due to high contribution to growth of the largely untaxed agriculture. Expenditure targets were also comfortably met, albeit largely due to under-spending of the capital budget caused by capacity constraints. As a result, the cash budget deficit narrowed to 2½ percent of GDP in 2010, far below the program target of5.4 percent of GDP.5.After a sharp drop to single digits in 2009, the external current account deficit widened in 2010 and will remain elevated in 2011. Rising demand for consumer and investment goods has pushed the current account deficit to an estimated 12¾ percent of GDP in 2010. The same demand factors, along with higher costs of energy imports, will likely propel the deficit even higher in 2011. The elevated deficit in 2011 will be largely financed by official assistance, private capital flows, and FDI. As the economy’s borrowing space is filling up quickly, we realize that further external borrowing should proceed at a more measured pace. We expect that from 2013, thanks to our exportpromotion efforts and economic recovery in trading partners, higher exports will more than offset the rise in imports, and the current account deficit would decline towards 10 percent of GDP.6.The situation in the financial sector has improved as well, with domestic credit rebounding and nonperforming loans declining. After the decline of 2009, domestic bank credit expanded by about 13 percent in 2010, and interest rates have declined. Meanwhile, the share of nonperforming loans declined to 13.3 percent, in part reflecting write-offs. Moreover, banks maintain large liquidity and capital buffers, remaining resilient to potential risks.II. R EVISED P OLICY F RAMEWORK FOR 2011-12A. Fiscal Policy7.Building on the better-than-expected fiscal outcome in 2010, the structural fiscal adjustment will stay on course in 2011-12. Our goal is to bring down the structural fiscal deficit excluding grants—the fiscal deficit adjusted for the effects of economic cycles—from 5½ percent of GDP at end-2010 through 4½ percent of GDP in 2011 to 3½ percent of GDP by 2012. This would largely rid the budget from its dependency on exceptional foreign aid and make public finances more resilient to macroeconomic risks. In this context, we will continue to contain the unaffordable public sector wage bill and low priority current spending, while strengthening revenue through selected tax policy measures and improved tax administration. Using the created fiscal space to increase infrastructure investment and provide well-targeted social assistance to the most vulnerable will allow us to achieve our broader development goals.8.As a next step, we will adopt a 2011 budget with a deficit of 1.9 percent of GDP as a prior action. We project that the budget revenue will amount to 37¾ percent of GDP in 2011, on account of continued progress in the tax administration reform, increased excise rates on tobacco and hard liquor—in line with our EU Association agenda—and updates of selected local taxes and fees. Implementation of various structural reforms, described below, will allow us to reduce current expenditure by 1½ percent of GDP to 34½ percent of GDP. At the same time, priority social assistance spending will be safeguarded, and capital expenditure will increase to 5¼ percent of GDP. We will seek to maintain the targeted structural fiscal adjustment in case the economic outlook and budget revenue deviate from our current projections.9.With immediate fiscal pressures easing, structural reforms will help contain the large public sector wage bill while creating space for poverty reduction actions. The significant optimization efforts in the education sector (¶19) will help finance the increase of teachers’ wages planned for September 2011. During 2011, other public wage restraints will remain in place as described in Law 355, as amended in October 2009. The only exception will be made for low-income auxilliary personnel in the budget sector (with salaries below MDL 1500), whose wages will be indexed by 8.5 percent on average from July 1, 2011 to alleviate the impact of higher than expected food and fuel prices and to avoid disincentives to labor market participation. Moreover, public sectoremployment will be capped at 212,000 positions by end-2011, reflecting the effects of the education reforms, while all vacant positions in excess of that level will be eliminated in 2011.10.Greater emphasis will be placed on synchronizing fiscal consolidation efforts at the central and local levels. The local governments will be granted greater control over local tax rates and fees to allow better revenue planning. In particular, by end-March 2011, we will ensure parliamentary passage of the necessary legal amendments to remove ceilings on existing local taxes and fees. This would allow the Chişinău municipality to raise at least MDL 100 million in additional revenues to finance, among other things (discussed in ¶21), its program of granting wage supplements and heating assistance in 2011. The practice of granting these payments will be discontinued at end-2011. The Ministry of Finance will verify compliance with these commitments.11.Going forward, we will continue trimming down current spending while creating sufficient space for the large public investment needs. In 2012, we aim to reduce the budget deficit further to ¾ percent of GDP, mainly through further rationalization of current spending (1 percent of GDP), sustained by structural reforms (¶¶19-22) that will commence in 2011 and bear fruit over the medium term. Ensuring sustainability of public finances in the medium term will also require implementation of the following measures:∙To reduce spending on goods and services, we will persevere with our procurement reform, assisted by the World Bank. The reform, to be phased in during 2011, will lower the budget costs by automating the bids for delivery of goods and services in the government’scentralized procurement agency.∙To improve control over budget planning and execution, we have drafted a law on public finance and accountability which will introduce a rule-based fiscal framework, enhance fiscal discipline, and improve transparency. We expect the law to be passed by Parliament by end-September 2011 and used in the preparation of the 2012 budget.∙To ensure the most effective allocation of capital expenditure, we will review the list of existing and envisaged capital projects, with a view to prioritize execution on the basis oftheir viability and economic growth potential. The review will also take into account pastexecution rates and capacity for implementation.∙To ensure implementation of the recently approved tax compliance strategy, by April 30, 2011, the State Tax Service (STS) will put in place operational plans for the strategyimplementation, including audit, collection of arrears, and taxpayer service activities(structural benchmark). In addition, by September 30, 2011, we will draft and submit toParliament legislation to allow indirect assessment of individuals’ income based on theirassets and other indicators as specified in the compliance strategy. On this basis, byDecember 31, 2011, we will prepare operational plans to strengthen audit, enforcement,outreach to, and education of high-wealth individuals regarding their tax compliance.∙We will reform the outdated mechanism for sick leave benefits. By March 31, 2011, we will amend legislation to assign the financial responsibility for the first day of sick leave to theemployee and the second day to the employer, effective July 1, 2011 (structural benchmark for end-April). Further legal amendments—to accompany the passage of the 2012 budget—will increase the number of sick leave days covered by employers to 3 in 2012, 4 in 2013, and6 in 2014.∙Early retirement privileges will be gradually phased out. By March 31, 2011, we will adopt legislation that, starting July 1, 2011, would raise the statutory retirement age of civilservants, judges, and prosecutors by six months every year until it reaches the regularretirement age (structural benchmark for end-April). This legislation will also extend the requirement to pay social contributions to all persons employed in Moldova in line withbilateral treaties. Another related piece of legislation, also to be passed by March 31, 2011,will put in place a policy of increasing the years of contribution required for full pensioneligibility from 30 to 35 years (and from 20 to 25 years for military and police personnel), by6 months every year, starting July 1, 2011.∙Building on the findings and recommendations of the recent IMF TA mission, we will implement measures to rationalize the use of health care. In particular, from January 1, 2012 we will introduce a copayment of 20 lei for primary care visits for uninsured patients, tomotivate them to enroll into the health insurance system. From January 1, 2013, we willintroduce small copayments for each doctor and hospital visit (5 lei for primary care, 10 leifor specialists, and 20 lei for hospital admissions) for all other categories of patients,including those who currently receive medical services free of charge. This policy will raise revenue and deter the use of unnecessary care, thus reducing the burden on the system. Tothis end, by end-April 2011 we will prepare an action plan detailing needed legislativechanges, technical preparations, and public information campaign.B. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies12.The N BM’s monetary policy will be focused on achieving its end-2012 inflation objective of 5 ± 1½ percent. Given the fast economic recovery, closing output gap, and inflation pressures from rising international food and energy prices, the NBM’s monetary policy stance will gradually shift from supporting the recovery to addressing inflation risks. Specifically, it should focus on anchoring expectations—thereby countering the second-round effects from surging food and energy prices—and preventing excessive credit expansion. In this context, the NBM’s recent tightening measures—the 100 basis points hike in the policy interest rate and the increase in required reserve ratio from 8 percent to 11 percent— adequately address current inflation concerns. Further tightening should be conditional on marked acceleration of credit growth or rising inflation expectations.13.At the same time, the N BM will continue to strengthen the operational and legal aspects of its monetary policy framework. Consistent with the transition to inflation targeting, theindicative target for reserve money under the program will be discontinued after March 2011. Nevertheless, the NBM will continue to monitor money growth closely as an indicator of the state of domestic demand and sharp sustained moves may warrant policy action. In parallel, the NBM will continue to further enhance its communication, research, and forecasting capacities. As regards the legal framework, by end-September 2011, the NBM will propose amendments to the central bank law to strengthen its independence in line with the international best practice and establish appropriate mechanisms of internal control over NBM’s corporate governance.14.Alongside, the N BM’s exchange rate policies will remain consistent with program objectives. Specifically, NBM interventions in the foreign exchange market will continue to aim at smoothing erratic movements, but not resist sustained depreciation pressures. Should capital inflows exceed program projections, the NBM will accelerate the pace of reserve accumulation to ensure adequate buffers against the still high external vulnerabilities.C. Financial Sector Policy15.To strengthen financial stability, we will address the quasi-fiscal liabilities stemming from recent crisis management efforts. The Government’s decision to shield from losses the depositors of Investprivatbank (IPB) that failed in 2009 was a necessary step to avoid potential panic and deposit runs. However, paying out these deposits by means of a loan from the majority state-owned Banca de Economii (BEM) to IPB—in turn, enabled by a liquidity-providing loan from the NBM—has created a burden on BEM’s balance sheet that is now inhibiting its development. To address this problem, by end-May 2011 the Government will issue to BEM a long-term bond equal to the residual face value of BEM’s loan to IPB by either purchasing this loan or—subject to agreement