ST03第三章国际化
UN38.3第六版修正1中文版ST-SG-AC10-11-Rev6-Amend1c
4 ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/100/Add.1，附件二。
对第二部分的修正
第 20 节 .............................................................................................................................. 第 25 节 .............................................................................................................................. 第 28 节 ..............................................................................................................................
第 10 节
10.3.3.2 改为如下： “10.3.3.2 设计用于产生实用爆炸或烟火效果的物质的认可程序从应用试验系列 3 确定 该物 质是
否太敏感不能以其进行试验的形式运输开始。如果该物质通过所有试验，就应适用划定适当项 别 的 程 序。如果该物质没有通过任何一项试验，就不允许以其进行试验的形式运输。没有通过试验类型 3 (c)试 验的物质，可以改性后重新提交进行试验类型 3 (c)的试验。如果物质没有通过试验类型 3 (a)、3 (b)或 3 (d) 的试验，可以对物质加以封装或包装以减少它对外部刺激的敏感度，并提交进行试验类型 4 (b)的试验。”。 10.3.3.4 删除。 10.3.3.3 改排为第 10.3.3.4。
爱德华 EST3 生命安全平台主显示界面说明书
Page 1 of 4 D A T A S H E E TE85010-0071Not to be used for installation purposes. Issue 1.1EDWARDS ® Catalog u EST3 Life Safety PlatformL I F E S A F E T Y&I N C I D E N T M A N A G E M E N TOverviewThe Main Display interface is the primary user interface in the EST3 Life Safety System. The main display interface focuses on the emergency user by putting information important to the user up front. Hands free, the first highest priority event is shown. The display always gives the last highest priority event. Arriving at the panel and without opening the door the first and last alarm is given. Simple to understand lights and switches help the emer-gency user execute system commands with confidence.A menu system supports maintenance functions such as disables or reports for use by staff or service personnel.Standard Features• Uses simple lights and switches • Displays information important to user • Hands free first alarm display• Last event of highest priority always displays • Eight lines by 21 character graphic LCD display — 168 characters total • MultlingualSupports English, French, Spanish, and Russian • Uses queues to sort eventsA queue is a list of messages Alarm, Supervisory, Trouble and Monitor • Slide in LED and switch labelsMakes customization for regional language easySLiquid Crystal Display Module3-LCD0186APPROVEDEN 54-2: 1997 + A1: 2006EN 54-4: 1997 + A1: 2002 + A2: 2006EN 54-16: 2008Page 2 of 4 D A T A S H E E TE85010-0071Not to be used for installation purposes. Issue 1.1ApplicationThe 3-LCD module mounts to the local rail over the nodes Central Processing Unit Module (3-CPU). The 3-LCD module is optional in any network node.Ensuring information clarity the 3-LCD uses a backlit high contrast supertwist graphical display. Eight lines of 21 characters provide the room needed to convey emergency information in a useful format.The 3-LCD always displays the last highest priority event even when the user is viewing other message queues. Further message flexibility is provided with EST3’s message routing ability. Messag-es from a node can display at every node on the network or mes-sages can route to specific nodes only. Routing can be initiated at a specific time/shift change. There is no need to have messages display in areas that are not affected by an event.The 3-LCD can display messages in English, Spanish, French, and Russian. The bilingual display lets the operator select between either of two languages. Consult your representative for available language combinations.The EST3 system configures for Proprietary, Local or EN54 market operations. The mode of operation is selected through the System Definition Utility (SDU) which may adjust the following operations slightly to fit the system operation selected.LEDs and SwitchesFurther enhancing the 3-LCD user interface are easy to read and understand lights and switches. All functions are laid out in a logi-cal order. At the top of the 3-LCD are five system status LEDs. Here determining the general condition of the system is easy.Power LED : Green, on when AC power is on.Test LED : Yellow, on when any portion of the system (Group) isunder test.CPU Fail LED : Yellow, on when CPU stops running.Gnd Fault LED : Yellow, on when a ground exists on the system (group)Disable LED : Yellow, on when any point or zone is disabled by a user.Below the general status LEDs are located four, LED / Switch common controls. The versatility of EST3 allows system design-ers to define the features as affecting a domain (defined group of nodes) or as global (affects all nodes) across the network. This feature is very useful when configuring systems with multiple build-ings on one network. As an example, operating the reset in one building may have adverse effect in other buildings. With EST3 having operational differences between buildings on the same network is not a problem.Pressing Reset starts the system’s reset operation. The yellow LED has three flash rates during reset. The LED flashes fast during the smoke power down phase of reset, flashes slow during the re-start phase, and turns on steady for the restoral phase. The Reset LED turns off when the system is normal.Pressing Alarm Silence turns off all Notification Appliance Circuits defined as audible. The yellow LED turns on when silence is activevia the Alarm Silence switch or via alarm silence software timers.Pressing Panel Silence turns off the system’s internal audible signal. The yellow LED turns on when panel silence is active. The EST3 panel buzzer has user programmable signal rates for alarm, supervisory, trouble and monitor conditions.Pressing Drill turns on the drill LED and all signals sound evacua-tion. Drill does not activate city tie connections. Auxiliary relays willnot activate unless programmed to do so with drill.Liquid Crystal Display. In the normal condition the date and time plus a definable system title display on the LCD. The last line of the display gives an alarm history. This total equals the number oftimes the system has entered the alarm state from the normal state.When active events are on display, the LCD formats into fourlogical windows.In the system status window, the display shows the time and the status of active and disabled points.The current event window, lines 2, 3, 4 automatically display the first active event of the highest priority if the user has not taken control of the system. Once the emergency user takes control, thiswindow displays user message selections.The second line of the display shows system event information. Inthe example above the display shows the chronological number of the event (0001 is the first alarm) followed by the event type (Alarm Active). EST3 supports over 45 event type messages from which system designers choose. The last two lines of the current event window are custom programmable location message lines with space for 42 characters.The last event window shows the last highest priority event. This window is always displayed and updated automatically by the sys-tem. Here the emergency user can monitor the progress of a fire.system viewing the second alarm message iseasy, just press the NEXT key. The nextmessage scrolls into the current event window. The last highest priority event always remainson view. No matter what queue the user selects for viewing, the LCD always displays the most recent alarm. A new alarm event resounds the panel audible signal and appears immediately on display without overwriting information the user selected for view.The final window of the LCD the type status window shows the total number of active events by queue type. A is alarm, S is supervisory, T is trouble, and M is monitor. The number following each letter is the number of active events existing in each queue.EST3 breaks down event types into queues and automatically displays the first event of the highest priority type.Page 3 of 4 D A T A S H E E TE85010-0071Not to be used for installation purposes. Issue 1.1EN54 ComplianceEST3 has passed the British-based Loss Prevention Certification Board (LPCB) certified EST3 control panels and power supplies as having surpassed the requirements of the pivotal EN54 standard, parts two and four as well as part 16. LPCB Certificate #262ab In order to meet these standards, display and control functions have undergone slight modifications for the EN54 marketplace. These differences are highlighted below. All other control and annunciation features remain unchanged.Note: EN 54-2: 1997 + A1: 2006, EN 54-4: 1997 + A1: 2002 + A2: 2006, and EN 54-16: 2008.System Status LEDsPower LED (Green): on when DC power is on.Test LED (Yellow): on when any portion of the system (Group) is under test.CPU Fault LED (Yellow): on when CPU stops running (processor failures must be manually reset).Gnd Fault LED: Not available.Sounder LED (Yellow):flashing indicates fault on sounder circuit. Steady indicates a disabled sounder circuit.Disable LED (Yellow): on when any point or zone is disabled by a user (disabled conditions have priority over fault conditions).Switch FunctionsPressing Sounder On/Off turns off all sounder circuits defined asaudible. The yellow LED turns on when silence is activated via the Sounder On/Off or via the alarm silence software timers.See Page 2 for descriptions of Reset, Panel Silence, and Drill func-tions.Event QueuesFor EN54 compliance, EST3 configures for remote proprietary system operation. This requires that every event must be acknowl-edged by viewing them before the internal buzzer will silence. Thepriority order is Fire, Fault, Disable, Monitor.Priority order is alarm, supervisory, trouble, monitor. By usingqueues an emergency user does not waste time scrolling through a mixed event list looking for alarms or confusing an alarm mes-sage with other message types.EST3 configures for Remote proprietary system operation where every event must be acknowledged by viewing them before the internal buzzer will silence. Or the EST3 will configure for Local operation. Here the internal buzzer silences by pressing panel silence. If any events exist in queues that have not been viewedthe queue LED continues to flash informing the user of un-seen events.When all events in a queue are acknowledged or ‘seen’, theLED associated with the queue turns on steady. If a new event is added to the queue, the EST3 internal buzzer resounds and the queue LED flashes.EST3 allows device grouping into logical group zones. Here two or more alarm devices (such as detectors or pull stations) make up the zone. When a device in the zone activates, the LCD displays the zone description. Each zone only displays once, regardless of the number of devices active within the zone.DetailsTo display device information the user presses the Details key. The device with the lowestaddress displays in the first window.If multiple devices are active each is available for viewing by using the arrow associated with the Previous Message Next key andscrolling through the device list.expand beyond the Main Display interface by adding a Control Display Module and assigning features to its switch controls.For Maintenance users, the EST3 provides a smooth operatingmenu system providing powerful tools for system management, reports, and trouble shooting.Installation and MountingLIFE