3 Business Cycle Measurement
测量循环
UM-AWMNT-B3CSEN2011.02.M机床内工件测量系统使用说明书IN-MACHINE WORKPIECE MEASURING SYSTEMINSTRUCTION MANUAL适用机型Applicable Model适用数控装置Applicable NC UnitNT 系列NTX 系列NT SeriesNTX SeriesMSX-701III MSX-701IV MSX-711III MSX-711IV在开始操作、维修或编程之前，必须仔细阅读由森精机、NC 单元制造商和设备制造商所提供的说明书，以便充分理解其所含的信息。
妥善保管这些说明书以防丢失。
Before starting operation, maintenance, or programming, carefully read the manuals supplied by Mori Seiki, the NC unit manufacturer, and equipment manufacturers so that you fully understand the information they contain.Keep the manuals carefully so that they will not be lost.•因机床改进或为了更好地说明，本手册的内容可能在未曾通知的情况下修改。
因此，请注意手册所述内容可能与实际机床有细小的差别。
手册的修订版中做修改，它与其它手册的区别是其编号不同。
•如果发现手册内容与实际机床不一致，或手册中某部分不能理解，请与森精机公司联系并在使用机床前将其理解。
森精机公司对于因未能完全理解而使机床直接或间接发生的损坏不负任何责任。
•版权所有：没有森精机公司的书面同意而擅自采用任何形式复制本手册的全部或一部分都是不允许的。
•The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice due to improvements to the machine or in order to improve the manual. Consequently, please bear in mind that there may be slight discrepanciesbetween the contents of the manual and the actualmachine. Changes to the instruction manual aremade in revised editions which are distinguished from each other by updating the instruction manualnumber.•Should you discover any discrepancies between the contents of the manual and the actual machine, or if any part of the manual is unclear, please contact Mori Seiki and clarify these points before using themachine. Mori Seiki will not be liable for any damages occurring as a direct or indirect consequence of using the machine without clarifying these points.•All rights reserved: reproduction of this instruction manual in any form, in whole or in part, is notpermitted without the written consent of Mori Seiki.交付的产品（主机及附件）是根据相应国家或地区适用的法律和标准制造的。
工厂常用英语翻译
.工廠常用英語翻譯〔機械、模具。
〕一、组织机构及职位总经理办公室Generalmanagersoffice模具部Toolingdepartment工程部Projectdepartment品质部Qualitydepartment方案部Plandepartment制造部ManufacturedepartmentKeypad产品部KeypaddepartmentIMD产品部IMDdepartment五金部Metalstampingdepartment设计科Designsection冲压车间Stampingworkshop电镀车间Platingworkshop物控科Productionmaterialcontrolsection方案科Plansection仓务科Warehousesection商务科Businesssection品质规划科qualityplansectionIQC科IQCsectionIPQC科IPQCsectionOQC科OQCsection检测中心measurementcenter工程规划科Projectplansection工程XX科ProjectsectionXX试模科Moldtestsection本钱科Costsection设备科Facilitysection采购科Purchasesection综合办Generalaffairsoffice编程科Programming section模具工程科Tooling engineer ingsection模具装配车间Moldassemblyworkshop文控中心Documentcontrolcenter注塑车间Injectionworkshop喷涂车间Spraypaintingworkshop装配车间Assemblyworkshop总经理Generalmanager经理managerXX部门经理ManagerofXXdepartment原料库Rawmaterialwarehouse半成品库Semi－finishedproductwarehouse成品库Finishedproductwarehouse科长sectionchief主任chief.部门主管departmenthead主管，线长supervisor组长Foreman，forelady秘书secretary文员clerk操作员operator助理assistant职员staff二、产品超声波焊接ultrasonicwelding塑胶件Plasticparts塑材Rawparts喷涂件Paintedparts装配件Assemblyparts零件Component原料Rawmaterial油漆Paint稀释剂Thinner油墨Ink物料编号partnumber三、模具注塑模具injectionmold冲压模具Stampingtool模架moldbase定模座板FixedclampplateA板AplateB板Bplate支承板supportplate方铁spacerplate回位销Returnpin导柱Guidepin动模座板Movingclampplate顶针ejectorpin单腔模具singlecavitymold多腔模具multi－cavitymold浇口gate合模力clampingforce锁模力lockingforce开裂crack循环时间cycletime老化aging螺杆screw镶件Insert主流道sprue.分流道runner浇口gate直浇口directgate工廠常用英語翻譯〔機械、模具。
ISA95第三部分标准翻译
8类活动模型：定义管理、资源管理、详细计划、调度、执行、数据收集、分析与追踪，以及这些活动模型之间的数据流。
这些活动模型主要用于生产控制、设备维护、质量保证、库存管理等业务管理。
从原材料、能源和信息到产品的转换过程中，这些活动对成本、数量、安全和时间等参数进行协调、指导和追踪。
第四章制造运作管理（生产业务管理）图1 制造运作管理模型宽虚线表明企业/控制接口的边界。
这条线相当于5.1节定义的L3-L4之间的接口。
The manufacturing control side of the interface包括生产控制中的绝大部分功能和其它主要功能中的一些活动。
带箭头的线代表制造控制中主要的信息流。
宽虚线里面的功能可以包含子功能，这些子功能可以落入控制领域，或者落入企业领域depending on organizational policies.制造运作管理是生产操作管理，维护操作管理，质量操作管理，库存操作管理和生产设备的其它活动的集合。
第一部分标准定义了功能层次模型，每一层提供了各自的功能并且有典型的响应时间，如图2。
a） 0层定义了实际的物理过程。
b) 1层涉及物理过程的传递和操作。
1层通常以秒为时间帧，或者更快的速度进行操作c) 2层定义物理过程监测和控制的活动。
L2通常以小时，分钟，秒或者小于秒的时间帧进行操作。
d) L3定义了生产预期成品的工作流的活动。
包括维修记录和协调进程的活动。
L3通常以天，shifts，小时，分钟和秒为时间帧进行操作。
e)由图3可知，第三部分定义了L3层的部分活动，L3内部之间的数据流，以及l3与L2之间的数据流。
图4信息交换的种类第一部分标准定义了用于企业控制系统接口之间的模型和术语。
第一部分标准包含在L4和L3之间进行交换的三类常规信息的定义。
第一部分讲述了为这三类信息定义的对象模型。
第三部分通过将生产信息分为生产计划信息和生产性能信息，将信息种类扩展为四类。
Introduction to Six Sigma六标准差简介
Control
1 Week Training
Six Sigma Breakthrough Strategy Training
六标准差突破性策略培训
Measure 测 量
Analyze 分 析
Introduction of Minitab
软件简介
Basicmation
成本及改善之有效性
Basic SPC
基 础 SPC
Six Sigma Breakthrough Strategy Training
六标准差突破性策略培训
100 % class attendance. 课 堂 出 席 率 100% Passing all quiz. 所有测验合格 Complete an improvement project. 完成一个改善项目
(intangible)
(Difficult or impossible to measure) (无 法 或 难 以 测 量)
COPQ is a function of Sigma Capability COPQ 是 标 准 差 能 力 的 一 个 功 用
Six Sigma — A Philosophy 六标准差–一种哲学
Non Parametric Statistics
非常态统 计学
Introduction to Control
控制简介
Response Surface Method
表面反应技巧
Advanced SPC
进 阶 SPC
Control Plan
控制计 划
Cost & Improvement Effectiveness
这 容 许 我 们 对 相 近 似 或 不 近 似 的 产 品 ，服 务及工艺作比较。
Agilent U1401A U1401B 双功能手持测量器 计ibrator说明书
The 2-in-1 that helps you travel light Rugged and tested tostringent standards More often than not, the calibration ofprocess control parts requires simultaneous measurements with a DMM. With theU1401A/U1401B, you can carry two tools in one—and calibrate while you measure. Slip the U1401A/U1401B in its sturdy carrying case and you’re ready to go.The U1401A/U1401B comes with a robust protective holster and tested to stringent in-dustrial standards. Each U1401A/U1401B is also sealed with a three-year warranty and the assurance that you can perform yourTake a closer lookRobust protective holsterDual display with backlight 4-20 mA and 0-20 mA percentage scale readoutEasy function access through intuitive buttons and rotary switchVoltage, current, resistance, temperature, frequency, pulse width, duty cycle, diode and continuitySimultaneous source and measureHold and Min/Max/AvgrecordingsBuilt-in battery-charging capabilityBipolar voltage and current, square-wave, auto scan and rampVoltage specificationsThe accuracy is given as ± (% of reading + counts of least significant digit (LSD)) at 23 °C ±5 °C, with relative humidity less than 80% R.H., and after a warm-up period of at least five minutes. Without warm-up, an additional five counts of LSD need to be considered.[1] Input impedance: 10 M W (nominal) for the range of 5 V and above, and 1 G W (nominal) for the 50/500 mV range.[2] Accuracy can be improved to 0.05% + 5. Always use the Relative function to offset thermal effects before measuring the signal.[3] Input impedance: 1.1 M W in parallel with <100 pF (nominal) for the range of 5 V and above, and 1 G W (nominal) for the 50/500 mV range. Crest factor ~ 3.50 mV 500 mV 5 V 50 V 250 V1 µV 10 µV 0.1 mV 1 mV 10 mV0.03% + 5250 Vrms45 Hz to 5 kHz: 0.7% + 405 kHz to 20 kHz: 1.5% + 4045 Hz to 5 kHz: 0.7% + 205 kHz to 20 kHz: 1.5% + 2045 Hz to 5 kHz: 0.8% + 255 kHz to 20 kHz: 1.6% + 2545 Hz to 5 kHz: 0.8% + 705 kHz to 20 kHz: 1.6% + 700.05% + 50[2]10 µV 0.1 mV 1 mV 10 mV10 µV 0.1 mV 1 mV 10 mV1 µV1 µV500 mV 5 V 50 V 250 V500 mV 5 V 50 V 250 V50 mV 50 mV Resolution Accuracy Overload protectionRange Function DC voltage[1]AC voltage[3](True-rms: From 5% to 100% of range)AC+DC voltage[3](True-rms: From 5% to 100% of range)Resolution Accuracy Burden voltage/shunt Overload protectionRange Function DC current AC current[2](True-rms: From 5% to 100% of range)AC+DC current[2](True-rms: From 5% to 100% of range)50 mA 500 mA 50 mA 500 mA 50 mA 500 mA1 µA 10 µA 250 V, 630 mA Quick acting fuse45 Hz to 5 kHz: 0.6% + 2045 Hz to 5 kHz: 0.7% + 250.03% + 5[1]0.06 V (1 W )0.6 V (1 W )0.06 V (1 W )0.6 V (1 W )0.06 V (1 W )0.6 V (1 W )1 µA 10 µA 1 µA 10 µA[1] Always use the Relative function to offset thermal effects before measuring the signal. If this function is not used, accuracy could go down to 0.03% + 25. Thermal effects may be present due to: • Constant current, constant voltage, or square wave output.