of BEM’s minority shareholders—recapitalizing the bank. Meanwhile, the NBM will consider a limited extension of its loan to BEM to mitigate the attendant liquidity risk, and will work with BEM and the IPB liquidator to accelerate the sale of IPB assets. The Deposit Guarantee Fund will assume the responsibility for the net cost of the payout to IPB depositors and may introduce an extraordinary deposit insurance premium to gradually reimburse the Government for the cost of the bond issued to BEM.16.To handle future risks better, we aim to put in place the remaining elements of our contingency planning framework. Recent strengthening of the bank resolution framework and the establishment of a high-level Financial Stability Committee (FSC) were followed by signing of a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between key institutions involved in responding to financial emergencies. As a next step, we aim to put in place specific contingency plans for each MoU participant by end-June 2011. These plans will establish a contingency framework based on a clear set of instruments, division of roles, responsibilities, as well as coordination channels between the involved parties.17.Looking ahead, as credit growth picks up speed, the N BM will need to strengthen its bank supervision framework by improving data collection and reducing scope for regulatoryarbitrage. To this end, the NBM, based on best international practices, will develop a new reporting system for commercial banks allowing a more detailed analysis of financial sector data. In addition, by end-September 2011, the NBM and the National Commission for Financial Markets, with assistance from the World Bank, will explore options and make proposals to consolidate all credit institutions—including banks, leasing companies, savings and credit associations, and microfinance institutions—as well as insurance companies and pension funds under a common supervisory framework. Finally, by end-September 2011, the NBM in cooperation with the World Bank will evaluate the feasibility of establishing a public credit bureau to promote information exchange and prudent lending policies by banks.18.Despite earlier delays, measures to strengthen the debt restructuring and contract enforcement frameworks are being developed and will be implemented in the coming months. The NBM has already allowed faster reclassification of restructured loans into lower-risk categories. We will now ensure by end-September 2011 parliamentary passage of the legal amendments described in the SMEFP of June 30, 2010 (¶15), to enhance the speed and predictability of collateral execution by banks and to strengthen incentives for banks to restructure nonperforming loans (structural benchmark). Furthermore, with technical assistance from the World Bank and in consultation with the IMF staff, we will seek to strengthen and simplify other aspects of the insolvency framework. Specific draft legal amendments in this area will be adopted by the Government by March 2012.D. Structural ReformsRaising Efficiency of the Public Sector19.In the coming months, we will roll out the comprehensive reform of the oversized education sector. Its main goals are to eliminate excess capacity, create a leaner and better-equipped education system with adequately trained and paid staff, and provide education that meets demands of the modern economy. The reform will seek class, school, and employment consolidation. A large part of the eventual budget savings and financial assistance from the World Bank will be used to improve school quality, secure transportation for students, and repair school bus routes. Nevertheless, the reform will save about 0.5 percent of GDP on a net permanent basis from 2013 on. Our reform strategy is based on the following elements:∙Class size optimization. By September 1, 2012, we will increase class size to 30-35 students in large schools and 25-30 students in the rest. For this purpose, we will pass legalamendments to eliminate the existing norms prescribed in the Law on Education by end-July 2011. This would reduce the number of teaching positions by 1,736, including 390 positions in 2011, and lead to estimated annual savings of about MDL 94 million.∙Optimization of the school network. Gradual consolidation of the school network through closure of schools with low enrollment and securing transportation of students to nearby“hub” schools will commence this year. Its full implementation during 2011-13 would reducethe number of teaching and non-teaching positions by 2,661 and 1,426 respectively and, when completed, will generate savings of about MDL 136 million a year. We will aim to limit the attendant transportation costs to MDL 61 million per year, and will seek grant assistance from the international financial community to defray this cost.∙Reduction of non-teaching personnel and vacant positions. As a first step, we will immediately freeze hiring of non-teaching staff and eliminate 2,400 vacant positions in thesector. Alongside, we will include in the budget law for 2011 a provision establishing wage bill ceiling for education sector, resulting in all rayons reducing personnel in educationinstitutions on average by 5 percent from their level of end 2010 (5,300 positions nationwide) before academic year 2011/12. These measures would provide savings of MDL 175 million on a full-year basis.∙Increasing flexibility of labor relations in the sector. Local authorities also need support and more flexibility to be able to consolidate schools and classes. By end-July 2011, we willadopt legal amendments to the Labor Code and other enabling legislation to (i) make fixed-term (one year) contracts mandatory for teachers beyond retirement age; and (ii) allow school principals’ hiring and dismissal decisions to be based on business need and performancerather than tenure. Estimated annual savings from this measure amount to MDL 48 million. ∙Rollout of a per-student financing system. Following successful implementation of per-student financing in the pilot rayons of Cauşeni and Rişcani, the system will be expandedstarting January 1, 2012 to 9 additional rayons, as well as municipalities of Chişinău andBalţi. The system will create strong incentives to optimize schools’ financial performance. Its nationwide implementation will take place in 2013.∙Putting social protection costs in education on a means-tested basis. By end-June 2011, in consultation with the World Bank and other partners, we will conduct a thorough review ofall social expenditure in the education budget (scholarships, dormitory assistance, schoolmeals, etc.) to explore options for better targeting of such assistance to the most vulnerablegroups.In consultation with the World Bank, the Government will develop and, by end-March 2011, adopt a detailed action plan to implement this reform.20.We will reform the civil service in a way that increases efficiency without destabilizing the fiscal position. To this end, we have developed descriptions of new job functions and responsibilities for staff in central government administration along with a merit- and performance-based wage system for civil servants. Implementation of this reform will start in October 2011, and will ensure that the reform does not affect the aggregate public sector wage bill as a ratio to GDP. 21.As regards the energy sector, we will strive to achieve a stable framework for payments of current bills, pending a comprehensive sector restructuring strategy to be finalized and implemented in cooperation with the World Bank and other partners. To ensure a stablefunctioning of the sector, the Ministry of Economy, the Chişinău municipality authorities, and the key participants in the energy sector will seek to negotiate in good faith a MoU with the following key elements: (i) a monthly schedule of payments to energy suppliers that is consistent with typical collection lags in Termocom’s receivables during the heating season, (ii) full repayment of current arrears by Termocom before the following heating season; (iii) a mechanism for covering the cash gap arising from collection lags in Termocom or a bank guarantee from the Chişinău municipality backing Termocom’s adherence to the agreed payment schedule; (iv) creditors’ commitment to abstain from blocking bank accounts as long as the MoU is observed. In this context, the Chişinău municipality will budget for and pay in full its remaining debt to Termocom of MDL 64 million by end-March 2011.22.Meanwhile, we will adopt a number of legal and regulatory amendments which would help ensure cost recovery in the heating sector. By end-August 2011, we will adopt the necessary legal and/or regulatory amendments to raise the heating fee for apartments disconnected from central heating from 5 percent to 20 percent of the average heating bill. This increase is in line with regional practices and would mostly affect consumers with relatively high incomes. At the same time, the Ministry of Regional Development and Construction, the Chişinău municipality, Termocom, and the water distributor Apă Canal will seek to put an end to persistent losses caused by under-billing for hot and cold water delivery; other municipalities will seek to resolve this issue as well. And to facilitate timely collection of heating bills, by end-August 2011, we will adopt the necessary legal and/or regulatory amendments introducing a minimum payment of 40 percent of the monthly bill and setting August 1 as the deadline for settling all heating bills for the past heating season.23.With the international investment climate gradually improving, the government will accelerate the efforts to divest its noncore assets. In the first half of 2011 the government, with assistance from IFC, will put in place an advisor to review various options for private sector participation in Moldtelecom. At the same time, by mid-2011, the government will expand the list of state assets subject to privatization. This will pave the way for privatization of other large public companies. By end-September 2011, the government will approach various international financial institutions, seeking an advisor to explore options to divest Air Moldova as soon as possible. Also by end-September 2011, we shall develop a roadmap for the privatization of Banca de Economii, and, if need be, resume the engagement of the privatization advisor.Improving the Business Environment and Removing Barriers for Trade24.The wheat export ban introduced in response to dwindling grain stocks in early 2011 will be abolished as soon as possible, and we will not introduce any new barriers to trade. We plan to abolish this ban by end-April 2011, provided that domestic and regional grain shortages are alleviated. Moreover, we shall refrain from introducing any new tariff or non-tariff barriers to exports. In addition, by end-May 2011 we will conduct an assessment of the existing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade and their consistency with Moldova’s WTO commitments with regard to market access, and will develop roadmap for their gradual elimination.。
交大刘迎东微积分习题答案
交⼤刘迎东微积分习题答案8.6 多元函数微分学的⼏何应⽤习题8.61. 求曲线sin ,1cos ,4sin 2t x t t y t z =-=-=在02t π=相应的点处的切线及法平⾯⽅程。
解:点为1,1,2π?-,切向量为{21cos ,sin ,2cos .2t t t t π=??-=所以切线为112x y π??--=-=法平⾯⽅程为1102x y z π??--+-+-=,即4.2x y π+=+2. 求曲线21,,1t tx y z t t t+===+在对应于01t =的点处的切线及法平⾯⽅程。
解:点为1,2,12?? ???,切向量为()22 1111,,2,1,2.41t t t t =-=-+????所以切线为1212.1124--==-法平⾯⽅程为()()11221042x y z ??---+-= ,即2816 1.x y z -+=3. 求曲线222,y mx z m x ==-在点()000,,x y z 处的切线及法平⾯⽅程。
解:22,2,ydy mdx zdz dx =??=-?,在点()000,,x y z 处,0022,2,y dy mdx z dz dx =??=-?所以切向量为0 011,,.2m y z ??-所以切线为00000.112x x y y z z m y z ---==-法平⾯⽅程为()()()00000102m x x y y z z y z -+---=。
4. 求曲线22230,23540x y z x x y z ?++-=?-+-=?在点()1,1,1处的切线及法平⾯⽅程。
解:22230,2350,xdx ydy zdz dx dx dy dz ++-=??-+=?,在点()1,1,1处,22230,2350,dx dy dz dx dx dy dz ++-=??-+=?所以切向量为{}16,9,1.-所以切线为111.1691x y z ---==-法平⾯⽅程为()()()1619110x y z -+---=。
高等数学微分方程第七章练习题答案
第七章 练习题一、填空: 第一节1、微分方程()1y x 2='+'y 的阶 一 __.2、0)()67(=++-dy y x dx y x 是 一 阶常微分方程. 3、01"=+xy 是 二 阶常微分方程. 4、微分方程2'=y x 的通解为 c x y +=2 。
5、 153'+=+x y xy 是 1 阶常微分方程 6、与积分方程()dx y x f y x x ⎰=0,等价的微分方程初值问题是0|),,(0'===x x y y x f y7、223421xy x y x y x ''''++=+是 3 阶微分方程。
