getting_started
Nutanix_Community_Edition_Getting_Started
Getting Started with Nutanix Community Edition17-Mar-2016NoticeCopyrightCopyright 2016 Nutanix, Inc.Nutanix, Inc.1740 Technology Drive, Suite 150San Jose, CA 95110All rights reserved. This product is protected by U.S. and international copyright and intellectual property laws. Nutanix is a trademark of Nutanix, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other marks and names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies.LicenseThe provision of this software to you does not grant any licenses or other rights under any Microsoftpatents with respect to anything other than the file server implementation portion of the binaries for this software, including no licenses or any other rights in any hardware or any devices or software that are used to communicate with or in connection with this software.Conventionsvariable_value The actiondepends on avalue that isunique to yourenvironment.ncli> command Thecommandsare executedin the NutanixnCLI.user@host$ command Thecommands areexecuted as anon-privilegeduser (such asnutanix) in thesystem shell.root@host# command Thecommands areexecuted asthe root user inthe hypervisorhost(CommunityEdition) shell.output Theinformation isdisplayed asoutput from acommand or ina log file. Default Cluster CredentialsNutanix web console Nutanix Controller VM admin adminSSH client or console Community Editionroot nutanix/4uAcropolis hypervisor hostSSH client Nutanix Controller VM nutanix nutanix/4uVersionLast modified: March 17, 2016 (2016-03-17 15:18:16 GMT-7)Contents1: Welcome to Nutanix Community Edition (6)7 2: S upport f or a nd L earning M ore A bout C ommunity E dition a nd A cropolis (AOS)3: Recommended Community Edition Hardware (8)Community Edition Licensing Requirements (9)4: Preparing to Install Community Edition (11)5: Installing Community Edition (13)6: Creating a Cluster (15)Creating a Single-Node Cluster (15)Creating and Configuring a Multi-Node Cluster (Web Browser Method) (16)Creating and Configuring a Multi-Node Cluster (Manual Method) (17)Destroying a Cluster (18)7: Getting Started (20)Configuring Proxy Server Settings Before Logging Into the Web Console (20)Logging Into the Web Console (21)Creating the Datastore: Storage Pool and Container (21)Creating a VM By Using the Web Console (23)8: Running Community Edition On Demand (26)Get a Copy of Community Edition (26)Starting Community Edition On Demand (27)Next Steps - Logging into the Prism Web Console (30)Welcome to Nutanix Community EditionNutanix Community Edition is a free version of the Nutanix Operating System (Acropolis base software), which powers the Nutanix Xtreme Computing Platform. The Community Edition of Acropolis base software is designed for people interested in test driving its main features on their own hardware and infrastructure.Before you begin, consider that the commercially-available Nutanix NX Series systems are tuned forperformance. The enterprise-ready version of Acropolis base software is bundled as the engine driving our hyperconverged compute and storage platform. You should not expect to achieve comparable benchmark numbers. For example, the NX Series systems include 10 GbE network interfaces, high core count dual CPUs, large amounts of memory, and high performance enterprise-class solid-state drives (SSDs).Even so, Community Edition performance will be sufficient for a number of VMs per node, given enough memory, CPU, and network resources.What's In Community EditionHypervisor Acropolis hypervisor with virtualizationmanagementSingle pane of glass control Prism web console to manage the clusterCommand-line management Nutanix command line (nCLI)Ability to add nodes to the cluster One, three, or four nodes can comprise a cluster Ease of installation and use Install and boot the hypervisor and Acropolis basesoftware environment from USB deviceSupport for and Learning More About Community Edition and Acropolis (AOS)The most support for Community Edition is available through the Next Community Edition forum. Nutanix asks that you share your experiences and lessons learned with your fellow Community Edition users.You can also visit the following pages for more information about Acropolis and the Nutanix architecture.•Nutanix Next Community Edition Forum•Administration Course (live online) to help with Nutanix Platform Professional (NPP) certification•Nutanix nu.school YouTube channel•Nutanix documentationRecommended Community Edition HardwareSystem ConfigurationCPUs Community Edition server host Intel CPUs with VT-x support.4 core minimum; 2 coresdedicated to the Controller VM Host bus adapter (HBA)Storage interconnect Community Edition supportsAdvanced Host ControllerInterface (AHCI) SATA, or LSIcontroller with:•IT mode (Nutanix testingshows better performancethan IR)•IR mode with pass-through•IR mode with RAID-0System memory One Controller VM per nodewith optional deduplication/compression features andadditional memory for one ormore user VMs •16 GB minimum•32 GB or greaterrecommended for Acropolisbase software features suchas deduplication/compression or more user VMsNetwork interface card (NIC)Network connection Intel-based NICCold-tier storageHard disk drive (HDD) or Solid-state drive (SSD)500 GB or greater available Maximum 18 TB (3 x 6 TB HDDs)Hot-tier/flash storage SSD Single 200 GB or greaterStorageAll drives Maximum number of SSD/HDDdrives per node is 4Image/boot device Imaging and booting the software,acting as the boot drive/device.One 8 GB capacity device per node. It can be an external or internal device.Nutanix has successfully tested and used external USB drives and internal devices such as a SATA DOM.Note: If you use a USBdrive, do not remove theUSB drive or device atany time during your useof Community Edition.Other RecommendationsCluster size Community Edition allows you to install single-node,three-node, and four-node clusters.Depending on your available hardware, Nutanixrecommends a three-node cluster to exercise thefeatures of Community Edition most effectively.DHCP Server If you are using a DHCP server, ensure that staticIP addresses are assigned for hypervisor hosts andController VMs.Nutanix recommends that you not use dynamic IPaddressing for hosts or Controller VMs.Imaging software•Linux: use the included dd utility•Mac OS X: use the included dd utility•Windows: ImageUSB from PassMark Software(freeware)Community Edition Licensing RequirementsTo use the Community Edition, Nutanix requires the following actions and access. If you fail to meet these requirements, access to your cluster will be blocked. The cluster remains operating but you will be unable to log on to it. Otherwise, there are no licensing file requirements as with the commercially-availableNutanix products.Licensing RequirementsAdmin account password change from default When you first log on to the Prism web consolewith the admin account credentials, you mustimmediately change the admin user password fromits default.Nutanix Next account with log on credentials and the Community Edition role enabled After you first log on to the Prism web console and change the admin credentials, you are prompted to provide these credentials.Outgoing TCP ports 80 or 8443 opened through your firewall An automated feedback mechanism named Pulse that sends cluster alerts and usage statistics to Nutanix requires internet connectivity and port access.Install any pending Community Edition updates Nutanix make updates available occasionally. Whenan upgrade is available, but not yet downloaded,you must upgrade within 30 calendar days. Youmust install the available upgrade immediately onceyou have downloaded it.If you fail to meet these requirements, access toyour cluster will be blocked. The cluster remainsoperating but you will be unable to log on to it.4Preparing to Install Community EditionBefore you begin:Before you install Community Edition:1.Ensure that you have a valid account and log on credentials for the Next Community Edition forum, andthat the account has the Community Edition role associated with it.2.Download the software through the link provided at the Community Edition forum.3.Prepare the USB drive or other boot device with the downloaded image with your favorite imagingsoftware.Tip: If you are using a Linux or Mac OS X environment, you can use the dd command to imagethe device:dd if=ce.img of=/dev/sdXwhere X is the USB drive letter.•[Linux only] To find the USB drive letter, check the output of this command:for i in /dev/sd?; do udevadm info --query=all --name=$i; done•(OS X only) List any storage devices:diskutil list•(OS X only) Show information about a specific device:diskutil info /dev/Xwhere X is the USB drive.(OS X only) For improved performance when imaging, specify a block size of 1 MB. Forexample:dd if=ce.img of=/dev/rdisk2 bs=1mWhat to do next: Have the following networking information ready for installation.Caution: Nutanix recommends that you not use dynamic IP addressing for hosts or ControllerVMs. If you are using a DHCP server, ensure that it is set to assign static IP addresses for hostsand Controller VMs.Community Edition reserves IP addresses 192.168.5.0 through 192.168.5.254 for internal use.Nutanix recommends using an IP address in the network ranges 10.x.x.x or 172.x.x.x for the Hostand Controller VM.Network Information ChecklistHost IP address(for the Community Edition hypervisor host)Host subnet maskHost gatewayController VM IP address(this becomes the virtual IP address that enables you to log in and manage the cluster through the Prism web console or an SSH terminal connection) Controller VM subnet maskController VM gateway5Installing Community EditionBefore you begin: Ensure you have prepared the USB drive or device and gathered your networkinformation as described in Preparing to Install Community Edition on page 11.Note: Do not remove the USB drive or device at any time during your use of Community Edition.1.Set the primary boot device to USB (or SATA DOM, if that's the case) on your server (also known as thenode) where you are going to install Community Edition.2.If you are using an external boot device, insert the imaged USB drive or device into the node and rebootthe node.The node boots into the Nutanix Acropolis image.3.Log on with the user name of install. A password is not required.4.Select a keyboard layout by using the Up or Down arrow keys.5.Read the WARNING about how performance tests will be run on the discovered disks.→Press Tab to move to Proceed if you are OK with the I/O performance tests, which will erase any existing data on the disks.→Press Tab to move to Cancel if you need to back up existing data before installing Community Edition. This choice exits the installer.Figure: Example Installer Dialog6.If you selected Proceed, Community Edition prompts you for the network information you gathered forthe Network Information Checklist in Preparing to Install Community Edition on page 117.Type the IP address information and use the Tab or arrow keys to go to the next field.8.If you are creating a single-node cluster, press the spacebar to select Create single-node cluster?.Note: A single-node cluster is created with a redundancy factor of 1 (RF=1). You cannotextend an existing single-node cluster to a three- or four-node cluster, to automatically createa cluster with RF=2. To expand to a three- or four-node cluster when you have a single-nodecluster, destroy the cluster first, then create the new cluster. See Destroying a Cluster onpage 18.Type a DNS server IP address in the required DNS field.9.Read and scroll through the end-user license agreement, then go to the I accept the end user licenseagreement checkbox.10.Press the spacebar to select the checkbox, then move to Start and press Enter.The installation process displays status messages to the screen. When you see the Imaging process completed successfully message, it means that the process is complete and then the Controller VM begins starting up.11.Press Enter to return to the login prompt.Note: The login banner displays the Controller VM IP address.What to do next:1.Log in to the Community Edition host, then open a secure shell session to the Controller VM IP address.2.Configure a single-node or multi-node cluster.3.See Getting Started on page 20.6Creating a ClusterCreating a Single-Node Cluster on page 15Creating and Configuring a Multi-Node Cluster (Web Browser Method) on page 16Creating and Configuring a Multi-Node Cluster (Manual Method) on page 17Destroying a Cluster on page 18Creating a Single-Node ClusterBefore you begin:Note:•The login banner displays the Controller VM IP address.•Data resiliency is not applicable for single-node clusters; a single-node cluster does not provide resiliency or high availability features, as multi-node clusters do.•Do not remove the USB drive or device at any time during your use of Community Edition.