• Wrong operation. For example, resistance, diode, or mV measurement function is used to measure high voltage signals exceeding 250 V. • After battery charging has completed.• After measuring current greater than 50 mA.[2] Crest factor ~ 3�������������Resistance specificationsDiode and continuity specifications1 ms peak hold specificationsRangeRange Thermocouple type–40 °C to 1372 °C –40 °F to 2502 °F0.15% + 8 [2]1% + 8[3]0.15% + 5 [2]0.3% + 3 °C 0.3% + 6 °F0.45 mA 0.45 mA 45 µA 4.5 µA 450 nA 45 nA0.1 mV0.05% + 5Approximately 0.45 mASingle event >1 ms2% + 400 for all ranges< +4.8 VDC250 Vrms250 Vrms0.1 °C 0.1 °F500 W 5 k W 50 k W 500 k W 5 M W 50 M W0.01 W 0.1 W 1 W 10 W 0.1 k W 1 k W[1] Accuracy is specified for meter operation only, excludes thermocouple probe tolerance and with the instrument placed in the operating area for at least one hour.[2] Accuracy is specified after applying the Relative function to offset any test lead resistance and thermal effect.[3] Accuracy is specified for <60% R.H.The following resistance specifications are valid if the maximum open voltage is less than +4.8 V.For diode test, the overload protection is 250 Vrms and the instrument will beep when thereading is below 50 mV (approx). For continuity test, the instrument will beep when the resistance is less than 10.00 W .Resolution Resolution Resolution Signal width Accuracy for DC mV/voltage/current Accuracy[1]Accuracy Accuracy Test currentOpen voltage Minimum input currentOverload protectionOverload protectionKFrequency sensitivity and trigger level for voltage measurementFrequency sensitivity for current measurementDuty cycle and pulse width100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 200 kHz50 mV 500 mV 5 V 50 V 250 V15 mV 35 mV 0.3 V 3V 30 V25 mV 50 mV 0.5 V 5 V –2.5 mA 25 mA0.1% to 99.9%5% to 95%0.01 ms to 1999.9 ms0.3% per kHz + 0.3%0.2% + 350 mA 500 mADC coupling AC coupling–20 mV 60 mV 0.6 V 6 V 60 V30 mV 80 mV 0.8 V 8 V –0.001 Hz 0.01 Hz 0.1 Hz 1 Hz 10 kHz250 Vrms0.02% + 31 Hz[1] Accuracy is based on a 5-V square-wave input to the 5 VDC range.[2] Pulse width must be greater than 10 µs and its range is determined by the frequency of the signal.Resolution Range Input rangeInput range Function Duty cycle Pulse width[2]Mode Range Accuracy at full scale [1]1 Hz to 100 kHz30 Hz to 20 kHz >100 kHz <20 kHz 20 kHz to 200 kHz Trigger level for DC couplingMinimum sensitivity (rms sine wave)Minimum sensitivity (rms sine wave)AccuracyMinimum input frequencyOverload protectionConstant voltage and current outputsSquare wave output± 1.500 V ± 15.000 V ± 25.000 mA0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75,80, 100, 120, 150, 200, 240, 300, 400, 480,600, 800, 1200, 1600, 2400, 48000.39% to 99.60% 1/Frequency 5 V, 12 V ±5 V, ±12 V0.01% + 0.2% [5]0.01% + 0.3 ms2% + 0.2 V 2% + 0.4 V0.005% + 10.010.390625%Range/2560.1 V0.1 mV 1 mV 1 µA0.03% + 30.03% + 525 mA or above [1]12 V or above[2][3][1] Loading coefficient: 0.012 mV/mA for 1.5 V output.[2] Loading coefficient: 1 µA/ V. The minimum output voltage is based on 20 mA into a 600 W load.[3] If the current loop has a 24-V power, a minimum output voltage of 24 V is achievable with a 20 mA current into a 1200-W load (using the yellow test lead).[4] The positive or negative pulse width must be greater than 50 µs to enable adjustment of duty cycle or pulse width under different frequencies. Otherwise, the accuracy and range will be different from the specifications defined.[5] For signal frequencies greater than 1 kHz, add an addition of 0.1% per kHz.Resolution Resolution Range RangeFunctionConstant voltage (CV)Constant current (CC)Frequency (Hz)Duty Cycle (%) [4]Pulse Width (ms) [4]Amplitude (V)Accuracy Accuracy Minimum output Output Accuracy is given as ± (% of output + counts of least significant digit (LSD)) at 23 °C ± 5 °C, with relative humidity less than 80% R.H., and after a warm-up period of at least five minutes.The maximum input voltage protection is 30 VDC.Both primary and secondary displays are 5-digit on the liquid crystal display (LCD) with a maximum resolution of 51,000 counts and automatic polarity indication. Backlight available. 9.6 V Ni-MH rechargeable batteries: 1.2 V x 8 pieces. No cadmium, lead or mercury. External switching adapter: AC 100 V to 240 V, 50/60 Hz input and DC 24 V/2.5 A output Battery charging: 9.3 VA typicalSourcing of constant current at 25 mA, maximum load: 5.5 VA typical on 24 V DC adapter, 2.4 VA typical on 9.6 V batteriesMeter only: 1.8 VA typical on 24 V DC adapter, 0.6 VA typical on 9.6 V batteriesAssuming fully-charged Ni-MH batteries:Meter only: 20 hours (approx.)Source/Meter: 4 hours (approx.)will appear when voltage drops below 9 V (approx.)3 hours (approx.) in 10 °C to 30 °C environmentNOTE: Prolonged charging is required if battery is fully discharged.3 readings/second, except for: AC+DC: 1 reading/secondFrequency and duty cycle (> 1 Hz): 1 reading/second Pulse width (> 1 Hz): 0.25 to 1 reading/second> 90 dB at DC, 50/60 Hz ± 0.1% (1 k W unbalanced)> 60 dB at DC, 50/60 Hz ± 0.1%0 °C to 40 °C; up to 80% relative humidity (R.H.) for temperatures up to 31 °C, decreasing linearly to 50% R.H. at 40 °C–20 °C to 60 °C with batteries removed; 5% to 80% R.H. non-condensing 0 to 2000 mIEC 61010-1:2001/EN61010-1:2001 (2nd Edition), CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 61010-1-04, ANSI/UL 61010-1:2004, CAT II 150 V Overvoltage Protection, Pollution Degree 2IEC61326-2-1:2005/EN61326-2-1:2006, ICES-001:2004, AS/NZS CISPR11:2004 Input: 0.15 x (specified accuracy)/°C (from 0 °C to 18 °C or 28 °C to 40 °C) Output: ±(50 ppm output + 0.5 digit)/°C 192 mm x 90 mm x 54 mm 0.98 kg with holster and batteries One-year calibration cycle recommended3 years for main unit3 months for standard accessories unless otherwise specifiedDisplay Power supply Power consumptionBattery lifeCharging time Measurement rateCommon Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)Normal Mode Rejection Ratio (NMRR)Operating environment Storage environment AltitudeSafety compliance EMC compliance Temperature coefficient Dimensions (H x W x D)Weight Calibration WarrantyOptional accessoriesU1401A U1401BQuick Start GuideCertificate of Calibration (CoC)Calibrator/Meter standard test lead kitYellow test lead for mA Protective holsterRechargeable battery pack AC power adapter and cord(according to country)U5481A IR-to-USB cable U5491A Soft carrying case U5402A Yellow test lead for mA simulationK-type thermocouple and adapterImmersion temperature probeIndustrial surface temperature probe Air temperature probeAgilent Email Updates/find/emailupdates Get the latest information on the products and applications you select.Agilent Direct/find/agilentdirect Quickly choose and use your test equipment solutions with confidence.Remove