8、方程222(1)1xxd ye e dx+⋅+=的通解中应包含的任意常数的个数为 29、微分方程()1/22///=+y x y 的通解中含有任意常数的个数是 310、方程()01///=+--y xy y x 的通解中含有 2 个任意常数 11、 微分方程03322=+dx x dy y 的阶是 1 第二节 1、微分方程x dye dx=满足初始条件(0)2y =的解为1x y e =+. 2、微分方程y x e y -=2/的通解是 C e e xy +=221 3、微分方程2dyxy dx=的通解是 2x y Ce = 4、一阶线性微分方程23=+y dx dy的通解为 323x Ce -+5、微分方程0=+'y y 的通解为 x ce y -=6、 微分方程323y y ='的一个特解是 ()32+=x y第三节1、tan dy y ydx x x=+通解为arcsin()y x Cx =.第五节1、微分方程x x y cos "+=的通解为213cos 6C x C x x y ++-= 2、微分方程01=+''y 的通解是( 21221C x C x y ++-= )3、 微分方程044=+'+''y y y 的通解是( x e C x C y 221)(-+= )4、微分方程032=-'+''y y y 的通解是( x x e C e C y 231+=- )5、 方程x x y sin +=''的通解是=y 213sin 61C x C x x ++-第六节1、 一阶线性微分方程x e y dxdy-=+的通解为 ()C x e y x +=- 2、已知1=y 、x y =、2x y =是某二阶非齐次线性微分方程的三个解,则该方程的通解为)1(21221c c x c x c y --++=或1)1()1(221+-+-=x c x c y第七节1、 微分方程230y y y '''--=的通解为x x e C e C y 321+=-.2、 分方程2220d xx dtω+=的通解是 12cos sin C t C t ωω+3、微分方程02=+'-''y y y 的通解为 12()x y c c x e =+第八节1、设二阶常系数线性微分方程'''x y y y e αβγ++=的一个特解为2(1)x x y e x e =++,则,,αβγ的值是3,2,1αβγ=-==-2、微分方程2563x y y y xe -'''++=的特解可设为=*y *201()x y x b x b e -=+二、选择 第一节1、方程222(1)1xxd ye e dx+⋅+=的通解中应包含的任意常数的个数为( A )(A ) 2 (B ) 4 (C ) 3 (D ) 02、方程422421x xd y d ye e dx dx+⋅+=的通解中应包含的任意常数的个数为( B )(A ) 2 (B ) 4 (C ) 3 (D ) 03、微分方程()1/22///=+y x y 的通解中含有任意常数的个数是( C )A 、1B 、2C 、3D 、54、微分方程1243/2///+=++x y x y x xy 的通解中含有任意常数的个数是( C ) A 、1 B 、2 C 、3 D 、55、微分方程34()0'''-=x y yy 的阶数为(B ) (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 46、下列说法中错误的是( B )(A) 方程022=+''+'''y x y y x 是三阶微分方程; (B) 方程220()x y yy x ''-+=是二阶微分方程;(C) 方程0)3()2(22232=+++dy y x y dx xy x 是全微分方程; (D) 方程()()dyf xg y dx=是可分离变量的微分方程. 7、方程()01///=+--y xy y x 的通解中含有( B )个任意常数A 、1B 、2C 、3D 、4 8、 微分方程3447()5()0y y y x '''+-+=的阶数为( B ) A .1 B . 2 C .3 D .49、微分方程()043='-'+''y y y x y xy 的阶数是( A ).A. 2B. 4C. 5D. 310、 微分方程03322=+dx x dy y 的阶是( A ). A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 0 11、 微分方程323y y ='的一个特解是( B )A. 13+=x yB. ()32+=x y C. ()3C x y += D. ()31+=x C y12、 方程322321x xd y d ye e dx dx+⋅+=的通解中应包含的任意常数的个数为( C )(A ) 2 (B ) 4 (C ) 3 (D ) 0第二节1、微分方程20y y '-=的通解为(B )A .sin 2y c x =B .2x y ce =C .24x y e =D .x y e =2、微分方程0ydx xdy -=不是 ( B )A. 线性方程B. 非齐次线性方程C. 可分离变量方程D. 齐次方程 3、微分方程0=+'y y 的通解为( D )A .x y e =B . x ce y -=C . x e y -=D . x ce y -=4、一阶常微分方程e yx dxdy -=2满足初始条件00==x y 的特解为( D ) A x ce y = B x ce y 2= C 1212+=x y e e D ()1212+=x y e e5、微分方程02=+'y y 的通解为( D )A .x e y 2-=B .x y 2sin =C .x ce y 2=D .x ce y 2-= 6、 微分方程 ydy x xdx y ln ln =满足11==x y 的特解是( C )A. 0ln ln 22=+y xB. 1ln ln 22=+y xC. y x 22ln ln =D. 1ln ln 22+=y x第五节1、 微分方程2(1)0y dx x dy --=是( C )微分方程.A .一阶线性齐次B .一阶线性非齐次C .可分离变量D .二阶线性齐次第六节1、已知x y cos =,xe y =,x y sin =是方程()()()xf y x Q dx dyx P dxy d =++22的三个解,则通解为 ( C )A x c e c x c y x sin cos 321++=B ()()x x e x c e x c y -+-=sin cos 21C ()x c x c e c c y x sin cos 12121--++=D ()x c x c e c c y x sin cos 12121++++=第七节1、微分方程02=+'-''y y y 的通解为( D )A .12x x y c e c e -=+;B .12()x y c c x e -=+;C .12cos sin y c x c x =+;D .12()x y c c x e =+ 2、下面哪个不是微分方程''5'60y y y +-=的解( D ) (A )65x x e e -+ (B )x e (C )6x e - (D )6x x e e -+3、 已知2,sin ,1x y x y y ===是某二阶非齐次常微分方程的三个解,则该方程的通解为( D ) A .221sin 1x C x C y ++=B .2321sin xC x C C y ++=C .21221sin C C x C x C y --+=D .212211sin C C x C x C y --++= 4、已知x y x y y cos ,sin ,1===是某二阶非齐次常微分方程的三个解,则该方程的通解为( D )A .x C x C C y cos sin 321++=B .xC x C C y cos sin 321++= C .2121sin cos C C x C C y --+=D .21211cos sin C C x C x C y --++= 5、微分方程0y y ''+=的通解为( C )(A) 12x x y c e c e -=+; (B) 12()x y c c x e -=+; (C) 12cos sin y c x c x =+; (D) 12()x y c c x e =+6、已知1=y ,x y =,2x y =是某二阶非齐次线性微分方程的三个解,则方程的通解为( C ) A 2321x C x C C ++ B 21221C C x C x C --+ C )1(21221C C x C x C --++ D ()()2122111C C x C x C ++-+-7、已知x y y x 4='+''的一个特解为2x ,对应齐次方程0='+''y y x 有一个特解为x ln ,则原方程的通解为 ( A )A 、221ln x c x c ++ B 、221ln x x c x c ++ C 、221ln x e c x c x ++ D 、221ln x e c x c x ++- 8、微分方程04=+''y y 的通解为( A )A .x c x c y 2sin 2cos 21-= ;B .x e x c c y 221)(-+=C x x e c e c y 2221-+=;D .x e x c c y 221)(+=9、 分方程2220d xx dtω+=的通解是( A );A .12cos sin C t C t ωω+B .cos t ωC .sin t ωD .cos sin t t ωω+第八节1、微分方程x e y dxyd =-22的一个特解应具有的形式为 DA ()x e b ax +B ()x e bx ax +2C x aeD x axe2、设二阶常系数线性微分方程'''x y y y e αβγ++=的一个特解为2(1)x x y e x e =++,则,,αβγ的值是( C )(A )3,2,1αβγ===- (B )3,2,1αβγ==-=- (C )3,2,1αβγ=-==- (D )3,2,1αβγ=-=-= 三、计算第二节1、求微分方程0ln '=-y y xy 的通解 解:分离变量xdxy y dy =ln ...........2分 两边积分可得 1ln ln ln C x y += ..........4分 整理可得Cx e y = .........6分 5、计算一阶微分方程ln 0x x y y '⋅-=的通解。
《微积分》上册部分课后习题答案
微积分上册 一元函数微积分与无穷级数第2章 极限与连续2.1 数列的极限1.对于数列n x ,若a x k →2(∞→k ),a x k →+12(∞→k ),证明:a x n → (∞→n ). 证. 0>∀ε, a x k →2 (∞→k ), Z K ∈∃∴1, 只要122K k >, 就有ε<-a x k 2; 又因a x k →+12(∞→k ), Z K ∈∃∴2, 只要12122+>+K k , 就有ε<-+a x k 12. 取{}12,2m ax 21+=K K N , 只要N n >, 就有ε<-a x n , 因此有a x n → (∞→n ). 2.若a x n n =∞→lim ,证明||||lim a x n n =∞→,并举反例说明反之不一定成立.证明: a x n n =∞→lim ,由定义有:N ∃>∀,0ε,当N n >时恒有ε<-||a x n又 ε<-≤-||||||a x a x n n对上述同样的ε和N ,当N n >时,都有ε<-||||a x n 成立 ∴ ||||lim a x n n =∞→反之,不一定成立.如取 ,2,1,)1(=-=n x nn显然 1||lim =∞→n n x ,但n n x ∞→lim 不存在.2.2 函数的极限1. 用极限定义证明:函数()x f 当0x x →时极限存在的充要条件是左、右极限各自存在且相等.证: 必要性. 若()A x f x x =→0lim , 0>∀ε, 0>∃δ, 当δ<-<00x x 时, 就有()ε<-A x f . 因而, 当δ<-<00x x 时, 有()ε<-A x f , 所以()A x f x x =+→0lim ; 同时当δ<-<x x 00时, 有()ε<-A x f , 所以()A x f x x =-→0lim .充分性. 若()A x f x x =+→0lim ,()A x f x x =-→0lim . 0>∀ε, 01>∃δ, 当100δ<-<x x 时, 就有()ε<-A x f , 也02>∃δ, 当200δ<-<x x 时, 有()ε<-A x f . 取{}21,m in δδδ=,则当δ<-<00x x 时, 就有()ε<-A x f . 所以()A x f x x =→0lim .2.写出下列极限的精确定义:(1)A x f x x =+→)(lim 0,(2)A x f x =-∞→)(lim ,(3)+∞=+→)(lim 0x f x x ,(4)-∞=+∞→)(lim x f x ,(5)A x f x =+∞→)(lim .解:(1)设R x U f →)(:0是一个函数,如果存在一个常数R A ∈,满足关系:0,0>∃>∀δε,使得当δ<-<00x x 时,恒有ε<-|)(|A x f ,则称A 是)(x f 当+→0x x 时的极限,记作A x f x x =+→)(lim 0或 )()(0+→=x x A x f . (2)设R f D f →)(:是一函数,其中0,),,()(>>--∞⊃αααR f D .若存在常数R A ∈,满足关系:0)(,0>∈∃>∀R X ε,使得当X x -<时,恒有ε<-|)(|A x f 成立,则称A 是)(x f 当-∞→x 时的极限,记作:A x f x =-∞→)(lim 或 A x f =)()(-∞→x .(3)设R x U f →)(:0是任一函数,若0>∀M ,0>∃δ,使得当δ<-<00x x 时,恒有M x f >)(,则称当+→0x x 时)(x f 的极限为正无穷大,记作+∞=+→)(lim 0x f x x 或 +∞=)(x f )(0+→x x . (4)设R f D f →)(:是一函数,其中R f D ∈>+∞⊃ααα,0),,()(,若存在常数R A ∈,满足关系:0>∀M ,0)(>∈∃R X ,使得当X x >时,恒有M x f -<)(则称当+∞→x 时)(x f 的极限为负无穷大,记作:-∞=+∞→)(lim x f x 或 -∞=)(x f )(+∞→x .(5)设R f D f →)(:是一函数,其中R f D ∈>+∞⊃ααα,0),,()(,若存在常数R A ∈,满足关系:0,0>∃>∀X ε,使得当X x >时,恒有ε<-|)(|A x f 成立,则称A是)(x f 当+∞→x 时的极限,记作:A x f x =+∞→)(lim 或 A x f =)()(+∞→x .2.3 极限的运算法则1.求∑=∞→+⋯++Nn N n 1211lim. 解. ()()⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-=+=+=+⋯++111212211211n n n n n n n⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-++⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=+⋯++∑=1112111312121122111N N N n Nn 21112lim 211lim1=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-=+⋯++∴∞→=∞→∑N nN Nn N 2.求xe e xxx 1arctan11lim110-+→. 解. +∞=+→x x e 10lim , 0lim 10=-→xx e,,21arctan lim 11lim 1arctan11lim 0110110π=-+=-++++→--→→x ee x e e x xxx xxx ,21arctan lim 11lim 1arctan11lim 0110110π=-+=-+---→→→x e e x e e x x xx x x x 21arctan 11lim 110π=-+∴→x e e x xx3.设)(lim 1x f x →存在,)(lim 2)(12x f x x x f x →+=,求)(x f . 解:设 )(lim 1x f x →=A ,则A x x x f ⋅+=2)(2再求极限:A A A x x x f x x =+=⋅+=→→21)2(lim )(lim 211⇒ 1-=A∴ x x xA x x f 22)(22-=+=.4.确定a ,b ,c ,使 0)1(3)1()1(lim 2221=-+-+-+-→x x c x b x a x 成立.解:依题意,所给函数极限存在且 0)1(lim 21=-→x x∴ 0]3)1()1([lim 221=+-+-+-→x c x b x a x ⇒ 2=c∴ 上式左边=])32)(1(11[lim ))1(321(lim 21221++-+--+=-+-+-+→→x x x x b a x x x b a x x])32)(1(1)32([lim 221++---+++=→x x x x b a x同理有 0]1)32([lim 21=--++→x x b x ⇒ 21=b ∴ 163)23)(1(8)1(3lim )32)(1(1)32(21lim221221=++---=++---++-=→→x x x x x x xx a x x 故 2,21,163===c b a 为所求.2.4 极限存在准则1. 设1x =10,n n x x +=+61,( ,2,1=n ).试证数列{n x }的极限存在,并求此极限. 证: 由101=x , 4612=+=x x , 知21x x >. 假设1+>k k x x , 则有21166+++=+>+=k k k k x x x x . 由数学归纳法知, 对一切正整数n , 有1+>n n x x ,即数列{n x }单调减少. 又显然, () ,2,10=>n x n , 即{n x }有界. 故n n x ∞→lim 存在.令a x n n =∞→lim , 对n n x x +=+61两边取极限得a a +=6, 从而有062=--a a ,,3=∴a 或2-=a , 但0,0≥∴>a x n , 故3lim =∞→n n x2.证明数列 nn n x x x x ++=<<+3)1(3,3011收敛,并求其极限.证明:利用准则II ,单调有界必有极限来证明.∴301<<x ,由递推公式33312131213213)1(30111112=++<++=++=++=<x x x x x x∴ 302<<x 同理可证:30<<n x 有界又 03)3)(3(333)1(311112111112>++-=+-=-++=-x x x x x x x x x x∴ 12x x > 同理 23x x > ,… ,1->n n x x ∴数列 }{n x 单调递增,由准则II n n x ∞→lim 存在,设为A ,由递推公式有:AA A ++=3)1(3 ⇒ 3±=A (舍去负数)∴ 3lim =∞→n n x .3.设}{n x 为一单调增加的数列,若它有一个子列收敛于a ,证明a x n n =∞→lim .证明:设}{k n x 为}{n x 的一子列,则}{k n x 也为一单调增加的数列,且a x k k n n =∞→lim对于1=ε,N ∃,当N n >时有1||<-a x k n 从而||1||||||||a a a x a a x x k k k n n n +<+-≤+-=取|}|1|,|,|,max {|1a x x M N n n += ,对一切k n 都有 M x k n ≤|| 有界.由子列有界,且原数列}{n x 又为一单调增加的数列,所以,对一切n 有M x n ≤||有界,由准则II ,数列}{n x 极限存在且a x n n =∞→lim .2.5 两个重要极限1. 求]cos 1[cos lim n n n -++∞→.解: 原式 =21sin 21sin2lim nn n n n -+++-+∞→⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛++=-+=-+-+-+++-=+∞→n n n n n n nn nn nn n 1110212121sin21sin2lim 2. 求)1sin(lim 2++∞→n n π.解. 原式=()()n nn n n nn n -+-=-+++∞→+∞→1sin 1lim )1sin(lim 22ππππ()()()()0111sin 1lim 222=-+⋅-+-+-=+∞→n nn n nnnn πππ3. 求x x xx )1cos 1(sinlim +∞→. 解. 原式=()[]()e t t t tttt tt xt =⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+=+=→→=22sin 2sin 10212012sin 1lim cos sin lim 令4. 设 ⎩⎨⎧+-=32)cos 1(2)(x x x x f 00≥<x x 求 20)(lim x x f x →. 解: 1lim )(lim 232020=+=++→→x x x x x f x x ,1)cos 1(2lim )(lim 2020=-=--→→x x x x f x x ∴ 1)(lim2=→xx f x .2.6 函数的连续性1. 研究函数()[]x x x g -=的连续性,并指出间断点类型. 解. n x =,Z n ∈ (整数集)为第一类 (跳跃) 间断点.2. 证明方程)0(03>=++p q px x 有且只有一个实根.证. 令()()()0,0,3>∞+<∞-++=f f q px x x f , 由零点定理, 至少存在一点ξ使得()0=ξf , 其唯一性, 易由()x f 的严格单调性可得.3.设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≤<-+>=-01),1ln(0 ,)(11x x x e x f x ,求)(x f 的间断点,并说明间断点的所属类型. 解. )(x f 在()()()+∞-,1,1,0,0,1内连续, ∞=-→+111lim x x e,0lim 111=-→-x x e, ()00=f , 因此,1=x 是)(x f 的第二类无穷间断点; (),lim lim 1110--→→==++e ex f x x x()()01ln lim lim 00=+=--→→x x f x x , 因此0=x 是)(x f 的第一类跳跃间断点.4.讨论nx nxn e e x x x f ++=∞→1lim )(2的连续性.解. ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<=>=++=∞→0,0,00,1lim)(22x x x x x e e x x x f nxnxn , 因此)(x f 在()()+∞∞-,0,0,内连续, 又()()00lim 0==→f x f x , ()x f ∴在()+∞∞-,上连续.5.设函数),()(+∞-∞在x f 内连续,且0)(lim=∞→xx f x ,证明至少存在一点ξ,使得0)(=+ξξf .证:令x x f x F +=)()(,则01]1)([lim )(lim>=+=∞→∞→x x f x x F x x ,从而0)(>xx F .由极限保号性定理可得,存在01>x 使0)(1>x F ;存在02<x 使0)(2<x F .)(x F 在],[12x x 上满足零点定理的条件,所以至少存在一点ξ使得0)(=ξF ,即0)(=+ξξf .6.讨论函数nnx x x x f 2211lim )(+-=∞→的连续性,若有间断点,判别其类型.解: ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=101)(x f 1||1||1||>=<x x x ,显然 1±=x 是第一类跳跃间断点,除此之外均为连续区间.7.证明:方程)0,0(sin >>+=b a b x a x 至少有一个正根,且不超过b a +. 证明:设b x a x x f --=sin )(,考虑区间],0[b a +0)0(<-=b f ,0))sin(1()(≥+-=+b a a b a f ,当0))sin(1()(=+-=+b a a b a f 时,b a x +=是方程的根;当0))sin(1()(>+-=+b a a b a f 时,由零点定理,至少),0(b a +∈∃ξ使0)(=ξf ,即 0sin =--b a ξξ成立,故原方程至少有一个正根且不超过b a +.2.7 无穷小与无穷大、无穷小的比较1. 当0→x 时,下面等式成立吗?(1))()(32x o x o x =⋅;(2))()(2x o xx o =;(3) )()(2x o x o =. 解. (1)()()()002232→→=⋅x xx o x x o x , ()()()032→=⋅∴x x o x o x (2) ()()()0)(,00)()(2222→=∴→→=x x o x x o x x x o xxx o(3) ()2xx o不一定趋于零, )()(2x o x o =∴不一定成立(当0→x 时) 2. 当∞→x 时,若)11(12+=++x o c bx ax ,则求常数c b a ,,.解. 因为当∞→x 时,若)11(12+=++x o c bx ax , 所以01lim 111lim 22=+++=++++∞→+∞→c bx ax x x c bx ax x x , 故c b a ,,0≠任意.3.写出0→x 时,无穷小量3x x +的等价无穷小量.解: 11lim 1lim lim303630=+=+=+→→→x xx xxx x x x∴ 当0→x ,3x x +~6x第3章 导数与微分3.1 导数概念1. 设函数)(x f 在0x 处可导,求下列极限值. (1)hh x f h x f h )3()2(lim000--+→;(2)000)()(lim 0x x x xf x f x x x --→.解.(1) 原式()()()000000533)3(22)2(lim x f h x f h x f h x f h x f h '=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⋅---+⋅-+=→(2) 原式()[]()()()()00000000)(limx f x f x x x x x x f x f x f x x x -'=----=→2.设函数R f →+∞),0(:在1=x 处可导,且),0(,+∞∈∀y x 有)()()(y xf x yf xy f += 试证:函数f 在),0(+∞内可导,且)1()()(f xx f x f '+='. 解:令1==y x ,由()()()y xf x yf xy f +=有()()121f f =得()01=f .()+∞∈∀,0x ,()()()()()()()()()()xx f f x x f xx f x x f x x f x f x x x x xf x x f x x x f x x f x x f x f x x x x +'=+∆-⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∆+=∆-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∆++⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∆+=∆-⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∆+=∆-∆+='→∆→∆→∆→∆111lim 11lim 1lim lim 0000 故()x f 在()+∞,0内处处可导,且()()()xx f f x f +'='1. 3.设()f x 在(,)-∞+∞内有意义,且(0)0f =,(0)1f '=, 又121221()()()()()f x x f x x f x x ϕϕ+=+,其中22()cos xx x x e ϕ-=+, 求()f x '.解: ()()()()()()()()x x f x x f x x f x x f x x f x f x x ∆-∆+∆=∆-∆+='→∆→∆ϕϕ00lim lim()()()()()()()()()001lim 0lim 00ϕϕϕϕ'+'=∆-∆+∆-∆=→∆→∆x f x f xx x f x x f x f x x ()x e x x x 22cos -+==ϕ4.设函数0)(=x x f 在处可导,且21arctan lim )(0=-→x f x e x,求)0(f '.