• A single-node cluster is created with a redundancy factor of 1 (RF=1). You cannot extend an existing single-node cluster to a three- or four-node cluster, to automatically create a clusterwith RF=2. To expand to a three- or four-node cluster when you have a single-node cluster,destroy the cluster first, then create the new cluster. See Destroying a Cluster on page 18.Caution: If you created a single-node cluster during installation (that is, you selected the Createsingle-node cluster? checkbox) you do not need to perform this procedure. This topic is includedfor reference only.1.At the login prompt shown after installing Community Edition, log on to the Community Edition host.User name is root and password is nutanix/4u.2.Log on to the Controller VM through a secure shell session. User name is nutanix and password isnutanix/4u.For example: ssh nutanix@192.168.5.23.Create the single node cluster, where cvm_ip is the Controller VM's IP address.nutanix@cvm$ cluster -s cvm_ip -f createNote: As of version ce-2015.11.05-stable, you do not need to specify the -f option. Thecommand is cluster -s cvm_ip create.A series of messages displays, indicating that the cluster is being created and cluster services arestarting. When the process is finished, a cluster created message is displayed and the prompt returns.4.Configure one or more DNS servers, then verify that the settings are in place.nutanix@cvm$ ncli cluster add-to-name-servers servers="dns_server"Replace dns_server with the IP address of a single DNS server or with a comma-separated list of DNS server IP addresses.nutanix@cvm$ ncli cluster get-name-serversCreating and Configuring a Multi-Node Cluster (Web Browser Method)Before you begin:•Do not remove the USB drive or device at any time during your use of Community Edition.•If you are using Internet Explorer for Windows:Note: Internet Explorer requires protected mode to be disabled. Go to Tools > InternetOptions > Security, clear the Enable Protected Mode check box, and restart the browser.•If IPv6 link-local is enabled on the subnet, use the web browser option. If it is not enabled, use the manual command line option as described in Creating and Configuring a Multi-Node Cluster (ManualMethod) on page 17• A single-node cluster is created with a redundancy factor of 1 (RF=1). You cannot extend an existing single-node cluster to a three- or four-node cluster, to automatically create a cluster with RF=2. Toexpand to a three- or four-node cluster when you have a single-node cluster, destroy the cluster first,then create the new cluster. See Destroying a Cluster on page 18.1.Open a web browser and go to http://cvm_host_name:2100/cluster_init.html to create the cluster.Replace cvm_host_name with the IPv6 service name of any Controller VM that will be added to thecluster. Following is an example URL to access the cluster creation page on a Controller VM:http://NTNX-12AM3K520060-A-CVM.local.:2100/cluster_init.htmlplete the following fields.•Cluster Name. Type a meaningful value in this field. The maximum length is 75 characters. Allowed characters are uppercase and lowercase standard Latin letters (A-Z and a-z), decimal digits (0-9),dots (.), hyphens (-), and underscores (_).•(Optional)Cluster External IP. You can connect to the external cluster IP address with both the web console and Nutanix command line (nCLI). In the event that a Controller VM is rebooted or fails, theexternal cluster IP address will be relocated to another Controller VM in the cluster.•Cluster Max Redundancy Factor. Clear or set to 2 for three- and four-node clusters. By default, Nutanix clusters have redundancy factor 2, which means they can tolerate the failure of a singlenode or drive.•Network settings. Type any network component IP addresses that were not detected during installation.•NTP servers. Enter NTP servers that the Controller VMs can reach in the CVM NTP Servers field.If reachable NTP servers are not entered or if the time on the Controller VMs is ahead of the currenttime, cluster services may fail to start.•Discovered nodes. Select the check box next to each node that you want to add to the cluster. All unconfigured nodes on the current network are presented on this web page. If you will be configuringmultiple clusters, be sure that you only select the nodes that should be part of the current cluster.3.Click Create.Wait until the Log Messages section of the page reports that the cluster has been successfullyconfigured.Output similar to the following indicates successful cluster configuration.Configuring IP addresses on node 13SM71450003/A...Configuring IP addresses on node 13SM71450003/A...Configuring IP addresses on node 13SM71450003/A...Configuring IP addresses on node 13SM71450003/A...Configuring the Hypervisor DNS settings on node 13SM71450003/A.......Initializing cluster...Cluster successfully initialized!Initializing the CVM DNS and NTP servers...Successfully updated the CVM NTP and DNS server listThe cluster is started automatically after creation.4.You can log in to the Controller VM through an SSH session and check that the cluster started properlyby issuing a cluster status command. Each cluster service will show a status of UP if the clusterstarted successfully.Creating and Configuring a Multi-Node Cluster (Manual Method)Before you begin:•Do not remove the USB drive or device at any time during your use of Community Edition.•If IPv6 link-local is enabled on the subnet, use the web browser option as described in Creating and Configuring a Multi-Node Cluster (Web Browser Method) on page 16. If it is not enabled, use thismanual command line option.• A single-node cluster is created with a redundancy factor of 1 (RF=1). You cannot extend an existing single-node cluster to a three- or four-node cluster, to automatically create a cluster with RF=2. Toexpand to a three- or four-node cluster when you have a single-node cluster, destroy the cluster first,then create the new cluster. See Destroying a Cluster on page 18.Note: As described, this procedure is performed from the Community Edition hypervisor host. Youcan also perform it remotely by logging on to the Controller VM virtual IP address through a secureshell session. You specified this IP address as part of installation (Preparing to Install CommunityEdition on page 11).1.At the login prompt shown after installing Community Edition, log on to the Community Edition host.User name is root and password is nutanix/4u.2.Log on to the Controller VM through a secure shell session. User name is nutanix and password isnutanix/4u.For example: ssh nutanix@192.168.5.23.Create the cluster.nutanix@cvm$ cluster -s cvm_ip_addrs createReplace cvm_ip_addrs with a comma-separated list of Controller VM IP addresses. Include allController VMs that will be part of the cluster. For example, if the new cluster should comprise fournodes, include all the IP addresses of all four Controller VMs4.Start the Nutanix cluster.nutanix@cvm$ cluster startIf the cluster starts properly, a series of messages is displayed for each node in the cluster, showingcluster services with a status of UP.5.Set cluster parameters.a.Define the name of the cluster.nutanix@cvm$ ncli cluster edit-params new-name=cluster_nameReplace cluster_name with a name for the cluster of your choice.b.Configure one or more DNS servers, then verify that the settings are in place.nutanix@cvm$ ncli cluster add-to-name-servers servers="dns_server"Replace dns_server with the IP address of a single DNS server or with a comma-separated list ofDNS server IP addresses.nutanix@cvm$ ncli cluster get-name-serversc.Configure the NTP servers.nutanix@cvm$ ncli cluster add-to-ntp-servers servers="ntp_server"Replace ntp_server with the IP address or host name of a single NTP server or a with a comma-separated list of NTP server IP addresses or host names.d.Configure an external IP address for the cluster.nutanix@cvm$ ncli cluster set-external-ip-address \external-ip-address="cluster_ip_address"Replace cluster_ip_address with a virtual IP address for the cluster.This parameter is required for your Community Edition cluster.Destroying a ClusterDestroying a cluster resets all nodes in the cluster to the factory configuration. All cluster configuration and guest VM data is unrecoverable after destroying the cluster.1.Log into a Controller VM through SSH.2.Stop the cluster.nutanix@cvm$ cluster stopWait to proceed until output similar to the following is displayed for every Controller VM in the cluster.CVM: 172.16.8.191 Up, ZeusLeaderZeus UP [3167, 3180, 3181, 3182, 3191, 3201]Scavenger UP [3334, 3351, 3352, 3353]ConnectionSplicer DOWN []Hyperint DOWN []Medusa DOWN []DynamicRingChanger DOWN []Pithos DOWN []Stargate DOWN []Cerebro DOWN []Chronos DOWN []Curator DOWN []Prism DOWN []AlertManager DOWN []StatsAggregator DOWN []SysStatCollector DOWN []3.Destroy the cluster.Caution: Performing this operation deletes all cluster and guest VM data in the cluster.nutanix@cvm$ cluster -f destroyYou can now recreate your cluster.7Getting StartedNow that your cluster is created, you can:(Optional) Configure your HTTP proxy server.Configuring Proxy Server Settings Before LoggingInto the Web Console on page 20Log on to the web console and explore this management interface to your cluster and its related components.•Logging Into the Web Console on page 21•The Web Console Guide at Nutanix documentationEnsure that your outgoing network ports 80 or 8443 are open.Pulse is enabled by default after installation. You just need these ports open as part of your Community Edition licenseing requirements.Configure your storage by creating one storage pool (consisting of all physical disks in the cluster) and one container (a datastore consisting of all available storage capacity in the pool).Creating the Datastore: Storage Pool and Container on page 21Create and manage virtual machines.Creating a VM By Using the Web Console onpage 23Check cluster health.The web console shows a summary of informationabout the cluster. For health details, click Home >Health. The Web Console Guide describes more inthe Health Monitoring topic.Install any pending Community Edition updates.As updates are made available in future, thisGetting Started guide will describe how to installthem.Configuring Proxy Server Settings Before Logging Into the Web ConsoleIf you are deploying Community Edition behind a proxy server, you need to use the Nutanix command line interface (nCLI) to configure a proxy server. This step helps ensure that Community Edition can validate your credentials.1.At the login prompt shown after installing Community Edition, log on to the Community Edition host.User name is root and password is nutanix/4u.2.Log on to the Controller VM through a secure shell session. User name is nutanix and password isnutanix/4u.For example: ssh nutanix@192.168.5.23.Create the HTTP/HTTPS proxy.nutanix@cvm$ ncli http-proxy add name=proxy_name address=ip_addr username=userpassword=password port=8080 proxyTypes=http,httpsThe port number can be the common ports 8080 or 8443, or whichever ports are open through yourproxy server. Specify the proxy address as an IP address or domain name.4.Ensure that proxy was added successfully by displaying the proxy settings.nutanix@cvm$ ncli http-proxy lsTo update proxy settings, use the ncli http-proxy edit command with the same options above. Todelete the proxy, use the ncli http-proxy delete command with the same options above. Logging Into the Web ConsoleBefore you begin: Behind a proxy server? See Configuring Proxy Server Settings Before Logging Into the Web Console on page 20 first.To log into the web console, do the following:1.Open a web browser and navigate to http://management_ip_addr. Replace management_ip_addr withthe IP address of any Nutanix Controller VM in the cluster.The browser will redirect to the encrypted port (9440) and may display an SSL certificate warning.Acknowledge the warning and proceed to the site.2.First time logon: Do this step if this is the first time you have logged on to your Community Editioncluster.a.Log on with the default admin account user name and password of admin).b.When prompted, change the default admin password, then log on with the admin account user nameand new password.c.Type your Nutanix Next Community account user name and password and press Enter or click theright arrow icon.Click +Create Account if you have not joined the Next Community. Community Edition checks toensure that the Community Edition role associated with your account is enabled.3.After logging on for the first time: Log on with the admin account user name and new password. Creating the Datastore: Storage Pool and Container1.Sign in to the Nutanix web console.2.In the Storage dashboard, click the Storage Pool button.The Create Storage Pool dialog box appears.3.Enter the storage pool parameters.: Enter a name for the storage pool.b.Capacity: Check the box to use the available unallocated capacity for this storage pool.c.When all the field entries are correct, click the Save button.4.In the Storage dashboard, click the Container button.The Create Container dialog box appears.Figure: Create Container5.Create the container.Do the following in the indicated fields:: Type the name default for the container.For Community Edition clusters, if you name the container anything other than default you will need to use the --container parameter with the VM management scripts.。
Getting started的程序代码
Getting start 的程序代码Importing data from an ASCII file;定义变量PLOTTEMPLA TE=ASCII_TEMPLA TE()在对话框中选择从第三行读，Tab分隔，三个变量命名为Time，Temp1，Temp2。