all doubtOur repair and calibration serviceswill get your equipment back to you,performing like new, when prom-ised. You will get full value out ofyour Agilent equipment through-out its lifetime. Your equipmentwill be serviced by Agilent-trainedtechnicians using the latest factorycalibration procedures, automatedrepair diagnostics and genuine parts.You will always have the utmostconfidence in your measurements.Agilent offers a wide range of ad-ditional expert test and measure-ment services for your equipment,including initial start-up assistanceonsite education and training, aswell as design, system integration,and project management.For more information on repair andcalibration services, go to/find/removealldoubtFor more information on Agilent Technologies’products, applications or services, pleasecontact your local Agilent office. The com-plete list is available at:/find/contactusPhone or FaxAmericasCanadaLatin AmericaUnited States(877) 894-4414305 269 7500(800) 829-4444Asia PacificAustraliaChinaHong KongIndiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaSingaporeTaiwanThailand1 800 629 485800 810 0189800 938 6931 800 112 9290120 (421) 345080 769 08001 800 888 8481 800 375 81000800 047 8661 800 226 008Europe & Middle EastAustriaBelgiumDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyIrelandIsraelItalyNetherlandsSpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited KingdomOther European Countries:/find/contactusRevised: October 6, 200801 36027 7157132 (0) 2 404 93 4045 70 13 15 15358 (0) 10 855 21000825 010 700**0.125/minute07031 464 63331890 924 204972-3-9288-504/54439 02 92 60 848431 (0) 20 547 211134 (91) 631 33000200-88 22 550800 80 53 5344 (0) 118 9276201© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2009Printed in USA, November 26, 20095990-3459ENProduct specifications and descriptionsin this document subject to changewithout notice./find/handheld-calibrator-meter。
中小企业营运资金管理与企业财务业绩的实证研究[文献综述]
![中小企业营运资金管理与企业财务业绩的实证研究[文献综述]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/684a2885e87101f69e319597.png)
文献综述（20_ _届）中小企业营运资金管理与企业财务业绩的实证研究1 国外研究现状1.1营运资金的定义综述营运资金管理是市场经济条件下的基本管理活动之一，营运资金有狭义和广义的两种传统理解方式。
广义的营运资金是指企业的全部流动资产总额。
狭义的营运资金是指企业的流动资产总额减去各类流动负债后的余额，也称净营运资金。
广义营运资金是一个具体概念，它包含了企业所有流动资产，即由企业一定时期的持有的现金和有价证券、应收和预付账款及各类存货资产等构成的。
1. 2 国外对于营运资金管理的研究成果营运资金管理的内容，从单项流动资产管理到整体营运资金管理。
国外关于营运资金管理的研究始于20世纪30年代。
1972年，W.D.Knight单独研究每项流动资产的最优水平是不合适的，当将各项流动资产上的投资联合起来进行研究时，决策的性质不应当是最优化，而应该是满意化。
1979年，KeithV. Smith指出：关于每个营运资金项目管理的研究已有很大进展，但将营运资金作为一个整体进行研究却没有多少进展，并首次探讨了整体营运资金规划与控制的内容。
RichardV. D.和E. J. Laughlin（1980）提出了采用现金周期（Cash Conversion Cy-cle）指标，用以反映企业营运资金管理状况的全貌。
他们将现金周期定义为：现金周期=应收账款周转期+存货周转期-应付账款周转期。
1997年，以实物为导向的美国REL咨询公司和CEO杂志在跟踪日新月异的营运资金实践方面发挥了创新作用，他们对美国最大的1000家企业的营运资金调查（The Working Capital Survey），每年发布一次年度调查报告，这里特别值得一提的是：这次调查不仅引导企业要从整体上管理营运资金，而且把营运资金管理与供应链管理紧密联系了起来，使营运资金管理的方法逐渐从单纯的数学方法中摆脱出来，开始转向以供应链的优化和管理为重心，这种转变同时拓展了营运资金管理的研究视野和研究内容。
E-BusinessModelDesign,Classification,andMeasurements
AuctionOnline retailers Working Council for (Case Studies)(Case Studies)CIOs (1999)Awareness level Marketing % or orders correctly Sales and marketing expendituresfulfilledexpenses%of click through % of orders delivered to Attreaction of media Reliable deliverycorrect address# of referrals# of people told by one customer# of trucks% of documents used by # of fulfillment centersknowledge workers available on-line% of employees accessing Intranet at least daily Answer time Out-of-stock positions Order confirmation cycle System capacity# of orders processed time# of transactions per day # of transactions per day % of products that are # of users in live daybuilt-to-orderauctions (capacity)Logistics capacityCash conversion ratio Inventory turns/year Inventory levelsBid-to-cash cycle time Ability to handle additional traffic Network uptimeAverage time to load a page4 day delivery (partner)Revenues from # of partnersaffiliates program Logistics capacity (outsourced)Revenue breakdown by Advertising, research productand marketing # of page impression revenuesAdvertising revenues Subscription fees Revenue growthRevenue growth Value of goods traded # of products sold Administration costsOperating expenses Net assets needed to Investments support $1 worth of Cost structure outputNet profit/loss Operating profit/loss Free cash flow Gross profit marginNet profit/lossWorking capital Return on invested capitalfinancingMarket capitalization Share priceShare priceNet proceeds of IPOTable 3. Measures for E-Business Companies (continued )BrandingResource/AssestsActivities/ProcessPartner NetworkCostProfit(3) I n f r a s t r u c t u r e M a n a g e m e n t(4) F i n a n c i a l A s p e c t sRevenuedefine particular conditions of each company.。
小学上册第十五次英语第3单元真题试卷
小学上册英语第3单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The _____ (植物习性) can inform gardening practices.2. A ______ is a type of animal that can hop.3.In spring, the _____ blooms beautifully.4.What do we call the act of telling a story?A. NarrationB. DescriptionC. ExplanationD. Definition5.What do you call a person who sells things?A. BuyerB. SellerC. CustomerD. Merchant6.The ______ (香草) can enhance the flavor in dishes.7.I like to ___ my friends. (visit)8.The chemical symbol for samarium is ____.9.My favorite subject is ______ (science).10.The _____ (小丑鱼) lives among the anemones in the sea. 小丑鱼生活在海葵中。
11. (French) were known for their fashion and art during the Renaissance. The ____12.I read a _______ every night.13.What is the primary ingredient in a burrito?A. TortillaB. RiceC. BeansD. Meat14.It’s time to ___. (sleep)15.The weather is _______ (多云的) today.16.What is the main ingredient in butter?A. MilkB. CreamC. OilD. EggsB17.I like to ride my ______ (horse).18.What is the capital of Switzerland?A. GenevaB. ZurichC. BernD. Lucerne19.The _____ (computer/tablet) is on sale.20.My dad likes to ______ (烹饪) on weekends.21.What do we call the motion of the Earth around the sun?A. RotationB. RevolutionC. Both A and BD. CycleB22.What do we call the seasons that occur after summer?A. WinterB. SpringC. FallD. AutumnC23.How many letters are in the word "elephant"?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9答案:B24.What is the opposite of 'happy'?A. SadB. AngryC. ExcitedD. JoyfulA Sad25.Solutes are substances that are ______ in a solvent.26.They are ________ (快乐) today.27.I like to collect ______ (纪念品) from places I’ve visited.28.The _____ (自然景观) inspires many artists.29.What do we call the scientific study of matter and energy?A. PhysicsB. ChemistryC. BiologyD. Earth ScienceA30.My favorite season is ______ (春天) because the flowers ______ (开花) and the weather is ______ (温暖). I like to go outside and ______ (玩耍) with my friends. 31.The unit of measurement for energy is the ______.32. A _______ can be a solid, liquid, or gas.33.The process of converting a solid to a gas is called _______.34.I eat breakfast with my ____.35.What do we call the process of reducing waste materials?A. Waste minimizationB. RecyclingC. CompostingD. ReductionA Waste minimization36. A _______ (鲨鱼) is a powerful predator.37.What is the color of bananas?A. RedB. YellowC. GreenD. BlueB38.The _____ (花) smells sweet.39.What do you call a young pig?A. PigletB. CalfC. FoalD. Kid40.I always try to help others because __________.41.How many legs does a spider have?A. SixB. EightC. TenD. FourB42.The ______ (猴子) can be very playful.43.The cake is ________ with icing.44. A solid has a ______ shape.45.