解:由已知,必有0]1[lim )(0=-→x f x e,从而0)(lim 0=→x f x ,而0)(=x x f 在连续,故0)0(=f .于是)0(1)0()(1lim )(lim 1arctan lim200)(0f xf x f x f x e x x x x f x '=-==-=→→→. 故21)0(='f .5.设)(x f 具有二阶导数,)(,sin )()2(lim )(2x dF t xx f t x f t x F t 求⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-+=∞→.解: 令t h 1=,则)(2 sin )()2(lim)(0x f x hhxh x f h x f x F t '=⋅-+=→.从而)(2)(2)(x f x x f x F ''+'=',dx x f x x f dx x F x dF )]()([2)()(''+'='=.6.设f 是对任意实数y x ,满足方程 22)()()(xy y x y f x f x f +++= 的函数,又假设1)(lim=→xx f x ,求:(1))0(f ;(2))0(f '; (3))(x f '. 解:(1)依题意 R y x ∈∀,,等式 22)()()(xy y x y f x f y x f +++=+ 成立令0==y x 有 )0(2)0(f f = ⇒ 0)0(=f(2)又 1)(lim=→x x f x ,即 )0(10)0()(lim 0f x f x f x '==--→,∴ 1)0(='f(3)xx f x x f x f x ∆-∆+='→∆)()(lim )(0x x f x x x x x f x f x ∆-∆⋅+∆⋅+∆+=→∆)()()()(lim 220 x x x x x x f x ∆∆⋅+∆⋅+∆=→∆220)()(lim ])([lim 20x x x xx f x ∆⋅++∆∆=→∆ ]1)0(22x x f +=+'=∴ 21)(x x f +='.7.设曲线)(x f y =在原点与x y sin =相切,试求极限 )2(lim 21nf nn ∞→. 解:依题意有 1)0()0(='='f y 且0)0(=f∴ 222)0()2(lim )2(lim 2121=⋅-⋅=⋅∞→∞→n nf n f n nf n n n .8.设函数)(x f 在0=x 处可导且0)0(,0)0(='≠f f ,证明1])0()1([lim =∞→nn f n f .证:n n n n f f n f f n f ])0()0()1(1[lim ])0()1([lim -+=∞→∞→.=10)0(11)0()01(lim )0()0()1(lim ===⋅-+-∞→∞→e ee f nf n f f f n f n n n .1.计算函数baxax xb ab y )()()(= (0,0>>b a )的导数.解. a xb bx a b a x xb a b a a x b a x a b x b x b a a x x b a b a b y )(1)()()()(ln )(121⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+='-- ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+-=x b x a a b a x x b a b b a x ln )()()( 2.引入中间变量,1)(2x x u +=计算1111ln 411arctan 21222-+++++=x x x y 的导数dx dy .解. 引入,1)(2x x u += 得11ln 41arctan 21-++=u u u y ,于是dxdudu dy dx dy ⋅=, 又 ()()4242422111111111141121x x x u u u u du dy +-=+-=-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--+++=,21xx dx du +=, 则()22242121121xx x x x x x dx dy ++-=+⋅⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+-= 3.设y y x +=2,232)(x x u +=,求dudy. 解. dudxdx dy du dy ⋅= , 又()()1223,12212++=+=x x x dx du y dy dx ,得121+=y dx dy , ()x x x du dx ++=21232, 则得()()xx x y du dy +++=2121232 4.已知 2arctan )(),2323(x x f x x f y ='+-=,求=x dx dy .解:22)23(12)2323arctan()2323()2323(+⋅+-='+-⋅+-'='x x x x x x x f y π43)23(12)2323arctan(02200=+⋅+-='=∴===x x x x x x y dxdy .1. 计算下列各函数的n 阶导数. (1) 6512-+=x x y ; (2) x e y xcos =. 解 (1)⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+--=611171x x y ,()()()()()()⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+---=⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=∴++1161117!1611171n n nn n n x x n x x y (2) ()⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-=-='4cos 2sin 21cos 212sin cos πx e x x e x x e y x x x()⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⋅+=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=''42cos 24sin 4cos 22πππx ex x e y xx由此推得 ()()⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⋅+=4cos 2πn x eyxnn2. 设x x y 2sin 2=, 求()50y .解 ()()()()()()()()()()"+'+=248250249150250502sin 2sin 2sin x x C x x C x x y⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⋅+⋅⨯+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⋅+⋅+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⋅+=2482sin 2249502492sin 2502502sin 24950250πππx x x x xx x x x x 2sin 212252cos 2502sin 24950250⋅+⋅+-= ()[]x x x x 2cos 1002sin 212252249+-=3. 试从y dy dx '=1, 0≠'y , 其中y 三阶可导, 导出()322y y dy x d '''-=, ()()52333y y y y dy x d '''''-''= 解 y dy dx '=1 ,()()322211y y y y y dy dx y dx d dyx d '''-='⋅'-''=⋅⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛'=∴ ()()()()()()52623333313y y y y y y y y y y y dy dx y y dx d dy x d '''''-''='⋅'''⋅'⋅''+''''-=⋅⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛'''-=∴ 4. 设()x f 满足()()0 312≠=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+x xx f x f , 求()()()()x f x f x f n ,,'.解 以x 1代x ,原方程为()x x f x f 321==⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛,由()()⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+x x f x f x x f x f 321 312,消去⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛x f 1,求得()x x x f 12-=,且得()212xx f +=',()()()()2!111≥-=++n x n x f n n n . 5.设()arcsin f x x =,试证明()f x 满足 (1)2(1)()()0x f x xf x '''--= (2) ,1,0,0)()()12()()1()(2)1()2(2==-+--++n x f n x xf n x f x n n n(3)求()(0)n f解 (1)()211x x f -=',()()()22221112211xx xx x x x f --=-⋅--='', ()()()012='-''-∴x f x x f x ,(2)上式两边对x 求n 阶导数得()()[]()()[]()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()[]x f n x xf x f n n x f x n x f x x f x x f x n n n n n nn⋅⋅+-⋅-⋅---+-='-''-=+++1221211021222即 ()()()()()()()()01212122=-+--++x f nx xf n x f xn n n 。
高等数学第七章微分方程试题及答案汇编
第七章 常微分方程一.变量可分离方程及其推广 1.变量可分离的方程 (1)方程形式:()()()()0≠=y Q y Q x P dxdy通解()()⎰⎰+=C dx x P y Q dy(注:在微分方程求解中,习惯地把不定积分只求出它的一个原函数,而任意常数另外再加)(2)方程形式:()()()()02211=+dy y N x M dx y N x M通解()()()()C dy y N y N dx x M x M =+⎰⎰1221()()()0,012≠≠y N x M 2.变量可分离方程的推广形式 (1)齐次方程⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=x y f dx dy 令u x y =, 则()u f dxdux u dx dy =+= ()c x c xdxu u f du +=+=-⎰⎰||ln二.一阶线性方程及其推广1.一阶线性齐次方程()0=+y x P dxdy 它也是变量可分离方程,通解()⎰-=dxx P Ce y ,(c 为任意常数) 2.一阶线性非齐次方程()()x Q y x P dxdy=+ 用常数变易法可求出通解公式 令()()⎰-=dxx P ex C y 代入方程求出()x C 则得()()()[]⎰+=⎰⎰-C dx e x Q e y dx x P dx x P3.伯努利方程()()()1,0≠=+ααy x Q y x P dxdy令α-=1y z 把原方程化为()()()()x Q z x P dxdz αα-=-+11 再按照一阶线性非齐次方程求解。
4.方程:()()x y P y Q dx dy -=1可化为()()y Q x y P dydx =+ 以y 为自变量,x 为未知函数 再按照一阶线性非齐次方程求解。
四.线性微分方程解的性质与结构我们讨论二阶线性微分方程解的性质与结构,其结论很容易地推广到更高阶的线性微分方程。
二阶齐次线性方程 ()()0=+'+''y x q y x p y (1) 二阶非齐次线性方程 ()()()x f y x q y x p y =+'+'' (2) 1.若()x y 1,()x y 2为二阶齐次线性方程的两个特解,则它们的线性组合()()x y C x y C 2211+(1C ,2C 为任意常数)仍为同方程的解,特别地,当()()x y x y 21λ≠(λ为常数),也即()x y 1与()x y 2线性无关时,则方程的通解为()()x y C x y C y 2211+=2.若()x y 1,()x y 2为二阶非齐次线性方程的两个特解,则()()x y x y 21-为对应的二阶齐次线性方程的一个特解。
微积分刘迎东习题答案
(2)连接 的折线段。
解:
6.计算 其中 分别为下列两种情形:
(1)连接 的直线段。
解:
(2)连接 的折线段。
解:
7.计算 其中 为以 为顶点的正方形闭路。
解:
8.计算 其中 为星形线 在第一象限中自点 到 的一段。
解:
9.计算 其中 为依参数 增加方向进行的曲线:
解:
10.计算 其中, 分别为下列两种情形:(1)自 到 的直线段;(2)由 直到 的折线段。
(3)圆
(4)椭圆
(5)双纽线
3.计算曲线积分 其中 为圆周 的方向为逆时针方向。
解: ,所以取 则有
4.计算下列曲线积分:
(1) 其中 为摆线 上对应 从 到 的一段弧。
解:设直线段 ,则
(2) 其中 为上半圆周 沿逆时针方向。
解:设直线段 ,则
5.证明下列曲线积分在整个 面内与路径无关,并计算积分值:
解:
(12) 其中 为用平面 截球面 所得的截痕,从 轴的正向看去,沿逆时针方向;
解:
(13) 其中 为曲线 上由 到 的一段弧;
解:
4.计算 其中 为由点 到点 的下列四条不同路径:
(1)直线
解:
(2)抛物线
解:
(3)抛物线
解:
(4)立方抛物线
解:
5.计算 其中 分别为下列两种情形:
(1)连接 的直线段。
10.1第一型曲线积分
习题10.1
1.设在 面内有一分布着质量的曲线弧 ,在点 处它的线密度为 。用第一型曲线积分分别表达
(1)这曲线弧对 轴、对 轴的转动惯量
解:
(2)这曲线弧的质心坐标
解:
2.计算下列第一型曲线积分:
微积分上册部分课后习题答案
《微积分》上册部分课后习题答案习题五(A)1.求函数 f x ,使 f ′ x x 23 x ,且 f 1 0 .解:f ′ x x 2 5x 6 1 5 f x x3 x 2 6 x C 3 2 1 5 23 f 1 0 6 C 0 C 3 2 6 15 23 f x x3 x 26 x 3 2 6 12.一曲线y f x 过点(0,2),且其上任意点的斜率为x 3e x ,求 f x . 2 1解:f x x 3e x 2 1 2 f x x 3e x C 4 f 0 2 3 C 2 C 1 1 2 f x x 3e x 1 4 ∫ 23.已知f x 的一个原函数为 e x ,求 f ′ xdx . 2 2解:f x e x ′ 2 xe x∫ f ′ xdx 2 f x C 2 xe x C dx4.一质点作直线运动,如果已知其速度为3t 2 sin t ,初始位移为s0 2 ,求s 和t 的函dt数关系.解:S t 3t 2 sin t S t t 3 cos t CS 0 2 1 C 2 C 1 S t t 3 cos t 15.设ln f x′ 1 ,求f x . 1 x2解:ln f x′ 1 ln f x arctan x C11 x2 f x earctan x C1 Cearctan x C gt 0 1 16.求函数f x ,使f ′ x e 2 x 5 且f 0 0 . 1 x 1 x 2 1 1 1解:f x e x 5 f x ln x 1 arcsin x e 2 x 5 x C 1 x 1 x 2 2 1 1 f 0 0 0 0C 0 C 2 2 1 2x 1 f x ln x 1 arcsin x e 5x 2 27.求下列函数的不定积分x x2 ∫ ∫ dt(1)dx (2)x a t 1 x2 1 ∫ ∫x m n(3)x dx (4)dx 2 1 x4 1 1 sin 2 x(5)∫x 2 1 dx (6)∫ sin x cos x dx 1 cos 2 x ∫ ∫ cos 2 x (7)dx (8)dx sin x cos x 1 cos 2 x ∫ sin (10)cos 2 sin 2 x dx ∫ cos 2 x x(9)2 2 dx x cos x 2 cos 2 x 1 2x 1 ∫ sin ∫e e (11)dx (12)dx 2 x cos x 2 x 1 2 × 8x 3 × 5x 2 x 1 5 x 1(13)∫ 8x dx (14)∫ 10 x dx e x x e-x (15)∫ x dx ∫ (16)e x 2 x 1 3x dx 1 x 1 x x 2 1 1 x 2 5 x(17)∫ dx 1 x 1 x (18)∫ x 1 x2 dx 1 x2 1 cos 2 x(19)∫ 1 x4 dx (20)∫ 1 cos 2 x sin2 x dx x3 x 1 x4 x2(21)∫ x 1 x 2 2 dx (22)∫ 1 x 2 dx 1 3 35 ∫ 2 2解:(1)x 2 x 2 dx x 2 x 2 C 3 5 1 d t 1 ∫ 1 2(2). 1 t 1 2 C a a t 1 2 n nm ∫ x m dx m x m C m ≠ n m ≠ 0 nm n ∫(3)x m dx In x C m n dx x C ∫ m0 2(4)1 ∫ x2 1 dx x 2 arctan x C x 2 x 2 1 x 2 1 x3(5)∫ x 1 2 dx 3 x 2 arctan x C sin 2 x cos 2 x 2 sin x cos x sin x cos x 2(6)∫ sin x cos x dx ∫ sin x cos x dx ∫ sin x cos xdx sin x cos x C cos 2 x sin 2 x(7)∫ sin x cos x dx cos x sin xdx ∫ sin x cos x C 1 cos 2 x ∫ 2 cos ∫ cos 1 1 1 x(8)2 dx 2 1 dx tan x C x 2 x 2 2 cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 1(9)∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x dx 2 ∫ sin x cos 2 x dx cot x tan x C cos x 1 1 cos 2 x cos x cos 2 x(10)∫ 2 2 dx 2 2 1dx ∫ 1 1 x sin x sin 2 x C 2 4 cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x ∫ ∫ cos 1(11)2 2 dx 2 2 dx 2 tan x C sin x cos x x ∫(12)e x 1 dx e x x C x 5 x 5(13)2 dx 3 dx 2 x 3 8 C ∫ ∫ 8 5 ln 8 x x(14)2 dx dx ∫ 5 ∫ 1 1 1 2 x 1 5 2 x C 5 2 ln 5 5 ln 2(15)e x dx e x ln x C ∫ 1 x ∫ 2x 3e x 6x(16)e x6 x 2 x 3e x dx e x C ln 2 l ln 3 ln 6 1 x 1 x ∫ ∫ 1(17)dx 2 dx 2 arcsin x C 1 x 2 1 x2 x2 1(18)∫ dx 1 x 2 ln x 5 arcsin x C 5 x 2 1 x 2 ∫ 1(19)dx arcsin x C 1 x2 1 cos 2 x 1 1 ∫ 2 cos ∫ 1 x(20)dx 1dx tan x C 2 x 2 cos 2 x 2 2 x x 2 1 1 1 1 1 ∫ ∫ 1(21)dx 2 x dx ln x arctan x C x 2 1 x 2 x 1 x2 x x 4 1 x 2 1 2 2 x3(22)∫ 1 x 2 dx x 2 2 ∫ 2 1 x dx 3 2 x 2 arctan x C8.用换元积分法计算下列各题. x4(1)∫ x2 dx ∫ (2)3x 28 dx .。
微积分各章习题及详细答案
《微积分》各章习题及详细答案(总42页)--本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--第一章 函数极限与连续一、填空题1、已知x xf cos 1)2(sin +=,则=)(cos x f 。
2、=-+→∞)1()34(lim22x x x x 。
3、0→x 时,x x sin tan -是x 的 阶无穷小。
4、01sin lim 0=→xx k x 成立的k 为 。
5、=-∞→x e x x arctan lim 。
6、⎩⎨⎧≤+>+=0,0,1)(x b x x e x f x 在0=x 处连续,则=b 。
7、=+→xx x 6)13ln(lim 0 。
8、设)(x f 的定义域是]1,0[,则)(ln x f 的定义域是__________。
9、函数)2ln(1++=x y 的反函数为_________。
10、设a 是非零常数,则________)(lim =-+∞→xx ax a x 。
11、已知当0→x 时,1)1(312-+ax 与1cos -x 是等价无穷小,则常数________=a 。
12、函数x xx f +=13arcsin )(的定义域是__________。
13、lim ____________x →+∞=。
14、设8)2(lim =-+∞→xx ax a x ,则=a ________。
15、)2)(1(lim n n n n n -++++∞→=____________。
二、选择题1、设)(),(x g x f 是],[l l -上的偶函数,)(x h 是],[l l -上的奇函数,则 中所给的函数必为奇函数。
(A))()(x g x f +;(B))()(x h x f +;(C ))]()()[(x h x g x f +;(D ))()()(x h x g x f 。
2、xxx +-=11)(α,31)(x x -=β,则当1→x 时有 。
高等数学教材第七章答案
高等数学教材第七章答案第七章:多元函数微分学1. 习题一答案:1.1 题目:求函数 $z = 2x^3 + 3y^2 - 6xy$ 在点 $(1, 2)$ 处的偏导数$\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}$ 和 $\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}$。
解答:首先计算 $\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}$。
根据偏导数的定义,我们将 $y$ 视为常数,对 $z$ 对 $x$ 进行求偏导数:$$\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} = 6x^2 - 6y$$接下来计算 $\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}$。
同样,我们将 $x$ 视为常数,对 $z$ 对 $y$ 进行求偏导数:$$\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} = 6y - 6x$$所以,函数 $z = 2x^3 + 3y^2 - 6xy$ 在点 $(1, 2)$ 处的偏导数为$\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} = 6x^2 - 6y$ 和 $\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} = 6y - 6x$。
1.2 题目:计算函数 $f(x, y) = x^3 + y^3$ 在点 $(1, 1)$ 处的全微分。
解答:根据全微分的定义,我们有:$$df = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}dx + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}dy$$首先计算 $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}$ 和 $\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}$。
对 $f(x, y) = x^3 + y^3$ 分别对 $x$ 和 $y$ 求偏导数:$$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = 3x^2, \quad \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} =3y^2$$代入点 $(1, 1)$,得到 $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = 3$ 和$\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = 3$。
微积分习题答案(上)
习题 3.3
1.(1) y′ = 6x + 5 ;
(2) =y′
3 x2
−
2 x3
;
(3) y′ = x(1 + 2 ln x) ;
(4) y′ = 6e x cos x ;
(5) y′ =
x cos x − sin x ; x2
(6) y′ = −
1 x (1 +
. x)2
2. f ′(0) = 3 ; f ′(2) = 17 .
(2)在 (−∞ , − 1],[11 , + ∞) 上单调递增,在 (− 1 , 11) 上单调递减;
2 18
2 18
(3)在 (−∞ , 0), (0, 1],[1, + ∞) 上单调递减,在 (1 ,1) 上单调递增;
第二章
习题 2.1
1.(1)
lim
n→∞
1 3n
=0;
(3) lim(−1)n n 不存在; n→∞
(2) lim(2 + 1 ) = 2 ;
n→∞
n2
(4) lim 1 + (−1)n 不存在. n→∞ 1000
2. 略
3.提示:利用数列极限的 ε − N 定义证明,考虑数列 an = (−1)n .
23
n
3. 提示:利用恒等式 f (x)g(x) = eg(x)ln f (x)
4. (1)3; (2) 1; (3) 2; (4) e2 ;
(5) e−2 ; (6) ex+1 ; (7) e−1 ; (8) e3 .
5. (1) x → 0 时, x3 是比 x2 + 3x 的高阶无穷小;
(2) x → 1 时, 1− x 是1− x3 的同阶无穷小,但不是等价无穷小.
微积分(刘迎东编)上1.1参考答案
第一章 函数1.1 集合与函数 习题1。
11. 求下列函数的自然定义域: (1)23+=x y由023≥+x ,得定义域为32-≥x 。
(2)211xy -=由012≠-x ,得定义域为1±≠x 。
(3)241xy -=由042>-x ,得定义域为()2,2-。
(4)()1tan +=x y 由Z k k x ∈+≠+,21ππ得定义域为.,12Z k k x ∈-+≠ππ(5)()3arcsin -=x y由[]1,13-∈-x ,得定义域为[]4,2∈x 。
(6)()1ln +=x y 2由01>+x ,得定义域为1->x 。
(7)xx y πsin 1+=由⎩⎨⎧∈≠≥+Z k k x x ,,01ππ,得定义域为1->x 且Z x ∉。
2. 求下列函数的值域: (1)[]0,10,2-∈=x x y由010≤≤-x ,得.10002≤≤x(2)(]10,0,lg ∈=x x y 由,100≤<x 得1lg ≤x 。
(3)[]1,0,2∈-=x x x y由10≤≤x ,得4102≤-≤x x ,所以2102≤-≤x x 。