SAFETY & INCIDENT MANAGEMENTContact usPhone: 800-655-4497 (Option 4) Email: ************************ Website: 8985 Town Center PkwyBradenton, FL 34202© 2020 CarrierAll rights reserved.Engineering SpecificationThe system shall provide a user interface that displays system events in a text format, and supports basic common control LEDs and switches. The Common Control Switches and LEDs provided as minimum will be; Reset switch and LED, Alarm Silence switch and LED, Panel Silence switch and LED, Drill switch and LED. It must be possible to add additional common controls as required through the use of modular display units. The user interface must provide an LCD that will allow custom event messages of up to 42 characters. The interface must provide a minimum of eight lines by 21 characters and provide the emer-gency user, hands free viewing of the first and last highest priority event. The last highest priority event must always display and update automatically. Events shall be automati-cally placed in easy to access queues. It shall be possible to view specific event types separately. Having to scroll through a mixed list of event types is not acceptable. The total number of active events by type must be displayed. Visual indication must be provided of any event type which has not been acknowledged or viewed. It must be possible to cus-tomize the designation of all user interface LEDs and Switches for local language require-ments. It shall be possible to have a custom message for each device in addition to zone messages. Custom device messages must support a minimum of 42 characters each. Instructional text messages support a maximum of 1,000 characters each. The display shall be capable of displaying English, Spanish, French, or Russian messages. Technical SpecificationsCatalog Number3-LCDAgency Listings UL, ULC, FM, CE, LPCB, EN54*.LCD Display Eight lines by 21 characters backlit LCDMounting Two local rail spaces on top of 3-CPUCommon ControlSwitches and LEDsReset switch and LEDAlarm Silence switch and LEDPanel Silence switch and LEDDrill Switch and LEDAlarm Current42mAStandby Current40mA* EN 54-2: 1997 + A1: 2006, EN 54-4: 1997 + A1: 2002 + A2: 2006, and EN 54-16: 2008.3-LCDAdd suffix “-E” for EN54 compliant version.8 (.36)3-LKE UK English Label Kit.25 (.11)3-LKF French Label Kit.25 (.11)3-LKR Russian Label Kit.25 (.11)3-LKS Spanish Label Kit.25 (.11)Page 4 of 4D A T A S H E E T E85010-0071Not to be used for installation purposes. Issue 1.104-01-20。
3TG合规声明说明书
Select Language Preference Here:请选择你的语言:사용할 언어를 선택하시오 :表示言語をここから選択してください:Sélectionner la langue préférée ici:Selecione Preferência de idioma Aqui:Wählen sie hier die Sprache:Seleccione el lenguaje de preferencia aqui:Selezionare la lingua di preferenza qui:Burada Dil Tercihini Belirleyin:English Revision 5.10December 1, 2017Company Name (*):Declaration Scope or Class (*):Company Unique ID:Company Unique ID Authority:Address:Contact Name (*):Email – Contact (*):Phone – Contact (*):Authorizer (*):Title - Authorizer:Email - Authorizer (*):Phone - Authorizer (*):Effective Date (*):1) Is any 3TG intentionally added or used in the product(s) or in the production process? (*)Comments TantalumTin (*)GoldTungsten 2) Does any 3TG remain in the product(s)? (*)CommentsTantalumTin (*)GoldTungsten 3) Do any of the smelters in your supply chain source the 3TG from the covered countries? (SEC term, see definitions tab) (*)CommentsTantalumTin (*)GoldTungsten 4) Does 100 percent of the 3TG (necessary to the functionality or production of your products) originate from recycled or scrap sources? (*)CommentsTantalumTin (*)GoldTungsten 5) What percentage of relevant suppliers have provided a response to your supply chain survey? (*)CommentsTantalumTin (*)GoldTungsten 6) Have you identified all of the smelters supplying the 3TG to your supply chain? (*)CommentsTantalumTin (*)GoldTungsten No Answer Answer513-234-9217No Yes 2-Apr-2018Answer the following questions 1 - 7 based on the declaration scope indicated above513-234-9217Answer Answer Seal-Seat US50-5050Tom Cavanaugh The purpose of this document is to collect sourcing information on tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold used in products 9160 Norwalk Boulevard; Santa Fe Springs, CA, 90670DUNNS Link to Terms & ConditionsB. Product (or List of Products)Company Information Go to Product List tab to enter products this declaration applies toTom Cavanaugh Mandatory fields are noted with an asterisk (*). Consult the instructions tab for guidance on how to answer each question.******************************************************************100%78-848-2904Global Supply Chain Director NoNo Answer No Click here to enter the products this declaration applies to Yes Yes AnswerSelect Language Preference Here:请选择你的语言:사용할 언어를 선택하시오 :表示言語をここから選択してください:Sélectionner la langue préférée ici:Selecione Preferência de idioma Aqui:Wählen sie hier die Sprache:Seleccione el lenguaje de preferencia aqui:Selezionare la lingua di preferenza qui:Burada Dil Tercihini Belirleyin:English Revision 5.10December 1, 2017The purpose of this document is to collect sourcing information on tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold used in products Link to Terms & ConditionsMandatory fields are noted with an asterisk (*). Consult the instructions tab for guidance on how to answer each question.7) Has all applicable smelter information received by your company been reported in this declaration? (*)Comments TantalumTin (*)GoldTungstenQuestionA. Have you established a conflict minerals sourcing policy? (*)B. Is your conflict minerals sourcing policy publicly available on your website? (Note – If yes, the user shall specify the URL in the comment field.) (*)C. Do you require your direct suppliers to be DRC conflict-free? (*)D. Do you require your direct suppliers to source the 3TG from smelters whose due diligence practices have been validated by an independent third party audit program? (*)E. Have you implemented due diligence measures for conflict-free sourcing? (*)F. Does your company conduct Conflict Minerals survey(s) of your relevant supplier(s)? (*)G. Do you review due diligence information received from your suppliers against your company’s expectations? (*)H. Does your review process include corrective action management? (*)I. Is your company required to file an annual conflict minerals disclosure with the SEC? (*)/en-us/support/Pages/conflict-minerals.aspx Yes YesComments AnswerAnswer © 2017 Conflict-Free Sourcing Initiative. All rights reserved.YesYes Yes, in conformance with IPC1755 (e.g., CMRT)Yes Yes YesAnswer the Following Questions at a Company Level Yes YesManufacturer’s Product Number (*)00065700309LF20309LF50316L12Page 1 of 30。
西特斯i-cube 3.3 用户手册说明书
Building a safe and secure embedded worldUnit Testing for Software QualityTest in the real environment and document the results> T ESSY and CTETESSY performs automated dynamic module/unit and integration testing of embedded software and determines the code coverage along the way. This kind of test is required for certifications according to standards such as DO-178, IEC 61508, ISO 13849, IEC 62279, or ISO 26262.Integrated with TESSY is the ClassificationTree Editor (CTE), a tool to specify test cases systematically according to the Classification Tree Method (CTM). TESSY is based on Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP) thus featuring the well-known Eclipse user interface with views and perspectives.TESSY automatically executes the tests, evaluates the test results, and generates the test reports. TESSY can eliminate manual testing and therefore saves the embedded development engineer a tremendous amount of time. A faster development process ensures the tool recovers its costs quickly, and what‘s more, produces better quality software and documented tests.TESSY is successfully used in large projects with dozens of users in multiple locations across the world. TESSY is used extensively in automotive, aerospace, avionics, railway, medical, military, and industrial applications. Ask for a testimonial!TESSY can be operated without user intervention which is useful for regression testing and continuous integration.The quickest route to a safe application TESSY: the invaluable test tool for safety critical applications TESSY – The invaluable test toolWhat Is Module/Unit Testing?During unit testing the test object is tested rigorously and in isolation from the rest of the application. The test object is a C-level function or a method (in C++). Often unit testing is also called module testing.Rigorous means that testing is tightly focused on the unit in question; the test cases are specific for the unit, demanding, comprehensive, using boundary values and values that are likely to reveal a problem in the unit under test.Isolated means that the test result does notdepend on the behaviour of the other units in the application. It can be achieved by directly calling the unit under test and replacing calls to other units by stub functions.Tested for the unexpected: systematic, rigorous, isolated testingModule / unit testing eliminates errors early on and prevents them from showing up inlater stages of the development process.What are the benefits? 1. Find errors earlyUnit testing can be conducted as soon as the unit to be tested compiles successfully. Therefore errors inside the unit can be detected very soon after their creation.2. Save moneyIt is generally accepted that errors detected late in a project are more expensive to correct than errors that are detected early. Hence unit testing saves money.3. Give confidenceUnit testing gives confidence. After the unit testing, the application will be made up of fully tested units. A test for the whole application will then be more likely to pass.4. Specific for the unitI nstead of trying to create test cases that test the whole set of interacting units, the test cases for unit testing are specific to the unit under test (divide-and-conquer). Test cases can easily comprise of input data that is unexpected by the unit under test, something which may be hard to achieve during system testing.5. Easy defect isolationIf the unit under test is tested in isolation from the other units, detecting the cause of a failed test case is easy. The fault must be related to the unit undertest.A tour around the testing workflow How TESSY worksUnleash it for a test run> TESSY starts off by analyzing the source module and then lets the user select the test object. This can be a function or amethod (in C++). TESSY then identifies the interface of thetest object, such as global variables, parameters, andfunctions/methods called by the test object.> TESSY determines whether a variable of the interface is input, output, or both.