______ is the movement of the Earth's plates.46. A ______ (城市绿化) initiative can transform landscapes.47.What do you call a place where you can watch movies?A. TheaterB. LibraryC. SchoolD. MuseumA48.What do we call the tiny particles that make up all matter?A. AtomsB. CellsC. MoleculesD. Electrons49.What is the term for a person who creates art?A. SculptorB. ArtistC. PainterD. DesignerB50.My _____ (弟弟) loves to play soccer.51.He _____ (is/are) my best friend.52. A wildcat is a ______ (野生的) version of a domestic cat.53.The _______ of light can be affected by the angle of incidence.54.The chemical formula for barium chloride is ______.55.Fossils are found in ______ rock.56.The plant grows tall and _______ (植物长得又高又_______).57.The ________ was a notable treaty that resolved longstanding tensions.58.What is the opposite of hot?A. ColdB. WarmC. DryD. Wet59.The turtle can live for over a ______ (十年).60.I can build a train track with my ________ (玩具名称).61.My sister is _______ (在拍照).62.The process of a solid changing directly to a gas is called _____.63.The chemical formula for neptunium dioxide is _____.64.What is the capital city of Italy?A. RomeB. FlorenceC. VeniceD. MilanA65. A chemical that can accept electrons is called an ______.66.What is the main ingredient in potato chips?A. RiceB. PotatoC. CornD. WheatB67.What is 3 + 5?A. 7B. 8C. 9D. 1068.I see a _____ (工人) fixing the road.69.We eat _____ (breakfast/lunch) at AM.70.What is the name of the famous painting by Salvador Dalí?A. The Persistence of MemoryB. The Last SupperC. GuernicaD. The Scream71.What do you call the process of extracting minerals from the earth?A. MiningB. QuarryingC. DrillingD. Excavation72.What is the name of the famous scientist who developed the laws of motion?A. Albert EinsteinB. Isaac NewtonC. Charles DarwinD. Louis PasteurB73.What do we call the chemical element with the symbol H?A. HydrogenB. HeliumC. LithiumD. OxygenA Hydrogen74.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)75.My grandma is a wonderful __________ (启发者).76.The ________ (生长环境) impacts species.77.We visit the ______ (天文馆) to learn about space.78.The chemical formula for copper(I) oxide is _____.79.In my family, my grandma likes to be called . (在我的家庭中，我的奶奶喜欢被称为。
企业管理中英文词汇
企业管理中英文词汇PMBOOKE项目管理师英语词汇篇之O/PObjective 目标Offer 要约，提议，出价Operating 运作操作Operation 运行运作经营作业操作Opportunity 机会Optimistic 乐观的Oral 口头沟通Order of Magnitude 数量级Organization Chart 组织图Organizational Breakdown Structure ("OBS") 组织分解结构Organizational Planning 组织规划Organizational Strategy 组织策略Overall Change Control 整体变更控制全面变更控制综合变更控制Overhead 管理费Owner 业主Parameter 参数Parametric Estimating 参数估算Pareto Diagram 帕累托图Path Convergence 路径趋同Pattern 模式Performance 执行Performance Evaluation 绩效评估Performance Factor 绩效因子Performance Measurement 绩效测量Performance Measurement Baseline ("PMB")绩效测量基准Performance Measurement Techniques ("PMT") 绩效测量技术Performance Reporting 绩效报告Performing Organization 执行机构Period 周期一段时间Periodic Review 定期评审Planned Value 计划价值Planning 规划Population 样本Portfolio 组合Portfolio Management 组合管理Power 权力Precedence 前导任务前置任务紧前任务Precedence Diagram 前导图Precedence Diagramming 前导图Precedence Diagramming Method 前导图法Predecessor 前导活动Predecessor Activity 前导活动Preliminary 预备的，初步的Prescribe 规定Presentation 演讲演示Proactive 积极主动/提前行动Proactive Management 前瞻性管理Probability 概率Probability Assessment 概率评估Probability Distribution 概率分布Problem Solving 问题解决Procedure 程序流程Process 过程进程流程Procurement 采购Procurement Planning 采购规划Procurement/Tender Documents 采购/投标文件Product 产品Product Breakdown Structure ("PBS") 产品分解结构("PBS") Product Description 产品描述Product Life Cycle 产品生命期Profession 职业专业Profit 利润Program 项目群Program Management 项目群管理Progress 进展Progress Measurement 进展测量Progress Report 进展报告Project Calendar 项目日历Project Charter 项目章程Project Closure 项目收尾Project Communications Management 项目沟通管理Project Communications Plan 项目沟通计划Project Context 项目背景Project Cost Management 项目费用管理Project Definition 项目定义Project Initiator 项目启动者Project Integration 项目整合，项目综合Project Life Cycle 项目生命期Project Management Information System 项目管理信息系统Project Management Office ("PMO") 项目管理办公室Project Management Plan 项目管理计划Project Management Process 项目管理过程Project Management Professional ("PMP") 项目管理专业人员Project Management Software 项目管理软件Project Management Team 项目管理团队Project Manager ("PM") 项目经理Project Matrix 项目矩阵Project Milestone 项目里程碑Project Monitoring 项目监测Project Objective 项目目标Project Organization 项目组织Project Performance 项目绩效Project Phase 项目阶段Project Policies 项目方针Project Portfolio 项目组合Project Portfolio Management 项目组合管理Project Processes 项目过程Project Procurement Management 项目采购管理Project Quality Management 项目质量管理Project Risk 项目风险Project Risk Management 项目风险管理Project Schedule 项目进度Project Scope 项目范围Project Scope Management 项目范围管理Project Sponsor 项目发起人项目赞助者Project Stakeholder 项目干系人Project Team 项目团队Project Team Member 项目团队成员Project Time Management 项目时间管理Project/Program Methodology 项目方法论Projectized Organization 项目型组织Proposal 建议书Public 公众Purchase 购买采购Purchase Order 采购订单项目管理英文词汇ABC Activity Based Costing 基于活动的成本核算ABM Activity Based Management 基于活动的管理ACWP Actual Cost of Work Performed 已完成工作实际成本ADM Arrow Diagram Method 箭线图方法ADP Automated Data Processing 自动化数据处理ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution 替代争议解决方案AF Actual Finish Date 实际完成日期AFE Application for Expenditure 支出申请AFE Authority for Expenditure 开支权ALAP As-Late-As-Possible 尽可能晚AMR Advanced Material Release 材料提前发布AOA Activity on Arc 弧线表示活动双代号网络AOA Activity on Arrow 箭线表示活动双代号网络AON Activity on Node 节点表示活动单代号网络AOQ Average Outgoing Quality 平均出厂质量AOQL Average Outgoing Quality Limit 平均出厂质量限度APMA Area of Project Management Application 项目管理的应用领域APR Acquisition Plan Review 采购计划评审AQL Acceptable Quality Level 可接受质量水平AS Actual Start Date 实际开始日期ASAP As-Soon-As-Possible 尽快ATP Acceptance Test Procedure 验收测试过程AUW Authorized Unpriced Work 批准的未定价工作BAC Budget at Completion 完工预算BAC Baseline at Completion 完成/完工基线BATNA Best Alternative to Negotiated Agreement 协议外最佳方案BCM Business Change Manager 商业变更经理BCWP Budgeted Cost of Work Performed 已完工作预算成本BCWS Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled 计划工作的预算成本BEC Elapsed Cost 计划工作的预算成本BOOT Build, Own, Operate, Transfer 建造拥有经营转让BPA Blanket Purchase Agreement 一揽子采购协议BSA Balanced Scorecard Approach 平衡记分卡方法C/SCSC Cost/Schedule Control System Criteria 成本控制系统标准? C/SSR Cost/Schedule Status Report 成本/进度状态报告CA Control Account 控制帐目CAD Computer Aided Drafting/Design 计算机辅助制图/设计CAM Cost Account Manager 成本帐目经理CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing 计算机辅助制造CAM Control Account Manager 控制帐目经理CAP Cost Account Plan 成本帐目计划CAP Control Account Plan 控制帐目计划CAR Capital Appropriation Request 资本划拨请求CBD Component-Based Development 基于构件的开发CBS Cost Breakdown Structure 成本分解结构CCB Change Control Board 变更管理委员会CCDR Contractor Cost Data Report 承包商成本数据报告CDR Critical Design Review 关键设计评审CI Configuration Item 配置项CM Configuration Management/Construction Management 配置管理/施工管理CPFFC Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract 成本加固定费用合同CPI Cost Performance Index 成本绩效指数CPI Cost Performance Indicator 成本绩效指数CPIFC Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contract 成本加奖励费用合同CPM Critical Path Method 关键路径法CPN Critical Path Network 关键路径网络图CPPC Cost Plus Percentage