;读文件PLOT_ASCII=READ_ASCII(FILEPA TH('plot.txt',SUBDIR=['examples','data']),TEMPLA TE=PL OTTEMPLA TE);打印PRINT,PLOT_ASCIIReading and writing Binary data;定义变量MARBELLSTEMPLA TE=BINARY_TEMPLA TE(FILEPA TH('surface.dat',SUBDIR=['examples', 'data']))输入名字#5，New Field，Return Result，下拉菜单16bits，二维（350*450）;读文件MARBELLS_BINARY=READ_BINARY(FILEPA TH('surface.dat',SUBDIR=['examples','data']), TEMPLA TE=MARBELLSTEMPLA TE);显示图片SURFACE,MARBELLS_BINARY. MARBELLSSaving a templateSA VE, PLOTTEMPLA TE,FILENAME='MYPLOTTEMPLA TE.dat'RESTORE,'PLOTTEMPLA TE.dat'Reading and writing imagesMYIMAGE=READ_TIFF(FILEPA TH('image.tif', SUBDIR=['examples','data']))TV,MYIMAGE2_D plottingDEVICE, RETAIN=2, DECOMPOSED=0Simple plottingX= 2*!PI/100*FINDGEN(100)PLOT, SIN(X)OPLOT, SIN(2*X)Printing a plot;save the original settings of your plot environmentMYDEVICE=!SET_PLOT, 'printer'PLOT, SIN(X)DEVICE, /CLOSESET_PLOT, MYDEVICEPlotting with data setPLOT_ASCII=READ_ASCII(FILEPA TH('plot.txt',SUBDIR=['examples','data']),TEMPLA TE=PL OTTEMPLA TE)PLOT,PLOT_ASCII.TIME, PLOT_ASCII.TEMP1PLOT,PLOT_ASCII.TIME, PLOT_ASCII.TEMP1, TITLE='Temperature over time' , XTITLE= 'Time in Seconds' , YTITLE='Temperature Celsius'iPlottheory=sin(2.0*findgen(200)*!pi/25.0)*exp(-0.02*findgen(200))iPlot, theorynewtheory=cos(2.0*findgen(200)*!pi/25.0)*exp(-0.02*findgen(200))iPlot, newtheory, /OVERPLOTSignal processing;Creating a data setORIGINAL=SIN((FINDGEN(200)/35)^2.5)PLOT,ORIGINALNOISY=ORIGINAL+(RANDOMU(SEED,200)-0.5)/2PLOT,NOISYPLOT,ORIGINAL,XTITLE="Time", YTITLE="Amplitude",THICK=3OPLOT,NOISY;SmoothSMOOTHED=SMOOTH(NOISY,5)PLOT,SMOOTHED,TITLE='Smoothed Data'Frequence Domain FilteringY=[FINDGEN(100),FINDGEN(100)-100]Y[101:199]=REVERSE(Y[0:98])FILTER=1.0/(1+(Y/40)^10)PLOT,FILTER;LowpassLOWPASS=FFT(FFT(NOISY,1)*FILTER,-1)PLOT,LOWPASS;HighpassHIGHPASS=FFT(FFT(NOISY,1)*(1.0-FILTER),-1)Displaying the results;To display all the plots at the same time with two columns and three rows!P. MULTI=[0,2,3];Upper leftPLOT,ORIGINAL,TITLE='Original(Ideal)Data';Upper rightPLOT, NOISY,TITLE='Noisy Data';Middle leftPLOT, SHIFT(FILTER,100),TITLE='Filter Function';Middle rightPLOT, LOWPASS,TITLE='Lowpass filtered';Lower leftPLOT, HIGHPASS,TITLE='Highpass filtered';Lower rightPLOT, smoothed,TITLE='Smoothed with Boxcar average'画出如下的图x = FINDGEN(200); Plot the sine wave:PLOT, 10000 * SIN(x/5) / EXP(x/100), LINESTYLE = 2, FONT = 0 ; Add the cosine:OPLOT, 10000 * COS(x/5) / EXP(x/100), LINESTYLE = 4; Annotate the plot:XYOUTS, 100, -6000, 'Sine', FONT = 0OPLOT, [120, 180], [-6000, -6000], LINESTYLE = 2XYOUTS, 100, -8000, 'Cosine', FONT = 0OPLOT, [120, 180], [-8000, -8000], LINESTYLE = 4ImageDEVICE,RETAIN=2,DECOMPOSED=0MYIMAGE=READ_TIFF(FILEPA TH('image.tif',SUBDIR= ['examples', 'data'])) TV, MYIMAGEWDELETETVSCL,MYIMAGEWDELETEResizing an imageNEWIMAGE=REBIN(MYIMAGE,384,256)Resizing a graphic windowWINDOW,0,XSIZE=800,YSIZE=600TV, HIST_EQUAL(MYIMAGE)Scaling pixel valuesTVSCL,MYIMAGE >100TVSCL,MYIMAGE >140TVSCL,MYIMAGE >140<200TV,BYTSCL(MYIMAGE,MIN=140,MAX=200,TOP=!D.TABLE_SIZE)Smoothing and sharpeningTVSCL,SMOOTH(MYIMAGE,7)Unsharp maskingTVSCL, FLOA T(MYIMAGE)-SMOOTH(MYIMAGE,7)Sharpening images with differentiationR=ROBERTS(MYIMAGE)SO=SOBEL(MYIMAGE)XLOADCTERASEE=MYIMAGE[100:300,150:250]R=ROTA TE(E,1)Extracting profilesPROFILES,RSurface;线的疏密程度（350比35密10倍）MARBELLS=CONGRID(MARBELLS_BINARY.MABELLS,35,45) SURFACE,MARBELLS;Rotate(AX,AZ分别表示X轴Z轴转过的角度)SURFACE,MARBELLS,AX=70,AZ=25;Displaying the shaded surfaceLOADCT,3SHADE_SURF, MARBELLSSHADE_SURF,MARBELLS,AX=45,AZ=20,CHARSIZE=1.5,TITLE='Shaded Surface Representation' SHADE_SURF,MARBELLS,SHADE=BYTSCL(MARBELLS)SURFACE,MARBELLS,XSTYLE=4,YSTYLE=4,ZSTYLE=4, /NOERASEContour;Set the array size back to its originalMARBELLS=MARBELLS_BINARY.MARBELLSCONTOUR,MARBELLSCONTOUR,MARBELLS,NLEVEL=8,C_LABELS=[0,1]CONTOUR,MARBELLS,NLEVELS=8,/FILLCONTOUR,MARBELLS,NLEVELS=8,/OVERPLOT,/DOWNHILL;3DSURFRCONTOUR,MARBELLS,NLEVELS=8, /T3DSHOW3,MARBELLSVolume visualizationMYTEMPLA TE=BINARY_TEMPLA TE(FILEPA TH('head.dat',SUBDIR=['examples','data'])) HEAD_BINARY=READ_BINARY(FILEPA TH('head.dat',SUBDIR=['examples','data']),TEMPL A TE=MYTEMPLA TE)SLICE=(HEAD_BINARY.B)[*,*,25]SURFACE,SLICESHADE_VOLUME,HEAD_BINARY. B, 70, V, P, /LOWSCALE3,XRANGE=[0,80], YRANGE=[0,100], ZRANGE=[0,57]TV,POLYSHADE(V, P, /T3D)BDA TA=PTR_NEW(HEAD_BINARY.B)SLICER3,BDA TAPlotting irregularly_gridded adataDEVICE,RETAIN=2,DECOMPOSED=0WINDOWSEED=1LN=32X=RANDOMU(SEED,N)Y=RANDOMU(SEED,N)Z=EXP(-3*((X-0.5)^2+(Y-0.5)^2))PLOT, X, Y, PSYM=1, TITLE='Random XY Points'Triangle procedureWINDOWTRIANGULA TE,X,Y,TRPLOT,X,Y,PSYM=1,TITLE='TRIANGULA TION'FOR i=0, N_ELEMENTS(TR)/3-1 DO BEGIN & T=[TR[*,i]] & PLOTS,X[T],Y[T] & ENDFORPlotting the results with trigridSURFACE,TRIGRID(X,Y,Z,TR)XYOUTS, .5, .9, 'Linear Interpolation', ALIGN=.5, /NORMALSURFACE,TRIGRID(X, Y, Z,TR, /QUANTIC XYOUTS, .5, .9, 'Quantic Iterpolation', ALIGN=.5, /NORMAL)AnimationHEARTTEMPLA TE=BINARY_TEMPLA TE(FILEPA TH('abnorm.dat',SUBDIR=['examples','data ']))HEART_BINARY=READ_BINARY(FILEPA TH('abnorm.dat',SUBDIR=['examples','data']),TEM PLA TE=HEARTTEMPLA TE)LOADCT,3TV,HEART_BINARY.H[*,*,0]H=REBIN(HEART_BINARY.H,320,320,16)TV,H[*,*,0]FOR i=0,15 DO TVSCL,H[*,*,i]S=REBIN(HEART_BINARY.H,32,32,16)SURFACE,S[*,*,0]FRAMES=BYTARR(300,300,16)WINDOW,1,TITLE='IDL Animation',XSIZE=300,YSIZE=300FOR i=0,15 DO BEGIN SURFACE,S[*,*,i],ZRANGE=[0,250] & FRAMES[0,0,1]=TVRD() & ENDFOR i=0,15 DO TV,FRAMES[*,*,i]A=S[*,*,0]WINDOW,0,XSIZE=300,YSIZE=300SURFACE,A,XSTYLE=4,YSTYLE=4,ZSTYLE=4SCALE3,XRANGE=[0,31],YRANGE=[0,31],ZRANGE=[0,250]XINTERANIMA TE,SET=[300,300,40],/SHOWLOADWSET,0FOR i=0,39 DO BEGIN SCALE3,AZ=-i*9 & SURFACE,A,/T3D, XSTYLE=4, YSTYLE=4, ZSTYLE=4 & XINTERANIMA TE, FRAME=i,WIN=0 & ENDXINTERANIMA TE。
FDTD_getting_started
Solutions FDTDGetting StartedRelease 8.51Contents Table of ContentsPart I Introduction2 (3)1What is FDTD?2FDTD Solutions GUI (4) (7)3Running Simulations and Optimizations4Analyzing simulation data (9)Part II Silver Nanowire Tutorial12 1Discussion and results (13)2Modeling instructions (17)Part III Ring Resonator Tutorial26 (27)1Discussion and results2Modeling instructions (34)Part IV PC Micro Cavity Tutorial44 1Discussion and results (44)2Modeling instructions (52)Getting Started21IntroductionThe goal of the Getting Started Guide is to introduce the Finite Difference Time Domain(FDTD) technique and explain how modeling is done with the software.The FDTD algorithm is useful for design and investigation in a wide variety of applicationsinvolving the propagation of electromagnetic radiation through complicated media. It isespecially useful for describing radiation incident upon or propagating through structureswith strong scattering or diffractive properties. The available alternative computationalmethods - often relying on approximate models - frequently provide inaccurate results.FDTD Solutions is useful for numerous engineering problems of commercial interestincluding:•display technologies•optical storage devices•LED design•biophotonic sensors•plasmon polariton resonance devices•optical waveguide devices•photonic crystal devices•integrated optical filters•optical micro cavity designFDTD Solutions is an accurate and easy to use, versatile design tool capable of treatingthis wide variety of applications. This introductory chapter of the Getting Started Guideintroduces the general FDTD method and provides a basic overview of the product usage.The final sections contain examples that are accompanied by step-by-step instructions so that you can set up and run the simulations yourself.Application Type Description ExampleParticle Scattering Calculation of the absorption,scattering and extinction cross-sections of a sub-wavelengthparticle.Silver nanowire resonant scatteringWaveguide Devices Determination of the insertion lossor return loss, and frequencyresponse of waveguide-basedcomponents. Manufacturingtolerances are also calculated.Ring resonator design for channel drop filterCavities and Resonators Analysis of resonant modes andthe corresponding decay Photonic crystal micro cavity design122644Introduction3constants for cavities andresonators.1.1What is FDTD?The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method has become the state-of-the-art method for solving Maxwell’s equations in complex geometries. It is a fully vectorial method thatnaturally gives both time domain, and frequency domain information to the user, offeringunique insight into all types of problems and appFDTDlications in electromagnetics andphotonics.The technique is discrete in both space and time. The electromagnetic fields and structural materials of interest are described on a discrete mesh made up of so-called Yee cells.Maxwell’s equations are solved discretely in time, where the time step used is related tothe mesh size through the speed of light. This technique is an exact representation ofMaxwell’s equations in the limit that the mesh cell size goes to zero.Structures to be simulated can have a wide variety of electromagnetic material properties.Light sources may be added to the simulation. The FDTD method is used to calculate how the EM fields propagate from the source through the structure. Subsequent iteration results in the electromagnetic field propagation in time. Typically, the simulation is run until thereare essentially no electromagnetic fields left in the simulation region.Time domain information can be recorded at any spatial point (or group of points). This data can be recorded for the duration of the simulation, or it can be recorded as a series of"snapshots" at times specified by the user.Frequency domain information at any spatial point (or group of points) may be obtainedthrough the Fourier transform of the time domain information at that point. Thus, the4Getting Startedfrequency dependence of power flow and modal profiles may be obtained over a wide range of frequencies from a single simulation.In addition, results obtained in the near field using the FDTD technique may be transformed to the far field, in applications where scattering patterns are important.More information about the FDTD method, including references, can be found in thePhysics of the FDTD Algorithm section of the reference guide.1.2FDTD Solutions GUIThis section discusses useful features of the FDTD Solutions Graphical User Interface(GUI).Graphical User Interface: Windows and ToolbarsThe graphical user interface contains useful tools for editing simulations, includinga toolbar for adding objects to the simulationa toolbar to edit objectsa toolbar to run simulationsan objects tree to show the objects which are currently included in the simulationa script file editor windowan object librarya window to set up parameter sweeps and optimizationsa results view that shows all the current results for the selected simulation objecta script workspace that shows all the variables in the current scripting environmenta script favorites window that stores the user's favorite script commandsIntroduction5 In the default configuration some of the Windows are hidden. To open hidden windows,click the right mouse button anywhere on the main title bar or the toolbar to get the pop up window shown in the screen shot below. The visible windows/toolbars have a check mark next to their name; the hidden ones do not have check marks. A second way to obtain the pop up window is to go to the main title toolbar and select VIEW->WINDOWS.For more information about the toolbars and windows see the Layout editor section of the reference guide.Add Objects to the simulationThe Graphical User interface contains buttons to add objects to the simulation. Click on the arrow next to the image to get a pull down menu which shows all the available options in a group. The screenshot below shows what happens when we click on the arrow next to the COMPONENTS button. Note that the picture on the button is the same as the MORE CHOICES option in the list. If we click on the button itself (instead of the arrow) we will go directly to the MORE CHOICES section of the object library.Getting Started6Also notice that the picture for the COMPONENTS button will change depending on whatthe last component that was added to the simulation was. Finally, the ZOOM EX TENTbutton in the toolbar will resize the viewports to fit all the objects currently included in the simulation.Edit objectsTo edit an object, select the object and press E on the keyboard or press the EDIT button on the toolbar. The easiest way to select an object is to click on the name of the object in the objects tree. However, objects can also be selected by clicking on thegraphical depiction of them when the SELECT button is pressed. For more information see the Layout editor section of the reference guide.When we edit objects in FDTD, we get an edit window. The edit windows have units for the settings; in the GEOMETRY tab, the x, y and z location will be in m by default. The units can be changed to nm if we choose SETTINGS->LENGTH units in the main menu. Fields in the edit windows act like calculators, so that equations can be entered in the fields. See the y span field below for an example.Introduction7Start a new 2D/3D simulationBy default, the FDTD simulation region is 3D. In the following Getting Started Examples,we often begin with a 2D simulation, which can be obtained by setting the dimension of the simulation region to 2D.1.3Running Simulations and OptimizationsThis section discusses important checks which should be made before running asimulation (memory requirements, material fits) and gives links to more information aboutrunning simulations and parameter sweeps or optimizations.Getting Started 8Check memory requirementsTo check the memory requirements, press the CHECK button If this is not the current icon, you can find it by pressing the arrow. Note that the memory report indicates the amount of memory used by each object in the simulation project as well as the total memory requirements. This