> TESSY can be directed to allocate memory to be used as targetfor pointers in the interface.State your caseTESSY provides several ways to specify values for the test cases:> Interactive test data input is accomplished in thetabular Test Data view> Test data import in various file formats (including Excel)> Test cases specified systematically by use of theClassification Tree Method can be imported fromthe Classification Tree Editor (CTE)> TESSY can generate test cases from value ranges> TESSY can generate random test dataMeet your test driverTESSY then generates source code for the test driver, which callsthe test object. If it calls another function/method, TESSY is ableto create a stub function as replacement. This is necessary forunit testing in its strictest sense and useful if the called function/method is not implemented yet.TESSY provides two types of stub functions:One type allowsthe user to specify expected values for the input variables of thestub function which then are compared with the actual values byTESSY. Furthermore this stub function type allows you to specifythe inputs from the stub function to the test object, e.g. the returnvalue. The other type of stub function allows the user to providesource code for the body of the stub.Go TESSY go!Using a cross compiler, TESSY compiles and links the driver sourcecode, the function under test and any stub functions, and thendownloads the resulting executable to the test system. This mightbe an in-circuit emulator in stand-alone mode or one connected toa target system, or a JTAG / BDM / OCDS debug system. This mightalso be a simulation of the target microcontroller running on thehost PC. Testing can also be performed on the host PC using thenative GNU compiler.TESSY executes each test case and then determines, if it haspassed or failed. A comprehensive test report can be created in pdf,word, html, and xml format.The interface separates thetest object from the rest of theapplicationNon-interactive testingTESSY features a command language which allows the user to automate almost all tasks in TESSY.The command language enables the integration of TESSY in Continuous Integration (CI) systems.Dream debuggingIf a test case fails, an easy and efficient debug plan is in place. TESSY is able to re-execute a test case and direct the debugger in use to stop test execution at the beginning of the test object.The debugger’s features now can be used to reveal theculprit. After the source code is changed to fix the bug, the test case in question (and all others) can easily be re-run to verify that the correction operates successfully.Regression testingRegression testing can reveal if new errors have been introduced during further development of the application, such as bug fixes in other sections, rewriting of the tested function, switching to a new compiler version or porting the software to another microcontroller architecture. TESSY’s easy-to-use regression testing ability is an extremely helpful method of checking modified software, therefore ensuring software quality.Trace your requirementsTraceability of requirements to test cases checks if allrequirements have a test case associated with them and also lets you find out which test cases may need adaptation if a requirement has changed. Requirements can be imported / exported and created in TESSY.Why TESSY eases testingSoftware quality needs TESSYRe-use test data and save timeIf any interface element of a tested function has been changed in the course of the development process, TESSY allows the user to re-use test data from the old interface, which considerably aids the regression testing process.Fault injectionTESSY features a faultinjection mechanism allowing comfortable testing of the reaction of the test object to faults from the outside, e.g. defective RAM.This mechanism can also be used to execute theoretically unreachable code parts, hence achieving 100% code coverage.Test case specififcation according to the Classification Tree Method. The CTE (Classification Tree Editor), integrated in TESSY, supports thismethodIntegration testing – check the interactionTESSY can test the interaction of cooperating units even if the units do not call each other, e.g. push() and pop() of a stack. Several units are composed to form a bigger unit, usually called a component. A test case calls the units in a certain order and sets variables of the component. Resulting calls to other components and variable values can be checked by TESSY. Integration test cases can also include simulated time(temporal component testing).The Classification Tree MethodThe Classification Tree Method supports a developer confronted with issues such as:> Finding the ”right” test cases> Minimizing a set of test cases while assuring that none are missing > Estimating the amount of testing required> Defining criteria needed to conclude testing without risking integrity of the test processTransforming requirementsThe Classification Tree Method transforms requirements systematically into a set of error-sensitive, low-redundancy test cases. This method classifies test-relevant aspects using the equivalence partitioning method and leads to test case specifications that can comprise boundary values.Intuitive and easy to learnThe Classification Tree Method is intuitive and easy to learn. It requires and encourages the developer to employ his creativity. Because thinking about the problem specification is at the very beginning, the Classification Tree Method also reveals inconsistencies or omissions in the problem specification.Testing of software variantsTESSY eases the testing of software variants. Test cases for a base software can be transferred andadapted to the software variants. If a base test case changes, the change is applied to the inherited testcases of the variants automatically.Hitex UKHitex (UK) Ltd Millburn Hill RoadUniversity of Warwick Science Park Coventry CV4 7HS United KingdomPhone: +44-24-7669-2066Fax: +44-24-7669-2131Email: info@hitex.c Engineering Testing Training ToolsSoftware Components SystemsManufacturingConsultingHitex Head Office, Germany Hitex GmbHGreschbachstraße 1276229 Karlsruhe GermanyPhone: +49-721-9628-0Fax: +49-721-9628-149Email:*************B -T E S S Y -E 04.i n d d - D EC 2018© Hitex GmbH. All Rights Reserved. This document is intended to give overview information only. Hitex makes no warranties or representations with regard to this content of any kind, whether express or implied,including without limitation, warranties or representations of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement of any third party intellectual property right. Hitex reserves the right to make corrections, deletions, modifications, enhancements, improvements and other changes to the content and materials, its products, programs and services at any time or to move or discontinue any content, products, programs, or services without notice. Trademarks of other companies used in the text refer exclusively to the products of these companies. Hitex is a trademark of Hitex GmbH.TESSY is qualified to be used in safety-related software development according to IEC 61508, ISO 26262, EN 50128, and IEC 62304。
BTEC Level 3 Nationals商业类。PDF文件说明书
Moving fromQCF to RQF BTEC Level 3 Nationals in BusinessBTEC Level 3 Nationals in Business© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrWelcome to your guide to the BTEC Level 3 Nationals RQF Business qualifications.ØSlides 3-4Find out what’s great about the new RQF Nationals in Business and view our whole business offer at Level 3ØSlide 5Understand what’s different to the QCF qualifications ØSlides 6-10Explore the structure of the qualifications in detailØSlides 11-19 See the range of support materials and advice available to helpyou plan and deliver your course ØSlides 20-22Know what to do next if you need help or advice.BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Business© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrBTEC Level 3 Business, Enterprise and Law qualifications prepare your learners for the fast-paced and constantly evolving world of business, ensuring they acquire the commercial knowledge and skills they need to work in business or establish their own enterprise.Qualifications available :Business Enterprise Law MarketingNEWEsports (coming soon )“They will find out a lot about finance, marketing, human resources, they’ll do some work experience –they really get that two-year experience finding out about how a company could operate.”Lyn Jenkins, Head of Sixth Form and Business Studies teacher at UTC Oxfordshire.Links with Industry Professionals We have agreements with the CMI, CIPD, CIM, and ACCA; each providing a unique benefit to students who want to focus on a specified area in the industry while making huge strides in their career progression .> Find out moreWant to talk to someone about delivering these qualifications?You can contact us through oursupport portal or by calling 0333 016 5450BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Business -full suite of RQF qualifications© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrBTEC Level 3 Nationals (RQF)Business Marketing Applied Law EnterpriseEsports(coming soon)FundedCertificate (180 GLH) Ext Certificate (360 GLH)Foundation Dip (510 GLH) Diploma (720GLH)Extended Dip (1080 GLH)Ext Certificate (360 GLH Diploma (720GLH)Extended Dip (1080GLH)Certificate (180 GLH) Ext Certificate (360 GLH)Certificate (180 GLH) Ext Certificate (360 GLH)Foundation Dip (510 GLH) Diploma (720GLH)Extended Dip (1080 GLH)Ext Certificate (360 GLH Foundation Dip (540 GLH) Diploma (720GLH)Extended Dip (1080GLH)(Funding TBC)Types of assessment InternalExternal exam and task InternalExternal exam InternalExternal task InternalExternal examInternalMandatory employer engagement No Yes No Yes NoUCAS points Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DfEPerformance TablesYesNoYesYesNoBTEC Level 3 Nationals in Business –QCF v RQF© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrWe’ve highlighted below the main differences between the QCF and RQF qualifications:ØUnits come in a range of sizes –60, 90 and 120 GLH which means that their weighting is different when calculating the final grade.ØThere is compensation across the qualification , with grades to reflect all achievement.ØExternally assessed units with a Near Pass grade.ØAssessment criter ia in internally assessed units are set out differently.