(4)()1,0,11∈-=x xy 由10<<x ,得110<-<x ,所以.111>-x3. 把半径为R 的一圆形铁皮,自中心处剪去中心角为α的一扇形后围成一无底圆锥。
试将这圆锥的体积表示为α的函数。
解:圆锥的底圆周长为铁皮被剪后所剩扇形的弧长,即()απ-2R ,所以圆锥的底圆半径为()παπ22-R ,圆锥的母线长显然为R ,所以圆锥的高为()παπαπαπ244222222-=--R R R ,由此得圆锥体积为:()()222322222442244231παπααππαπαπαππ--=--=R R R V ,其中πα20<<。
4. 下列各题中,函数()x f 和()x g 是否相同?为什么? (1)()();lg 2,lg 2x x g x x f ==()x f 的定义域为0≠x ,而()x g 的定义域为0>x ,所以两函数不同。
高等数学课后答案 第七章 习题详细解答
习题7-11.判定下列平面点集中哪些是开集、闭集、区域、有界集、无界集?并指出集合的边界.(1){}(,)0,0x y x y ≠≠;(2){}22(,)14x y x y <+≤;(3){}2(,)x y y x >;(4){}2222(,)(1)1(2)4x y x y x y +-≥+-≤且.解 (1)集合是开集,无界集;边界为{(,)0x y x =或0}y =. (2)集合既非开集,又非闭集,是有界集;边界为2222{(,)1}{(,)4}x y x y x y x y +=+= .(3)集合是开集,区域,无界集;边界为2{(,)}x y y x =. (4)集合是闭集,有界集;边界为2222{(,)(1)1}{(,)(2)4}x y x y x y x y +-=+-=2.已知函数(,)v f u v u =,试求(,)f xy x y +. 解 ()()(,)x y f xy x y xy ++=.3.设(,)2f x y xy =,证明:2(,)(,)f tx ty t f x y =.解)222(,)222f tx ty t xy t t xy t xy ===2(,)t f x y =.4.设y f x ⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭(0)x >,求()f x . 解由于y f x ⎛⎫==⎪⎝⎭,则()f x =5.求下列各函数的定义域:(1)2222x y z x y+=-; (2)ln()arcsin y z y x x =-+;(3)ln()z xy =; (4)z =;(5)z =(6)u =.解 (1)定义域为{}(,)x y y x ≠±; (2)定义域为{}(,)x y x y x <≤-;(3)定义域为{}(,)0x y xy >,即第一、三象限(不含坐标轴);(4)定义域为2222(,)1x y x y a b ⎧⎫+≤⎨⎬⎩⎭; (5)定义域为{}2(,)0,0,x y x y x y ≥≥≥;(6)定义域为{}22222(,,)0,0x y z x y z x y +-≥+≠.6.求下列各极限:(1)22(,)(2,0)lim x y x xy y x y →+++; (2)(,)(0,0)lim x y →; (3)22(,)(0,0)1lim ()sinx y x y xy →+; (4)(,)(2,0)sin()lim x y xy y→;(5)1(,)(0,1)lim (1)xx y xy →+; (6)22(,)(,)lim()x y x y x y e --→+∞+∞+.解:(1)22(,)(2,0)4lim (2,0)22x y x xy y f x y →++===+;(2)(,)(0,0)00112lim lim 2x y u u u u →→→===;(3)因为22(,)(0,0)lim ()0x y x y →+=,且1s i n1xy≤有界,故22(,)(0,0)1lim ()sin 0x y x y xy →+=; (4)(,)(2,0)(,)(2,0)sin()sin()limlim 212x y x y xy xy x y xy →→==⋅=;(5)111(,)(0,1)(,)(0,1)lim (1)lim (1)y xyxx y x y xy xy e e ⋅→→+=+==;(6)当0x N >>,0y N >>时,有222()()0x y x yx y x y e e ++++<<,而()22(,)(,)22limlim lim lim 0x yu u u x y u u u x y u u e e e e+→+∞+∞→+∞→+∞→+∞+==== 按夹逼定理得22(,)(,)lim()0.x y x y x y e --→+∞+∞+=7.证明下列极限不存在: (1)(,)(0,0)limx y x yx y →+-;(2)设2224222,0,(,)0,0,x yx y x yf x y x y ⎧+≠⎪+=⎨⎪+=⎩(,)(0,0)lim (,)x y f x y →.证明 (1)当(,)x y 沿直线y kx =趋于(0,0)时极限(,)(0,0)01limlim 1x y x y kxx y x kx kx y x kx k →→=+++==--- 与k 有关,上述极限不存在.(2)当(,)x y 沿直线y x =和曲线2y x =趋于(0,0)有2242422(,)(0,0)00lim lim lim 01x y x x y x y xx y x x x x y x x x →→→=====+++, 2222442444(,)(0,0)001lim lim lim 22x y x x y xy xx y x x x x y x x x →→→=====++, 故函数(,)f x y 在点(0,0)处二重极限不存在.8.指出下列函数在何处间断:(1)22ln()z x y =+; (2)212z y x=-. 解(1)函数在(0,0)处无定义,故该点为函数22ln()z x y =+的间断点; (2)函数在抛物线22y x =上无定义,故22y x =上的点均为函数212z y x=-的间断点.9.用二重极限定义证明:(,)lim0x y →=.证22102ρ=≤=(,)P x y ,其中||OP ρ==,于是,0ε∀>,20δε∃=>;当0ρδ<<时,0ε-<成立,由二重极限定义知(,)lim0x y →=.10.设(,)sin f x y x =,证明(,)f x y 是2R 上的连续函数.证 设2000(,)P x y ∈R .0ε∀>,由于sin x 在0x 处连续,故0δ∃>,当0||x x δ-<时,有0|sin sin |x x ε-<.以上述δ作0P 的δ邻域0(,)U P δ,则当0(,)(,)P x y U P δ∈时,显然 00||(,)x x P P ρδ-<<,从而000|(,)(,)||sin sin |f x y f x y x x ε-=-<,即(,)sin f x y x =在点000(,)P x y 连续.由0P 的任意性知,sin x 作为x 、y 的二元函数在2R 上连续.习题7-21.设(,)z f x y =在00(,)x y 处的偏导数分别为00(,)x f x y A =,00(,)y f x y B =,问下列极限是什么?(1)00000(,)(,)limh f x h y f x y h →+-; (2)00000(,)(,)lim h f x y f x y h h→--;(3)00000(,2)(,)lim h f x y h f x y h →+-; (4)00000(,)(,)lim h f x h y f x h y h→+--.解 (1)0000000(,)(,)lim(,)x h f x h y f x y z x y A h→+-==; (2)000000000000(,)(,)(,)(,)limlim (,)y h h f x y f x y h f x y h f x y z x y B h h→→----===-; (3)0000000000(,2)(,)(,2)(,)limlim 222h h f x y h f x y f x y h f x y B h h→→+-+-=⋅=;(4)00000(,)(,)limh f x h y f x h y h→+--[][]0000000000000000000000000000(,)(,)(,)(,)lim(,)(,)(,)(,)lim (,)(,)(,)(,)lim lim 2.h h h h f x h y f x y f x y f x h y hf x h y f x y f x h y f x y h f x h y f x y f x h y f x y h h A A A →→→→+-+--=+----=+---=+-=+= 2.求下列函数的一阶偏导数: (1)x z xy y=+; (2)ln tan x z y =;(3)e xyz =; (4)22x y z xy+=;(5)222ln()z x x y =+; (6)z = (7)sec()z xy =; (8)(1)y z xy =+;(9)arctan()z u x y =- (10)zx u y ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭.解(1)1z y x y ∂=+∂,2z x x y y∂=-∂; (2)12211tan sec cot sec z x x x x x y y y y y y -⎛⎫⎛⎫∂=⋅⋅= ⎪ ⎪∂⎝⎭⎝⎭, 12222tan sec cot sec z x x x x x x y y y y y y y-⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫∂=⋅⋅-=- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪∂⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭; (3)xy xy z e y ye x ∂=⋅=∂,xy xy ze x xe y∂=⋅=∂; (4)()2222222222()2()1z x xy x y y x y x y y y x x y y x xy ∂⋅-+⋅-+⋅===-∂, ()2222222222()2()1z y xy x y x xy x y x x y x y x y xy ∂⋅-+⋅-+⋅===-∂;(5)232222222222ln()22ln()z x x x x y x x x y x x y x y ∂=++⋅=++∂++, 22222222z x x yy y x y x y∂=⋅=∂++; (6)1z y x xy ∂=⋅=∂1z x y xy ∂=⋅=∂ (7)tan()sec()tan()sec()zxy xy y y xy xy x∂=⋅=∂, tan()sec()tan()sec()zxy xy x x xy xy y∂=⋅=∂; (8)121(1)(1)y y zy xy y y xy x--∂=+⋅=+∂, ln(1)(1)ln(1)1y xy z xy e y xy xy y y xy +⎡⎤∂∂⎡⎤==+⋅++⎢⎥⎣⎦∂∂+⎣⎦; (9)11221()()1()1()z z z zu z x y z x y x x y x y --∂-=⋅-=∂+-+-, 11221()()(1)1()1()z z z zu z x y z x y y x y x y --∂-=⋅-⋅-=-∂+-+-, 221()ln()()ln()1()1()z zz zu x y x y x y x y z x y x y ∂--=⋅-⋅-=∂+-+-; (10)111z z ux z x z x y y y y --⎛⎫⎛⎫∂=⋅= ⎪ ⎪∂⎝⎭⎝⎭,12z zux x z x z y y y y y -⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫∂=⋅-=- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪∂⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭, ln z u x x y y y⎛⎫∂=⋅ ⎪∂⎝⎭. 3.设(,)ln 2y f x y x x ⎛⎫=+⎪⎝⎭,求(1,0)x f ,(1,0)y f . 解法一 由于(,0)ln f x x =,所以1(,0)x f x x=,(1,0)1x f =; 由于(1,)ln 12y f y ⎛⎫=+⎪⎝⎭,所以11(1,)212yf y y =⋅+,1(1,0)2y f =.解法二 21(,)122x y f x y y x x x ⎛⎫=⋅- ⎪⎝⎭+,11(,)22y f x y y x x x=⋅+, 10(1,0)110212x f ⎛⎫=⋅-= ⎪⎝⎭+,111(1,0)02212y f =⋅=+. 4.设(,)(f x y x y =+-(,1)x f x . 解法一由于(,1)(11)arcsinf x x x =+-,(,1)()1x f x x '==. 解法二1(,)1x f x y y =,(,1)1x f x =. 5.设2(,)xt yf x y e dt -=⎰,求(,)x f x y ,(,)y f x y .解 2(,)x x f x y e -=,2(,)y f x y e -=-. 6.设yxz xy xe =+,证明z zxy xy z x y∂∂+=+∂∂. 解 由于21y y yx x x z y y y e xe y e x x x ⎛⎫∂⎛⎫=+-⋅=+-⎪ ⎪∂⎝⎭⎝⎭, 1y y x x z x xe x e y x∂=+⋅=+∂, 所以1()yy y yx x x xz z y x y x y e y x e xy e x y xy ye x y x ⎡⎤⎛⎫∂∂⎛⎫+=+-++=+-++ ⎪⎢⎥ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭⎣⎦⎝⎭yxxy xe xy xy z =++=+.7.(1)22,44x y z y ⎧+=⎪⎨⎪=⎩在点(2,4,5)处的切线与x 轴正向所成的倾角是多少? (2)1z x ⎧=⎪⎨=⎪⎩在点(1,1处的切线与y 轴正向所成的倾角是多少?解 (1)按偏导数的几何意义,(2,4)x z 就是曲线在点(2,4,5)处的切线对于x 轴正向所成倾角的斜率,而21(2,4)12x x z x ===,即tan 1k α==,于是倾角4πα=. (2)按偏导数的几何意义,(1,1)y z就是曲线在点(1,1处的切线对于y 轴正向所成倾角的斜率,而11(1,1)3y z ===,即1tan 3k α==,于是倾角6πα=.8.求下列函数的二阶偏函数:(1)已知33sin sin z x y y x =+,求2z x y ∂∂∂; (2)已知ln xz y =,求2z x y∂∂∂;(3)已知ln(z x =+,求22z x ∂∂和2zx y∂∂∂;(4)arctan y z x =求22z x ∂∂、22z y ∂∂、2z x y ∂∂∂和2zy x∂∂∂.解(1)233sin cos z x y y x x ∂=+∂,2223cos 3cos z x y y x x y∂=+∂∂; (2)ln ln 1ln ln x x z y y y y x x x∂=⋅=∂, 2ln ln 1ln 1111ln ln (1ln ln )xx x z y y x y y x y x y x y x--⎛⎫∂=+⋅⋅=+ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭; (3)1z x ⎛⎫∂==∂==,()232222zxx xy∂-==∂+,()23222z yx y xy∂-==∂∂+;(4)222211z y y xx x y y x ∂⎛⎫=⋅-=- ⎪∂+⎝⎭⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭,222111z x y x x y y x ∂=⋅=∂+⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭, ()222222z xy x x y ∂=∂+,()222222z xyy x y ∂-=∂+,()()2222222222222z x y y y x x y x y x y ∂+--=-=∂∂++,()()2222222222222z x y x y x y x x y x y ∂+--==∂∂++. 9.设222(,,)f x y z xy yz zx =++,求(0,0,1xx f ,(1,0,2)xz f ,(0,1,0)yz f -及(2,0,1)zzx f .解 因为22x f y xz =+,2xx f z =,2xz f x =, 22y f xy z =+,2yz f z =,22z f yz x =+,2zz f y =,0zzx f =,所以(0,0,1)2xx f =,(1,0,2)2xz f =,(0,1,0)0yz f -=,(2,0,1)0zzx f =.10.验证: (1)2esin kn ty nx -=满足22y yk t x∂∂=∂∂;(2)r =2222222r r r x y z r∂∂∂++=∂∂∂.证 (1)因为22e sin kn t y kn nx t -∂=-∂,2e cos kn t y n nx x -∂=∂,2222e sin kn ty n nx x-∂=-∂ 所以()2222e sin kn ty y k n nx k t x-∂∂=-=∂∂; (2)因为r x x r ∂==∂,2222231r x x x r x x x r r r r r ∂∂-⎛⎫==-⋅= ⎪∂∂⎝⎭, 由函数关于自变量的对称性,得22223r r y y r ∂-=∂,22223r r z z r ∂-=∂, 所以 2222222222223332r r r r x r y r z x y z r r r r∂∂∂---++=++=∂∂∂. 习题7-31.求下列函数的全微分:(1)2222s tu s t+=-; (2)2222()e x y xyz x y +=+;(3)arcsin(0)xz y y=>; (4)ey x x y z ⎛⎫-+ ⎪⎝⎭=;(5)222ln()u x y z =++; (6)yzu x =.解 (1)()()222222222222()2()4u s s t s s t st s s t s t ∂--+==-∂--, ()()222222222222()2()4u t s t t s t s tt s t s t ∂-++==∂--, ()()()22222222222444d d d (d d )st s tstu s t t s s t ststst=-+=-----;(2)22222222244222222()2()2x y x y x y xyxyxyzx y x y yx y xe x y eex xx y x y +++⎛⎫∂-+-=++=+ ⎪∂⎝⎭,由函数关于自变量的对称性可得224422x y xyzy x e y yxy +⎛⎫∂-=+ ⎪∂⎝⎭, 22444422d 2d 2d x y xyx y y x z ex x y y x y xy +⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫--=+++⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦; (3)21d d arcsind d x x x z x y y yy y ⎛⎫⎫===- ⎪⎪⎝⎭⎭)d d y x x y =-;(4)d d d y x y x x y x y y x z e e x y ⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎡⎤⎛⎫⎢⎥==-⋅+ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦2211d d y x x y y x ex y y x x y ⎛⎫-+ ⎪⎝⎭⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫=--+-⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦;(5)()2222222221d d ln()d u x y z x y zx y z ⎡⎤=++=++⎣⎦++2222222d 2d 2d 2(d d d )x x y y z z x x y y z z x y z x y z++==++++++; (6)()1d d d ln d ln d yz yz yz yzu x yzx x x z x y x y x z -==++()1d ln d ln d yz x yz x xz x y xy x z -=++.2.求下列函数的全微分:(1)22ln(1)z x y =++在1x =,2y =处的全微分; (2)2arctan 1xz y=+在1x =,1y =处的全微分. 解 (1)因为2222222211d d ln(1)d(1)(2d 2d )11z x y x y x x y y x y x y ⎡⎤=++=++=+⎣⎦++++ 所以12112d (2d 4d )d d 633x y z x y x y ===+=+; (2)因为22221d d arctand 1111x x z y y x y ⎛⎫⎛⎫== ⎪ ⎪++⎛⎫⎝⎭⎝⎭+ ⎪+⎝⎭()22222222211212d d d d 11111y xy xy x y x y y x y y x y y ⎡⎤⎛⎫+⎢⎥=-=- ⎪⎢⎥++++++⎝⎭+⎣⎦ 所以()1222111121d d d d d 113x y x y xy z x y x y y x y ====⎛⎫=-=- ⎪+++⎝⎭. 3. 求函数23z x y =当2x =,1y =-,0.02x ∆=,0.01y ∆=-时的全微分.解 因为()23322322d d 2d 3d 23z x y xy x x y y xy x x y y ==+=∆+∆所以当2x =,1y =-,0.02x ∆=,0.01y ∆=-时全微分为d 4120.080.120.2z x y =-∆+∆=--=-.4.求函数22xyz x y=-当2x =,1y =,0.01x ∆=,0.03y ∆=时的全微分和全增量,并求两者之差.解 因为()()222222222d()d()d d x y xy xy x y xy z x y x y ---⎛⎫== ⎪-⎝⎭- ()()()()()222332222222(d d )(2d 2d )d d x y y x+x y xy x x y y x y y x+x +xy y xyx y -----==-- 所以当2x =,1y =,0.01x ∆=,0.03y ∆=时全微分的值为()()()2332222(,)(2,1)0.01,0.030.25d 0.0277779x y x y x y y x+x +xy yz x y =∆=∆=--∆∆==≈-, 而当2x =,1y =,0.01x ∆=,0.03y ∆=时的全增量为()()()()2222(,)(2,1)0.010.030.028252x y x y x x y y xy z x y x x y y =∆=∆=⎡⎤+∆+∆∆=-≈⎢⎥-+∆-+∆⎢⎥⎣⎦, 全增量与全微分之差为d 0.0282520.0277770.000475z z ∆-≈-=.习题7-41.设2e x yu -=,sin x t =,3y t =,求d d u t. 解3222sin 22d d d cos 23(cos 6)d d d x y x y t t u u x u ye t e t e t t t x t y t---∂∂=+=-⋅=-∂∂. 2.设arccos()z u v =-,而34u x =,3v x =,求d d z x. 解2d d d 123d d d z z u z v x x u x v x ∂∂=+=+∂∂2314x -=3.设22z u v uv =-,cos u x y =,sin v x y =,求z x ∂∂,z y∂∂. 解()()222cos 2sin z z u z v uv v y u uv y x u x v x∂∂∂∂∂=⋅+⋅=-⋅+-⋅∂∂∂∂∂ 23sin cos (cos sin )x y y y y =-,()()()222sin 2cos z z u z v uv v x y u uv x y y u y v y∂∂∂∂∂=⋅+⋅=-⋅-+-⋅∂∂∂∂∂ 33232(sin 2sin cos cos 2cos sin )x y y y y y y =-+-.4.设2ln z u v =,而32u x y =+,y v x =,求z x ∂∂,z y∂∂. 解 222ln 3z z u z v u y u v x u x v x v x ∂∂∂∂∂⎛⎫=⋅+⋅=⋅+⋅- ⎪∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭216(32)ln(32)y x y x y x x=+-+, 22112ln 24(32)ln (32)z z u z v u y u v x y x y y u y v y v x x y∂∂∂∂∂=⋅+⋅=⋅+⋅=+++∂∂∂∂∂. 5. 设2(,,)ln(sin )z f u x y u y x ==+,ex yu +=,求z x ∂∂,zy∂∂. 解22112cos sin sin x y z z u f u e y x x u x x u y x u y x+∂∂∂∂=⋅+=⋅⋅+⋅∂∂∂∂++ ()()222cos sin x y x y e y xe y x+++=+, 22112sin sin sin x y z z u f u e x y u y y u y x u y x+∂∂∂∂=⋅+=⋅⋅+⋅∂∂∂∂++ ()()222sin sin x y x y e xe y x+++=+. 6.设222sin()u x y z =++,x r s t =++,y rs st tr =++,z rst =,求u r ∂∂,us∂∂,ut∂∂. 解[]22222()2cos()u u x u y u z x y s t zst x y z r x r y r z r∂∂∂∂∂∂∂=⋅+⋅+⋅=+++++∂∂∂∂∂∂∂ 222222()()cos ()()()r s t rs st tr s t rs t r s t rs st tr rst ⎡⎤⎡⎤=+++++++++++++⎣⎦⎣⎦,[]22222()2cos()u u x u y u zx y r t zrt x y z s x s y s z s∂∂∂∂∂∂∂=⋅+⋅+⋅=+++++∂∂∂∂∂∂∂ 222222()()cos ()()()r s t rs st tr r t r st r s t rs st tr rst ⎡⎤⎡⎤=+++++++++++++⎣⎦⎣⎦,[]22222()2cos()u u x u y u z x y s r zrs x y z t x t y t z t∂∂∂∂∂∂∂=⋅+⋅+⋅=+++++∂∂∂∂∂∂∂ 222222()()cos ()()()r s t rs st tr r s r s t r s t rs st tr rst ⎡⎤⎡⎤=+++++++++++++⎣⎦⎣⎦.7.设arctanxz y=,x u v =+,y u v =-,求z u ∂∂,z v ∂∂,并验证:22z z u vu v u v∂∂-+=∂∂+.解222221111111z z x z y x y xu x u y uy y x y x x y y ⎛⎫∂∂∂∂∂-=⋅+⋅=⋅⋅+⋅-⋅= ⎪∂∂∂∂∂+⎛⎫⎛⎫⎝⎭++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭, ()222221111111z z x z yx y xv x v y vy y x y x x y y ⎛⎫∂∂∂∂∂+=⋅+⋅=⋅⋅+⋅-⋅-= ⎪∂∂∂∂∂+⎛⎫⎛⎫⎝⎭++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭, 则222222222()()()z z y x y x u v u vu v x y x y u v u v u v ∂∂-+--+=+==∂∂++++-+. 