allows for judicious choice of monitor properties in large and extensive simulations.Check material fitsThe CHECK button also contains a material explorer option . Many of the materials used in FDTD Simulations come from experimental data (see the materialssection of the Reference Guide for references for the material data and descriptions of the FDTD material models). Before running a simulation, FDTD Solutions automaticallygenerates a multi-coefficient model fit to the material data in the wavelength range for the source. It is a good idea to check and optimize the material fit before running a simulation. Setup the resource configurationBefore running any simulations, the resource options must be set up. These options can be accessed by pressing the Resources button . In most cases, the default settings should be fine. The 'number of processes' is typically set to the number of cores in your computer.Run simulationIntroduction9 You can run simulations by pressing the RUN button on the mail toolbar. For more details, such as how to run multiple simulations in distributed mode, please see the RunSimulations section in the online User Guide, or the Running simulations and analysissection of the Reference Guide.Run parameter sweeps and OptimizationsFDTD Solutions also has a built in parameter sweep and optimization window. This window can be seen at the top of the page, and can be opened using the instructions in theGraphical User Interface discussion just prior to this topic.Optimization Window includesbuttons to add a parameter sweep and add an optimization. Parameter sweeps andoptimizations can include multiple parameters, or be nested. Each optimization or sweepcan be run by pressing the right-most button.1.4Analyzing simulation dataThis section discusses the tools used to analyze simulation data: the Results Managerand Visualizer, the script environment and data export to third party software such asMATLAB. For more details please see the Analysis tools and the Scripting languagechapters in the Reference Guide.Result analysisThe Results Manager is a tool for analyzing simulation data. The Results View windowshows all the results for the simulation object that is currently selected in the Object Tree.The Script Workspace and Script Favorites windows work in conjunction with the scriptingenvironment to provide additional GUI-based functionalities.10Getting StartedWhen used in conjunction with the Visualizer, the Results Manager provides a very useful and intuitive way of analyzing and visualizing variables and results through the GUI.Introduction11 More complex analysis can also be carried out in FDTD Solutions' powerful scripting environment.ScriptingFDTD Solutions contains a built in scripting language which can be used to obtain simulation data, and do plotting or post-processing of data. The script prompt can be used to execute a few commands, or the built in script file editor can be used to create more complex scripts.A thorough introduction to the Lumerical scripting language can be found in the Scripting section of the FDTD Solutions online user guide. Definitions for all of the script commands are given in the Scripting language chapter in the Reference Guide.Data ExportFDTD simulation data can be exported into text file format using the Visualizer, into a Lumerical data file format (*.ldf) which can be loaded into another simulation, or into a Matlab data (*.mat) file. Instructions for exporting to these file formats can be found in the links under the Scripting section.Getting Started 122Silver Nanowire TutorialProblem definitionFor light incident on metallic nanoparticles, resonant interactions with the electronic charge density near the surface, called surface plasmon polaritons, play an important role. Here we determine, for a silver nanowire with diameter 50 nm, the surface plasmon polariton resonance and calculate the scattering, extinction and absorption cross sections as a function of wavelength near this resonance.Problem definition: More details,Silver Nanowire Tutorial13,)(scat())(extabs.2.1Discussion and resultsSimulation set upOnce the simulation has been set up, it will look as in the screen shot below. The nanowire is the circle in the center of the simulation region. There are two yellow boxes of monitorswhich surround the nanowire. In between the two monitor boxes is a third box drawn with of grey lines. This box shows the Total-field scattered-field (TFSF) source.TFSF sources are type of plane wave source, mostly used to particle scattering. The pinkarrow shows the direction of propagation (k vector), and the blue arrow shows thepolarization (E field vector). In the region inside the grey box, the total fields (incident plane wave field + any fields scattered by particle) are calculated. At the boundary of the source, the incident plane wave fields are substracted, leaving only fields scattered by the particleinside the source. You can find more information about TFSF sources in the Sourcessection of the online user guide.Because we use the TFSF source, the power scattered by the nanowire can be computed by measuring the power flow through a box of monitors located outside of the source (ie. in the scattered field region). The power absorbed by the nanowire is equal to the powerflowing into the box of monitors in the total field region.14Getting StartedIn the graphical user interface (CAD), orange lines show the FDTD mesh if desired. Thereare two different regions: A graded mesh region (automatic mesh) and a mesh overrideregion. When using automatic meshing, the mesh size is based on the refractive index. Ahigher index material will have a smaller step size, inversely proportional to the index.When a material has a complex index, both the real and imaginary parts are considered by the automatic mesh algorithm. However, accurate modeling of small geometric features,particularly when there is a high index contrast between materials combined with curved or angled interfaces, sometimes requires a finer mesh than is created by the automatic mesh algorithm. In these cases, a mesh override region can be used, as in this example, tomanually define a finer mesh where it is needed.The above screen shot does not show the full simulation region. Although we are notinterested in obtaining any data outside of the largest yellow monitor box shown above, the simulation span is set to be much larger. We set the simulation to be larger because theboundaries are PML. PML absorbs incident radiation, but can also absorb energy fromevanescent fields. Hence, the PML should be placed far enough away from the structure so that it does not interact with evanescent fields. In this case, the PML is about a fullwavelength from the structure.The Ag (Silver) material used for the nanowire is defined with experimental data, rather than an analytic model. A material model is automatically calculated based on the experimental refractive index data over the source bandwidth. We can check the material fit (see imagebelow) in the Material Explorer before running the simulation. The material fit, named FDTD model in the legend, can be adjusted by changing the Max coefficients and Toleranceparameters in the Material Explorer.Silver Nanowire Tutorial15We can see from the above plot that the material data has an index that is on the same order of magnitude as the background index of 1. Also, we are able to simulate this problem at a small mesh size of 1nm or less. For this reason, we can change the mesh refinement option to "conformal variant 1" to take full advantage of the conformal meshing feature, even for a metal like silver. Note that "conformal variant 1" is a good option here because there is low index contrast, however "conformal variant 1" is not always a good option for metals (the default conformal mesh will revert to staircasing for interfaces involving metals and PECs). Please see Mesh refinement and Conformal mesh for more detail.Note that in the screenshot of the simulation above, there is a yellow cross. This cross gives the location of a time domain monitor. Time domain monitors are used in FDTD simulations to check that the fields have decayed by the end of the simulation. If the fields have not properly decayed, the simulation results can be incorrect. By default, FDTD Solutions has a simulation time of 1000fs and shuts off the simulations early if the field strength has decayed to a user defined fraction of the peak field strength. Below, you can see a plot of the x component of the E field. Notice that the simulation shut off early at32fs.16Getting StartedResultsScattering, absorption and extinction cross-sections can be computed analytically for the nanowire. We have precalculated the theory for this specific material and saved it in theassociated file, nanowire_theory.csv, from the first page of this getting startedexample.Below, the leftmost figure shows the cross-sections obtained with from the FDTDsimulation in comparison with the analytic results. Clearly there is very good agreement.The second figure shows the same results from FDTD, but analytic results for a radius of24 and 26 nm. Since the simulation used a 1nm mesh, it is reasonable to expect theFDTD results to be accurate to within these results. We can see from the figure that this is true.Silver Nanowire Tutorial17The above image shows that the maximum extinction occurs near 345nm. We can plot the intensity of the y component of the E field as shown in the image below calculated with a0.5nm mesh.2.2Modeling instructionsThis page contains 2 independent sections. The simulation can be set up from a new 2Dsimulation, beginning at the Set up Model section. Otherwise the associated files (whichyou can find at the locations given on the first page of the tutorial) can be used to start atthe second section.In this topicGetting Started 18Open a blank simulation file. For instructions see the FDTD Solutions GUI page in theIntroduction to the Getting Started Examples.Press the arrow on the STRUCTURES button and select a CIRCLE fromPress the SIMULATION button to add a simulation region. Note that if your button does not look like the button to the left, you will need to press on the arrow to get7Silver Nanowire Tutorial19mesh refinement conformal variant 1 Note that since we are using a 2D simulation region, properties such as "z span" are irrelevant. The setting for these properties will be omitted for the remainder of the modeling instructions, and the default values (at z = 0) can be used.Press the arrow on the SIMULATION button and select the MESH regionPress the arrow on the SOURCES button and select the Total-field scatter-field (TFSF) source from the pull-down menu. Set the properties according to the20Getting StartedPress the arrow on the ANALYSIS button and select OPTICAL POWER fromthe pull-down menu. This will open the object library window.Insert a CROSS SECTION analysis group and set the properties of this group accordingMake a copy of "scat" with the COPY button and set the properties of this groupPress the arrow on the MONITORS button and select GLOBALPROPERTIES from the pull-down menu. Set the FREQUENCY POINTS to 100.Press the arrow on the MONITORS button and select the FIELD TIME monitor from theSilver Nanowire Tutorial21y (nm)26Run simulation, plot cross sections.Press on the CHECK button to open the MATERIAL EX PLORER. To obtain a plot of the refractive index as a function of wavelength, press the FIT AND PLOT button. Press the arrow next to the CHECK button and select the "Check simulation andmemory requirements" button to view the simulation and memory report. Next, check if the mesh is fine enough using the VIEW SIMULATION MESH button and ZOOM button in the toolbars. For more information about how to use these tools, see the Layout editor section of the reference guide.Press the Resources button and check the number of processes (number of cores) for the local machine. Then, press the "Run Tests" button to make sure the simulation engine is configured correctly. The first time you run this test, it may fail and ask you to register your username and password for your operating system account. If it does, fill in the appropriate text fields, press "Register", then "OK", and re-run the tests.Run the simulation by pressing the RUN button .Once the simulation finishes running, all the monitors and analysis groups in the object tree will be populated with data. The Results View window will show all the results and their corresponding dimensions/values for the selected object. Plot the time domain data by right-clicking on the time monitor and selecting Visualize -> E.Getting Started22You can then select which components of the E field data you want to plot in theVisualizer. The screenshot below shows how to plot the real part of the x component ofthe electric field.To plot the cross section results, right-click on the "scat" and "total" analysis groups,Silver Nanowire Tutorial23 and select "Run analysis". This will run the analysis scripts in the analysis groups to calculate the cross section results.Right-click again on the "scat analysis group, and you will see an option to Visualize->sigma, which will plot the scattering cross section as a function of frequency in the Visualizer. To plot the result as a function of wavelength, simply change the "Parameter" option (near the bottom of the Visualizer) from "f" to "wavelength". You can also change the "Units" to nanometers on the