ØSynoptic Assessment requires learners to demonstrate that they can identify and use effectively, in an integrated way, an appropriate selection of skills, techniques, concepts, theories and knowledge from across the whole sector as relevant to a key task.BTEC Nationals in Business© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrCertificate (180 GLH)Extended Certificate(360 (GLHFoundation Diploma(510 GLH)Diploma (720 GLH)Extended Diploma(1080 GLH)Equivalent to 0.5 A-LevelsEquivalent to 1 A-Level Equivalent to 1.5 A-LevelsEquivalent to 2 A-Levels Equivalent to 3 A-Levels TOTAL: 2 UNITSTOTAL: 4 UNITS TOTAL: 6 UNITS TOTAL: 8 UNITS TOTAL: 13 UNITS 2 MANDATORY UNITS 3 MANDATORY UNITS 4 MANDATORY UNITS 6 MANDATORY UNITS 7 MANDATORY UNITS 1 Exploring Business (90 GLH) 1 Exploring Business (90 GLH) 1 Exploring Business (90 GLH) 1 Exploring Business (90 GLH) 1 Exploring Business (90 GLH)2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH) 2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH) 2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH) 2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH) 2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH)0 OPTIONAL UNITS3 Personal and Business Finance (120 GLH)3 Personal and Business Finance (120 GLH) 3 Personal and Business Finance (120 GLH)3 Personal and Business Finance (120 GLH)4 Managing an Event (90 GLH)4 Managing an Event (90 GLH) 4 Managing an Event (90 GLH)5 International Business (90 GLH)5 International Business (90 GLH)6 Principles of Management (120 GLH)6 Principles of Management (120 GLH)7 Business Decision Making (120 GLH)0 OPTIONAL UNITS 1 OPTIONAL UNIT 2 OPTIONAL UNITS 2 OPTIONAL UNITS 6 OPTIONAL UNITSAssignment –Set and marked internally Task –Set and marked by Pearson Written exam –Set and marked by PearsonBUSINESS STRUCTURE© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrAssignment –Set and marked internally Task –Set and marked by Pearson Written exam –Set and marked by PearsonENTERPRISE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP STRUCTURECertificate (180 GLH)Extended Certificate(360 (GLHFoundation Diploma(510 GLH)Diploma (720 GLH)Extended Diploma(1080 GLH)Equivalent to 0.5 A-LevelsEquivalent to 1 A-Level Equivalent to 1.5 A-LevelsEquivalent to 2 A-Levels Equivalent to 3 A-Levels TOTAL: 2 UNITSTOTAL: 4 UNITS TOTAL: 6 UNITS TOTAL: 8 UNITS TOTAL: 12 UNITS 2 MANDATORY UNITS 3 MANDATORY UNITS 4 MANDATORY UNITS 6 MANDATORY UNITS 8 MANDATORY UNITS 1 Enterprise andEntrepreneurs (90 GLH) 1 Enterprise andEntrepreneurs (90 GLH) 1 Enterprise and Entrepreneurs (90 GLH)1 Enterprise andEntrepreneurs (90 GLH) 1 Enterprise and Entrepreneurs (90 GLH)2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH) 2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH) 2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH) 2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH) 2 Developing a Marketing Campaign (90 GLH)0 OPTIONAL UNITS3 Personal and Business Finance (120 GLH)3 Personal and Business Finance (120 GLH)3 Personal and Business Finance (120 GLH) 3 Personal and Business Finance (120 GLH)4 Launch and Run an Enterprise (90 GLH)4 Launch and Run an Enterprise (90 GLH) 4 Launch and Run an Enterprise (90 GLH)5 Survival and Growth (90 GLH)5 Survival and Growth (90 GLH)6 Principles of Management (120 GLH)6 Principles of Management (120 GLH)12 Business Decision Making (120 GLH)13 Principles of Management (120 GLH)0 OPTIONAL UNITS 1 OPTIONAL UNIT 2 OPTIONAL UNITS 2 OPTIONAL UNITS4 OPTIONAL UNITS© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrAssignment –Set and marked internally Task –Set and marked by PearsonAPPLIED LAW STRUCTURECertificate (180 GLH)Extended Certificate(360 (GLHEquivalent to 0.5 A-LevelsEquivalent to 1 A-Level TOTAL: 2 UNITS TOTAL: 4 UNITS 2 MANDATORY UNITS 3 MANDATORY UNITS 1 Dispute Solving in Civil Law(90 GLH)1 Dispute Solving in Civil Law(90 GLH)2 Investigating Aspects of Criminal law and theLegal System (90 GLH)2 Investigating Aspects of Criminal law and the LegalSystem (90 GLH)0 OPTIONAL UNITS3 Applying the Law (120 GLH)0 OPTIONAL UNITS 1 OPTIONAL UNIT© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrAssignment –Set and marked internally Written exam–Set and marked by PearsonMARKETING STRUCTUREExtended Certificate(360 (GLHDiploma (720 GLH)Extended Diploma (1080 GLH)Equivalent to 1 A-Level Equivalent to 2 A-Levels Equivalent to 3 A-Levels TOTAL: 3 UNITS TOTAL: 7 UNITS TOTAL: 12 UNITS 3 MANDATORY UNITS6 MANDATORY UNITS7 MANDATORY UNITS1 Careers in Marketing (60 GLH)1 Careers in Marketing (60 GLH)1 Careers in Marketing (60 GLH)2 Marketing Principles (120 GLH) 2 Marketing Principles (120 GLH) 2 Marketing Principles (120 GLH)3 Customer Communications (180 GLH) 3 Customer Communications (180 GLH) 3 Customer Communications (180 GLH)4 Applying Digital Marketing (180 GLH) 4 Applying Digital Marketing (180 GLH)5 Branding Products and Services (60 GLH)5 Branding Products and Services (60 GLH)6 Generating Customer Loyalty (60 GLH)6 Generating Customer Loyalty (60 GLH)7 Marketing an Event (60 GLH)0 OPTIONAL UNITS1 OPTIONAL UNIT 5 OPTIONAL UNITS© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrAssignment –Set and marked internallyESPORTS STRUCTUREExtended Certificate(360 (GLHFoundation Diploma(540 GLH)Diploma (720 GLH)5Extended Diploma(1080 GLH)Equivalent to 1 A-Level Equivalent to 1.5 A-LevelsEquivalent to 2 A-Levels Equivalent to 3 A-Levels TOTAL: 4 UNITS TOTAL: 7 UNITS TOTAL: 9 UNITS TOTAL: 15 UNITS 4 MANDATORY UNITS 4 MANDATORY UNITS5 MANDATORY UNITS 5 MANDATORY UNITS1 Introduction to Esports (60 GLH) 1 Introduction to Esports (60 GLH) 1 Introduction to Esports (60 GLH) 1 Introduction to Esports (60 GLH)2 Esports Skills, Strategies and Analysis (120 GLH)2 Esports Skills, Strategies and Analysis (120 GLH)2 Esports Skills, Strategies and Analysis (120 GLH)2 Esports Skills, Strategies and Analysis (120 GLH)3 Enterprise and Entrepreneurship in the Esports Industry (90 GLH) 3 Enterprise and Entrepreneurship in the Esports Industry (90 GLH) 3 Enterprise and Entrepreneurship in the Esports Industry (90 GLH) 3 Enterprise and Entrepreneurship in the Esports Industry (90 GLH)4 Health, Wellbeing and Fitness for Esports Players (90 GLH)4 Health, Wellbeing and Fitness for Esports Players (90 GLH)4 Health, Wellbeing and Fitness for Esports Players (90 GLH) 4 Health, Wellbeing and Fitness for Esports Players (90 GLH)5 Esports Events (120 GLH)5 Esports Events (120 GLH)0 OPTIONAL UNITS 3 OPTIONAL UNITS 4 OPTIONAL UNITS 10 OPTIONAL UNITSPlanning your delivery© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrThis section highlights the range of support materials and advice available to help you plan your delivery of BTEC Level 3 Nationals qualifications including:ØSlides 12-15External assessment ØSlides 16-18Internal assessment ØSlide 19GradingPlanning your delivery -EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT © 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrAvailability Twice a yearResit opportunityLearners can resit BTEC Nationals twiceResults and Post result services https:///en/support/support-for-you/exam-officers-administrators/results.htmlResourcesSample Assessment MaterialAdditional Sample Assessment Material Past PapersExaminer reports Mark schemesSample Marked Learner workCompensationNear Pass (N grade) meaning learners can pass the qualification without passing the external assessment as long as they achieve the N grade and meet all other eligibility requirements Types of external assessmentsTaskWritten ExamKEY INFORMATIONPlanning your delivery –EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrSUPPORT –Course materialsWe’ve a wide range of course materials available to help with all aspects of externalassessment. You’ll find these on the Course Materials section on your qualification page.Detailed specifications –to help you fully understand the qualifications Sample marked learner work –so you have an example of the standardExaminer reports –to help you prepare for future assessmentsAdministrative support guides –summarising all the support materials and key information available –you’ll find these under the external assessment tab.Planning your delivery –EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrSUPPORT –Assessment administration supportWe've created a document that has all the information you need to run your BTEC external assessments.You’ll find this downloadable document on the Exams Officers page .BTEC External Assessment OverviewA one stop administration guidance document containing everything you and your exams officers will need to manage and run external assessment within BTEC.(Please note, this is a live document and content may change throughout the year.)Planning your delivery –EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrSUPPORT –Support servicesIn addition to course materials, you also have a range of free BTEC Support Services designed specifically to save you time and help your learners prepare for external assessment.Our free online BTEC planningtool developed to save you time.Find out more Our free online results analysis tool. Find out moreCreate mock exams from our bank of past paper questions.Find out morePast papersSo learners can get a feel for what to expect. Find out more .Planning your delivery –INTERNAL ASSESSMENT© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrEXAMPLE UNITLearning aims to help clarify assessment criteria.Further information provides key information about preparing for and delivering a unitGlossaryhighlights the key terms used.Planning your delivery -INTERNAL ASSESSMENT© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrASSIGNMENT BRIEFSTo give you maximum flexibility and support when planning your course, you have three options available when preparing your assignment briefs:e the Pearson Authorised Assignment Briefs as published –you will find these under the InternalAssessment tab on the Course Materials section of the qualification specification page. 2.Adapt a Pearson Authorised Assignment Brief to suit the needs of your learners.3.Create your own Assignment Briefs if you think this will better meet the needs of your learners, or where anAuthorised Assignment Brief is not available. To help check you have everything covered you can use our Assignment Checking Service.(Remember, you must still internally verify assignments even if you’ve used them ‘off the shelf ’. )Planning your delivery –INTERNAL ASSESSMENT© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrSUPPORT –Course materialsWe’ve a wide range of course materials available to help with all aspects of internal assessment. You’ll find these on the Course Materials section on your qualification specification page.Detailed specifications –to help you fully understand the qualificationsSample marked learner work –so you have an example of the standardAssignment Checking Service –to check you have everything coveredAsk the Expert –contact our team of subject specialists who can help with any questions you may have.Planning your delivery -GRADING© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrGrade calculationsExternal UnitsInternal UnitsQualificationBTEC Nationals in Business –NEXT STEPS© 123rf/Jeremy ReddingtonrPublished resourcesWe also have a range of published resources available to purchase including:Student booksBook1Unit 1. Exploring businessUnit 2. Developing a marketing campaign Unit 3. Personal and business finance Unit 4. Managing an eventUnit 8. Recruitment and selection process Unit 14. Investigating customer service Unit 16. Visual merchandising Unit 22. Market researchUnit 23. The English legal system Student Book 2Unit 5. International business Unit 6. Principles of management Unit 7. Business decision makingUnit 19. Pitching for a new businessUnit 21. Training and developmentRevision guides•Revision Guide•Revision Workbook•Practice Assessments Plus (Unit 2)•Practice Assessments Plus (Unit 3)Teaching packsTeaching Pack1Unit 1. Exploring businessUnit 2. Developing a marketing campaignUnit 3. Personal and business finance Unit 4. Managing an eventUnit 8. Recruitment and selection process Unit 14. Investigating customer service Teaching Pack 2Unit 5. International business Unit 6. Principles of management Unit 7. Business decision making Unit 19. Pitching for a new business Unit 21. Training and development> > > Find out morePlease note, you do not need to purchase resources in order to deliver these qualifications.BTEC Nationals in Business –NEXT STEPS© 123rf/Jeremy Reddingtonr TRAINING EVENTSIn addition to course materials and support services, we also regularly run training events to help you successfully deliver your course.Whether you’re new to BTEC, need a refresher or want to know more about the BTEC Nationals RQF qualifications in particular, we’ve a range of events to help.Visit our training page for the latest events and check back regularly as we are constantly updating our calendar of events.> Find out more about trainingBTEC Nationals in Business –NEXT STEPS© 123rf/Jeremy Reddingtonr Getting in touchIf you need help or advice about delivering BTEC Nationals Business qualifications your Subject Advisor, Colin Leith willbe happy to help.Here’s how:Join our community @PearsonEconBusJoin me on FacebookUK: 0333 016 5450Intl: + 44 (0)333 016 5450Contact us。