8.设22(,,)z f x y t x y t ==-+,sin x t =,cos y t =,求d d z t. 解d d d 2cos 2(sin )12sin 21d d d z z x z y f x t y t t t x t y t t∂∂∂=⋅+⋅+=--+=+∂∂∂. 9.求下列函数的一阶偏导数(其中f 具有一阶连续偏导数): (1)22()z f x y =-; (2),x y u f y z ⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭; (3)(,,)u f x xy xyz =; (4)22(,,ln )xy u f x y e x =-. 解(1)222()z xf x y x ∂'=-∂,222()zyf x y y∂'=--∂; (2)111f u f x y y '∂'=⋅=∂,12122211u x x f f f f y y z y z ⎛⎫∂''''=⋅-+⋅=-+ ⎪∂⎝⎭, 2222u y y f f z z z ∂⎛⎫''=⋅-=- ⎪∂⎝⎭; (3)123u f yf yzf x ∂'''=++∂,23uxf xzf y ∂''=+∂,3u xyf z ∂'=∂; (4)12312xy u xf ye f f x x ∂'''=++∂,122xy u yf xe f y∂''=-+∂. 10.设()z xy xF u =+,而yu x=,()F u 为可导函数,证明: z zxy z xy x y∂∂+=+∂∂.证 ()()()z z u u xy x y F u xF u y x xF u x y x y ⎡⎤∂∂∂∂⎡⎤''+=++++⎢⎥⎢⎥∂∂∂∂⎣⎦⎣⎦ []()()()yx y F u F u y x F u x ⎡⎤''=+-++⎢⎥⎣⎦()xy xF u xy z xy =++=+. 11.设[cos()]z y x y ϕ=-,试证:z z zx y y∂∂+=∂∂. 证sin()[cos()]sin()z z y x y x y y x y x yϕϕϕ∂∂''+=--+-+-∂∂ [cos()]z x y yϕ=-=. 12.设,kz y u x F x x ⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭,且函数,z y F x x ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭具有一阶连续偏导数,试证: u u uxy z ku x y z∂∂∂++=∂∂∂. 证11222k k u z y kx F x F F x x x -∂⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫''=+-+- ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥∂⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦,1221k k ux F x F y x -∂''=⋅=∂, 1111k k u x F x F z x-∂''=⋅=∂, 11111111k k k k k u u u xy z kx F x zF x yF x yF x zF ku x y z----∂∂∂''''++=--++=∂∂∂. 13.设sin (sin sin )z y f x y =+-,试证:sec sec 1z zxy x y∂∂+=∂∂. 证cos z f x x ∂'=∂,cos (cos )zy y f y∂'=+-∂, sec sec sec cos sec cos sec (cos )1z zxy x xf y y y y f x y∂∂''+=++-=∂∂. 14.求下列函数的二阶偏导数22z x ∂∂,2z x y ∂∂∂,22zy ∂∂(其中f 具有二阶连续偏导数):(1)(,)z f xy y =; (2)22()z f x y =+;(3)22(,)z f x y xy =; (4)(sin ,cos ,)x y z f x y e +=. 解 (1)令s xy =,t y =,则(,)z f xy y =,s 和t 是中间变量.11z s f yf x x ∂∂''=⋅=∂∂,1212d d z s tf f xf f y y y∂∂''''=⋅+⋅=+∂∂. 因为(,)f s t 是s 和t 的函数,所以1f '和2f '也是s 和t 的函数,从而1f '和2f '是以s 和t 为中间变量的x 和y 的函数.故()22111112z z s yf yf y f x x x x x∂∂∂∂∂⎛⎫'''''===⋅= ⎪∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭, ()211111211112d d z z s t yf f y f f f xyf yf x y y x y y y ⎛⎫∂∂∂∂∂⎛⎫'''''''''''===+⋅+⋅=++ ⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭,()212111221222d d d d z z s t s t xf f x f f f f y y y y yy y y ⎛⎫⎛⎫∂∂∂∂∂∂''''''''''==+=+++ ⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭ 21112222x f xf f ''''''=++. (2)令22s x y =+,则22()z f x y =+是以s 为中间变量的x 和y 的函数.2z s f xf x x ∂∂''=⋅=∂∂,2z sf yf y y∂∂''=⋅=∂∂. 因为()f s 是s 的函数,所以f '也是s 的函数,从而f '是以s 中间变量的x 和y 的函数.故()()222222224z z xf f xf x f x f x x x x∂∂∂∂⎛⎫'''''''===+⋅=+ ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭, ()()22224z z xf xf y xyf x y y x y∂∂∂∂⎛⎫'''''===⋅= ⎪∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭, ()()222222224z z yf f yf y f y f y y y y⎛⎫∂∂∂∂'''''''===+⋅=+ ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭. (3)令2s xy =2t x y =,则212122z s t f f y f xyf x x x ∂∂∂''''=⋅+⋅=+∂∂∂,212122z s tf f xyf x f y y y∂∂∂''''=⋅+⋅=+∂∂∂. ()221222z z y f xyf x x x x∂∂∂∂⎛⎫''==+ ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭211122212222s t s t y f f yf xy f f x x x x ∂∂∂∂⎛⎫⎛⎫'''''''''=⋅+⋅++⋅+⋅ ⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭()()2221112221222222y y f xyf yf xy y f xyf '''''''''=++++ 43222111222244yf y f xy f x y f '''''''=+++, ()22122z z y f xyf x y y x y∂∂∂∂⎛⎫''==+ ⎪∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭ 21111222122222s t s t yf y f f xf xy f f y y y y ⎛⎫⎛⎫∂∂∂∂''''''''''=+⋅+⋅++⋅+⋅ ⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭ ()()222111122212222222yf y xyf x f xf xy xyf x f ''''''''''=+++++ 32231211122222252yf xf xy f x y f x yf ''''''''=++++, ()221222z z xyf x f y y y y⎛⎫∂∂∂∂''==+ ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭ 211112212222s t s t xf xy f f x f f y y y y ⎛⎫⎛⎫∂∂∂∂'''''''''=+⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅ ⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭ ()()2221111221222222xf xy xyf x f x xyf x f '''''''''=++++ 22341111222244xf x y f x yf x f '''''''=+++. (4)令sin u x =,cos v y =,x yw e +=,则1313d cos d x y z u w f f xf e f x x x +∂∂''''=+=+∂∂,2323d sin d x y z v w f f yf e f y y y+∂∂''''=+=-+∂∂. ()2132cos x y z z xf e f x x x x+∂∂∂∂⎛⎫''==+ ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭ 1111333133d d sin cos d d x y x y u w u w xf x f f e f e f f x x xx ++∂∂⎛⎫⎛⎫''''''''''=-+++++ ⎪ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭()()1111333133sin cos cos cos x yx y x y x y xf x xf e f e f e xf e f ++++''''''''''=-+++++ ()2231111333sin cos 2cos x y x yx y ef xf xf e xf e f +++''''''''=-+++, ()213cos x y z z xf e f x y y x y+∂∂∂∂⎛⎫''==+ ⎪∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭121333233d d cos d d x y x y v w v w x f f e f e f f y y yy ++⎛⎫⎛⎫∂∂'''''''''=++++ ⎪ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭()()121333233cos sin sin x yx y x y x y x yf e f e f e yf e f ++++'''''''''=-+++-+ ()2312133233cos sin cos sin x y x yx y x y ef x yf e xf e yf e f ++++'''''''''=-+-+, ()2232sin x y z z yf e f y y y y+⎛⎫∂∂∂∂''==-+ ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭ 2222333233d d cos sin d d x y x y v w v w yf y f f e f e f f y y yy ++⎛⎫⎛⎫∂∂''''''''''=--++++ ⎪ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭ ()()2222333233cos sin sin sin x yx y x y x y yf y yf e f e f e yf e f ++++''''''''''=---+++-+ ()2232222333cos sin 2sin x y x yx y e f yf yf e yf e f +++''''''''=-+-+.习题7-51.设2cos e 0x y x y +-=,求d d yx. 解 设2(,)cos e x F x y y x y =+-,则22d e 2e 2d sin sin x x x y F y xy xyx F y x y x --=-=-=--+. 2.设ln ln 1xy y x ++=,求1d d x yx =. 解 设(,)ln ln 1F x y xy y x =++-,则221d 1d x y y F y xy y x x F x y x x y++=-=-=-++. 当1x =时,由ln ln 1xy y x ++=知1y =,所以1d 1d x yx ==-. 3.设arctany x =,求d d y x. 解设(,)ln arctan y F x y x=,则2222222222211d11d1xyyx x yyFy x yx y x yxy xx F x yx x y x yyx⎛⎫-⋅- ⎪⎝⎭⎛⎫++ ⎪+++⎝⎭=-=-=-=--⋅-++⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭.4.设222cos cos cos1x y z++=,求zx∂∂,zy∂∂.解设222(,,)cos cos cos1F x y z x y z=++-,则2cos sin sin22cos sin sin2xzFz x x xx F z z z∂-=-=-=-∂-,2cos sin sin22cos sin sin2yzFz y y yy F z z z∂-=-=-=-∂-.5.设方程(,)0F x y z xy yz zx++++=确定了函数(,)z z x y=,其中F存在偏导函数,求zx∂∂,zy∂∂.解1212()()xzF F y z Fzx F F y x F''++∂=-=-∂''++,1212()()yzF F x z Fzy F F y x F''++∂=-=-∂''++.6.设由方程(,,)0F x y z=分别可确定具有连续偏导数的函数(,)x x y z=,(,)y y x z=,(,)z z x y=,证明:1x y zy z x∂∂∂⋅⋅=-∂∂∂.证因为yxFxy F∂=-∂,zyFyz F∂=-∂,xzFzx F∂=-∂,所以1y xzx y zF FFx y zy z x F F F⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫∂∂∂⋅⋅=-⋅-⋅-=-⎪⎪ ⎪⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭.7.设(,)u vϕ具有连续偏导数,证明由方程(,)0cx az cy bzϕ--=所确定的函数(,)z f x y=满足z za b cx y∂∂+=∂∂.证令u cx az=-,v cy bz=-,则x u u u c x ϕϕϕ∂=⋅=∂,y v v vc yϕϕϕ∂=⋅=∂,z u v u v u v a b z z ϕϕϕϕϕ∂∂=⋅+⋅=--∂∂. x u z u v c z x a b ϕϕϕϕϕ∂=-=∂+,y v z u vc zy a b ϕϕϕϕϕ∂=-=∂+. 于是 u v u v u vc c z zab a bc x y a b a b ϕϕϕϕϕϕ∂∂+=⋅+⋅=∂∂++. 8.设0ze xyz -=,求22zx∂∂.解 设(,,)zF x y z e xyz =-,则x F yz =-,z z F e xy =-. 于是x zz F z yzx F e xy ∂=-=∂-, ()222()z z zz z ye xy yz e y z z x x x x x e xy ∂∂⎛⎫--- ⎪∂∂∂∂∂⎛⎫⎝⎭== ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭-()22z z zyzy z yz e y e xy e xy ⎛⎫-⋅- ⎪-⎝⎭=-()2322322z zzy ze xy z y z e exy --=-.9.设(,)z z x y =是由方程2e 0zxz y --=所确定的隐函数,求2(0,1)zx y∂∂∂.解 设2(,,)e z F x y z xz y =--,则x F z =-,e z z F x =-,2y F y =-. 于是x z z F z z x F e x ∂=-=∂-,2y zz F z yy F e x∂=-=∂-, ()()22z z zz z e x z e z z y yx y y x ex ∂∂--⋅⋅∂∂∂∂∂⎛⎫== ⎪∂∂∂∂⎝⎭-()()222z zz zz y y e x ze e x e x e x ----=-()()322z zzy e x yze ex --=-.由20ze xz y --=,知(0,1)0z =,得2(0,1)2zx y∂=∂∂.10.求由方程xyz +=(,)z z x y =在点(1,0,1)-处的全微分d z .解设(,,)F x y z xyz =x z F zx F xy ∂=-==∂+,y z F zy F xy ∂=-==∂+,d d d z zz x y x y x y ∂∂=+=∂∂,(1,0,1)d d z x y -=.11.求由下列方程组所确定的函数的导数或偏导数:(1)设22222,2320,z x y x y z ⎧=+⎪⎨++=⎪⎩求d d y x ,d d z x; (2)设0,1,xu yv yu xv -=⎧⎨+=⎩求u x ∂∂,u y ∂∂,v x ∂∂,vy ∂∂; (3)设sin ,cos ,uux e u v y e u v ⎧=+⎪⎨=-⎪⎩求u x ∂∂,u y ∂∂,v x ∂∂,vy∂∂. 解 (1)分别在两个方程两端对x 求导,得d d 22,d d d d 2460.d d zy x y x xy z x y z x x ⎧=+⎪⎪⎨⎪++=⎪⎩称项,得d d 22,d d d d 23.d d y z y x x xy z y z x xx ⎧-=-⎪⎪⎨⎪+=-⎪⎩ 在 2162023y D yz y y z-==+≠的条件下,解方程组得213d 6(61)d 622(31)x x z yxz x x z x D yz y y z ------+===++. 222d 2d 6231y xy x z xy xx D yz y z --===++. (2)此方程组确定两个二元隐函数(,)u u x y =,(,)v v x y =,将所给方程的两边对x 求导并移项,得,.uv x y u x xu v y x v xx ∂∂⎧-=-⎪⎪∂∂⎨∂∂⎪+=-⎪∂∂⎩ 在220x yJ x y y x-==+≠的条件下,22u y v x u xu yvx y x x y y x ---∂+==--∂+, 22x uy v v yu xvx y x x yy x--∂-==-∂+. 将所给方程的两边对y 求导,用同样方法在220J x y =+≠的条件下可得22u xv yu y x y∂-=∂+,22v xu yv y x y ∂+=-∂+. (3)此方程组确定两个二元隐函数(,)u u x y =,(,)v v x y =是已知函数的反函数,令(,,,)sin u F x y u v x e u v =--,(,,,)cos u G x y u v y e u v =-+.则 1x F =,0y F =,sin u u F e v =--,cos v F u v =-, 0x G =,1y G =,cos u u G e v =-+,sin v G u v =-.在sin cos (,)(sin cos )0(,)cos sin u u u e v u v F G J ue v v u u v e v u v---∂===-+≠∂-+-的条件下,解方程组得1cos 1(,)1sin 0sin (,)(sin cos )1uu v u F G vu v x J x v J e v v -∂∂=-=-=-∂∂-+, 0cos 1(,)1cos 1sin (,)(sin cos )1uu v u F G vu v y J y v J e v v -∂∂-=-=-=-∂∂-+, sin 11(,)1cos (,)[(sin cos )1]cos 0u uu ue v v F G v e x J u x J u e v v e v --∂∂-=-=-=∂∂-+-+, sin 01(,)1sin (,)[(sin cos )1]cos 1u uu u e v v F G v e x J u x J u e v v e v --∂∂+=-=-=∂∂-+-+.习题7-61.求下列曲线在指定点处的切线方程和法平面方程: (1)2x t =,1y t =-,3z t =在(1,0,1)处; (2)1t x t =+,1t y t+=,2z t =在1t =的对应点处;(3)sin x t t =-,1cos y t =-,4sin2t z =在点2π⎛- ⎝处; (4)2222100,100,x y y z ⎧+-=⎪⎨+-=⎪⎩在点(1,1,3)处. 解 (1)因为2t x t '=,1t y '=-,23t z t '=,而点(1,0,1)所对应的参数1t =,所以(2,1,3)=-T .于是,切线方程为11213x y z --==-. 法平面方程为2(1)3(1)0x y z --+-=,即 2350x y z -+-=.(2)因为2211(1)(1)t t t x t t +-'==++,22(1)1t t t y t t -+'==-,2t z t '=,1t =对应着点1,2,12⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭,所以 1,1,24⎛⎫=- ⎪⎝⎭T .于是,切线方程为 1212148x y z ---==-. 法平面方程为 281610x y z -+-=.(3)因为1cos t x t '=-,sin t y t '=,2cos 2t t z '=,点1,12π⎛- ⎝对应在的参数为2t π=,所以(=T .于是,切线方程为112x y π-+=-=. 法平面方程为402x y π++--=. (4)将2222100,100,x y y z ⎧+-=⎪⎨+-=⎪⎩的两边对x 求导并移项,得 d 22,d d d 220,d d yy x xy z y z xx ⎧=-⎪⎪⎨⎪+=⎪⎩ 由此得 2002d 420d 422x z y xz x y x yz y y z --===-,2220d 420d 422y x y z xy xy x yz z y z-===.(1,1,3)d 1d y x =-,(1,1,3)d 1d 3z x =.从而 1,1,3=- ⎪⎝⎭T . 故所求切线方程为113331x y z ---==-. 法平面方程为 3330x y z -+-=.2.在曲线x t =,2y t =,3z t =上求一点,使此点的切线平行于平面24x y z ++=.解 因为1t x '=,2t y t '=,23t z t '=,设所求点对应的参数为0t ,于是曲线在该点处的切向量可取为200(1,2,3)t t =T .已知平面的法向量为(1,2,1)=n ,由切线与平面平行,得0⋅=T n ,即2001430t t ++=,解得01t =-和13-.于是所求点为(1,1,1)--或111,,3927⎛⎫-- ⎪⎝⎭. 3.求下列曲面在指定点处的切平面和法线方程: (1)222327x y z +-=在点(3,1,1)处; (2)22ln(12)z x y =++在点(1,1,ln 4)处; (3)arctany z x =在点1,1,4π⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭处. 解(1)222(,,)327F x y z x y z =+--,(,,)(6,2,2)x y z F F F x y z ==-n ,(3,1,1)(18,2,2)=-n .所以在点(3,1,1)处的切平面方程为9(3)(1)(1)0x y z -+---=,即 9270x y z +--=. 法线方程为311911x y z ---==-. (2)22(,,)ln(12)F x y z x y z =++-,222224(,,),,11212x y z x yF F F x y x y ⎛⎫==- ⎪++++⎝⎭n ,(1,1,ln 4),1,12=- ⎪⎝⎭n .所以在点(1,1,ln 4)处的切平面方程为2234ln 20x y z +--+=.法线方程为 12ln 2122y z x ---==-. (3)(,,)arctanyF x y z z x=-, 2222(,,),,1x y z y xF F F x y x y ⎛⎫-==- ⎪++⎝⎭n , 1,1,411,,122π⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭⎛⎫=-- ⎪⎝⎭n . 所以在点1,1,4π⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭处的切平面方程为 202x y z π-+-=. 法线方程为 114112z x y π---==-. 4.求曲面2222321x y z ++=上平行于平面460x y z ++=的切平面方程.解 设222(,,)2321F x y z x y z =++-,则曲面在点(,,)x y z 处的一个法向量(,,)(2,4,6)x y z n F F F x y z ==.已知平面的法向量为(1,4,6),由已知平面与所求切平面平行,得246146x y z ==,即12x z =,y z =. 代入曲面方程得 22223214z z z ++=. 解得 1z =±,则12x =±,1y =±. 所以切点为 1,1,12⎛⎫±±± ⎪⎝⎭. 所求切平面方程为 21462x y z ++=±5.证明:曲面(,)0F x az y bz --=上任意点处的切平面与直线x yz a b==平行(a ,b 为常数,函数(,)F u v 可微).证 曲面(,)0F x az y bz --=的法向量为1212(,,)F F aF bF ''''=--n ,而直线的方向向量(,,1)a b =s ,由0⋅=n s 知⊥n s ,即曲面0F =上任意点的切平面与已知直线x yz a b==平行. 6.求旋转椭球面222316x y z ++=上点(1,2,3)--处的切平面与xOy 面的夹角的余弦.解 令222(,,)316F x y z x y z =++-,曲面的法向量为(,,)(6,2,2)x y z F F F x y z ==n ,曲面在点(1,2,3)--处的法向量为1(1,2,3)(6,4,6)--==--n n ,xOy 面的法向量2(0,0,1)=n ,记1n 与2n 的夹角为θ,则所求的余弦值为1212cos θ⋅===n n n n . 7.证明曲面3xyz a =(0a >,为常数)的任一切平面与三个坐标面所围成的四面体的体积为常数.证 设3(,,)F x y z xyz a =-,曲面上任一点(,,)x y z 的法向量为(,,)n yz xz xy =,该点的切平面方程为()()()0yz X x xz Y y xy Z z -+-+-=,即 33yzX xzY xyZ a ++=.这样,切平面与三个坐标面所围成的四面体体积为33331333962a a a V a yz xz xy =⋅⋅⋅=.习题7-71.求函数22z x y =+在点(1,2)处沿从点(1,2)到点(2,2的方向的方向导数.。
高等数学课后习题答案--第七章
−( x+ y )
;
x2 − y2 (6) 2 ; x + y2
(8)
(7)
1 − cos( x 2 + y 2 ) ; x2 + y2
x2 . x2 + y2 − x
【答案】 (1) 0; (2) 2; (3) 0; (4) 不存在; (5) 0 ; (6) 不存在; (7) 0; (8) 不存在.