right side of the Parameters section.Without closing the Visualizer, go back to the object tree and right-click on the "total' analysis group, and select add to visualize1->sigma, which will plot the 2 cross section results in the same Visualizer.Note that the absorption cross section is actually the negative of the result returned by "total", since we want the power flowing into the box, rather than out of the box. You can add a negative sign to the result in the Visualizer under "Scalar operation".Compare with theoretical resultsEven though we can plot everything we need with the Visualizer, comparisons withGetting Started 24theoretical calculations will have to done through the scripting environment.Open the script file editor (for instructions on how to do this see the Introduction sectionof the Getting Started examples ).Get the "plotcs.lsf" script file from the first page of this application example.Then use the OPEN SCRIPT buttonto browse to and open the "plotcs.lsf" scriptfile.Run the script file using the RUN SCRIPT button which is found on the Script File Editor window This will create the two plots of the cross sections seen in the discussion and results section.Plot near field dataSwitch the simulation back into layout mode the SWITCH button .Edit the mesh. Set dx = dy = 0.5nm.Press on the arrow on the MONITORS button and select a FREQUENCY DOMAIN FIELD PROFILE monitor from the pull down menu. Set the properties according to theRun the simulation again by pressing on the RUN buttonOnce the simulation has run to completion, plot the profile monitor data with theVisualizer (right-click -> Visualize -> E). You can plot the image in a new widow by clicking the "Plot in new window" button.Go to the SETTINGS menu in the new figure and set the colorbar limits. To obtain the4Silver Nanowire Tutorial25 exact same plot as in the discussion and results section, set the colorbar min was to 0, and the colorbar max to 5.Getting Started263Ring Resonator TutorialProblem definitionThe device being studied in this example is a ring resonator filter. It consists of twowaveguides (through and drop channels) connected by a ring. As the input modepropagates past the ring, a fraction will couple into the ring. Due to the circular nature of a ring, the mode will circulate around the ring many times. As the mode circulates, it willinterfere with itself. The interference pattern is strongly wavelength dependent, which iswhy these devices can be used as filters. Some wavelengths will pass through the device, while other wavelengths will be re-directed into the drop channel.We will use FDTD Solutions to study the same ring resonator in 3D that was designed in a2.5D simulation using MODE Solutions, see Ring resonator. We will then show how wecan extract S parameters that can be used for circuit level simulations in INTERCONNECT.We will start with the geometric parameters determined in the MODE Solutions gettingstarted example.Ring Resonator Tutorial27 3.1Discussion and resultsSimulation set upFDTD Solutions contains a mode source with an integrated mode solver. This source willbe used to inject a guided mode into the upper waveguide. The mode source is set tocalculate the fundamental TE mode of the waveguide.In the screen shot shown to the left below, the mode source injection plane is drawn with a white outline and grey shaded region where it is inside the FDTD simulation region. Theinjection direction is depicted with the pink arrow. The line on the image on the right shows the mode profile |E|^2 that will be injected by the mode source. The mode profiles can beviewed simply by right clicking on the mode source object, or using the Results Managerwindow when the mode source is selected. You can also view the mode profile by editingthe mode source object.Notice that the mode profile goes to zero at each edge of the image. For accuratesimulations, it is important that the mode source be large enough to contain the entiremode. If the mode source is too small, the mode will be truncated, leading to simulationerrors. Similar rules apply to the FDTD simulation region, shown as an orange box. Theabsorbing PML boundaries of the simulation region can not be placed too close to thestructure, or they will clip the mode.The ring resonator is a high Q device which traps the light for many round trips in the ring.These high Q devices require longer simulation times in the time domain than non-resonant28Getting Starteddevices. Based on the MODE Solutions example, we will start with a simulation time of4000fs, although more time may be necessary.This is longer than our default simulation time (1000fs). It is important to increase thesimulation time because the frequency domain monitor results are incorrect if thesimulation time is not set long enough for the fields to decay. Further discussion based on this example can be found in the our Online User Guide -> Monitors and Analysis Groups -> Simulation time and Frequency domain monitors.ResultsInitially, we set the mesh accuracy to 1 and run the simulation. It is a good idea to runsimulation at very low mesh accuracy while they run quickly to be sure that most settingsare correct and that we are obtaining reasonable results. The simulation will run in about 5 minutes or less on a modern workstation.The plot to the left below shows the Ey field in the drop channel. Notice that the initialpeaks are rapidly distorted due to dispersion. The figure on the right shows the associated spectrum at the drop channel. As expected, we see resonances approximately every25.6nm. We also notice that some of the resonances are split. This is in fact an effect ofcoupling between forward and backward propagating modes in the ring which are weaklycoupled and which leads to a Rabbi splitting. In principle, the backward propagating modes should not be excited, however, there is some scattering to backward propagating modeseach time the waveguides are close together. This effect is made worse by the very lowmesh accuracy, which can also introduce backscattering throughout the ring due tostaircasing effects. We will see that these effects are significantly reduced as we increase the mesh accuracy. Nonetheless, backscattering effects can have important consequences in real devices.。
Key_U5_01 Getting Started商务英语视听说教程1
KeyUnit 5Part One Getting StartedPAIR WORK1.Asking someone to solve problems in the computer.Nowadays it’s quite common for office clerks to have problems with their computers. For example, when there is a virus in your computer, some documents will probably be damaged. Sometimes you can’t solve the problem by yourself; you have to ask others for help.2.Asking someone to help with the car breakdown.When people drive, their car may break down on the way. So they have to ask for help from the car service company.3.Asking colleagues to help with one’s work.Office clerks need help from others when they meet difficulties in their work. Sometimes they discuss the problems so that they can solve them quickly.4.Asking others to offer help for one’s business.Businessmen often ask for favors of their friends or business partners.BACKGROUND INFORMATIONA.Pre-reading Questions1．Using the modal verbs can, could, will and would will make what you say polite.Softening your language and noting your intonation are also helpful when asking for a favor.2．When asking a stranger for help, you can use the expressions “Pardon me, can you do mea favor?” or “Excuse me, could you do me a favor?”3．The intonation that you use in making your request is as important as what you actually say.B.DiscussionKey for reference1.Expressions beginning with “Please(请)”, “Excuse me(劳驾)” usually show the politenessof the asker. Other Chinese expressions include“请问……”，“您能不能……”，“打扰一下……”，“……可以吗？”，and so on.2.In fact, it’s quite similar in both English and Chinese to make requests. Both culturesrequire the speaker to ask for help in a polite way and pay attention to his words, intonation, voice and so on.LISTENING STRATEGYNumbers 1: Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers with 3–9 DigitsA.1.Fifteen minutes passed before the meeting began.2.He was born in 1990.3.Great changes took place in the 1980’s in China.4.The flight is due to arrive at 7:30 p.m.5.This group is made up of 32 girls and 17 boys.6.It is reported that hourly servants will be paid 50 yuan per hour during the SpringFestival holidays.7.Mr. Green lives at 516, 5th Street.8.I spent 2,314 yuan on my mobile phone.9.Sixty people were invited to attend the party, but only half of them showed up.10.Students are required to read the passage at the rate of 130 words per minute.B.1.Only one-fifth of the students in this class are boys.2.She got the second in the race.3.Judy and Billy’s wedding will be held on June the 6th.4.October the 1st is our National Day.5.The 29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing in 2008.6.The British drama The King’s Speech won the Oscar for the Best Picture at the 83rdAcademy A wards ceremony.7.The old couple will celebrate their 50th anniversary next Saturday.8.This is the fourth time for him to see the film.9.Two-thirds of the earth is covered with water.10.A strong earthquake hit Sichuan Province on May the 12th 2008.C.1.515= five hundred and fifteen2.890= eight hundred and ninety3.2,010= two thousand and ten4.6,344= six thousand, three hundred and forty-four5.13,897= thirteen thousand, eight hundred and ninety-seven6.712,765= seven hundred and twelve thousand, seven hundred and sixty-five7.3,055,102= three million, fifty-five thousand, one hundred and two8.47,503,911= forty-seven million, five hundred and three thousand, nine hundred andeleven9.680,432,705= six hundred and eighty million, four hundred and thirty-two thousand,seven hundred and five10.108,478,208= one hundred and eight million, four hundred and seventy-eight thousand,two hundred and eightD.The number of people over age 60 is expected to increase two times during the next 50 years. A new United Nations population study says the percentage of old people in the world is rising quickly. Today, one of every ten people is over age 60. By the middle of the next century, one in five people in the world will be 60 years old or older. That will be almost twobillion people. This means there will be more old people in the world than children. Experts say many developing countries do not have the social services to help the increasing number of old people. The current life expectancy is 66 years. The oldest of the old people are also living longer. Twelve percent of old people are 80 years old and older. The world’s population is getting older because death rates and birth rates have decreased. The reduction in these rates has been a great success. The UN study also found that women still live longer than men. For every 100 women in the world aged 60 or over, there are only 81 men.。
fm452_getting_started_zh-CHS
4. 在“其它测试功能”(Other test functions) 中选择“设置参考点”(Set reference point) 设 置，输入 0.000 度作为参考点，然后单击“应用”(Apply)。此操作将同步轴，调试界面中 “已同步”(Synchronized) 处的显示呈绿色。
5. 在“其它测试功能”(Other test functions) 中，通过“功能开关”(Function switch) 激活模 拟并单击“应用”(Apply)。
FM 452 初始调试步骤
入门指南, 2007 年 7 月版, A5E01071746-01
9
在编程设备上安装组态包
FM 452 初始调试步骤
10
入门指南, 2007 年 7 月版, A5E01071746-01
FM 452 的安装和接线
4
步骤 测试
1. 关闭电源，然后将 CPU 的模式选择器开关设置为 STOP。
所有带有标记符号 ® 的都是西门子股份有限公司的注册商标。标签中的其他符号可能是一些其他商标，这是出于保 护所有者权利的 目地由第三方使用而特别标示的。
我们已对印刷品中所述内容与硬件和软件的一致性作过检查。然而不排除存在偏差的可能性，因此我们不保证印刷 品中所述内容与硬件和软件完全一致。印刷品中的数据都按规定经过检测，必要的修正值包含在下一版本中。
2007 年 7 月版
A5E01071746-01
安安全全技技术术提提示示
为了您的人身安全以及避免财产损失，必须注意本手册中的提示。人身安全的提示用一个警告三角表示，仅与财产
ee192-getting-started-with-the-beaglebone-blue说明书