of Cost Contract 成本加成本百分比合同CPR Cost Performance Ratio 成本绩效比率CPR Cost Performance Report 成本绩效报告CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元CR Change Request 变更请求CSCI Computer Software Configuration Item 计算机软件配置CSF Critical Success Factors 关键的成功因素CTC Contract Target Cost 合同目标成本CTP Contract Target Price 合同目标价格CTR Cost-Time Resource Sheet 成本时间资源表CV Cost Variance 成本偏差CWBS Contract Work Breakdown Structure 合同工作分解结构DBA Database Administrator 数据库管理员DBM Dynamic Baseline Model 动态基线模型DBMS Database Management System 数据库管理系统DCE Distributed Computing Environment 分布式计算环境DCF Discounted Cash Flow 折现现金流DD Data Date 数据日期DID Data Item Description 工作项描述DRD documentation Requirements Description 文档要求说明DU Duration 工期持续时间EAC Estimated Actual at Completion 实际完工估算ECC Estimated Cost to Complete 尚未完成的成本估算ECP Engineering Change Proposal 工程变更建议书EF Early Finish Date 最早完成日期EFC Estimated Final Cost 估算的最终成本EMR Expenditure Management Report 支出管理报告EPS Enterprise Project Structure 企业项目结构ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源规划ERPS Enterprise Resource Planning Systems 企业资源规划系统ES Early Start Date 最早开始日期ESAR Extended Subsequent Applications Review 扩展后续应用评审ETC Estimate To Complete 尚未完成/完工的估算EV Expected value 期望值EVMS Earned value Management System 挣值管理系统FAC Forecast At Completion 完工预测FF Free Float 自由浮动时间FFP Firm Fixed Price Contract 严格固定价格合同FIFO First In, First Out 先进先出FM Functional Manager 职能经理FP Fixed Price Contract 固定价格合同FPPIF Fixed Price Plus Incentive Fee Contract 固定价格加激励酬FTC Forecast to Completion 完工尚需预测FTP File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议G&A General and Administrative Costs 综合行政管理成本G&A General and Administrative 综合行政管理费GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 公认会计原则GERT Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique 图形评审技术GUI Graphical User Interface 图形用户界面企业管理英语词汇ABC Classification ABC分类法Activity-Based Costing 业务量成本法/作业成本法ACRS (Accelerated cost recovery system) 快速成本回收制度Action Message 行为/措施信息AIS (Accounting information system) 会计信息系统Allocation 已分配量Anticipated Delay Report 拖期预报A/P (Accounts Payable) 应付帐款APICS (American Production & Inventory Control Society) 美国生产及库存控制协会AQL (Acceptable quality Level) 可接受质量水平A/R (Accounts Receivable) 应收帐款Automatic Rescheduling 自动重排产Available To Promise (APT) 可签约量Backflush 倒冲法Backlog 未完成订单/未结订单Back Scheduling 倒序排产BE analysis (Break-even analysis) 盈亏临界点分析，保本分析Bill of Material (BOM) 物料清单Business Plan 经营规划B/V (Book value) 帐面价值Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP) 能力需求计划CBA (Cost-benefit analysis) 成本效益分析CEO 首席执行官CFO (Chief Financial Officer) 财务总裁Closed Loop MRP 闭环物料需求计划CPM (Critical path method) 关键路线法CPP accounting (Constant purchasing power accounting) 不变购买力会计 Cumulative Lead Time 累计提前期Cycle Counting 周期盘点Demand 需求Demand Management 需求管理Demonstrated Capacity 实际能力Dependent Demand 非独立需求DFL (Degree of financial leverage) 财务杠杆系数Direct-deduct Inventory Transaction Processing 直接增减库存法Dispatch List 派工单DOL (Degree of operating leverage) 经营杠杆系数ELS (Economic lot size) 经济批量EOQ (Economic order quantity) 经济订货批量FIFO (Fist-in,Fist-out) 先进先出法Firm Planned Order 确认计划订单FISH/LIFO (Fist-in,Still-here) 后进先出法Fixed Order Quantity 固定订货批量法Flow Shop 流水车间Focus Forecasting 集中预测Full Pegging 完全跟踪Generally Accepted Manufacturing Practices 公认生产管理原则Independent Demand 独立需求Inpu/Output Control 投入/产出控制Interplant Demand 厂际需求Inventory Turnover 库存周转次数Item 物料项目Item Record 项目记录Job Shop 加工车间Just-in-time (JIT) 准时制生产Lead Time 提前期前置期，指订单从收到具体明细到货到货仓收到落货纸这一段时间，可以用评估工厂的综合实力。
英汉词典
接合座 自适应总线-digital data highway to which(almost) any number of inputs 地址-electronic code identifying each part of computer memory,each address bit or information unit being routed to different address adhesion 粘接 adhesive tape 粘胶带 adjacent to 邻近的 可调水平安定面-horizontal stabilizer of an airplane which may be adjustable stabilizer adjusted in flight to trim the airplane for hands-off mode in flight admittance 导纳-in AC circui,reciprocal of impedance advance drawing 图纸先行更改通知 change notice(ADCN) advanced 先进的-new sophisticated and typifying latest technology advanced switch 步进电门 adverse effect 不利影响；严重后果 advisory circular(AC) 咨询通报 advisory Message 咨询信息 aerodynamic 空气动力的 aerodynamic smoother 空气动力平滑胶 aeroelastic torsion 气动弹性扭曲 aeronautical 航空的 aerosol 烟雾，浮质-colloid of finely divided solid or liquid disperesed in aft looking forward 从后向前看 afterbody drag 后体阻力 afterburner 加力燃烧室 尾喷管喷火-sometimes called torching,a condition resulting from afterfiring unburrnt fuel being ignited in the exhaust nozzle age-hardening 时效，硬化 ageing=aging 时效处理 aging 老龄的 agent 试剂 aileron 付翼 aileron authority 付翼效能 付翼传动力限制器-electro-mechanical device for limiting the control aileron force limiter wheel movement by the autopilot during autopilot operation aileron programmer 付翼程序器-convert central lateral control actuator motion to control air bleed valve 放气活门 减速板；阻力板-a plate or series of plates that may be projected into air brake airport's slipstream to provide turbulence and drag to slow the air carrier 航空营运者-any company which provides commercial air transportation air conditioning 空调 空气循环机；涡轮冷却器-a compressor & turbine on a common shaft for air cycle machine cooling air in an air conditioning system 大气数据计算机-one which produces air data air data computer information(altitude,airspeed ect) based on pressure and temperature 中断飞行-a change from original flight plan due to a known or air interruption suspected malfunction&/ defect during flight air lock 气锁，气塞-a trapped pocket of air that blocks the flow of fluid 空气封严件；气密封圈；气封严-usually thin rotating or staionary rims air seal designed to act as air DAMS to reduce airflow leakage air ground 起落架位置传感器；空地传感器-an electrical device operated by the sensor landing gear for transmitting airport position for systems operation air tapping 抽气管座 空中返航-return of airplane to airplane of origin as a result of air turnback malfunction or suspected defect of any item on airplane airborne 空中飞行的；机载的
小学下册B卷英语第三单元全练全测
小学下册英语第三单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My teacher is very __________. (聪明)2.My dad is a _______ (工程师).3.The _____ (ivy) climbs on walls.4.My friend enjoys __________ (打篮球).5.My brother enjoys __________ (科学研究) in school.6.I have a _____ (sketchbook) for drawing.7.I saw a ________ jumping in the river.8.What do we call the place where we go to learn about science?A. LaboratoryB. ClassroomC. MuseumD. School9.The ______ is a skilled dancer.10.The process of photosynthesis occurs in ______ leaves.11.What do we call the process of becoming a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. TransformationC. EvolutionD. GrowthA12.The ________ (生态灾害恢复) is crucial.13.What is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates?A. Abu DhabiB. DubaiC. SharjahD. AjmanA14.ts can ______ (帮助) stabilize sandy soils. Some pla15. A _______ can be used to demonstrate the principles of physics.16.The sandwich is very ___ (tasty/dull).17.The _______ (D-Day) invasion occurred on June 6, 1944, during WWII.18.My sister enjoys learning about ____ (geography).19.Many plants have adapted to survive in ______ climates. (许多植物已适应在极端气候中生存。
三种常用趋势周期分解方法的比较
三种常用趋势周期分解方法的比较-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1第1组，数量经济理论与方法文章字数：8967个三种常用趋势周期分解方法的比较孙晓涛*（华中科技大学经济学院）摘要：本文选取不可观测成分模型分解、BN分解和HP滤波等三种常用的趋势周期分解方法，从它们的分解原理方面进行了对比。
虽然这三种方法的理论出发点是不同的，但本文的研究发现：不可观测成分模型分解和BN分解可以统一在一个扩展的不可观测成分模型框架内；HP滤波可以看作一个受约束的不可观测成分模型分解。