(2) z ′ x = −
y 1 + , x2 y
z ′y =
1 y , z ′y = , (4) y y y y 2 x cos sin x sin cos x x x x xy xy +1 ′ z′ ln x . x = x y (ln x + 1) , z y = x
1 x − ,(3) z ′ x = − x y2
14. 计算下列映射的导数: ⎛x+ y ⎞ ⎟ (1) f ( x, y ) = ⎜ ⎜ x 2 + y 2 ⎟; ⎝ ⎠
⎛ u cos v ⎞ ⎟ ⎜ (2) g (u , v) = ⎜ u sin v ⎟. ⎟ ⎜v ⎠ ⎝
⎛ dx ⎞ ⎛ dx + dy ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ df = J , 【解】 (1) J = ⎜ ⎜ dy ⎟ ⎟=⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 2x 2 y ⎟ ⎟; ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 xdx + 2 ydy ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎡ (4) u = sin 2 x + sin ⎢( y − 1) ln tan ⎣
【解】(1)
x ⎤ ⎛π ⎞ ⎥ 在 ⎜ , 1⎟ 处的 u ′ x。 y⎦ ⎝4 ⎠
6 1 12 6 6 ,− ; ; (2) − ,− , 12 36 18 36 3
大学微积分第七章习题答案
习题七(A )1.求下列函数的定义域,并画出定义域的图形: (1)y x z -=; (2)2arcsinyx z =;(3)221)ln(yx x x y z --+-=;(4)2222221ry x y x R z -++--=)0(R r <<.解 (1) {}y x y y x ≥≥,0),(;(2) {}22,0),(yx y y y x ≤≤-≠;(3){}1,),(22<+>y x x y y x ;(4){}2222),(R y x r y x ≤+<.2.设22),(y x xy y x f -=+,求),(y x f .解 设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧==+vxy u y x ,解得⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+=+=v uv y v u x 11,代入得 =),(v u f 22),(y x xy y x f -=+vv u vuv vu +-=+-+=1)1()1()1(222,即=),(y x f yy x +-1)1(2.3.设)(y x f y x z -++=,且当0=y 时,2x z =.求函数f 和z 的表达式. 解 由题意知,2)()(x x f x y x f y x z =+=-++=,整理得x x x f -=2)(. 又)()()(2y x y x y x f ---=-,代入得2)(2)(y x y y x f y x z -+=-++=.4.若函数),(y x f z =恒满足),(),(y x f t ty tx f k=,则称该函数为k 次齐次函数.证明下列函数为齐次函数,并说明是几次齐次函数: (1)2243),(y x x y x f +=; (2)yx y x f -=1),(;(3)xy ex y x f -=3),(; (4)xy x x y x y x f +--+=2222ln),(.解 (1)因),()()(3)(),(4224y x f t ty tx tx ty tx f =+=,所以是4次齐次函数. (2)因),(1),(1y x f ttytx ty tx f -=-=,所以是1-次齐次函数.(3)因),()(),(33y x f t e tx ty tx f txty ==-,所以是3次齐次函数. (4)因),()()()()(ln),(2222y x f txty tx tx ty tx ty tx f =+--+=,所以是0次齐次函数.5.求下列函数在给定点处的偏导数: (1)2222)(yx y x xy z +-=,求)1,1(xz ',)1,1(y z '; (2)22yx e z +=,求)1,0(xz ',)0,1(y z '; (3)322y x z +=,求)1,1(xz ',)2,1(y z '; (4))2ln(xy x z +=,求)0,1(xz ',)0,1(y z '. 解 (1)222222222)()(2)](2)([y x y x xxy y x x xy y x y z x+--++-='2222244)(]4[y x y x y x y ++-=,222222222)()(2)](2)([y x y x yxy y x y xy y x x z y +--+--='2222244)(]4[y x y x y x x +--=,则1)1,1(='xz ,1)1,1(-='y z . (2)222yxxxe z +=' , 222yxy ye z +=',则0)1,0(='xz ,0)0,1(='y z . (3)3222)(32-+='y x x z x, 3222)(32-+='y x y z y ,则32)1,1(3='xz ,1554)2,1(3='y z .(4))21(212xy xy x z x-+=', xxy x z y 2121⋅+=',则1)0,1(='xz ,21)0,1(='y z .6.函数).0,0(),(),0,0(),(,0,1sin )(),(2222=≠⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=y x y x yx y x y x f 求)0,0(x f ',)0,0(y f '.解 0)(1sin)(lim)0,0()0,(lim)0,0(22=∆∆∆=∆-∆='→∆→∆xx x xf x f f x x x ,0)(1sin)(lim)0,0(),0(lim)0,0(22=∆∆∆=∆-∆='→∆→∆yy y yf y f f x y y .7.求下列函数的一阶偏导数: (1)5ln 1332+-=xyz ; (2)xyy x z -+=1arctan;(3)xy y z )(arcsin =; (4)xy x x y x z ++-+=2222ln;(5)y zy x e e u +=; (6))sin (cos y x y e z x +=; (7)z y xu )(=; (8)y zx u =.解 (1)3431-='xz x,36--='y z y .(2)22211)1())((1)1(11xxy y y x xy xy y x z x+=--+--⋅-++=',22211)1())((1)1(11yxy x y x xy xyy x z y +=--+--⋅-++='.(3))ln(arcsin )(arcsin y y y z xx=', 12))(arcsin 1(arcsin --+='x y y yxy y z .(4)=+++-+-⋅-+++='2222222222222)()()(x y x yx yy x yxy x x y x z x222yx +-,222222222222)(2yx y x x y x yx xyx y x xy x z y +=+++⋅-+++='.(5)yxxe yu 1=',)(12yzyx y ze xeyu +-=',yz ze yu 1='.(6))sin cos (sin y x y y e z xx++=',)cos sin (y x y e z xy +-='. (7)z xyx x z u )(=',z y y x y z u )(-=',y xy x u z zln )(='. (8)1-='yz xxyz u ,x x yz u yzy ln 2-=',x x yu yzzln 1='.8.证明下列各题: (1)若yx yx y x z ln +-=,则0=∂∂+∂∂yz yxz x;(2)若x y y x z =,则)ln (z y x z yz yxz x++=∂∂+∂∂;(3)若)ln(nn y x z +=且2≥n ,则nyz yxz x1=∂∂+∂∂;(4)若)tan tan ln(tan z y x u ++=,则22sin 2sin 2sin =∂∂+∂∂+∂∂z zu y yu x xu ;(5)若))()((y x x z z y u ---=,则0=∂∂+∂∂+∂∂z u yu xu .证明 (1)x z ')(ln)(21ln)()(22y x x y x yx y x y yxy y x y x y x y x y x y x +-++=⋅⋅+-++--+=y z ')(ln )(2)(ln )()(222y x y y x yx y x x yx xy yx y x yx y x y x y x +--+-=-⋅⋅+-++----=,代入计算得0=∂∂+∂∂yz yxz x .(2)x z 'y y x xy x y y x ln 11+=-+, y z 'x x y yxyx x y ln 11+=-+,代入计算得)ln (z y x z yz yx z x ++=∂∂+∂∂.(3)xz '1111-⋅+=nnnx nyx , y z '1111-⋅+=nnny nyx ,代入计算得nyz yxz x1=∂∂+∂∂.(4)x u 'x z y x 2sec tan tan tan 1++=,y u 'y zy x 2sec tan tan tan 1++=,z u 'z zy x 2sec tan tan tan 1++=,代入计算得22sin 2sin 2sin =∂∂+∂∂+∂∂z zu y yu x xu .(5)x u '))(())((x z z y x y z y --+--=,y u '))(())((z x z y y x x z --+--= z u '))(())((y x z y y x z x --+--=,代入计算得0=∂∂+∂∂+∂∂zu yu xu .9.求下列函数的全微分:(1))cos(xy z =; (2)y x z ln =;(3)2222cotyx y x arc z +-= ; (4)yx y xy x z arctanarctan22-=;(5)2)ln (y e z x +=; (6)22ln y x z +=;(7)xyz u =; (8)3222z y x u ++=.解 (1))(sin xdy ydx xy dz +-=.(2))ln ln ()(ln ln ln dy yx dx xy x e d dz y x y +==.(3)2222222222222222)()22)(())(22(11yx y x y x ydy xdx y x y x ydy xdx yx y x dz +-++--+-⋅+-+-=dy yx y dx yx x y44442-+--=.(4)222211arctan2xydxxdy xy x dx xy x dz -⋅+⋅+=222211arctan2yxdyydx yx y dy yx y -⋅+⋅--dy yx y x dx y xy x )arctan2()arctan2(-+-=.(5))1)(ln (2dy ydx e y e dz x x ++=.(6))(122ydy xdx yx dz ++=.(7))ln ln ()(ln dz zxy zdy x zdx y z ed du xyzxy ++==.(8))()(3232222zdz ydy xdx z y x du ++++=-.10.求下列函数在给定条件下的全微分之值: (1)22yx xy z -=;2=x ,1=y ,01.0=∆x ,08.0=∆y ;(2))ln(22y x z +=;2=x ,1=y ,1.0=∆x ,1.0-=∆y ;(3)xye z =;1=x ,1=y ,15.0=∆x ,1.0=∆y .解 (1))1,2(22222)1,2()()22())((y x ydy xdx xy y x ydx xdy dz----+=121)14()08.001.02(4)14)(01.008.02(2=--⋅--+⋅=.(2)25112)1.0(121.022222)1,2(22)1,2(=+-⋅⋅+⋅⋅=++=yx ydy xdx dz.(3)e e ydx xdy e dzxy25.0)15.01.0()()1,1()1,1(=+=+=.11.计算下列各题的近似值:(1)05.402.1; (2)33)97.1()02.1(+. 解 (1)令y x z =,1=x ,4=y ,02.0=∆x ,05.0=∆y .08.002.04)(ln )4,1()4,1(=⋅=+=dx xy xdy x dzy,则08.108.0102.1405.4=+=.(2)令33y x z +=,1=x ,2=y ,02.0=∆x ,03.0-=∆y .05.032)03.0402.0(32)(3)2,1(3322)2,1(-=⋅⋅-=++=yx dy y dx x dz,则95.205.081)97.1()02.1(33=-+=+.12.求下列复合函数的全导数或偏导数: (1)v u z ln 2=,xy u =,22y x v +=,求xz ∂∂,yz ∂∂.(2)21)(az y e u ax+-=,x a y sin =,x z cos =,求dxdu .(3))ln(yxe e z +=,3x y =,求dxdz .(4)222zy x e u ++=,x y z sin 2=,求xu ∂∂,yu ∂∂.(5)yxz 2=,v u x 2-=,u v y 2+=,求u z ∂∂,vz ∂∂.(6)uve z =,22ln y x u +=,xy v arctan=,求xz ∂∂,yz ∂∂.解 (1))ln()(222y x xyz +=,则=+++-='2222222)()ln()(2yx x x yy x x yxy z x)]ln([22222232y x yx xxy +-+,=+++='222222)()ln()1(2yx y x y y x x x y z y )]ln([2222222y x y x y x y +++. (2)21)cos sin (ax x a e u ax+-=,则=++-+=)]sin cos ()cos sin ([112x x a e x x a aeadxdu axaxx e axsin .(3))ln()ln(3x x y x e e e e z +=+=,则3323xxxx ee e x e dxdz ++=.(4)2222)sin (x y y x eu ++=,则)cos sin 22(4sin2422x x y x e u xy y xx+='++,)sin42(23sin2422x y y e u xy y xy+='++.(5)uv v u z 2)2(2+-=,则22222)2(2122)2(2)2()2)(2(2u v uvv u u v v u u v v u z u++-=+--+-=',22222)2(4916)2()2()2)(2(4u v vu uv u v v u u v v u z v++-=+--+--='.(6)xy yx ez arctanln 22+=,则xy yx xeyx yx y xyx z arctanln 222222ln arctan+⋅++-=',xy y x y eyx yx x x yy z arctanln 222222ln arctan +⋅+++='.13.求下列方程所确定的隐函数的导数:(1)xy y x 5322=+; (2)xy e y x xy +=22)sin(;(3)xy yx arctanln22=+; (4)y x x y =.解 (1)由ydx xdy ydy xdx 5562+=+,得xy x y y 5625--='.(2)由)(22))(cos(22ydx xdy e ydy x dx xy ydx xdy xy xy +++=+,得xy y -='. (3)由222222xydxxdy yx xyx ydy xdx -⋅+=++,得yx y x y -+='.(4)由)(ln )(ln dx xy xdy x dy yx ydx y yx+=+,得xxy x y xy y y ln ln 22--='.14.求下列函数的全微分,其中f 可微:(1)),(xy x f z =; (2)),(22xy e y x f z +=; (3)),(zy y x f u =; (4))sin ,(x y xe f z y=.解 (1)dy f x dx f y f xdy ydx f dx f dz 22121)()('+'+'=+'+'=. (2))()22(21ydx xdy e f ydy xdx f dz xy+'++'=dy f xe f y dx f ye f x xyxy )2()2(2121'+'+'+'=.(3)2221zydzzdy f yxdyydx f du -'+-'=dz f zy dy f yx f zdx f y221221)1(1'-'-'+'=.(4)221cos)(x ydxxdy xy f dy xe dx e f dz y y -⋅'++'=dy f xy xf xe dx f xy xy f e yy)cos1()cos(21221'+'+'-'=.15.求下列方程所确定的隐函数),(y x z z =的全微分: (1))arctan(22xz z y =; (2)xz e xyz =;(3)1sin cos sin 32222=++z y x ; (4))ln(2232z x e z y x y ++=++. 解 (1)由)2(1122422xzdz dx z zx yzdy dz y ++=+,得xzz x y dy z x yz dx z dz 2)1()1(2422422-++-=.(2)由)(zdx xdz e xzdy xydz yzdx xz+=++,得xzxzxexy xzdy dx yz zedz ---=)(.(3)由03cos sin 22sin cos 2cos sin 223322=⋅+⋅-dz z z z ydy y y xdx x ,得]2sin 22sin [2sin 31232dy y y xdx zz dz +-=.(4)由)(2232222z x zdz xdx dy e dz z ydy dx y +++=++,得zz x z dxz x x dy y e z x dz y 2)(3)2()2)((2222222-+--+-+=.16.设)(u f y z +=,22y x u -=,其中f 可微,证明:x yz xxz y=∂∂+∂∂.证 )()(22y x f y u f y z -+=+=,则x y x f z x2)(22-'=', y y x f z y 2)(122-'-=',代入计算得x yz xxz y=∂∂+∂∂.17.设),,(y x x z z y f u ---=,其中f 具有连续的偏导数,证明:0=∂∂+∂∂+∂∂zu yu xu .证 32f f u x '+'-=',31f f u y '-'=',21f f u z'+'-=',代入得0=∂∂+∂∂+∂∂zu yu xu .18.设z y x z y x 32)32sin(2-+=-+,证明:1=∂∂+∂∂yz xz .证 方程两边作微分运算得,dz dy dx dz dy dx y y x 32)32)(32cos(2-+=-+-+,整理有)32cos(63)]32cos(42[)]32cos(21[z y x dyz y x dx z y x dz -+--+-+-+-=,31=∂∂xz ,32=∂∂yz .故1=∂∂+∂∂yz xz .19.函数),(y x z z =由方程0),(11=++--zx y zy x F 所给出,其中F 具有连 续的偏导数,证明:xy z yz yx z x-=∂∂+∂∂.证)1(221xz F F xF -'+'=∂∂,212F F yz yF '+'-=∂∂,xF F yzF 1121'+'=∂∂,由隐函数求导公式得)()(21212F y F x x F z F x y z x'+''-'-=',)()(21122F y F x y F z F y x z y '+''-'-='.代入计算得xy z yz yxz x-=∂∂+∂∂.20.求下列函数的二阶偏导数:(1)yx z =; (2)xyey x z -=sin ;(3)2222yx y x z +-=; (4)xy z ln=.解 (1)1-='y x yx z ,x x z y y ln =',2)1(--=''y xx x y y z ,)ln 1(1x y x z y xy+=''-,2)(ln x x z yyy=''. (2)xy xye y z -='sin ,xyy xe y x z -='cos ,xyxxe y z 2-='', )1(cos xy e y z xy xy+-='',xyyy e x y x z 2sin --=''. (3)22222222222)(4)(2)()(2y x xyy x xy x y x x z x+=+--+=',22222222222)(4)(2)()(2y x y x y x yy x y x y z y +-=+--+-=',32222442222222222)(124)()(16)(4y x y x y y x y x y x y x y z xx+-=++-+='',32222422223222)()(8)()(16)(8y x y x xy y x y x xy y x xy z xy+-=++-+='',32222442222222222)(124)()(16)(4y x y x x y x y x y x y x x z yy++-=++++-=''.(4)xz x 1-=',yz y 1=',21xz xx='',0=''xyz ,21yz yy -=''.21.求下列复合函数二阶偏导数: (1)),(yx x f z =; (2)),(22xy y x f z -=.解 (1)211f yf z x'+'=',22f yx z y '-=',]1[1122211211f yf yf yf z xx''+''+''+''=''222121112f yf yf ''+''+''=,][1122222122f yx yf yf yx z xy''-+'-''-=''222231221f yf yx f yx '-''-''-=,222223)(2f yx yx f yx z yy''--'=''2322422f xy f yx '+''=-.(2)212f y x f z x'+'=',212f x f y z y '+'-=', ]2[]2[22222112111f y f x y f y f x x f z xx''+''+''+''+'=''122212112244f f y f xy f x '+''+''+''=, ]2[]2[2222121211f x f y y f f x f y x z xy''+''-+'+''+''-=''122222211)22(4f y x f f xy f xy ''-+'+''+''-=, ]2[]2[22222112111f x f y x f x f y y f z yy''+''-+''+''--'-='' 121121222442f xy f y f f x ''-''+'-''=. 22.求下列方程所确定的隐函数的二阶偏导数:(1))arctan(xz y =; (2)1=++zx yz xy . 解 (1)等式两端关于x 和y 求偏导得,)()(1102xz x z xz '++=,y z x xz '+=2)(111,整理有xz z x -=',xzx z y 221+='.上式再关于x 和y 求偏导得,02=''+'xxx z x z , 0=''+'xy y z x z ,yy y z x z z x ''='22,整理化简得22xz z xx='',2221xz x z xy+-='',)1(222z x z z yy+=''. (2)等式两端关于x 和y 求偏导得,0='++'+xx z x z z y y ,0='++'+y y z x z z y x ,整理有yx y z z x++-=',yx z x z y ++-='.上式再关于x 和y 求偏导得,02=''+'+''xxx xx z x z z y ,01=''+'+'+''+xy y x xy z x z z z y ,02=''+''+'yy yy y z x z y z ,整理化简得2)()(2y x z y z xx++='',2)(2y x z z xy+='', 2)()(2y x z x z yy++=''.23.设yx z u arctan=,证明:0222222=∂∂+∂∂+∂∂zu yu xu .证 2221)(1yx zy yy x z u x+=⋅+=',2222)()(1yx zx yx yx zu y +-=-⋅+=',yx u zarctan =',222)(2y x xzy u xx+-='',222)(2y x xzy u yy+='',0=''zzu ,代入计算得 0222222=∂∂+∂∂+∂∂zu yu xu .24.设)2(cos 22y x z -=,证明:02222=∂∂∂+∂∂yx z yz .证 )2sin()2cos(4y x y x z x---=',)2sin()2cos(2y x y x z y --=',)2cos(2y x z xy-='',)2cos(y x z yy --='',代入计算得02222=∂∂∂+∂∂yx z yz .25.求下列函数的极值,并判定是极大值还是极小值: (1)44y x z +=;(2)by ax y xy x z 3322--++=; (3))2(22y y x e z x++=;(4))0,0(2050>>++=y x yxxy z ;(5))0,0(5ln 2ln 222>>+--+=y x y x y x z ;(6))sin(sin sin y x y x z +++= 20π≤≤x ,20π≤≤y .解 (1)解方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=='=='040433y z x z yx,得)0,0(,显然0)0,0(=z 为极小值. (2)解方程组⎩⎨⎧=-+='=-+='032032b y x z a y x z y x,得)2,2(a b b a --.又因2=''xxz , 1=''xyz ,2=''yy z ,02<-AC B ,0>A ,故ab b a a b b a z 333)2,2(22+--=--为极小值.