EE192 Getting Started with the Beaglebone BlueVersion: January 22, 2019GSI: Justin Yim1.Flashing the Operating System 22.Connecting to the Beaglebone Blue 33.Connecting to Wi-Fi 54.Setting up the Robot Control Library 65.Building and Running a Project 81. Flashing the Operating SystemRequired materials:•Beaglebone Blue and power (micro USB or 9-18V barrel connector)•Windows, Mac, or Linux Computer with an SD card slot and microSD adapter •microSD card at least 4 GB in sizeThe board is already flashed. Follow this procedure if you need to re-flash your board. For more information, see /docs/librobotcontrol/flashing.html The Beaglebone Blue can boot from either its onboard eMMC flash memory or from a microSD card. In Debian, the Programmable Real-time Units (PRUs) will work only if the OS is flashed to the onboard memory (we never got them to work in Ubuntu). Process:If you already have a microSD card with the desired image, skip to step 3. Otherwise, follow steps 1 and 2 to prepare your microSD card.1.Download the OS image to your computer (we pre-installed Ubuntu 18.04):Ubuntu 18.04: https:///rootfs/2018-12-10/flasher/BBB-eMMC-flasher-ubuntu-18.04.1-console-armhf-2018-12-10-2gb.img.xzDebian 9.5: /docs/images/BBBL-blank-debian-9.5-iot-armhf-2018-10-07-4gb.img.xz2.Write the image to the microSD card:a.Download and install Etcher on your computer:https://www.balena.io/etcher/b.Insert the microSD card and then start Etcher.c.In Etcher, select the image. The microSD card should be automaticallyselected. Flash it. This can take about 15 minutes.3.Flash the Beaglebone Blue eMMC:a.Insert the microSD card into the Beaglebone Blue while it is powered off.b.Hold down the Beaglebone Blue “SD” button (in the corner) whileapplying power. You can release the button when the LEDs flash.c.After a minute, the blue LEDs will flash in a pattern bouncing back andforth. After about five minutes the LEDs will turn off and you can removepower from the Beaglebone Blue. Remove the microSD card so that itdoes not flash the Beaglebone Blue again.4.Connect to the Beaglebone Blue and test that it is working.2. Connecting to the Beaglebone BlueRequired materials:•Beaglebone Blue•MicroUSB cable•Windows, Mac, or Linux Computer with a USB connectionThe Cory 204 lab computers’ Windows operating systems can connect to the Beaglebone Blue through either an Ubuntu virtual machine or the SSH client PuTTY. If you’d like to use your personal computer, follow the setup steps below for your operating system. For more information, see: /getting-started/and /docs/librobotcontrol/networking_usb.htmlMac•Download the two drivers:Network:https:///static/Drivers/MacOSX/RNDIS/HoRNDIS.pkgSerial:https:///static/Drivers/MacOSX/FTDI/EnergiaFTDIDrivers2.2.18.pkg and install them. The Serial driver may ask you to reboot your computer.Windows•Download the driver:For 64 bit: https:///static/Drivers/Windows/BONE_D64.exeFor 32 bit: https:///static/Drivers/Windows/BONE_DRV.exeand install it. You may need to reboot your computer after installation.•Download and install an SSH client like putty: https:///Linux•No additional steps; you should be ready to go. :)Connecting with USB:1.Plug the micro USB B into the Beaglebone Blue and attach the USB A to yourcomputer. Wait for the Beaglebone Blue to power on and boot.b computers (using Ubuntu):a.Start the VirtualBox Ubuntu image, wait for it to boot, and open a terminalb.Pass the Beaglebone Blue USB device into the Ubuntu virtual machineAlternatively, open PuTTY and follow step 3:3.The Beaglebone Blue creates a network connection and emulates an Ethernetadapter. Your computer will receive IP addresses 192.168.7.1 and 192.168.6.1.The Beaglebone Blue has IP addresses 192.168.7.2 and 192.168.6.2. SSH intothe Beaglebone Blue at 192.168.7.2 or 192.168.6.2 with username ubuntu (ordebian) and passphrase temppwd. In Linux or Mac:*****************.7.2If you receive a “REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED” error, you have probably previously connected to a different computer on 192.168.7.2 (like another BBBL). Remove the old ECDSA key with something like:ssh-keygen -R 192.168.7.2Connecting with the Beaglebone Blue’s Wi-Fi:The Beaglebone Blue has a wireless access point called Beaglebone-XXXX where XXXX depends on your individual board. Its passphrase is BeagleBone (case sensitive). The Beaglebone Blue can remain connected to another network while this access point is active. For more information see: /getting-started1.Connect to the Beaglebone Blue Wi-Fi network from your laptop (the labcomputers may not have Wi-Fi cards). Your computer should receive an IPaddress in the 192.168.8.x range. The Beaglebone Blue will have IP address192.168.8.12.SSH into the Beaglebone Blue at 192.168.8.1 in the same manner as for the USBconnection:*****************.8.13. Connecting to Wi-Fi:Once the Beaglebone Blue connects to a Wi-Fi network like CalVisitor it will remember it and automatically connect the next time it boots (it should already do this). For more information, see /docs/librobotcontrol/networking_wifi.html Connecting to CalVisitor:1.On the Beaglebone Blue run:connmanctland then in connmanctl enter services. This should print the names ofavailable Wi-Fi networks. You should see CalVisitor among them.2.In connmanctl connect to the CalVisitor network with:connect wifi_8030dc034755_43616c56697369746f72_managed_none don’t worry, you can tab complete. The green light in the center of the boardshould turn on. You can test the connection by pinging something like.Connecting to a Password Secured Network:1.To connect to a network NAME with passphrase PASSPHRASE, create a fileNAME.config in /var/lib/connman/ containing the following text:[service_NAME]Type = wifiName = NAMEPassphrase = PASSPHRASEThis can be accomplished with a text editor like vim, emacs, or nano run as root.2.The Beaglebone Blue may automatically connect to the network once this file iscreated. If not, run connmanctl and enter:tether wifi offenable wifiscan wifiservicesagent onconnect wifi_f45eab…_managed_pskPASSPHRASEquit4. Setting up the Robot Control LibraryWe have already installed the Robotics Control Library librobotcontrol. If you need to reinstall it, follow this procedure. For more information see:/docs/librobotcontrol/installation.html (specifically method 2) Later in the course we will provide skeleton code for ROS in Ubuntu 18.04 with updated instructions.Robot Control Library in Ubuntu 18.04 or Debian 9.5:1.Connect to CalVisitor to make sure you have an internet connection.2.Download the librobotcontrol Debian package (the following is one line):wgethttps:///StrawsonDesign/librobotcontrol/rele ases/download/V1.0.4/librobotcontrol_1.0.4_armhf.deb3.Install the package with:sudo dpkg -i librobotcontrol_1.0.4_armhf.debYou may be prompted to select a program to run on boot. You can pick rc_blink if you’d like the green and red LEDs to blink on boot, or leave it on none.4.Clone the librobotcontrol repository for the source code (one line):git clonehttps:///StrawsonDesign/librobotcontrol.git5.To make sure the installation worked, run:rc_test_driversand you should see the following output if everything is working (Ubuntu 18.04): Kernel: 4.14.79-ti-r84 console Ubuntu Image 2018-12-10Debian: buster/sidPASSED: gpio 0PASSED: gpio 1PASSED: gpio 2PASSED: gpio 3PASSED: pwm0PASSED: pwm1PASSED: pwm2PASSED: eqep0PASSED: eqep1PASSED: eqep2ERROR: pru-rproc driver not loaded PASSED: uart1PASSED: uart2PASSED: uart4PASSED: uart5PASSED: i2c1PASSED: i2c2PASSED: spiPASSED: LEDPASSED: ADC iioCurrently running on a:MODEL_BB_BLUERobot Control library Version:1.0.4The PRU should return PASSED if you are using Debian 9.5.5. Building and Running a ProjectLater in the course we will provide skeleton code for ROS in Ubuntu 18.04 with updated instructions.Robot Control Library:For more information, see /docs/librobotcontrol/manual.html or take a look at the examples in the library source code ~/librobotcontrol/examples/1.Create a new project:a.Decide on a project name (not new_project_name) and copy the projecttemplate (the following is one line):cp -r /usr/share/robotcontrol/rc_project_template~/new_project_nameb.Rename the C source code file:mv rc_project_template.c new_project_name.cc.Edit the Makefile line starting with TARGET to:TARGET = new_project_name2.Build the project by callingmakefrom the project folder3.Run the project with./new_project_namefrom the project folder. By default it will toggle the green and red LEDs whenyou push the “PAU” (pause) button.。
Getting_Started
VTune(TM) 性能分析器 Linux 版入门指南“VTune™ 性能分析器”提供有关代码性能的信息。
VTune 分析器可以告诉您性能问题所在，使得您可以将精力集中到调整工作上，在最短的时间内获得最大幅度的性能提升。
本指南旨在向您介绍 VTune 分析器的基本功能。
读完本指南之后，您将能够使用 VTune 分析器来分析代码，了解应该将调整精力集中到什么地方，以便获得最大幅度的性能提升。
本文将引导您完成调整示例应用程序的重复性过程，并引导您完成性能调整的各个阶段：•确定性能问题的位置•修改代码以消除问题•比较新代码与初始代码的性能目录免责声明与法律信息 (2)1 构建应用程序 (3)2 分析应用程序 (3)3 分析算法 (10)4 分析代码中的事件 (15)5 下一步 (19)VTune(TM) 性能分析器 Linux 版2 文档编号：309564-003CN免责声明与法律信息本文所含信息专门针对英特尔® 产品提供。
本文并未授予任何知识产权的许可证，无论是明确、暗示、禁止翻供还是其它任何形式。
除这些产品的“英特尔销售条款和条件”之规定外，英特尔概不承担任何其它义务，对于英特尔产品的销售与/或使用（包括适合特定用途、适销性或不侵犯任何专利权、版权或其它知识产权），英特尔不作任何明确或暗示的担保，也不承担任何赔偿责任。
英特尔产品无意用于医疗、救生、维持生命、危机控制、安全系统或核设施等用途。
英特尔随时可能更改技术规格与产品说明，如确有更改，恕不另行通知。
标有“保留”或“未定义”字样的任何功能或指令，其存在性与特性均不确定，设计人员切勿对此有所依赖。
英特尔保留这些供将来定义之用，对于因将来对它们的更改而导致的任何冲突或不兼容现象，英特尔概不承担任何责任。
MPEG 是 ISO 推行的视频压缩/解压缩国际标准。
MPEG 编解码器的实现或是支持 MPEG 的平台可能需要从包括英特尔公司在内的多家实体获取许可证。
Key_U3_01 Getting Started商务英语视听说教程1
KeyUnit 3Part One Getting StartedPAIR WORK1.going to work2.having a business discussion/meeting3.going on a business trip4.visiting a container yard5.working at homeBACKGROUND INFORMATIONA.Pre-reading Questions1.No. Each company has its own work routines according to their corporate culture andbusiness activities.2.Simply speaking, it is to make employees of the company more productive and moreefficient.3.Being “flexible” means being able to change to suit new conditions or situations.“Flexible work schedu le” means employees of a company don’t have to strictly follow the timetable of the company so long as they can get work done.4.“Tele” means over a long distance, or far away. So “teleworking” or “telecommuting”means working away from the office.5.People do n’t have to go to offices during weekdays, and they can work at home or in apublic place like a coffee shop. This tends to improve personal productivity and save space and travel expenses.6.If one chooses to telework or telecommute, he or she must have a telephone or a cellphone, a personal computer, and access to the Internet.LISTENING STRATEGYPhonetics 5: HomophonesA.1. A2. A3. A4. A5. A6. C7. A8. B9. B 10. BB.1. B2. B3. A4. B5. C6. B, D7. B, D8. B, C9. A, D 10. B, DPhonetics 6: Informal ContractionsB.Informal Formal1. How ya doin’? How are you doing?2. Whatcha gonna do? What are you going to do?3. Y a gonna eat now? Are you going to eat now?1 / 24. Cantcha see ’er? Can’t you see her?5. Can you gimme a hand? Can you give me a hand?6. Whaddya want? What do you want?7. We’re gonna be friends. We are going to be friends.8. Y ou gotta lemme know about it. Y ou’ve got to let me know about it.9. Whatta ya writing? What are you writing?10. Hey, Roy, where’re ya goin’? Hey, Roy, where are you going?2 / 2。
Key_U1_01 Getting Started商务英语视听说教程1
KeyUnit 1Part One Getting StartedPAIR WORK1.Hugging.Hugs may be used between friends when meeting and departing. However,generally men should never initiate a hug with a woman. Sometimes hugs are also given to comfort a distressed person.2.Giving a high-five. “High five” is a gesture of greeting in which you slap the palm of yourhand against someone else’s palm in the air. It is also a popular way to express your excitement and to congratulate a friend.3.Bowing. People in Japan and Korea often greet each other by bowing instead of handshakingwhen they meet for the first time. It is impolite not to return a bow to whoever bowed to you.4.Shaking hands. People in many cultures use a handshake to greet each other for the first time,as in the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, China, Mexico, etc.5.Kissing on the cheek.Cheek kissing as a form of greeting is very common in Southern,Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Horn of Africa and Latin America. But it is not as common in Canada and the United States, nor in Asia and Northern Europe.BACKGROUND INFORMATIONA.Pre-reading Questions1.In social situations, a man is traditionally introduced to a woman, a younger person to anolder person, a less important person to a more important person. In a business setting, a lower-ranking person is introduced to a higher-ranking person. But even the highest-ranking person in a company is introduced to a client.2.In an informal situation, social kissing is acceptable between men and women andbetween women who know each other very well. Western people also hug to greet their friends when they meet. But hugs and kisses are not considered proper business etiquette for greetings.3.Handshaking is considered the standard greeting in a business setting.B.Discussion1.In China, a man is introduced to a woman; a younger person to an older person; a guest toa host; a lower-ranking person to a higher-ranking person; a latecomer to an early arriver.During introductions, the woman, the older person, the host, the higher-ranking person, or the early arriver is mentioned first.2.In China, people shake hands when they meet for the first time. People may also nod orslightly bow (unlike the Japanese, they bow from the shoulders rather than the waist). In a business setting people would present a business card.3.When greeting their friends, Chinese people usually just say “hi” or “how are you”.People only hug their close friends who they have not seen for a long time.LISENTING STRATEGYPhonetics 1A.1. A2. A3. A4. B5. B6. B7. A8. A9. B 10. A11. B 12. B B.1. B2. A3. A4. B5. B6. A7. A8. B9. B 10. A11. A12. B 13. B 14. A15. BPhonetics 2B.e and join us.2.Please leave it alone.3.She is living far away.4.Do you know a lot about your company?5.Cheer up and you have to help yourself out.6.Give him an inch and he’ll take a yard.7.Green grass is seen in most parts of our city.8.Little is known about the man’s life.9.Where there is a will, there is a way.10.We put up quite a lot of money.。
商务英语听说 01 Getting Started
Introductions and Greetings
In social situations, a man is traditionally introduced to a woman (notice that the woman’s name is mentioned first); a younger person to an older person; a less important person to a more important person. However, in the business world the order is based on a person’s rank (等级) or position in a company rather than on age or gender (性别). A lower-ranking person is introduced to a higher-ranking person. That is, you say the name of the higher-ranking person first. But there is an exception to this rule: the highest-ranking person in a company does not out-rank (地位高于) a client (客户). In this case, the client’s name should be mentioned first. (e.g., Mr. Green, this is Ms. Smith, our Chief Financial Officer [财务主管]. Ms. Smith, this is Mr. Green, our client
Getting_Started_with_Stata