本文同时应用我国的GDP序列对以上结论进行了验证。
本文的研究还发现，我国GDP序列中的趋势成分和周期成分间存在不完全的负相关，这与传统的不可观测成分模型分解和BN分解的设定是不同的。
关键词趋势周期分解 UC模型 BN分解 HP滤波中图分类号文献标识码 AComparison of Three Commonly Used Trend-Cycle Decompositions Abstract: This paper selects three commonly used trend-cycle decompositions, including unobserved components (UC) model decomposition, BN decomposition and HP filter, and compares these methods in theoretical aspects. Although the starting points of these methods are different, this study shows that UC model decomposition and BN decomposition can be unified in a broader UC model decomposition, and HP filter is consistent with a constrained UC model decomposition. At the same time, Chinese GDP is used to verify the above conclusions. Different from traditional UC model decomposition and BN decomposition, this study also finds that the trend and cycle components of Chinese GDP have non-perfect negative correlation.Key words: Trend-Cycle Decomposition; UC Model; BN Decompositions; HP Filter一、引言近年来，我国经济遭受了一系列的随机冲击，如2007年下半年以来的始于猪肉价格上涨的通货膨胀，2008的汶川地震和年底的全球金融危机，2009年以* 孙晓涛，男，1981年11月生，华中科技大学数量经济学博士研究生在读，中国数量经济学会会员。
小学上册第八次英语第1单元期末试卷(含答案)
小学上册英语第1单元期末试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the sum of 7 + 2?A. 8B. 9C. 10D. 11答案:C2.They like _____ (to run) in the park.3.Read and match.(看图连线。
)4.The unit of measurement for temperature is __________.5.The ______ studies medicine.6.The dolphin is known for its playful ______ (性格).7.I have a pet ________ that likes to dig.8. A reaction that involves the formation of a complex is called a ______ reaction.9.The Earth's core is mostly made of ______ and nickel.10. A ______ is a natural opening in the Earth's surface.11.The whale sings beautiful _________. (歌声)12.I like to ________ my friends.13.The __________ (历史的启蒙) sparks curiosity.14.I have a blue _______ (我有一个蓝色的_______).15.What is the name of the famous British author who wrote "Harry Potter"?A. J.K. RowlingB.C.S. Lewis C. Roald DahlD. Philip Pullman答案:A16.My sister loves to ______ (跳) rope.17.What is the capital of Malta?A. VallettaB. MdinaC. SliemaD. Birkirkara答案: A. Valletta18.The main product of cellular respiration is ______.19.The Civil Rights Act was signed in the year ________.20.I like to play outside with my _______ (我喜欢和我的_______在外面玩).21.What is the capital city of Australia?A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. CanberraD. Brisbane答案:C.Canberra22. A _______ is a device that measures temperature.23.The __________ is a feature of deserts.24. A ______ (猫) likes to sit in sunny spots.25.给下列图片选择恰当的语句，并把序号填在波浪线上。
小学下册第十三次英语第4单元期末试卷(含答案)
小学下册英语第4单元期末试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The rain makes the ground _______.2. A ______ has a long life cycle.3. A hamster enjoys running on its ______ (轮子).4.What is the capital of Italy?A. MilanB. RomeC. FlorenceD. Venice答案:B5.My sister enjoys __________ (打篮球) with friends.6.I can ______ (理解) the importance of education.7.What is the name of the small, red fruit that is often mistaken for a vegetable?A. TomatoB. PeachC. CherryD. Strawberry答案: A8.The ________ was a vital moment in the history of social movements.9.The cat is ______ (curious) about everything.10.Oxygen is important for __________ (呼吸).11.The _____ (绿意盎然) scenery is refreshing.12.The chemical formula for potassium sulfate is __________.13.What is the name of the famous detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Sherlock HolmesC. Philip MarloweD. Sam Spade答案: B14.I enjoy _______ (和朋友一起) outdoor activities。
Business cycle解读
• 第九个周期：1991—1999年。
• 1991年，经济回升。1992年初，邓小平南方谈话，提出 “又快又好”。
• 第十个周期：2000—2009年。
• 从2000年起，进入第十个周期，到2007年，经济增长率 连续8年处于8%以上至14%的上升通道内。2008年，经济 增长率回落到9.6%。2009年，回落至9.2%，完成第十个 周期。 • 2 0 1 0年 ，G D P增 长 率 回 升 到10.3%，高于2009年， 从而进入新一轮即第十一轮经济周期
• 第六个周期：1977—1981年。
• 粉碎“四人帮”，结束了“文化大革命”之后，全国上下 “大干快上”的热情很高。1978年G D P增长率上升到 11%以上，有些“过热”。
• 第七个周期：1982—1986年。
• 1984年，在农村改革、城市改革推动下，G D P增长率上 升到15%左右。为治理“过热”，1986年经济增长率又回 调。这是第七个周期。 • 第八个周期：1987—1990年。 • 1987年、1988年，经济增长率又上到11%以上。同时， 物价(居民消费价格)上升到18.8%。这是新中国成立以来 物价上涨的第2个高峰。随后，治理整顿，G D P增长率 回调到1989年的4 .1%和1990年的3%左右。
Business cycle
经济周期的定义
• 经济周期(Business cycle)：也称商业周 期、商业循环、景气循环， 它是指经济运 行中周期性出现的经济扩张与经济紧缩交 替更迭、循环往复的一种现象。是国民总 产出、总收入和总就业的波动。
• 经济周期的阶段划分
1.两阶段法 • 2.四阶段法
• 第二个周期：1958—1962年。
• 第二个周期，是一个典型的“大起大落”，形成一个深深 的“大峡谷”。
QA-ES III入门补充手册说明书
Manual Supplement Manual Supplement Rev. 4 forQA-ES III Electrosurgical AnalyzerGetting Started Manual (Rev. 1)Manual Title: QA-ES III Getting Started Supplement Issue: 4Part Number: 4473063 Date: 12/22Print Date December 2015 Page Count: 8Revision/Date: 1This supplement contains information necessary to ensure the accuracy of theabove manual.QA-ES III Getting Started SupplementAbout This Manual SupplementThis document is a manual supplement against the QA-ES III Getting Started Manual (Rev. 1 | 12/15). This document acts as an erratum to the original manual. Any changes detailed in this document reflect the most up-to-date information about the product.1QA-ES III Getting Started SupplementChange #1, 781, 248On page 2, add the following to the Symbols table:Conforms to relevant South Korean EMC Standards.On page 17, under Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), add:Korea (KCC) ................................... Class A Equipment (Industrial Broadcasting & Communication Equipment)Class A: Equipment meets requirements for industrial electromagnetic wave equipment and theseller or user should take notice of it. This equipment is intended for use in businessenvironments and not to be used in homes.2QA-ES III Getting Started SupplementChange #2, 18On page 4, under Safety Information, add these warnings:•The chassis ground of the ESU must be tied to the Ground Lug (Item 12 on Figure 1) of the QA-ES III using one of the safety leads, provided as a standard accessory, during all testing for ESUs with operatingfrequencies >1 MHz.•The ESU and QA-ES III must be plugged in to the same power receptacle.•Do not exceed 2-meter power leads for both the ESU and the QA-ES III.•Avoid connecting the ESU and/or QA-ES III to power strips with long power leads or into tables fitted with outlets (that also have long power leads).•Stay clear of the ESU, its leads, and the QA-ES III during powered operation and testing.3QA-ES III Getting Started Supplement 4Change #3, J252Starting on page 51, replace the Technical Specification section through the HF Leakage Current sub-section with:Technical SpecificationsSpecifications apply for a period of one year from date of the most recent calibration.Measures ............................................................ Cut and coag waveformsMonopolar and bipolar outputsPower and currentmeasurements .................................................. true RMSBandwidth ......................................................... 30 Hz to 5 MHz at -3 dB including loadsDelay Time for singlemeasurements ............................................. 0.2 seconds to 4.0 seconds from Foot Switch activation to start of measurementDuty CycleVariable Load .............................................. 10 seconds on, 30 seconds off, at 100 W, all loadsFixed 200 Ω Load ..................................... 10 seconds on, 30 seconds off, at 400 WLoad BankLoad ResistanceVariable ................................................... 