(3)解方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+='=+++='0)22(0)2(22222y e z e y y x e z xy xx x,得)1,21(-.又因 )12(422+++=''y y x e z xxx ,)44(2y e z xxy+='',xyye z 22='',02<-AC B ,0>A ,故2)1,21(e z -=-为极小值.(4)解方程组⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=-='=-='02005022y x z x y z y x ,得)2,5(.又因3100x z xx ='',1=''xy z ,340y z yy ='', 02<-AC B ,0>A ,故30)2,5(=z 为极小值.(5)解方程组⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=-='=-='022022y y z x x z y x ,得)1,1(.又因222x z xx +='',0=''xy z , 222yz yy+='',02<-AC B ,0>A ,故7)1,1(=z 为极小值.(6)解方程组⎩⎨⎧=++='=++='0)cos(cos 0)cos(cos y x y z y x x z y x,得)3,3(ππ.又因)sin(sin y x x z xx+--='',)sin(y x z xy +-='',)sin(sin y x y z yy +--='', 02<-AC B ,0<A ,故233)3,3(=ππz 为极大值.26.求下列函数在给定条件下的条件极值: (1)xy z =,2=+y x ;(2)1-=xy z ,1)1)(1(=--y x ,0>x ,0>y ;(3)y x z +=,111=+yx,0>x ,0>y .解 (1)设)2(),,(-++=y x xy y x F λλ,解方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+='=+='=+='0200y x F x F y F y x λλλ,得1,1==y x .将x y -=2代入得)2(x x z -=,因为x z x 22-=',02<-=''xxz ,所以1=x 是)2(x x z -=的极大值点,故 1)1,1(=z 是极大值.(2)设)(1),,(y x xy xy y x F --+-=λλ,解方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=--='=-+='=-+='00)1(0)1(y x xy F x x F y y F y x λλλ,得2,2==y x .将1-=x x y 代入得112--=x xz ,因为2)1(11--='x z x,0,)1(223>''-=''=x xxxxz x z ,所以2=x 是112--=x xz 的极小值点,故3)2,2(=z 是极小值.(3)将1-=x x y 代入得1111-++=-+=x x x x x z .令0)1(112=--='x z x解得2,2==y x ,又因0,)1(223>''-=''=x xxxxz x z ,所以2=x 是111-++=x x z 的极小值点,故4)2,2(=z 是极小值.27.某公司通过电台和报纸两种方式做销售其产品的广告,根据统计资料分析 可知,销售收入R (万元)与电台广告费x (万元),报纸广告费y (万元)有如下的经验公式:221028321415y x xy y x R ---++=(1)在广告费用不限的情况下,求总利润最大的广告策略. (2)若提供的广告费用为5.1万元,求相应的最优广告策略.解 (1)y x y x xy y x C R y x L -----++=-=221028321415),(, 解方程组⎩⎨⎧=---='=---='0120832014814y x L x y L y x ,得)45,43(,因驻点唯一,所以)45,43(是所求最大值点,即当电台广告费为43万元,报纸广告费为45万元时总利润达到最大.(2)设)5.1(1028311315),,(22-++---++=y x y x xy y x y x F λλ, 解方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+='=+--='=+--='05.102083104813y x F y x F x y F y x λλλ,得)5.1,0(,因驻点唯一,所以)5.1,0(是所求最大值点,即当电台广告费为0万元,报纸广告费为5.1万元时总利润达到最大.28.设某种产品的产量是劳动力x 和原料y 的函数414360),(y x y x f =,假定每 单位劳动力费用100元,每单元原料费用200元,现有3万元资金用于生产,为得到最多的产品,应如何安排劳动力和原料?解 设)30000200100(60),,(4143-++=y x y x y x F λλ,解方程组⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=-+='=+='=+='--03000020010002001501004543434141y x F y x F y x F y x λλλ,得)5.37,225(,因驻点唯一,所以)5.37,225(是所求最大值点,即当劳动力为225人,原料为5.37个单位时产量达到最大.29.某企业在雇用x 名技术工人,y 名非技术工人时,产品的产量为223128y xy x Q -+-=,若企业只能雇用230人,那么该雇用多少技术工人,多少非技术工人才能使产量Q 最大?解 设)230(3128),,(22-++-+-=y x y xy x y x F λλ,解方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+='=+-='=++-='0230061201216y x F y x F y x F y x λλλ,得)140,90(,因驻点唯一,所以)140,90(是所求最大值点,即当雇用90名技术工人,140名非技术工人时产量达到最大.30.抛物面22y x z +=被平面1=++z y x 截成一个椭圆,求原点到这个椭圆 的最长距离与最短距离.解 设),,(z y x M 是椭圆上任意一点,它与原点的距离为222z y x d ++=.由题意构造拉格朗日函数为)1()(),,,,(22222-+++-++++=z y x z y x z y x z y x F ηληλ. 解方程组⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=-++='=-+='=+-='=++='=++='010020*******z y x F z y x F z F y y F x x F z y x ηληληληλ,得两个点)32,231,231(-+-+-,)32,231,231(+----.由题意知一定存在一个最近点与一个最远点,故359min -=d ,359max +=d .(B)1.已知函数),(y x f z =满足xyy xz -+-=∂∂11sin 及3sin 2),0(y y y f +=.求函数f 的表达式.解 等式两端对x 积分,得)(1ln 1sin ),(y g xy yy x y x f z +---==,其中)(y g 为待定函数.将),0(y f 代入得3sin 2)(y y y g +=,故31ln 1sin )2(),(y xy yy x y x f +---=.2.设二元函数f 具有连续的偏导数,且1)1,1(=f ,2)1,1(='x f ,3)1,1(='y f .如 果)),(,()(x x f x f x =φ求)1(φ'.解 因)],(),())[,(,()),(,()(2121x x f x x f x x f x f x x f x f x '+''+'='φ,代值得17]32[32)1(=++='φ.3.设)(22y x f y z -=,其中一元函数f 具有连续导数,且0)(≠t f ,求yz y xz x ∂∂+∂∂11.解 22222)]([)(2y x f y x f xy z x--'-=',22222222)]([)(2)(y x f y x f y y x f z y --'+-=',代入计算得)(11122y x yf yz y xz x -=∂∂+∂∂.4.设⎰-=dt ey x f txy2),(,求222222yf x y yx f xf y x ∂∂+∂∂∂-∂∂.解 y e f xy x 2)(-=',2)(32xy xx e xy f --='',]21[22)(2y x e f xy xy -=''-,x e f xy y 2)(-=', 2)(32xy yyye x f --='',代入计算得222222222yx eyf x y yx f xf y x --=∂∂+∂∂∂-∂∂.5.设函数),,(z y x f u =有连续的偏导数,且),(y x z z =由方程zyxze yexe =-所确定,求du .解 方程z y x ze ye xe =-两端微分得dz z e dy y e dx x e z y x )1()1()1(+=+-+,整理有)1()1()1(z e dyy e dx x e dz zyx++-+=.将其代入得='+'+'=dz f dy f dx f du 321dy ez y f f dx ez x f f zy z y zx z x )11()11(--++'-'+++'+'.6.已知)()(z yg z xf xy +=,0)()(≠'+'z g y z f x ,其中),(y x z z =是x 和y 的函数,求证:yz z f y xz z g x ∂∂-=∂∂-)]([)]([.证 等式)()(z yg z xf xy +=两端关于x 求导得,x x z z g y z z f x z f y ''+''+=)()()(,整理有)()()(z g y z f x z f y z x '+'-='.同理可得,)()()(z g y z f x z g x z y '+'-='.代入计算得yz z f y xz z g x ∂∂-=∂∂-)]([)]([.7.求由方程08822222=+-+++z zy z y x 所确定的隐函数),(y x z z =的极 值.解 方程两端关于x 和y 求偏导得,0824='-'+'+xx x z z y z z x ,08824='-'++'+y y y z z y z z z y ,再关于x 和y 求偏导得,082)(242=''-''+''+'+xxxx xx x z z y z z z , 08822=''-''+'+''+''xyxy x xy y x z z y z z z z z , 08162)(242=''-''+'+''+'+yy yy y yyy z z y z z z z . 解方程组⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=--+='=--='02818402814z y z y z zy x z y x ,得⎩⎨⎧-==z y x 20,再由方程可解得⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧-===787160z y x ,⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-==120z y x . 对于点)716,0(:0,017168)78(2417168)78(2402<<-+-⋅-⋅-+-⋅--=-A AC B ,故78)716,0(-=z 为极大值.对于点)2,0(-:0,0)1)2(8124(022><--+⋅--=-A AC B ,故1)2,0(=-z 为极小值.8.当0>x ,0>y ,0>z 时,求函数z y x z y x f ln 3ln 2ln ),,(++=在球面22226R z y x =++上的最大值,并由此证明:当a ,b ,c 为正实数时,632)6(108cb ac ab ++≤成立.解 设)6(ln 3ln 2ln ),,,(2222R z y x z y x z y x F -+++++=λλ.解方程组⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=-++='=+='=+='=+='06023220212222R z y x F z z F y y F x x F z y x λλλλ,得)3,2,(R R R .因驻点唯一,且由题意知一定存在最大值,故)36ln()3,2,(6R R R R f =为最大值. 令c z b y a x ===222,,,则62cb a R ++=,代入得z y x z y x f ln 3ln 2ln ),,(++=c bc a ln=))6(36ln()3,2,(3cb a R R R f ++=≤,整理得632)6(108cb ac ab ++≤.9.求二元函数)4(),(2y x y x y x f z --==在由直线6=+y x ,x 轴和y 轴 所围成的闭区域D 上的最大值与最小值. 解 (1)点在区域D 内部:解方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=---='=---='0)4(0)4(2222y x y x x z y x y x xy z y x,得)1,2(.2268y x y z xx --='',xy x x z xy4382--='',x z yy 4-=''. 因为0,02<<-A AC B ,所以)1,2(为极大值点,极大值4)1,2(=z . (2)点在区域D 边界上:点在x 轴上,有0=y ,从而0=z . 点在y 轴上,有0=x ,从而0=z .点在直线6=+y x 上,设)6()4(),,(2-++--=y x y x y x y x F λλ,解方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+='=+--='=+--='06024023823222y x F yx x x F xy y x xy F y x λλλ得)2,4(,64)2,4(-=z . 综上知,最大值是4)1,2(=z ,最小值是64)2,4(-=z .。
微积分(上册)习题参考答案
参考答案0. 预备知识习题0.11.(a )是 (b )否 (c )是 (d )否2.(a )否 (b )否 (c )否 (d )是 (e )否 (f )否 (g )是 (h )否 (i )是3. {}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{},1,2,3,4,1,2,1,3,1,4,2,3,2,4,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,4,1,3,4f , {}{}2,3,4,1,2,3,4.4. 11,,0,1,2,3,4A B禳镲?--睚镲铪 ,10,1,4A C 禳镲-=--睚镲铪 ,11,,0,1,2,74A D A 禳镲?=--睚镲铪.5. 1,32A Bx x R x 禳镲??<睚镲铪, {,12}A B x x R x =危 ,{},23A B x x R x -=?<.6~15. 略。
16. 证明:先证()()()A B C A B A C --?惹.若()x A B C ?-,则,x A x B C 蜗-①如果x C Î,则,x A B C 蜗-;②如果x C Ï,则x B Ï,所以x AB ?,也有()()x A B AC ?惹,因此有()()()A B C A B A C --?惹.再证()()()A B C A C A B C --惹?-.若()()x A B A C ¢?惹,则,x A B ¢?或x A C ¢吻.①如果x A C ¢吻,有x C ¢Î,所以,x B C ¢?,又x A ¢Ï,于是()x A B C ¢?- ②如果x A C ¢锨,x A B ¢?,则有x A ¢Î,x C ¢Ï,x B ¢Ï,所以,x B C ¢?,于是()x A B C ¢?-. 因此有()()()A B A C A B C -惹?-.综上所述,()()()A B C A B A C --=-惹,证毕. 17~19. 略。
微积分第七章习题解答
第七章习题解答1.求下列函数的定义域。
()(){}1,:112222≤+--=y x y x D y x z 解:()()(){}1,4,:14ln 222222≥<+-+--=x y x y x D x y x z 解:()()()(){} ,2,1,0,122,:sin 32222±±=+≤+≤+=k k y x k y x D y x z ππ解:()()()[](){}164,:1416ln 422222222<+<---+--=y x y x D yx y x y x z 解:()(){}0,,:115><<--++=x x y x y x D yx yx z 解:()(){},0,:62>≤≤-=x x y y x D yx z 解:()()(){}222222,42,:3arcsin 7y x y x y x D y x y x z >≤+≤---=解:()()()(){}(){}94,11,1410,1,:410ln ln arcsin 82222222<+≤-≤-=>--≤---+-=y x y x y x y x y x y x D y x y x z 解:2.求下列函数的极限。
()()()()()1sin lim 1sin lim 1sin lim 10222222022220==+++++→→→→→uu u y x y x y x y x y x u x x y y 解:()()()()()001lim1lim lim lim limlim 222222222220000=+=+++=+++=++++∞→∞→∞→∞→∞→∞→∞→∞→∞→∞→∞→∞→y yx xy x y x yy x x y x y x y x y x y y y y y y x x x x x x 解:()221sin lim sin lim sin limsin lim 322220000=⋅=⋅=⋅=→→→→→→→→y u uu xy y xy xy x xy xxy y y y y u x x x 解:()022lim limlim4220222222000=⋅+=++→→→→→→yy x xy y x xy y x xy y y y x x x 解:3求下列函数的一阶偏导数。
微积分第七章习题答案
第七章习题答案习题7.11. A 在第一卦限 ,B 在第五卦限,C 在第三卦限,D 在y轴负向,E 在xoy 面上2. 证明:2227,7,AB AC BC AB AC BC ===+=是直角三解形。
习题7.21. (2,0,0)A =2. 直线3.(1) 222222134y 134x y z x z y ++=++=绕x 轴 绕轴 (2)222222()1y 1x y z x y z -+=+-=绕x 轴 绕轴4.椭球面5. 222216y 216y z x z -=+=平行于x 轴 3绕轴 3习题7.31.(1)()2222,1x y x y a b ⎧⎫+≤⎨⎬⎩⎭(2 ) (){},,1x y x y x y >-≠且2. (1)(2,3)13f -= (2 ) 3212124(,)f x y x xy y =-+ 习题7.4(1)否(2 ) 否2.(1)0 (2)1 (3)2 (4)03. 不连续习题7.5 1.12222222212(1)(1);ln(1)(1)sec sec 1(2);tan tan 1(3);1(4)ln ;;ln y yz z z x x x z z y x x x x yy y z y z x x y y x x y xx xz y z x x x y y x y x u y u z u y y y y y x x y x z x --∂∂=+=++∂∂∂∂=-=∂∂∂-∂==∂+∂+∂∂∂=-==∂∂∂2. (0,1)1,(0,1)2x y f f ''=-=3. 1128111;1arcsin 2x x y y z z x y ====∂∂==+∂∂4.略5. (1,1,1)df dx dy =-6.(1) (1,1,1)du dx dz =-(2)3132222222222()[()()]dz xy x y dx x y y x y dy ---=-+++-+习题7.6 1. 22cos 33123222(1)(62sin )23(2)sec (3)(34)2t t e t t t t t t t +--++-+2. 22222222arctan 2222arctan (1)(sin 2sin )cos (cos sin 2)sin (sin 2sin )(sin )(cos sin 2)cos (2)arctan arctan y y x x y z uv v u v v u v uv v v uz uv v u v u v u v uv v u v v z y x y e x x x y x y z y e y x ∂=-+-∂∂=--+-∂∂=-∂++∂=∂2222y x x y x x y x y +++3. 1122221112323311(1);();()(2)2;2(3);;u u x u y f f f f x y y y z z zz z f x f y x yu u u f f y f yz f x f xz f xy x y z ∂∂∂''''==-+=-∂∂∂∂∂''==∂∂∂∂∂''''''=++=+=∂∂∂ 4. 2;z z x y x x y∂∂=+=∂∂代入,可证。
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(6) y 2 x, y
1 1 x, y x 1 ; 2 4
4 8 , 7 7
y 2 x, 解:根据 得交点为 1 y x 1 4
S 4 b 4 1
a
7.求由三叶玫瑰线 r a sin 3 一瓣与极轴所围的面积。 解: S
3 0
1 a2 2 a sin 3 d . 2 12
8.求由曲线 y x x 1 x 2 与 y 0 所围成图形的面积。 解: S
1
3
1
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1 x x 1 x 2 dx x x 1 x 2 dx x x 1 x 2 dx 2 .
2 1 2 0 0 1
9.求对数螺线 ae
及射线 所围成的图形的面积。
1 2 2 a 2 2 解: S a e d e e 2 . 2 4
1 y x, 2 ,根据 得 交 点 为 4, 2 , 所 以 1 y x 1 4
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4 4 1 1 1 12 S 7 2 x x dx 4 x 1 x dx . 0 2 2 7 74
2 0
3 sin 4 t cos 2 tdt a 2 . 8
6.求由曲线 解:
x4 y4 1 所围图形的面积。 a 4 b4
1 1 5 1 1 1 x4 1 4 4 4 4 dt dx 4 ab 1 x dx ab t 1 t 4 0 0 0 a 1 5 1 2 1 5 4 4 4 abB , ab ab . 3 2 4 4 2
7.2 平面图形的面积 习题 7.2 1. 求由下列各组曲线所围成的图形的面积: (1) y
1 2 ; x 与 x 2 y 2 8 (两部分都要计算) 2
根 据
解
:
1 2 y x , 2 2 x y2 8
得
交
点
为
2, 2 , 2, 2
,
所
以
2 1 4 4 S1 8 x 2 x 2 dx 2 , S2 8 S1 6 . 2 2 3 3
,
于
是
a 3 1 a2 a 2 2 2 S 4 a 2 cos sin d . 2 2 4 4 2
2
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11.求位于曲线 y e x 下方,该曲线过原点的切线的左方以及 x 轴上方之间的图形的面积。 解:曲线 y e 上点 x0 , e 切线为 x
x
x0
处的切线为 y e
x0
e x0 x x0 ,若其过原点,则 x0 1 ,
e y 1 e y ,所以 S ln y dy . 0 e 2 e
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解: S a . (2) x a cos 3 t , y a sin 3 t
2
解: S 4
a sin t d a cos t 12a
3 3 2
0
2
2 0
3 sin 4 t cos 2 tdt a 2 . 8
(3) 2a 2 cos 解: S 2
y x2 , y x
得 交 点 为 0, 0 , 1,1 , 根 据
y x2 , y 2x
得 交 点 为 ຫໍສະໝຸດ , 0 , 2, 4 所 以
1 2 7 S 2 x x dx 2 x x 2 dx . 0 1 6
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7.2 体积 习题 7.3 1. 把抛物线 y 4ax 及直线 x x0 x0 0 所围成的图形绕 x 轴旋转, 计算所得旋转体的 体积。 解: V
'
y 4 x 3, 3 得交点为 ,3 ,所以 2 y 2 x 6
S
3 2 0
4x 3 x
2
3 9 4 x 3 dx 3 2 x 6 x 2 4 x 3 dx . 4 2
3.求抛物线 y 2 2 px 及其在点
(9) y x, y x sin x 0 x ; 解: S
2
x sin
0
2
2
x x dx
. 2
2.求抛物线 y x 4 x 3 及其在点 0, 3 和 3, 0 处的切线所围成的图形的面积。 解: y 2 x 4 ,所以 0, 3 处切线为 y 4 x 3 , 3, 0 处切线为 y 2 x 6 ,联立
,
所
以
3 2 2 y y2 8 1 k k S a dy a 2 . 2 a 1 1 k k 4a 3 k3 2 a 1 1 k 2
2
k
4 2 2 2 2 2 1 k 2 2 8 2 3k 1 k 3k 1 k ' 2 , 所以当 k , 即弦为 x a 时 S a 8a 3 k6 k4
它与 y 2 2 px 的另一交点为
4.求由下列各曲线所围成的图形的面积: (1) 2a cos
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(2) 解 :
2 sin 及 2 cos 2 .
联 立
2 sin , 2 cos 2
得
交
点
2 2 ,6 ,
所
以
1 S 2 6 0 2
2 sin
2
d
4 6
1 3 1 cos 2 d . 2 2 6