Getting started on STATASTATA is a user-friendly but yet powerful econometrics/statistics package which runs under Windows and UNIX. In the following tutorials we will use the Windows version. STATA for windows is installed on the PC's in 1D5, 1D20 and 1D23.When you open STATA on your PC, four different windows will appear on your screen. The main window (black with yellow writing) shows the results of thecommands you tell STATA to do. You type in commands in the small window at the bottom. The window in the upper-left corner provides a log of the commands you have written (you can copy and paste previous commands from this window). The window in the lower left corner shows you the variables of the dataset currently in memory (this window is blank when you start STATA since no datasets have yet been loaded).The STATA prompt is given by a dot: . Error messages are typed in red and are unfortunately not always very informative.Reading datasetsThere are three ways of reading data. First make sure that the current memory does not contain any data by typing:.describeThis command gives a description of the data in memory. Don't type the full stop as this refers to the STATA prompt. To read in a dataset that is already in STATA format we use the "use" command:.use filenameYou don't have to type in the extension of the filename, but STATA assumes that this is ".dta". Thus in order to read in the dataset there must exist a file which has the extension .dta. There are several pre-loaded data sets on your PC. One is called "auto.dta". The extension tells you that this is a dataset in STATA format..use autoThen type.describeTyping .clear will clear the data in memory. Typing .exit will end your STATA session, but note that you can only do this when there is no data in current memory.You can also read in data interactively. Suppose you want to read in a data set that contains three variables and three observations. You can do this by typing.input x1 x2 x3STATA will then prompt you for the data to be read. Type in the data for the first observation and press enter, then the second observation, third, fourth, and soon. When you are tired of reading in data this way, type:.endTo save the data you type.save sillyThis data will then be saved in STATA format and the file will be called "silly.dta". Try the describe command, then clear current memory.At some stage it will be necessary to read in data in ASCII format. This is relevant when you get your data from some other external source (useful when you aregetting data for your MSc dissertation). To read in a data set which contains three variables use the following command:.infile x1 x2 x3 using filename.rawSTATA use the convention ".raw" for data in ASCII format.Example. Read your "silly" data set. Then save it as an ASCII dataset by typing.outfile x1 x2 x3 using silly.raw.clear.describe.infile y1 y2 y3 using silly.raw.describe.outfile x1 x2 x3 using filename(this data-set will be saved as filename.raw)Log filesAs you type in commands, results will be displayed in the main window on your screen. You might have noticed that you cannot scroll this window which means that you cannot see what you have done previously. One way to look at what you have done previously is to create a log file. You can do this by clicking on the "Log" button in the upper left corner of your screen, and then write the name of the log file. The name can be anything, but it is useful to keep the .log extension so that you know for later that this file is indeed a log file. Also make sure to keep track of which directory the log file is saved in. When you have specified a new name for the log file you can bring the log to the "background" by clicking on the button in the left-hand corner, and then choose close. This will not close the log file, only bring it to the background. To bring the log file on top of the screen, click the log button again. It is then self-explanatory. Using log files is extremely useful and you should always create one so that you can keep track of what you have done. When you have finished your STATA session you can open the log file in Word and make amendments.Some useful commandsHere are some useful commands that you should try when you have some data in memory..describeThis describes the data in memory.ls.ls *.dta.pwd".pwd" is a UNIX command but works in STATA. It gives you the Present Working Directory which tells you where you are (in what directory). You change directory by typing cd "pathname". In order to move up one level in the directory structure, type "cd .."Note that you can change directory when you are in STATA..summarize.summarize,detail.summarize variable1 variable2 variable3where variable# refers to the variable names you have in current memory.You can alter the data set by using the "keep" and "drop" commands. Here are some examples (note that I have assumed that there is an identifier variable in memory called idvar):.drop if idvar>200.drop var2 var3.keep if idvar>200.keep var1 var2 var3.sort var1 (ascending by var1).gsort -var1 (descending by var1)You can merge datasets in STATA quite easily. This works in the following way: The current data set in memory is referred to as the master data. You merge a data set to the master data by typing:.merge using filenameMake sure that the merge procedure did what you wanted it to do..tab _merge.drop _merge"_merge" is a variable created by STATA after the merge command. It takes three values and provides information about the merge. If _merge=1 then the observation comes from the master data set only, whereas if _merge=2 then the observation comes from the data set you merged into the original data set. Finally, if _merge=3 then both data sets contributed to the observation in the new data set. Important: make sure both data sets are sorted by the same variable. You can also merge data sets by common variables. A related command is:.append using filenameIf you want to have a look at your data then this is the command to use:.list.list var1 var2 var3.list var1 var2 in 1/10.tab var1You can also use the STATA editor to browse your data set. Do so by clicking on the "editor" button. From here you can do simple data manipulations.You construct new variables by using the "generate" command, and you can alter the values of existing variables by using the "replace" command. Here are someexamples:.generate newvar = oldvar1+oldvar2.replace oldvar = oldvar + newvar.replace oldvar = oldvar + newvar if newvar==1.replace oldvar = oldvar + newvar if newvar<1.replace oldvar = oldvar + newvar if newvar<=1Miscellaneous:* comments#delimit ;#delimit crSTATA has a range of built in functions. Type ".help function" to get an overviewYou can also generate random numbers from a range of distributions:.clear.set obs 40.gen x1=uniform().gen x2=normd(z).gen x3=tprob(df,t)Graphics.The graph facility in STATA produces good quality graphs. Here are some examples:.use auto.graph mpg weight, ylab xlab.graph mpg weight, ylab xlab tlab rlab.graph mpg weight, c(l).graph mpg weight, c(l) sort.gen wgt2=weight*weight.regress mpg weight wgt2.predict hat.graph mpg hat weight, c(.l) s(0i) sort.predict s, stdr.gen lo = hat-2*s.gen hi = hat+2*s.graph mpg hat hi lo weight, c(.lll) s(0iii) sort ylab xlabti(Regression of Milage on Weight and Weight-squared) t2(Bandsreflect 2 times the standard error of residuals)Histograms:.graph mpg, bin(20) xlab ylabSaving your graph:- Use the menu to save the graph. You can then paste it into a word document if you wish.Here is a more interesting example:Lets suppose we want to plot the Dollar/Sterling exchange rate using quarterly data. First we need to retrieve the data from somewhere. Minimise STATA and open Netscape. Go to the following address: /departments/ec/cup/data.htmlclick on EXCHQ.txtSave this data by going into the file menu and choose "save as". Choose an appropriate name and a sensible path name, i.e. E:\USER\exchq.raw. The data will be saved in ASCII format, which explains why I have chosen the extension .raw.Go back to STATA and read in this simple data set. Remember to use the "infile" command since this is in ASCII format. Before we can make a plot of this serieswe need an indicator for the quarters. Here is one way to create a sequence of integer values:.gen one=1.gen quarters=1.replace quarters=one+quarters[_n-1] if quarters[_n-1]~=..listNow make the graph by typing:.graph quarters exc, xlab ylab c(l).save excBatch mode and programsUp until this point we have run STATA in interactive mode. This means that STATA prompts us to type in commands. When we do, STATA does what we asked it to do, and then prompts us again for a new command to be typed in. This is interactive mode. However, there will come a point when you want to run STATA commands in batch mode. This means that you use a text editor to write down the commands, and then run this as a batch file. Here we can use the Notepad editor and you will find it in the "Main" menu. Batch files need to have the extension ".do". In STATA you run batch files by typing do filename.do (You do not have to type the extension .do as this is assumed by STATA).Writing programs in STATA is very similar to writing batch files. Here is an example of a program that scans the household record in the NLSY (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth). Note the use of the "#delimit" command.*--------------------- Program starts here ------------------------- capture program drop hhrecprogram define hhrec* Specify ; to indicate end of command line#delimit ;* Make the program scroll until endset more 1;* Specify space allocationset mem 12m;*Read in the houshold record data fileuse hhrec;#delimit cr* delimiter no longer semicolon*specify "counter" for the do-looplocal ye=79* do-loopwhile `ye' <=92{gen hhkids`ye'=0replace hhkids`ye'=hhkids`ye'+1 if(rel==2|rel==3)&age<18* update counterlocal ye=`ye'+1}* end do-loopend*The program creates a variable called "hhkids" which gives the number of children in *the household.*---------------------- Program ends here -----------------------This file will also have an extension .do. There is a slight difference though. When you type "do filename" at the STATA prompt, STATA will read in the program to become a new built-in STATA command. In the example above I defined the program to be called HHREC. So here is what I do:.do hhrec {STATA will read in the program}.hhrec {STATA will execute the program}Shape of data setsData sets in STATA are either "wide" or "long". Long format looks like the following (two observations identified with the variable id):idyearvar1var21894.2311903.4511912.342891.232901.342911.561Wide format looks like:idyear89year90year91var189var289var190var290var191var291 18990914.2313.4512.3428990911.231.341.56The shape of your data set is of particular importance if you are operating with panel data (NT) or survival data. In most cases you would find the "long" format tobe the preferred shape of your data. Time series data are in long format, but note that time series are usually concerned with aggregate series so there will be noneed for the "id" variable to distinguish unit observations.Reshaping datasets. Suppose you want to reshape your data set from wide to long format. This is the way you do it:.reshape groups year 79-92.reshape vars hhkids.reshape cons id.reshape longTo reshape the data back to wide format you simply type:.reshape wideThe Help facilityThe number of STATA manuals in the department is very limited and they are expensive to buy. As a result you need to use the Help facility:.help regress.help bstrapThis gives you a description of OLS regression. You can type ".help command" for any of the STATA commands. The problem is that you need to know thename of the command. You can also try .whelp, or .lookup, e.g.:.lookup probit.lookup logit.lookup egen.lookup xtregYou can also print the help files. To do so you need to read in the help file into a text editor. You can use the Notepad editor for this. STATA help files haveextension filename.hlp.Return to home page。
pyodbc文档之Gettingstarted(开始使用)
pyodbc文档之Gettingstarted（开始使用）PYODBC是一个用于Python的ODBC数据库接口模块，它让开发者能够通过Python编程语言来连接和操作ODBC兼容的数据库。
在开始使用PYODBC之前，我们需要进行一些准备工作。
首先，我们需要确保已经安装了Python和pyodbc模块。
可以使用以下命令来安装pyodbc模块：```pip install pyodbc```接下来，我们需要准备一个ODBC数据源来进行测试。
可以在Windows操作系统的控制面板中找到ODBC数据源管理员，然后创建一个新的系统DSN数据源。
此外，还需要确保该数据源能够连接到一个可用的数据库。
接下来，我们可以编写Python代码来连接到数据库并执行一些操作。
以下是一个简单的示例代码：``` pythonimport pyodbc#连接到数据库conn =pyodbc.connect('DSN=testdb;UID=testuser;PWD=testpassword') #创建一个游标对象cursor = conn.cursor#执行SQL查询语句cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM customers")#获取查询结果集rows = cursor.fetchall#打印查询结果for row in rows:print(row)#关闭游标和数据库连接cursor.closeconn.close```在以上代码中，我们首先使用pyodbc.connect(函数连接到数据库，需要传入一个包含连接信息的字符串。
在这个例子中，我们使用的是一个名为"testdb"的ODBC数据源，用户名为"testuser"，密码为"testpassword"。
接下来，我们使用conn.cursor(方法创建一个游标对象，可以通过游标对象来执行SQL查询语句。
Getting Started入门指南
1-13
Sole Proprietorship (cont.)独资
• Advantages:
– Easy to start – No need to consult others while making decisions – Taxed at the personal tax rate
• • •
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
1-7
Three Questions Addressed by the Study of Finance:三个问题解决的研究金融:
1. What long-term investments should the firm undertake? (capital budgeting decisions)什么长期 投资公司应该承担吗?(资本预算决策) 2. How should the firm fund these investments? (capital structure decisions)公司应该如何基金这些 投资?(资本结构决策) 3. How can the firm best manage its cash flows as they arise in its day-to-day operations? (working capital management decisions)如何最好地管理其现 金流的公司当他们出现在其日常操作吗?(营运资金管理 决策)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
• 通用的战略将如何决定投资7.4亿美元生产雪佛兰 Chevy Volt需要不同学科的专业技术在商业学校 1-9 如营销、管理、会计、运营管理、财务吗?