0 Ω, 10 Ω, 20 Ω, 25 Ω to 2500 Ω (by 25 Ω), 2500 Ω to 5200 Ω (by 100 Ω)DC Accuracy ........................................... ±2.5 %Power Handling (for inputs <5Mhz)At 25% duty cycle (10 seconds on,30 seconds off) ............................................ 10 Ω: 300 W, 20 Ω to 2900 Ω: 400 W, 3000 Ω to 5200 Ω: 200 WQA-ES III Getting StartedSupplement5At 10% duty cycle (5 seconds on,45 seconds off) .............................................10 Ω: 300 W, 20 Ω to 2400 Ω: 500 W,2425 Ω to 2900 Ω: 400 W,3000 Ω to 5200 Ω: 200 WPower Handling (for inputs >5MHz):150W maximum for all duty cycles/loads listed above.Table 1. System Bandwidth including Load Bank Load ResistanceSettingBandwidth (kHz) 5% Accuracy 10 – 25 Ω1kHz – 400 kHz 50 – 125 Ω1kHz – 3000 kHz 200 – 275 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz 400 – 500 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz 800 – 1400 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz 1650 – 2300 Ω1kHz – 3000 kHz 2500 – 2900 Ω1kHz – 3000 kHz 4200 – 4300 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz 4600 – 5100 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz All other settings 1kHz – 1000 kHzQA-ES III Getting Started Supplement 6System Bandwidth ........................................... 3 MHz at -3 dB including loads (2 MHz for 10 Ω setting)PowerRanges ........................................................... 0.0 W to 99.9 W100 W to 500 WAccuracy ....................................................... < 10 W: ±5 % + 1 W,10 W: ±5 % CurrentRMS ................................................................ 0 mA to 5,500 mAAccuracy ....................................................... ±(2.5 % of reading + 1 mA)VoltagePeak ............................................................... 10 kV Peak to PeakAccuracy ....................................................... ±(10 % of reading + 50 V)Crest Factor ....................................................... 1.4 to 16.0Defined as the ratio of Peak voltage to RMS voltage (Vpk / Vrms), using the larger of the 2 peaks (positive or negative)Vessel Sealing MeasurementLoop Current, RMS...................................... 0 mA to 5500 mAAccuracy ...................................................... ±(2.5 % of reading + 1 mA)HF Leakage CurrentFixed Load .................................................... 200 ΩLoad Accuracy ............................................ ±2.5 %Power rating ................................................. 400 WAdditional Fixed Load ............................... 200 ΩCurrent, RMS ................................................ 0 mA to 5500 mAAccuracy ....................................................... ±(2.5 % of reading + 1 mA)QA-ES III Getting Started Supplement Bandwidth ......................................................1 kHz – 6.5 MHz, ± 5%, 1 kHz – 10 MHz, -3 dBChange #4, CK 5/7/21Under Technical Specifications, which starts on page 17, change the following bandwidth spec:From:Bandwidth ..........................................................30 Hz to 5 MHz at -3 dB including loadsTo:Bandwidth ...........................................................3 MHz at -3 dB including loads (2 MHz for 10 Ω setting)7QA-ES III Getting Started SupplementChange #5, BG 12/9/2022Under Technical Specifications, which starts on page 17, change the following bandwidth spec:From:Power (Accuracy) ............................................ < 10 W: +/- 5 % + 1 W≥ 10 W: +/- 5 %To:Power (Accuracy) ............................................. < 50 W: +/- (6.25 % + 1 W)≥ 50 W: +/- 6.25 %From:Current (Accuracy) .......................................... +/- (2.5 % of reading + 1 mA)To:Current (Accuracy) ........................................... < 50 mA: +/- (3.5 % + 1 mA)≥ 50 mA: +/- (2.5 % + 1 mA)8。
三坐标测量机操作维护规程CMM operation procedure
版次：B 受控状态标识：Revision: B Control Status:保密等级：内部Security Level:internal航空材料********公司Aviation ******* Company三坐标测量机操作维护规程CMM operation &maintenance procedureDZ-ZL-038批准Approved by：审核Reviewed by：标审Standardized by:编制Prepared by：发布日期：2019年3月14日实施日期：2019年3月20日Issued on: Mar.14th, 2019 Implemented on: Mar.20th, 2018DZ-ZL-038B会签页文件发放表更改明细表目录Contents1范围Scope (1)2 规范性引用文件Normative References (1)3 术语和定义Terms and Definitions (1)4职责Responsibility (1)5工作流程Work Process (2)5.1通用要求General requirement (2)5.2操作流程Operating Process (4)5.3安全要求Safety requirement (6)5.4维护Maintenance (10)6 培训要求Training Requirements (12)7 检查与考核Check and Examination (13)8 表格Forms (13)附录A：QR-DZ-ZL-038/1《三坐标测量机日常维护保养记录》Appendix A：QR-DZ- ZL-038/1 <CMM daily maintenance record> (1)附录B：三坐标检测流程图Appendix B：Flow Chart of CMM measurement (1)附录C：QR-DZ- ZL-038/2《三坐标测量检查单》 (1)前言Introduction为满足***公司三坐标测量机的使用要求，实现设备的正确操作与维护，减少设备故障和损坏，确保检测结果准确有效，特编制此规程。
OTC3514汽车万用表说明书
OTC OTC35143514汽车万用表说明汽车万用表说明书书Automotive DVOM一、品牌品牌：OTC二、型号型号：3514三、用途 OTC3514汽车万用表用于检测汽车电气系统，具有直流电压、交流电压、电阻/导通性、脉宽（ms-Pulse ）、闭合欠（Dwell ）、负荷（Duty cycle （%））、频率（Hz ）、发动机转速（RPM ）等参数的测量功能，并且量程可自动调节。
显示屏可显示4000条数据，是一款精密、实用的通用型自动量程数字式万用表。
上海通用4S 店建站指定设备广州本田4S 店建站指定设备一汽丰田4S 店建站指定设备长安福特4S 店建站指定设备感应夹 主机表笔 鳄鱼夹四、产品特点及优势能够精确测量喷油器、怠速电动机（IAC motors ）、怠速电磁阀、自动变速器电磁阀等部件的脉宽（毫秒）利用感应夹测量1—8缸（二行程或四行程）的发动机转速直接读取闭合角和负荷数据。
可测量直流电压（V 和mV ）、交流电压、电阻、导通性、频率等参数可手动调整在脉宽或占空比测量模式下的数据正、负值4-1/4数字式显示屏41段棒状图示，可实时、动态显示数据变化具备自动量程功能、自动关机功能、数据保持（冻结）功能高安全级别，最高测试电压为600V （直流或交流）可将霍尔效应式电流钳作为选配件选配件选配件应用于3514汽车万用表中四、操作键和操作键和显示屏显示屏显示屏说明说明1、数字式显示屏数字式显示屏：数字式显示屏可显示带有极性和小数点自动显示的4000条数据。
开启万用表，在自测试期间所有段节和符号将短暂显示。
显示修正每秒进行4次。
2、棒状图棒状图棒状图：棒状图每秒刷新20次，从左至右共有2*41个依次递增。
这有助于设置和数据分析。
当测量转速、脉冲宽度、闭合角、占空比和频率时，棒状图不显示。
3、ON/OFF 键：电源键，开、关万用表。
4、DC/AC 键（STR 键）：选择直流电压和交流电压。
Triton
Precision, non-contact, measurement and control solutions+1 937.318.2440 ******************Search Home Measurement Products Industries Applications Contact SupportHome > Products > Laser Micrometers > Triton™ TripleAxis Scanning Laser MicrometersTriton™ Triple-Axis Scanning Laser MicrometersTripleaxis (also called tripleplane) models makemeasurements from three viewpoints. The three axes ofmeasurement are coplanar and separated by 60 degreesfrom each other. The product to measure is perpendicular tothe measurement field. (See the associated image.)Typically, the micrometer is used to measure productdiameter, ovality, and position. To see illustrations andexplanations of these and other common measurementtypes available with Triton™ tripleaxis scanning lasermicrometers, visit the Measurements page.For round products, three axes of inspection offer the bestaverage diameter and an accurate measure of ovality, alsocalled roundness or eccentricity.If the ovality of your product must meet a definedspecification, then a LaserLinc Tritonseries micrometer isthe product you require. LaserLinc’s Triton technologyprovides an accurate measure of ovality regardless ofproduct orientation. (See accompanying graph to the right.)If checking for defects, a Triton micrometer is especiallyeffective at identifying small defects that do not encircle theproduct.A common application for Triton micrometers ismeasurement of medical tubing, especially catheters.For benchtop applications, a Triton micrometer is perfect forinspecting the product without rotating it, saving time withoutsacrificing accuracy.Model OverviewThe Triton312 and Triton330 micrometers offer theadvantages