step by step3000第三册unit3答案及原文
英语专业学生经典的听力材料Unit 3 World News: Economic DevelopmentsPart I Warming upA1. Who have been meeting in Hong Kong today to discuss the outlook for the global economyCentral Bank governors from more than a dozen countries.2. What does UNCTAD say about the worldwide total of foreign investment It grew by 40% last Year to more than 600 billion dollars.3. Who has approved a cut in income tax ratesThe United States House of Representatives.4. Who has announced job cuts after a fall in demand for its products Intel What is its planTo reduce its workforce by5,000.5. What decisions have been made by EU, the U.S. and Canada after a case of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in FranceEU has imposed further restrictions on the movement of livestock.The U.S. and Canada have issued temporary bans on the import of animal produce from EU.Tapescript:1. Central Bank governors from more than a dozen countries have been meeting in Hong Kong today. One subject they likely discussed is the outlook for the global economy because of the U. S. slowdown and Japan's struggling recovery. Another topic they may have discussed is how to strengthen financial markets in emerging economies in Asia and elsewhere.2. A United Nations' report says the worldwide total of foreign investment grew by nearly 40% last year to more than 600 billion dollars. The report by the UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD says most of it took place between developed countries as big companies took one another over.3. The United States House of Representatives has approved a cut in income tax rates, the first part of a package of tax cutting measures put forward by President Bush. The income tax reductions will amount to nearly 1 trillion dollars over ten years.4. The world's largest maker of computer chips, Intel, has announced job cuts after a fall in demand for its products. Intel said it expected its revenue in the first quarter of this year to fall by a quarter than the same period last year. The California-based company plans to reduce its 85,000-strong work force by 5,000.5. The European Union has imposed further restrictions on the movement of live-stock after a case of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in France. The United States and Canada have issued temporary bans on the import of all animal produce from EU countries.B1.Foreign exchange rates:1 dollar = German marks= Japanese yen1 pound = dollarsShare IndexDow Jones (up to) 6,783 (+45)London’s 100 (up to) 4,390 (+20)Nikkie closed2. Share Index:Dow Jones 10,116 (+96)Standrd and Poor’s 500 1,254 (+6)NASDAQ: %)3. Share Index:Dow Jones 8,094 ( - 66 )NASDAQ 1,662 (- 3 )FT100 ( -36 )CAC Quarante ( -33, -1% )DAX ( -1% )4. Most active stocks:Cable and Wireless HKT up $HSBC down $Hutchison down $Shanglongkai Property up $China Telecom down $Chang Kong down $Pacific Century Cyberworlds down $CCT Telecom down $New World CyberBase down $Hanong Holdings down $Gold prices:Hong Kong gold: HK$ 2,670London gold: US $ 2895. Earnings:Philips Electronics (last year): $ billion ($ 300 million)Royal Dutch Shell (4th quarter): $ billionElectronic Data Systems (4th quarter): $ per share ( $ up)Tapescripts:1. The dollar is trading at one German mark seventy-three point three and at Japanese yen. The pound buys one dollar sixty-two point four. In New York, the Dow Share Index closed 45 higher at 6,783. Earlier London's 100 Share Index ended 20 higher at 4,390. In Tokyo, the Nikkei Share Index is closed for a holiday.2. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed up 96 points at 10,116. TheStandard and Poor's 500 Index gained 6 points to close at 1,254. But the NASDAQ Index lost % as high technology and Internet stocks were battered.3. Right now the Dow is down another 66 points at 8,094; the NASDAQ Composite down 3 points at 1,662. Turning to Europe's major markets: London stocks were hit by a wave of profit taking after five straight record closes; the FT 100 Index down 36 points; Paris seeing losses as well, the CAC quarante down 33 points or 1%; and Frankfurt's DAX also fell 1% after briefly moving into record territory.4. The Hang Seng Index closed down 89 points at 3,521. The turnover was billion dollars. Now look at the ten most active stocks. Cable and Wireless HKT up 45 cents, HSBC holdings down 50 cents, Hutchison down 50 cents, Shanglongkai Property up $, and China Telecom down $, Chang Kong up 25 cents, Pacific Century Cyberworlds down 10 cents, CCT Telecom down cents, New World Cyberspace down cents, and Hanong Holdings down 25 cents. The Hang Seng Index future for November and December were all down. Hong Kong gold closed at 2,670 Hong Kong dollars, and London gold is trading at 289 . dollars.5. Consumer electronics maker Philips Electronics reported a lower than expected profit for last year. The company made about $ billion, more than $300 million below estimates. Oil company Royal Dutch Shell posted its earnings. It made roughly a $ billion profit for its fourth quarter. That was essentially in line with Street expectations. Electronic Data Systems also reported its fourth quarter numbers last night. It posted a 70-cent profit per share, two cents better than expectations.Part II News reportsASummary:This news report is about Forbes's "Super 100 Global" list.Answer the questions:1. Which of the following corporations are the top five on Forbes's list Mark their ranks.2 Citigroup4 HSBC Banking Company-- BP-Amoco5 Daimler-Chrysler1 General Electric Corporationn Microsoft3 Bank of America2. How are the companies rankedThe companies are ranked with a composite formula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of their stock.3. How are the 100 companies distributed46 in the United States, 54 in Europe and Japan.4. Why were none of the Internet-related firms included in the list Because most of the Internet-related firms have little or no profits so far.Tapescripts:For the second year in a row, the General Electric Corporation is ranked number one in an annual survey of the 100 most powerful corporations in the world.The survey, compiled and published by Forbes business magazine, shows General Electric of the United States ranked number one, followed in second and third place by the U.S. banking and financial services giants Citigroup and Bank of America. In fourth and fifth place are the British-based HSBC Banking Company and Daimler-Chrysler, theGerman-American auto-company. The companies are ranked with a compositeformula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of its (their) stock. What the magazine calls its "Super 100 Global" list are 46 companies based in the United States and 54 in Europe and Japan.Mike Ozanian, the Forbes editor who compiled the list, says there is a growing trend of international mergers and acquisitions, citing companies such as Daimler-Chrysler and BP-Amoco, the Anglo-American Oil Company. Mr. Ozanian says that despite the huge capitalizations of many Internet-related firms, none were included because most have little, if any, profits -- at least not yet.BSummary:This news report gives us a general picture of the U.S. stock market. It also presents some analysts' views on the market.Statements:1. The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up less than one percent, to 10,546.2. An analyst said that sales growth at Intel could be stronger than expected.3. Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales because of the Thanksgiving holiday shopping season.4. Sales of existing homes fell a steep % in October, their second monthly decline.5. According to investment strategist Alan Skrainka, this is a very good entry point for a long-term investor to get into the market. Tapescript:U.S. stock prices were mixed on Monday, with the "blue-chips" in a rally mode. But volume was only moderate after a holiday-shortened week last week, showing lingering uncertainty among investors.The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up 75 points, less than one percent, to 10,546. The S & P 500 Index gained 7 points. But the NASDAQ Composite backed off an early rally, taking a loss of almost one percent on weakness in selected technology stocks.The Dow Industrials actually got a boost from their technology components. Shares of Intel traded higher after an analyst said sales growth at the leading computer chip-maker could be stronger than expected. Microsoft stock also edged higher.Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales over the Thanksgiving weekend, as the holiday shopping season got underway. However, analysts caution the retail picture is still clouded because many stores offered bargains to attract shoppers. Experts worry that higher oil prices and interest rates will make this a less than merry Christmas season for U.S. merchants.The latest on the U.S. economy points to slower growth. Sales of existing homes fell a steep percent in October, their second monthly decline. Many analysts think uncertainty over the economy makes it increasingly likely that the major stock averages will close lower for the year. But investment strategist Alan Skrainka says the longer-term looks better. "No one can guess what will happen to the market over the next month. But over the long-term, we think the market looks very good. If you're a long-term investor, this is a very good entry point for getting into the market because this is what you've been waiting for. All the fear and uncertainty in the marketplace is setting us up for some very good values in the market."Part III Voice mail may cost company’s businessAJud Jessup (TakeCare HMO): …personalized service…”highservice”…getting a recording…efficient…cost effective……individual problems….Stanley Plogue (Plogue Research): …a fourth…let out…voice mail system…given up…Sandy hale (Pacific Bell):… bottom line…costs…more efficient…customer service operations…a valuable tool.B1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. F7. F8. T 9. T 10. TC3. Five years ago, people were wary of voice-mail.4. TakeCare used a funny voice-mail message in its advertisements.6. Voice-mail decreases contact between customers and companies.7. The problem is not the technology, but the voice-mail menus.Part IV Business jargonA1.…language shorthand….2.…overuse business jargon…a negative effect…3.…a low opinion…management jargon…a third…a lack ofconfidence…one in five …untrustworthy…cover something up. 4.…an effective boss…can easily understand…of management jargon.B1. T2. T3. F4. F5. FC1.blue-sky thinking: imagine new or different ways of doing things2.get our ducks in a row: have everything arranged efficiently3.brain dump: tell everything you know about a particular subject4.think outside the box: be creative in how you think about problems5.the helicopter view: an overview6.a heads up: a warning7.that’s a real no-brainer: that’s simple。