getting started 语法
getting started 语法（原创版3篇）篇1 目录1.介绍 Getting Started 语法2.讲解基本语法规则3.演示如何使用 Getting Started 语法进行文本编写4.总结 Getting Started 语法的特点和优势篇1正文一、介绍 Getting Started 语法Getting Started 语法是一种简单易学的编程语言，适合初学者入门。
它以简洁明了的语法规则和强大的功能受到许多编程爱好者的喜爱。
本文将介绍如何利用 Getting Started 语法编写一些基本的程序，帮助大家快速上手。
二、讲解基本语法规则1.变量在 Getting Started 语法中，变量是用于存储数据的标识符。
你可以为变量分配一个数据类型，如整数、浮点数或字符串。
2.控制结构Getting Started 语法提供了丰富的控制结构，包括条件语句（如if-elif-else）、循环语句（如 for 循环和 while 循环）等，帮助你编写出复杂的程序逻辑。
3.函数在 Getting Started 语法中，函数是一段可重用的代码块，用于执行特定任务。
通过定义函数，你可以将代码分解为更小的、可管理的部分。
三、演示如何使用 Getting Started 语法进行文本编写下面是一个简单的示例，演示如何使用 Getting Started 语法编写一个程序，该程序计算一个列表中所有数字的平均值：```def calculate_average(numbers):total = 0count = 0for number in numbers:total += numbercount += 1return total / countumbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]result = calculate_average(numbers)print("The average of the numbers is:", result)```四、总结 Getting Started 语法的特点和优势Getting Started 语法具有以下特点和优势：1.易学易用：语法简单，容易理解和掌握，适合编程初学者。
Mule_介绍及架构理解_Getting_Started
Mule 介绍及架构理解Getting Started作者：Jacky.YangMSN:jackyyang0501@目录Mule是什么？（What is Mule?） (2)理解消息框架 (3)理解Mule 架构 (4)关于SOA (4)处理数据 (4)服务组件间路由消息 (5)从消息中分离业务逻辑 (6)将全部融合到一起 (7)参考1： (8)可以和Mule一起使用的技术 (9)Mule是什么？（What is Mule?）Mule 框架是高度可扩展的，允许你以很小的规模开始，随着时间的推移，连接更多的应用系统。
Mule管理应用系统和组件之间的交互，不管它们是否在同一个VM(Visual Machine-虚拟机，即JVM-Java虚拟机)或在Internet上，不管底层使用的传输协议。
Mule相比同类框架而言，提供很多优势，包含：Mule ESB是基于Java的轻量级消息框架，它允许你简单快速的连接应用系统，使得他们（应用系统）可以交换数据。
Mule使用SOA(Service-Oriented Architecture-面向服务架构)，使得简单集成已存应用系统成为可能。
不管应用系统使用的是哪些不同的技术，包括：JMS Web Services JDBC HTTP 等，Mule可以无缝的在他们之间进行处理交互动作。
Mule基于Enterprise Service Bus(ESB)架构思想。
ESB的主要特性是通过扮演一个中转系统的角色，允许不同的应用系统交互，中转系统在内网或Internet上的应用系统间搬运数据。
目前市场上有一些商业的ESB实现。
尽管如此，大部分提供有限的功能，或在已存应用服务器／消息服务器之上构建，将你锁定在特定的供应商（将你固定的ESB厂商）。
Mule 是供应商中立的，因此不同厂商的实现可以插入进来。
当你使用Mule时，永远不会锁定的特定的供应商。
Mule相比同类框架而言，提供很多优势，包含：• Mule 组件可以是任何你想要的类型。
Designer-Getting-Started
Sencha, Inc.Building a Web App UI with DesignerDesigner is designed to be used in conjunction with your existing development environment and tools. It's not a replacement for Eclipse or your favorite text editor. The code generated by Designer can be imported into your existing IDE, and you can edit the UI implementation files outside of Designer from within your IDE or with the editor of your choice.When using Designer, you:y out your UI components on the Designer canvas.2.Configure the components.3.Connect to your data stores.4.Export your project.5.Implement your event handling and custom methods in the generated .js file.Important! When you export your project for the first time, two Javascript files are created for each top-level component in your project. The file with the .ui.js extension contains the base class for the UI component. You extend this base class in the file with the .js extension to implement your event handlers and custom functions. DO NOT modify the .ui.js file directly, it will be overwritten whenever you modify and export your project.You can iterate through this process until you are satisfied with your UI. As long as you only make changes to the .js file, you can regenerate the UI code as many times as you want.Navigating DesignerWhen you launch Designer, it automatically displays a new project with a blank canvas.2ExtJS provides a number of basic container layouts. Some support specific, commonly-used presentation models such as accordions and cards, while others provide more general-purpose models that can be used for a variety of applications.autoIf no other layout is set for a container, it defaults to the auto layout. For general purpose containers such as a Panel, this means child components will be rendered sequentially. Note that some containers are automatically configured to use a particular layout. For example, FormPanel defaults to the form layout and TabPanel defaults to the card layout.absoluteArranges components using explicit x/y positions relative to the container. This enables you to explicitly reposition and resize components within the container. While this gives you fine-grained control over the layout, keep in mind that absolute-positioned components remain fixed even if their parent container is resized.When you use the absolute layout, Ext Designer displays a grid within the container. By default, components are snapped to the grid as you reposition them. You can change the grid size or disable the grid by clicking on the container's flyout config button. The grid is only displayed as a layout guide in the Design view, it is not visible when the component is rendered.accordionArranges panel components in a vertical stack where only one panel is expanded at a time. Only panels (including FormPanel and TabPanel) can be added to a container that uses the accordion layout.anchorArranges components relative to the sides of the container. You can specify the width and height of child components as a percentage of the container or specify offsets from the right and bottom edges of the container. If the container is resized, the relative percentages or offsets are maintained.4borderArranges panel components in a multi-pane layout. Panels are arranged in the container by assigningthem to one of five regions: North, South, East, West, or Center. A container that uses the border layout has to have a child assigned to the Center region. The center panel is automatically sized to fitthe available space. You can resize the North, South, East, and West panes on the canvas by clicking and dragging the right or bottom edge of the panel.You can make any of the panels in a border layout collapsible by enabling the collapsible attribute. When rendered, the child panels automatically resize when the container is resized.cardArranges multiple child components but only one component is visible at a time. This layout can be used to step through a series of components and is commonly used to create wizards.To specify the component that you want to make visible, you need to call setActiveItem. Typically, you attach this behavior to a navigation UI such as Previous and Next buttons in the footer of the container.5columnArranges components in a multi-column layout. The width of each column can be specified either as a percentage (column width) or an absolute pixel width (width). The column height varies based on the contents. You can enable autoscroll so it's possible to scroll to view column contents that exceed the container height.fitExpands a single child component to fill the available space. For example, you might use this to create a dialog box that contains a single TabPanel. If the container is a type of panel component, you can also add a Toolbar to it.6formArranges a collection of labelled form fields. A FormPanel uses the form layout by default.hboxArranges the child components horizontally. Setting the alignment of the container to stretch causes the child components to fill the available vertical space. Setting the flex attribute of the child components controls the proportion of the horizontal space each component fills.7tableArranges components in an HTML table. You specify the number of columns in the table and can create complex layouts by specifying the rowspan and colspan attributes on the child components.8vboxArranges the child components vertically. Setting the alignment of the container to stretch causes the child components to fill the available horizontal space. Setting the flex attribute of the child components controls the proportion of the vertical space each component fills.93.Drag another Panel into the Panel container. This panel will display the car details for thelisting selected in the Grid Panel.11Positioning ComponentsBy default, components are laid out using relative positioning. The best way to control the position of the elements on the canvas is to set the layout options on the containers and adjust the attributes that adjust the relative positions of each component.Note: If you choose the Absolute layout option, you can drag components around on the canvas to reposition them. (Generally, this isn't what you want to do. It's normally better to rely on the Ext JS layout manager to control the relative positions of the components.)For example, to configure the layout of the components in the Car Listings UI:1.Click the flyout config button on the top-level panel and set the layout to vbox. This willarrange the grid and subpanel vertically. From this menu, you can also set the alignment and auto-scroll attributes.2.Set the alignment for the top-level panel to Stretch. This will cause the subcomponents tostretch to fill the available space.123.Select the Grid Panel and set the flex attribute to 1 in the Component Config inspector.Tip: You can type the name or first few characters of an attribute in the text field at the top of the Component Config inspector to quickly navigate to a particular attribute.The panel inherits the flex attribute from yout.VBoxLayout because the layout of the container is set to vbox. Setting the flex attribute of each of the components in the container to 1 will cause the components to take up the same amount of vertical space when thecontainer is resized. (Similarly, if you wanted the subpanel to take up 2/3 of the verticalspace, you could set the flex value of the panel to 2, and the flex of the grid to 1.)4.Select the subpanel and set the flex attribute to 1.1314Configuring ComponentsYou can edit component attributes such as titles and labels directly. Simply double-click the text you want to modify and start typing. The Component Config inspector enables you to set all possible attributes for the selected component.For example, you can directly set the title and column heading attributes for the Car Listings application:1.Double-click the title bar of the top-level Panel to edit its title and change My Panel to CarListings. This is the same as setting the title attribute in the Component Config inspector.2.Double-click the column headings in the grid to set them to Manufacturer, Model, and Price.This is the same as setting the header attribute through the inspector.15164.Configure auto references for the components so you can directly reference them in your codewithout worrying about how they are nested. Set the autoRef for the Grid Panel to grid and the autoRef for the subpanel to detail.5.To add some space padding around the contents of the subpanel, select the panel, type p tojump to the padding attribute, and set the value to 10. (This is the typical CSS paddingattribute.)18<img src="cars/{img}" style="float: right" />Manufacturer: {manufacturer}<br/>Model: <a href="{wiki}" target="_blank">{model}</a><br/>Price: {price:usMoney}<br/>3.When you're finished editing the template, click Done Editing.Connecting to DataYou can attach data stores and bind them to the components in your UI from within Designer.For example, the listing information displayed by the Car Listings application is read from a JSON data store called cars.json. To connect the data store and pull in the manufacturer, model, price, wiki, and image data:1.Add a data store for the cars data:a.Select the Data Stores tab.b.Select Add Json Store from the Data Stores toolbar.c.Select the newly-created store and set the jsClass attribute to name the store CarStore.d.Set the storeId attribute to the same name. (The storeId is the name Designer displays in20the list of available stores.)2.Right-click the data store and select Add Fields > 5 fields to add data fields to the CarStorefor each field defined in cars.json.3.Configure the CarStore:a.Set the url attribute to the relative path where the store will reside, cars/cars.json. Thispath is relative to the URL prefix specified in the Project Settings. To change the URLprefix, select Edit Preferences from the Edit Menu.b.Set the root attribute to data.c.Configure the data store to load automatically by enabling the autoLoad attribute.(Otherwise, you won't see any data when you view the index.html file.)d.Set the name attribute of each data field in the store: manufacturer, model, price, wiki,and img.214.Click the flyout config button on the grid component and select CarStore to bind the gridcomponent to the store.5.Link the columns to the appropriate data fields:a.Select a column in the Components list.b.Set the dataIndex attribute to the name of the data field.Data from the store is immediately displayed in the grid.22Exporting a ProjectExporting a project generates the Javascript files for your application. When you export, two Javascript files are created for each top-level component in your UI:⏹.ui.js contains the base class that defines the component. For example, CarMasterDetailUi. Youextend this base class to implement your event handler code and custom methods, you do not modify this file directly. The .ui.js files are overwritten whenever you re-export your project.⏹.js is a starter file for your implementation. The .js files are generated the first time youexport you project. You edit this file to add your event handler code and custom methods. Important! DO NOT modify the .ui.js file generated by Designer, it will be overwritten whenever you modify and export your project.Along with the Javascript files, Designer generates an xds_index.html file that loads the javascript and displays your app.23。
getting started 语法
getting started 语法"Getting Started"是一个常用的词组，用于描述开始学习或开始使用新技能、新工具或新知识的过程。
无论是学习一门新语言、掌握一种新的软件、开始做某种运动或培养一种新的兴趣爱好，我们都需要有一个良好的起点。
本文将探讨几个关键步骤，帮助你从零开始，顺利掌握你想要学习的东西。
第一步是明确目标。
在开始学习之前，你需要明确你的目标是什么。
你想要通过学习获得什么？你的目标可以是掌握一种新的技能，提高自己在工作中的竞争力，或者纯粹是为了兴趣爱好。
无论你的目标是什么，确保它对你有意义且值得为之付出努力。
第二步是收集资源。
在开始学习之前，你需要找到合适的资源来帮助你学习。
这可能包括书籍、在线教程、视频课程或专业培训等。
选择适合自己学习风格和兴趣的资源非常重要。
通过互联网搜索或咨询他人，你可以找到许多免费或付费的资源，这些资源可以帮助你达到目标。
第三步是制定计划。
在开始学习之前，你需要制定一个学习计划，以确保你能够有条不紊地进行学习。
你可以将学习目标分解为更小的任务，并为每个任务设置截止日期。
在每天或每周安排一些固定的学习时间，坚持下去。
一个好的学习计划将帮助你保持动力并避免拖延。
第四步是持续实践。
学习新的知识或技能需要不断的实践。
只有通过实践，你才能真正理解和掌握所学的内容。
例如，在学习一门新语言时，你可以通过与其他母语人士交流或阅读相关文章来实践你的语言技能。
通过实践，你可以更好地理解所学的内容，并逐渐提高自己的能力。
第五步是寻求帮助和反馈。
学习的过程中，遇到困难是很正常的。
不要害怕寻求帮助或请求反馈。
你可以向资深者请教，寻求他们的建议和经验。
你还可以参与学习群体，与其他人分享你的问题和困扰，互相帮助。
通过与他人交流和合作，你可以更快地克服困难，并取得更好的学习效果。
最后，记住要坚持。
学习是一个长期的过程，需要坚持不懈。
不要放弃，尽管在学习过程中可能会遇到挫折和困难。
导航系统Getting Started系统功能图说明书
For more in
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Installation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Ordering Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
VERITAS Cluster Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
VERITAS Product Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Software Disc Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
VERITAS Storage Foundation and High Availability Solutions 4.1
Getting Started Guide
Linux
N17440H August 2005
Disclaimer The information contained in this publication is subject to change without notice. VERITAS Software Corporation makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this manual, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. VERITAS Software Corporation shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this manual. VERITAS Legal Notice Copyright © 2005 VERITAS Software Corporation. All rights reserved. VERITAS, the VERITAS Logo,
and VERITAS Storage Foundation are trademarks or registered trademarks of VERITAS Software
Corporation or its affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. Other names may be trademarks of their
Uninstalling VERITAS Infrastructure Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Additional Product Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Using the Product Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Product Installation Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
About This Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
VERITAS Storage Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is Organized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Supported Linux Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Installation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
About This Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
About This Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
VERITAS File System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Mounting a Software Disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Installation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Supported Linux Operating System Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Oracle Support Matrix for Storage Foundation for Oracle RAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Installation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
About This Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
respective owners.
VERITAS Software Corporation
350 Ellis Street
Mountain View, CA 94043
USA
Phone 650–527–8000 Fax 650–527–2908
ii
VERITAS Storage Foundation and High Availability Solutions Getting Started Guide
VERITAS Volume Replicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
iii
Installation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14