of threeaxis measurement in a very compactpackage with exceptional accuracy. The Triton331™ andTriton360™ models add a fast measurement rate and withthe 360, up to a two inch [50.8 mm] measurement range. Forinprocess measurement of nonround profiles, products withvarying diameter, and flaw detection applications, the lattermodels can be upgraded to the fastest measurement rates ofany scanning laser micrometer: 4,000 Hz per axis (12,000Hz aggregate). For discrete part measurement, a highermeasurement rate facilitates faster inspection cycle times.Tripleaxis models share the following characteristics:Measure any material, even clear and translucentproducts (glass logic is a software option included at nocharge with all systems)Use inprocess or for benchtop/offline applicationsMeasurement accuracy and micrometer operation areunaffected by line speedMount in any orientationMultiple mounting surfaces with precision locating holesfor flexible mounting, but also for flexible attachment of accessoriesChoose from four different modelsCan be used with the Total Vu™ HMI for complete product and process monitoring, reporting, and controlCan be used with a SmartLinc™ processor for an intelligent interface via industrial communication protocolsAvailable with Ethernetbased NetLinc™ signal interfaceMounting adapters are available to deploy effective sixaxis measurement for superior flaw detection and average diameter accuracyFour-Year Warranty!The robust design of LaserLinc laser micrometers ensures reliable operation in harsh manufacturing environments. All are covered by an industryleading FOURYEAR warranty that covers all parts and labor. For warranty details, including LaserLinc’s “spareintheair” replacement offer, visit the Warranty and Service page.Notable applications include:Extruded products such as insulated wire, cable, hose, pipe, and tubingAverage diameter and ovality of synthetic cork for wine bottlesDualaxis micrometersSingleaxis micrometersMicrometer interfacesOperating principleAccessories including roller guides,stands, calibration kits, window guards,and air purgesProduct safety standards (e.g. CE, UL)ResourcesTripleAxis Measurement777 Zapata Dr, Fairborn OH 45324Phone: +1 937.318.2440 TollFree: +1 888.707.4852 Fax: +1 937.318.2445 ******************Specifications & dimensions subject to change.HomeMeasurement Products ContactSupportWire & CableHose & TubeMedical Plastics & RubberMetalsGlassAutomotive MonofilamentMetrology/Inspection SupportNews Privacy Enews SignupSafetySite MapCopyright ©2019 Web Published by Marketing OptionsTaper tube / Bump tube Flaw detectionThe matrix below shows tripleaxis models by measurement range and measurement rate. Triton model numbers begin with 3(the number of axes of measurement), followed by the approximate gate size (in millimeters).Click on a model number in the Model column to access its specifications and drawings.Measurement rate is the number of times per second each measurement field (or axis) is scanned. The number after the slash is the aggregate measurementrate for all three axes.I n c h e sM e t r i c (m m )M e a s u r e m e n t R a t e (H z )M o d e lM i n i m u mP a r t S i z e M a x i m u mP a r t S i z e M i n i m u mP a r t S i z e M a x i m u mP a r t S i z e S t a n d a r d O p t i o n sT r i t o n 312™.004.45.10211.4600 / 1800T r i t o n 330™.0041.15.10229.2300 / 900T r i t o n 331™.011.07.25427.21,600 /4,8004,000 /12,000T r i t o n 360™.0162.07.40652.61,600 /4,8004,000 /12,00011。
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Variability relative to GDP
• Cyclical variability is measured by the standard deviation of the percentage deviations from trend.
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• Variables that are more volatile than real GDP:
– real investment, real imports
• Variables that are less volatile than real GDP:
– real consumption, price level, money supply and employment
– Price level
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Observations from the U.S. Data
• Acyclical variable: if it is neither procyclical or countercyclical.
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Leading and Lagging
• Lagging variable: its peaks and troughs tend to lag before those of real GDP. • Contrary, real GDP helps to predict the future path of such a variable.
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Regularities in GDP Fluctuations
• Amplitude: the maximum deviation from trend. • Frequency: the number of peaks in real GDP that occur per year.
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Observations from the U.S. Data
• Macroeconomic variables usually fluctuate together in patterns that exhibit strong regularities: Comovement • 3 ways of describing comovement relative to real GDP:
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Observations from the U.S. Data
• Irregularities:
– Irregularities in the amplitude and frequency of fluctuations in real GDP about trend. – These imply that forecasting is difficult for longer term.
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Observations from the U.S. Data
• Degree of correlation between two variable x and y is measured by the correlation coefficient , Cov ( x , y ) var( x ) var( y ) • takes on values between –1 (perfectly negatively correlated) and 1 (perfectly positively correlated).
Business Cycle Measurement
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Regularities in GDP Fluctuations
• Business Cycles: fluctuations about trend in real GDP. • Peak (Trough): a relatively large positive (negative) deviation from trend. • Peaks and troughs are referred to as turning points.
15
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Leading and Lagging
• Leading variable: its peaks and troughs tend to precede those of real GDP. • This kind of variable tends to aid in predicting the future path of real GDP. • Example: money supply
7
Observations from the U.S. Data
• Procyclical variable: if its deviations from trend are positively correlated with the deviations from trend in real GDP. • Examples:
8
Observations from the U.S. Data
• Countercyclical variable: if its deviations from trend are negatively correlated with the deviations from trend in real GDP. • Example:
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Observations from the U.S. Data
• Consider the percentage deviations from trend in real GDP over the period 1947 2006. • 3 main observations:
– Procyclical, countercyclical, acyclical – Leading, lagging, coincident – Variability relative to GDP
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– Persistency – Irregularities – Comovement
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Observations from the U.S. Data
• Persistency: the deviations from trend are persistent in the sense that when real GDP is above (below) trend, it tends to stay above (below) trend. • This is important for making economic forecast over the short run.
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Leading and Lagging
• Coincident variable: one that is neither leads nor lags real GDP. • Examples:
– Real consumption, real investment, real imports, money supply, employment and reFra bibliotekl wage.
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ECO 2021 Intermediate Macroeconomic Theory Professor C. K. Yip