(超完整)step_by_step3000第三册原文及答案-推荐下载
Ms Heuze says she thinks the United Nations and the international community as a whole can play a constructive role in the present situation and in trying to get the Israelis and Palestinians back to the negotiating table. Officials from the UN Human Rights Commission will discuss the agenda toward the meeting on Wednesday.This is only the fifth time the commission has gone into emergency meeting to deal with a crisis situation. Previous sessions dealt with the Bosnian war, the genocide in Rwanda, and the violence in East Timor. Questions:1. How many members are there in the UN Human Rights Commission?2. How many of them voted to hold the emergency meeting?3. How many of them didn't vote?4. Which country cast the dissenting vote?5. Which country abstained?6. When will the meeting begin?7. How long will it last?8. What's the purpose of this meeting?9. How many emergency meetings have been held before this one? What were the three crisis situations that they dealt with?Part III Anti-piracy missionAEU’s Naval Operationtheir skin, but by the content of their character. (Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. 28/08/1963)4. America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress. Particularly at this time, with problems we face at home and abroad. To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home. (Richard M. Nixon 08/08/1974)5. Thank you for opening up your minds and your hearts, for seeing the possibility of what we could do together for our children and for our future here in this state and in our nation. I am profoundly grateful to all of you for giving me the chance to serve you. I will... I will do everything I can to be worthy of your faith and trust and to honor the powerful example of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan ... I promise you tonight that I will reach across party lines to bring progress for all of New York's families. Today we voted as Democrats and Republicans. Tomorrow we begin again as New Yorkers .... (Hillary Clinton 07/11/2000) Unit 2Earth and EnvironmentPart 1 Warming upA1. ...impact of climate change … damage to crops … worse ...2. ...2000 delegates … northern Brazil … third United Nations Conference on Desertification.3. ...A huge oil spill … Mexico, ...4. Wildfires … Florida … contained … a week ...5. ... Greenland is melting around the edges … 50 cubic kilometers … raise global sea level ...Tapescripts:1. Australia is the world‟s driest continent. There‟s general agreement tha t the country has to use water more efficiently. In many part supplies are i n crisis. At a meeting in Canberra, the Council of Australian Government s has approved national water plan. It attempts to balance environmental c oncerns and the needs of the community. The amount of water taken from rivers for commercial use is to be cut and farmers will be compensated.2. The disappearance and deformity of amphibians such as frogs and sala manders from rain forests and mountain lakes worldwide has attracted wi de-spread scientific attention over the last decade. Now a new study says reptile species including turtles, snakes, and alligators are in even greater tro uble. Twice as many reptiles as amphibians, or some 100 species, are curr ently listed as endangered by the World Conservation Union. The study s ays habitat loss and degradation, pollution, disease, climate change, and o ver-collection for food, pets and drugs are the major threat to reptiles.3. Four regional governors from Columbia, on a visit to Washington, have sharply criticized an American-backed aerial offensive to eradicate thousands of hectares of illegal coke and poppy plantations. At a news conference the governors called for a di fferent approach in the fight against the illegal drugs trade, saying that the herbicides currently being used were harmful to public health and the en vironment.4. Much attention has been devoted to the threatened animal species. But what about plants which are the fundamental bases of life? One in every e ight species of plants is threatened with extinction. Since all food chains b egin in the sphere of plant life, this is bad news for the animals too, includ ing humans who depend on plants not only for food but also for medicine s, building materials, and other vital purposes.5. A new local directory for the environmentally-aware is now available, called the “Boulder County Green Pages.” The R otary Clubs in Boulder County got together with local recycling and environmental specialists to put together this firstever directory. It includes qui ck reference to green products and services for recycling, xeriscaping, ene rgy conservation, and more. The $5 cost helps raise funds for the sponsori ng groups.B1. It attempts to balance environmental concerns and the needs of the community.2. Reptile species are in greater trouble than amphibian species.3. A new approach in the fight against the illegal drugs trade.4. One in every eight species of plants is threatened with extinction.5. A new local directory for the environmentally-aware, called the “Boulder County Green Pages”.Tapescript:An annual study by the Worldwatch Institute here in Washington says wit h the boom in the information economy, Americans have lost sight of the deteriorating health of the planet.State of the World 2000 says the fast growing information economy is aff ecting every aspect of life, from communication, commerce and work, to education and entertainment.Lead author and Worldwatch President Lester Brown says while America ns generally feel a sense of optimism about the economy, the planet‟s hea lth is suffering. He says it is a mistake “to confuse the vibrancy of the virt ual world with the increasingly troubled state of the real world.”“We give the earth an annual physical, and this book is the result of that a nnual physical. We check its vital signs. And almost all those vital signs, whether it‟s the number of species, whether it‟s the stability of climate, w hether it‟s the number of species, whether it‟s the stability of climate, wh ether it‟s the health of coral reefs, all those trends show deterioration.” Lester Brown says other warning signs are rising temperatures, falling wa ter tables, melting glaciers, shrinking forests and collapsing fisheries. He says the major environmental challenges in the 21st century will be to sta bilize both climate and world population growth.Worldwatch Institute President Lester Brown also points out initiatives b y multinational corporations to seek energy alternatives. For example, Da imler-Chrysler and Shell Oil are working with the government of Iceland to tur n that country into the first hydrogen powered economy.Part II News ReportsA...Washington … the information economy … deteriorating health of the planet … information economy … communication … education and entertainment … physical exam … vital signs … species … climate … temperatures … water tables … glaciers … forests … fisheries … to stabilize both climate and world population growthBSummary… the severe shortage of water in some developing nations. … global solutions are found soon.Answers to the questions1. 1502. Monday3. Almost one billion people could suffer from a scarcity of water.4. Middle East, parts of Africa, western Asia, Northeastern China, western and southern India, large parts of Pakistan and Mexico, parts of the Pacific coast of the United States and South America.5. To treat water as a precious resource.6. 5 liters7. 50 liters8. 500 litersTapescript:The UN water experts are warning that a severe water shortage will have what they call catastrophic consequences in some developing nations unless global solutions are found soon. One hundred and fifty experts aro und the world will discuss the water situation at a conference beginning Monday in Geneva.A top official from the World Meteorological Organization Arthur Askew says that by the year 2025, almost 1 billion people could be living in area s suffering from a scarcity of water. He says the number could double by the middle of the next century. Mr Askew says one area with serious wate r problems is the Middle East. But he says officials in the area are already working on ways to deal with the situation.Experts say water shortage problems also could develop in parts of Africa and western Asia as well as northeastern China, western and southern In dia, large parts of Pakistan and Mexico, and parts of the Pacific coast of t he United States and South America. Mr Askew says there‟s a moral obli gation to treat water as a precious resource and a need to realize that large amounts of water are used often wastefully in food production and manuf acturing.“All commodities have used water in their production and you must be a ware therefore that if you‟re importing food from one country to another you are in fact importing part of the water resources of that country.” Mr Askew also says water shortages lead to a conflict between rural and urba n demands.“In many regions of the world, the water crisis is not coming because of human consumption directly for potable water, for drinking, or for sanitar y purposes, it‟s coming for agriculture. And in general about 80 percent o f the water, which is consumed, i. e., is extracted from the rivers or from underground resources and is not returned, is for agriculture. And there‟s considerable pressure now on the agricultural sectors to see if they cannot use that water ore efficiently.Mr Askew says it‟s estimated that a person needs about 5 liters of water a day to survive, and a person needs about 5 liters of water a day to survive, and a person lives comfortably with about 50 liters a day. But he says peo ple in many countries are using 500 liters of water each day. He says way s must be found to reduce such overuse before it‟s too late.Part III City recyclingA a. 2 b. 4 c. 3 d. 1B1.130,000 / 80%2. Plastic / glass / tin cans / newspapers3. Recycle truck pick it up.4. One of community’s recycling centers5. Each weekday6. Conducts tours of the plant7. 3 / 48. Sod to other companies that make them into different products9. Made into new containers10. One of the top five in the USATapescript:The United States is running out of landfill space, places to put its trash. Because of that, more communities are encouraging their residents to rec ycle, to set aside certain materials that won‟t go to the landfill. One area t hat‟s met the recycling challenge head-on, is the southeast City of Charlotte, North Carolina. In just a few years, its recycling program has become one of the country‟s most successful. Catherine Smith lives in one of the 130,000 eligible recycling househol ds in Charlotte, North Carolina. Nearly 80 percent of the households parti cipate in the program. Each week, Smith goes to her front porch and fills her red plastic bin with recyclables. “You‟ve got any plastic containers m arked one or two. You‟ve got any glass. They also recycle tin cans and ne wspapers. So all of that can go in the curbside pick-up bin.”“Well, this is the easy part. Then someone, ah, driving a Charlotte Mec klenburg …Recycle Now‟ truck comes and, usually, at some point—tomorrow or Friday—and they pick it up at curbside. And that‟s it.”From there, Smith‟s cans, bottles, and newspapers are taken to oneof the community‟s recycling centers. The City of Charlotte actually cont racts with a private company to process the recyclables.This plant is operated by a company called FCR. The recycling trucks pull into FCR each weekday morning to drop off the used material. Inside, the processing center at FCR is bustling with activity. One of the first thin gs you notice in the 26,000-square-foot facility is a huge mound of materials called the “commingle area.” B asically, it‟s a big pile of assorted trash. There are forklifts transporting g arbage, and people sorting through it. Paula Hoffman is education coordin ator at FCR. She conducts tours of the plant for more than one thousand p eople a month.“The aluminum cans, the number one and number two plastic container s, the spiral cans, the glass bottles and jars are all mixed together into a hu ge pile. And…we are receiving about 100 tons a day, which is 200,000 po unds, so you can imagine how many bottles and cans are in that pile.”“Can we walk around a little bit?”“As you can see, the bottles and cans are riding up the conveyor belt, a nd they‟ll end up on a sorting station, where there are twelve workers that will hand-sort the bottles and cans and other containers. As you can see, from the sorting station, they drop their material down a chute into a large container below. The sorting station is on a raised platform.” Across from the sor ters and the commingle area is a mound ofnewspaper. Of the material brought to FCR, three quarters of it is newspri nt. It rides a separate conveyor belt, is checked, and is compacted into bal es, 11 to 12 hundred pounds each. Back in the quiet of FCR‟s auditorium, Paula Hoffman describes what happens to the sorted and processed recyc lables the company receives from Catherine Smith and the thousands of o ther area residents. Hoffman says they‟re sold to other companies that the n make them into different products.“Your food and beverage glass containers are always made into new fo od and beverage glass containers. Your aluminum beverage cans are, the biggest percentage of the time, made into new aluminum beverage cans. Twenty five percent of all beverage, Coca-Cola, Pepsi bottles are now made into new Pepsi or Coke bottles. Howeve r, a certain percentage is also made into other products such as the fuzz o n a tennis ball, carpeting…your number two plastic…a lot of it‟s made in to plastic wood.”Charlotte, the surrounding county, and FCR are glad to add new recycl ables to their program as long as there‟s a need for the recycled material.From its high participation rate to the quality end product, Charlotte‟s rec ycling program is considered one of the top five in the nation.But ultimately, the success of the Charlotte area recycling program can be traced to the curbsides of the many individual citizens who, like Catherine Smith, are active participants in program.Unit 3 World News: Economic DevelopmentsPart I Warming upA1. Who have been meeting in Hong Kong today to discuss the outlook for the global economy?Central Bank governors from more than a dozen countries.2. What does UNCTAD say about the worldwide total of foreign investment?It grew by 40% last Year to more than 600 billion dollars.3. Who has approved a cut in income tax rates?The United States House of Representatives.4. Who has announced job cuts after a fall in demand for its products? IntelWhat is its plan?To reduce its workforce by5,000.5. What decisions have been made by EU, the U.S. and Canada after a case of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in France?EU has imposed further restrictions on the movement of livestock.The U.S. and Canada have issued temporary bans on the import of animal produce from EU.Tapescript:1. Central Bank governors from more than a dozen countries have been meeting in Hong Kong today. One subject they likely discussed is the outlook for the global economy because of the U. S. slowdown and Japan's struggling recovery. Another topic they may have discussed is how to strengthen financial markets in emerging economies in Asia and elsewhere.2. A United Nations' report says the worldwide total of foreign investment grew by nearly 40% last year to more than 600 billion dollars. The report by the UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD says most of it took place between developed countries as big companies took one another over.3. The United States House of Representatives has approved a cut in income tax rates, the first part of a package of tax cutting measures put forward by President Bush. The income tax reductions will amount to nearly 1 trillion dollars over ten years.4. The world's largest maker of computer chips, Intel, has announced jobcuts after a fall in demand for its products. Intel said it expected its revenue in the first quarter of this year to fall by a quarter than the same period last year. The California-based company plans to reduce its85,000-strong work force by 5,000.5. The European Union has imposed further restrictions on the movement of live-stock after a case of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in France. The United States and Canada have issued temporary bans on the import of all animal produce from EU countries.B1.Foreign exchange rates:1 dollar = 1.733 German marks= 126.9 Japanese yen1 pound =1.624 dollarsShare IndexDow Jones (up to) 6,783 (+45)London’s 100 (up to) 4,390 (+20)Nikkie closed2. Share Index:Dow Jones 10,116 (+96)Standrd and Poor’s 500 1,254 (+6)NASDAQ: (-1.5%)3. Share Index:Dow Jones 8,094 ( - 66 )NASDAQ 1,662 (- 3 )FT100 ( -36 )CAC Quarante ( -33, -1% )DAX ( -1% )4. Most active stocks:Cable and Wireless HKT up $ 0.45HSBC down $ 0.50Hutchison down $ 0.50 Shanglongkai Property up $ 2.25China Telecom down $ 1.50Chang Kong down $ 0.25Pacific Century Cyberworlds down $ 0.10CCT Telecom down $ 0.275New World CyberBase down $ 0.075Hanong Holdings down $ 0.25Gold prices:Hong Kong gold: HK$ 2,670London gold: US $ 2895. Earnings:Philips Electronics (last year): $ 2.4 billion ($ 300 million) Royal Dutch Shell (4th quarter): $ 3.6 billionElectronic Data Systems (4th quarter): $ 0.70 per share ( $ 0.02 up)Tapescripts:1. The dollar is trading at one German mark seventy-three point three and at 126.9 Japanese yen. The pound buys one dollar sixty-two point four. In New York, the Dow Share Index closed 45 higher at 6,783. Earlier London's 100 Share Index ended 20 higher at 4,390. In Tokyo, the Nikkei Share Index is closed for a holiday.2. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed up 96 points at 10,116. The Standard and Poor's 500 Index gained 6 points to close at 1,254. But the NASDAQ Index lost 1.5% as high technology and Internet stocks were battered.3. Right now the Dow is down another 66 points at 8,094; the NASDAQ Composite down 3 points at 1,662. Turning to Europe's major markets: London stocks were hit by a wave of profit taking after five straight record closes; the FT 100 Index down 36 points; Paris seeing losses as well, the CAC quarante down 33 points or 1%; and Frankfurt's DAX also fell 1% after briefly moving into record territory.4. The Hang Seng Index closed down 89 points at 3,521. The turnover was 7.71 billion dollars. Now look at the ten most active stocks. Cable and Wireless HKT up 45 cents, HSBC holdings down 50 cents,Hutchison down 50 cents, Shanglongkai Property up $2.25, and China Telecom down $1.50, Chang Kong up 25 cents, Pacific Century Cyberworlds down 10 cents, CCT Telecom down 27.5 cents, New World Cyberspace down 7.5 cents, and Hanong Holdings down 25 cents. The Hang Seng Index future for November and December were all down. Hong Kong gold closed at 2,670 Hong Kong dollars, and London gold is trading at 289 U.S. dollars.5. Consumer electronics maker Philips Electronics reported a lower than expected profit for last year. The company made about $2.4 billion, more than $300 million below estimates. Oil company Royal Dutch Shell posted its earnings. It made roughly a $3.6 billion profit for its fourth quarter. That was essentially in line with Street expectations. Electronic Data Systems also reported its fourth quarter numbers last night. It posted a 70-cent profit per share, two cents better than expectations.Part II News reportsASummary:This news report is about Forbes's "Super 100 Global" list.Answer the questions:1. Which of the following corporations are the top five on Forbes's list? Mark their ranks.2 Citigroup4 HSBC Banking Company-- BP-Amoco5 Daimler-Chrysler1 General Electric Corporationn Microsoft3 Bank of America2. How are the companies ranked?The companies are ranked with a composite formula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of their stock.3. How are the 100 companies distributed?46 in the United States, 54 in Europe and Japan.4. Why were none of the Internet-related firms included in the list? Because most of the Internet-related firms have little or no profits so far. Tapescripts:For the second year in a row, the General Electric Corporation is ranked number one in an annual survey of the 100 most powerful corporations in the world.The survey, compiled and published by Forbes business magazine, shows General Electric of the United States ranked number one, followed in second and third place by the U.S. banking and financial services giantsCitigroup and Bank of America. In fourth and fifth place are the British-based HSBC Banking Company and Daimler-Chrysler, the German-American auto-company. The companies are ranked with a composite formula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of its (their) stock. What the magazine calls its "Super 100 Global" list are 46 companies based in the United States and 54 in Europe and Japan.Mike Ozanian, the Forbes editor who compiled the list, says there is a growing trend of international mergers and acquisitions, citing companies such as Daimler-Chrysler and BP-Amoco, the Anglo-American Oil Company. Mr. Ozanian says that despite the huge capitalizations of many Internet-related firms, none were included because most have little, if any, profits -- at least not yet.BSummary:This news report gives us a general picture of the U.S. stock market. It also presents some analysts' views on the market.Statements:1. The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up less than one percent, to 10,546.2. An analyst said that sales growth at Intel could be stronger than expected.3. Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales because of the Thanksgiving holiday shopping season.4. Sales of existing homes fell a steep 3.9% in October, their second monthly decline.5. According to investment strategist Alan Skrainka, this is a very good entry point for a long-term investor to get into the market. Tapescript:U.S. stock prices were mixed on Monday, with the "blue-chips" in a rally mode. But volume was only moderate after a holiday-shortened week last week, showing lingering uncertainty among investors.The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up 75 points, less than one percent, to 10,546. The S & P 500 Index gained 7 points. But the NASDAQ Composite backed off an early rally, taking a loss of almost one percent on weakness in selected technology stocks.The Dow Industrials actually got a boost from their technology components. Shares of Intel traded higher after an analyst said sales growth at the leading computer chip-maker could be stronger than expected. Microsoft stock also edged higher.Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales over the Thanksgiving weekend, as the holiday shopping season got underway. However, analysts caution the retail picture is still clouded because many stores offered bargains to attract shoppers. Experts worry that higher oilprices and interest rates will make this a less than merry Christmas season for U.S. merchants.The latest on the U.S. economy points to slower growth. Sales of existing homes fell a steep 3.9 percent in October, their second monthly decline. Many analysts think uncertainty over the economy makes it increasingly likely that the major stock averages will close lower for the year. But investment strategist Alan Skrainka says the longer-term looks better. "No one can guess what will happen to the market over the next month. But over the long-term, we think the market looks very good. If you're a long-term investor, this is a very good entry point for getting into the market because this is what you've been waiting for. All the fear and uncertainty in the marketplace is setting us up for some very good values in the market."Part III Voice mail may cost company’s businessAJud Jessup (TakeCare HMO): …personalized service…”high service”…getting a recording…efficient…cost effective……individual problems….Stanley Plogue (Plogue Research): …a fourth…let out…voice mail system…given up…Sandy hale (Pacific Bell):… bottom line…costs…more efficient…customer service operations…a valuable tool.B1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. F7. F8. T9. T10. TC3. Five years ago, people were wary of voice-mail.4. TakeCare used a funny voice-mail message in its advertisements.6. Voice-mail decreases contact between customers and companies.7. The problem is not the technology, but the voice-mail menus.Part IV Business jargonA1.…language shorthand….2.…overuse business jargon…a negative effect…3.…a low opinion…management jargon…a third…a lack of confidence…one in five …untrustworthy…cover something up.4.…an effective boss…can easily understand…of management jargon.B1. T2. T3. F4. F5. FC1.blue-sky thinking: imagine new or different ways of doing things2.get our ducks in a row: have everything arranged efficiently3.brain dump: tell everything you know about a particular subject4.think outside the box: be creative in how you think about problems5.the helicopter view: an overview6. a heads up: a warning7.that’s a real no-brainer: that’s simple英语专业学生经典的听力材料Unit 4 World News: Up in SpacePart I Warming upA1. To Mars / March of next year.2. Because of a mechanical problem.3. 5 males and 2 females.4. NASA / At the end of September, 83 days after landing.5. To return home at the Kennedy Space Center after completing repairs on the Hubble Telescope.1. An American spacecraft is traveling to Mars to collect information abo ut the red planet. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter left Cape Canaveral i n Florida on August 12th. The space vehicle is expected to arrive in March of next year. It is to orbit the planet for at least four years.2. The U.S. space shuttle Columbia has returned to Earth after an abbreviated stay in space because of a mechanical problem. The Space Agency o rdered the shuttle back to Earth after one of the three power generators fai led Sunday. The generators called “fuel cells” provide all of shuttle’s elec trical power, and NASA safety rules require the space ship to return to Ea rth if any fuel cell fails.3. US space shuttle Discovery has made a successful lift-off from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, en route to the International S pace Station. The shuttle with 5 male and 2 female astronauts onboard wil l take another section of the half-built International Space Station a little truss, or frame into orbits. It’s sch eduled to come back to earth on December 21.4.The United States Space Agency NASA says it’s given up any real hope of reviving its space probe on Mars. The spacecraft Pathfinder made its last transmission of scientific data from the surface of Mars at the end of September, 83 days after landing.5.The U.S. space shuttle Endeavor is preparing to return home in triumph after completing repairs on the Hubble Telescope. The Endeavor’s schedu led to land Monday at the Kennedy Space Center on Florida’s Atlantic co ast, returning to the site where the mission began eleven days ago.BMir Facts15 years。
世纪商务英语综合教程三(第三版)课文翻译
Unit 1Text A什么是“服务”?在IT界,“服务”一词涵盖的意思很广,包括咨询､客户定制编程､设计､制造和安装复杂的信息系统等｡IBM全球服务:概览背景11991年时,IBM是家拥有648亿资产的公司,其中非维护服务收入还不足60亿｡但短短的10年后,仅仅是IT服务收入一项就超过IBM公司860亿总销售额的40%,一跃成为IBM公司的最大收入单项｡2原因何在?一部分是因为该公司一贯的勤劳而严谨的工作作风:通过客户开发客户;创建规范的管理及财务制度;重资聘用并培养IT顾问及系统体系结构和网络服务等各方面的专家｡3IBM全球服务成功的更重要的因素其实很简单,就是明确地了解客户的需求之所在｡IBM 认为技术与商业的经验合在一起有助于更有效地与客户融为一体｡兴起4IBM公司初涉IT服务业可追溯到1989年｡当时伊斯曼柯达公司与IBM公司完成了协议:IBM为柯达公司在纽约州的罗切斯特市的分公司设计､创建并管理一个崭新的最先进的数据中心｡这次使双方皆获益的合作经历更增强了IBM以开发扩充自己数据库容量来提供额外服务的信心｡5另外,1989年时,IBM引进了商务恢复服务系统｡这个系统能确保企业遇到机器突然中断或其他意外情况之时还可继续操作运行｡61991年春,IBM的集团管理董事会批准了全球服务策略｡其目标是:在1994年IBM将成为“世界一流的服务性企业”｡经验7IBM在创建其服务行业的10年里,学到了可以应用到其他企业的至少六条经验｡8首先,要做好长期进行企业及文化变革的准备｡IBM成功的发展历程最初并不为专家看好｡虽然其服务部门(不包括维护)直到1994年才开始盈利,但IBM公司仍然坚持着,直到后来逐渐发展起来｡9第二,在人力资源及其培养过程方面加大投资力度｡服务业中“人”为品牌｡因此每年投资10多个亿来教育培训其员工｡多数培训是通过远程学习来完成的｡10第三,资源要满足顾客需求｡11第四,把握核心优势并着重策略的制定和实施｡IBM没有受到狂热投资网站的干扰｡该公司认为电子商务不仅仅是使用浏览器,而是企业行为;也不是点击鼠标那么简单,而是商业活动｡IBM的企业运作就立足于此信念｡当市场最终朝此转向时,IBM已经做好了充足的准备并将其服务导向定位为研制解决问题的方法｡12第五,创建有影响力的多种价值链｡当今的世界企业环境中,联盟与“合作竞争”是常用手段,因为任何一家公司都无法独自在竞争中获胜｡先了解最适合本公司的目标及作用,再挑选另一家能更快更好达到此目标的公司,然后将两家公司合并就能在竞争中获得优势｡13第六,采用､参与并及时创新｡IBM现在还在设法不断严格､定期地将其服务进行更新｡每年的策略性计划即是历史的遗迹和见证｡Text B福特汽车公司梦想成为企业11903年6月16日,亨利·福特和另外11位商业合作伙伴签署了公司联合协议,这标志着福特汽车公司进入商业领域｡他们用28,000美元现金创立了将要变成世界上最大的公司之一的福特汽车公司｡在20世纪,几乎没有哪个公司可以像福特汽车公司那样,与历史及产业和社会的发展联系得如此紧密｡2与其他大公司一样,福特汽车公司在创立初期也并不引人瞩目,在经济方面也出现过危机｡据记载,福特汽车公司的第一笔交易是在1903年7月20日,公司刚成立一个月的时候完成的｡商品的购买方是底特律的一位内科医生｡经过这次交易,年轻的公司迈出了第一步｡利用生产线进行批量生产3福特汽车公司对汽车制造业最大的贡献也许是流动装配生产线的发明｡这项新技术在美国密歇根的高原骑士工厂(Highland Park)首次投入使用｡通过这项技术,每个工人可以在固定的位置,在从他们面前不断经过的大批机器上反复进行同样的操作｡实践证明,这一生产线提高了效率,让福特公司的生产量远远高于其他竞争者,并使福特公司生产的汽车价格更易于被人们接受｡第一批汽车4亨利·福特强调,公司的未来取决于能否为更大的市场生产可被接受的汽车｡从1903年起,福特公司便开始使用字母表中的前19个字母为新车命名｡1908年,“T型车”问世了｡在随后的19年中,先后有1500万台“T型车”被生产出来｡福特汽车公司成为了覆盖全球市场的大型企业｡1925年,福特汽车公司收购了林肯汽车公司,并开始生产豪华型汽车｡20世纪30年代,水星车系分公司成立｡他主要生产中档价位的汽车｡福特汽车公司不断发展壮大｡成为国际化的大公司520世纪50年代,雷鸟车系问世,人们开始有机会得到福特公司的部分股份｡股票上市后,在1956年2月24日,公司就拥有了350,000位新股东｡20世纪50年代,亨利·福特二世对政治和经济的发展趋势有着准确的把握,这就使福特汽车公司在20世纪60年代迅速崛起,并于1967年创立了欧洲福特公司｡该分公司的成立比欧洲经济共同体的成立早20年｡福特汽车公司于1971年成立了北美汽车协会,将美国､加拿大和墨西哥的公司合为一体｡这又比北美自由贸易区的成立早了20年｡6在上个世纪,福特汽车公司的成立是基于创立者想生产出满足生活在高度工业化世界里的人们的需要的愿望｡如今,福特汽车公司已经成为了一个汽车生产的大家族｡其生产的品牌包括:福特､林肯､水星､马自达､路虎和沃尔沃等｡该公司已经开始了第二个百年,并在全世界范围延续和发展了亨利·福特的精神,不断创造新产品,以满足全世界人们日益变化的多种需求｡Unit 2Text A什么是人力资源管理?1人力资源管理是公司的重要部分,它关注于支持公司人才使他们可以完成公司目标并帮助公司成功｡它包括招聘､雇佣､酬劳､培训和培养｡2人力资源管理是具有多种功能的综合体,如:3保险金——管理医疗､牙科及退休金保险4酬劳——包括必需的薪酬发展计划､工作分析､工作评价和业绩管理｡5劳动关系——和工会一起工作,包括谈判､调停､合同管理或参与申诉｡6劳资关系——取决于组织的大小,包括处理雇员事件､解决冲突､就业法､分歧､歧视或其他一般的雇员问题｡7培训——有针对性的训练经理和主管,进行一对一的职业发展培训或组织发展培训｡8招聘——包括广告､甄选､雇佣合格的个人加入劳动力队伍｡9HRIS——人力资源信息系统10安全——包括风险管理､职工的赔偿､事故的预防｡11工作在上述任何一个领域,你都有资格成为人力资源专家｡具有各个领域的专业技能意味着你是一个人力资源通才｡目前的趋势是需要你有多方面技能,即通才｡人力资源管理未来前景如何?12经济发展导致每年大约有3000—4500份与人力资源相关的工作出现｡然而实际想从事人力资源工作的人数比所需的多三倍以上｡雇主非常有选择性,他看重应聘者适当的教育和工作能力｡如今公司提供不同的人力资源服务,更加强调客户服务,领导能力,业务技能和很强的人际沟通技巧｡由于人员流动率偏高,退休,和结构调整因素的影响,优先招聘人才也是关键的手段｡人力资源经理的主要职责是什么?13人力资源经理的主要职责是为公司挑选合适的员工,使他们得到有效的培训和发展及公平的有竞争力的薪酬｡人力资源经理的日常工作是什么?14人力资源经理关注员工的招聘,选拔,测试及定位｡可以通过在报纸上登广告或探访学校,职业技术学院和大学进行招聘｡人员的选拔是一项非常重要的工作,人力资源经理利用申请表格,面试,甄选测试,鉴定和医疗检查等手段确保招到最合适的人员｡15留住员工和有效地利用员工,取决于为他们提供恰当的训练和公平的薪酬,这也是人力资源经理必须负责的｡此外,他/她还要处理员工的问题和申诉,包括管理中重要且有趣的领域,处理和工会的关系等｡人力资源经理需具备的素质16他们必须善于倾听,成熟,有同情心,并能区分哪些是紧迫和重要的,哪些不是,换言之,他们必须能够确定轻重缓急｡另外扎实的商务知识也是至关重要的｡Text B我想找份好工作!1“请教爱丽丝”是一个互联网上健康咨询机构,她向人们提供可靠有效的信息和建议帮助人们在个人健康和福利等方面做出合理的决策｡“亲爱的爱丽丝:2为了得到更好的工作机会,我上大学进修提高自己｡一年多了,我仍然没有找到新工作｡我感觉我浪费了金钱｡我非常讨厌我的工作,但又痛恨去找一份新工作,因为我担心新工作也是一样,甚至会更糟糕,我该怎么办呀?”亲爱的读者朋友:3从事一个令你无法忍受的工作可不是一件轻松的事,你会忍不住想,“为什么我花了那么多钱上大学,学习又那么辛苦,只换来这么一份工作?”然而,与其在这饱受痛苦,彷徨无措,不如马上采取行动!4把找工作具体分为几个明确的步骤可以使你做起来更加得心应手｡以下是你需要做的准备工作:确定你的兴趣所在5首先处理最重要的事情:你知道你喜欢做什么工作吗?这是一个非常难以回答的问题,对于世界上千千万万种不同的职业类型,大多数人都无法直接做出抉择｡那就从个人的学习经历和兴趣出发,看看这个职业是否是你所热衷于研究的领域,是否是你在学校里最擅长的方面｡一定要以此作为职业决策的核心要点｡你也可以到当地的图书馆或书店去查看有关找工作､职业探索以及你所感兴趣的领域的书籍｡准备好你的履历表6你的履历表是否是最新的?请在履历表上把你所有的工作和教育经历都突出表现出来｡你是否加入了某些社区服务团体或参加过其他的课外活动?如果有,请把它们写入你的履历表｡仔细考虑你的目标7另一件需要仔细考虑的是你对于职业的短期目标和长远目标｡你是否想成为大公司中的一员?你能否胜任团队合作或者比较喜欢独立工作?通过这些问题,你可以开始了解自己真实的职业期望｡充分调研8你心目中是否已有一些非常向往的公司?把它们都列出来,然后电话询问他们是否正在招聘新员工｡同时也可以在当地报纸的分类广告中找寻招聘信息｡不要忘了互联网这一重要的资源:你甚至可能在决定辞去当前工作之前就找到更有潜力的公司和职位｡咨询专业人士9好的,你现在已经看了些资料并明确了你向往工作的领域｡现在你应该同你渴望加入的公司中的相关人士进行联系,这个过程被称作咨询专业人士,它可能会帮助你得到这份工作——或至少可以获得更多的信息,加强联系｡准备面试10面试是一件非常令人紧张的事情｡然而,你可以通过下列技巧打动你的面试官,请记住: 进行目光交流恰当地着装突出你的经历了解应聘的公司展示你的热情展示你的热情11你应该向你的未来雇主表现出你对此职位不仅非常感兴趣,而且很了解｡不要怯于提问,同时在面试中始终保持积极的态度,会促使他们认定你可以胜任这项工作｡你可以假想自己正在镇定而自信地回答面试官的问题,研究表明这样的精神训练在真实环境下对你同样有所帮助｡12请记住,如果有问题涉及你目前工作的时候,即使你非常痛恨它,也应非常谨慎的表达你的观点｡申请你喜欢的工作13你已经准备好了!先在报纸还有互联网上,毕业学校的工作通告栏以及你所向往的公司人力资源部门里找寻职业信息｡然后为你的履历表附上个性化的求职信,一起送到每一个公司人事主管手中｡你也可以考虑选择猎头公司来帮助你寻找你所感兴趣的职位｡14找工作是一件费时费力的事情,但是找到一份如你所愿的好工作还是值得的｡请记住,你完成了大学教育,所以理所应当可以找到一份好工作,要经常这样鼓励自己｡从你的信中我感觉你是一个坚强､果断的人,爱丽丝祝愿你在不久的将来找到一份满意的新工作｡祝你好运! 你诚挚的爱丽丝Unit 3Text A零售世界——为什么零售如此重要? 1作为联系消费者和制造商的最终纽带,零售商在商业领域里发挥着举足轻重的作用｡他们通过为制造商的销售和消费者的购买行为提供更为简便的方式而增加商品的价值｡没有了零售商,你就不得不每次为了买诸如方糖､或一块肥皂等商品而花费大量的时间和金钱去查找,联系制造商｡同样对于制造这些商品的厂家而言,去找寻顾客购买这些商品也是一件费时费力的工作｡通过将众多的制造商和消费者汇集到一个平台上,零售商们使商品的销售成为可能,交易行为得以实施｡2零售商们还可以减少购物过程的风险并增加更多的乐趣｡他们提供专业销售人员回答顾客的问题,购买时允许赊账,并且将商品都展示出来让顾客了解有什么产品可供购买并在购买之前看到这些产品｡不仅如此,零售商还向顾客提供额外的服务,涵盖了从购物到包装到送货等环节,这样增加了商品和服务的价值｡3根据美国零售业协会统计,五分之一的美国雇员正在从事零售业的工作｡美国劳工部估计从1990到现在,零售业领域共新增七十万个工作机会,大约为全美新增工作岗位的13%｡目前,零售业行业所提供的就业机会比全国制造业所提供的还要多｡零售领域的沃尔玛4正如电视广告里的黄色笑脸一样,沃尔玛在持续的扩张中不但成为了世界上最大规模的零售中心,同时还牢牢掌握了周边市场,成为世界上最大的企业｡沃尔玛不仅是一家零售企业,更是一家优秀的分销公司,2002年在美国和其他9个国家的4414家店铺的销售额达到了2460亿美元,拥有员工130万｡5沃尔玛的全球战略,包括增加消费者对商品价值和便利的需求,快速改变零售业市场结构性分布,强制国际供应商向为数不多的大客户供货,这些都使全球零售业环境充满不确定性因素｡当竞争愈演愈烈和全球零售业区域性分布更加集中时,世界顶级的零售商们将根据需要在许多方面改变他们的战略｡6卡拉什(零售前沿首席经济师)说“零售商们对于预期的缓慢增长和更加挑剔的消费者要有准备,而且应该知道当商业环境恶化的时候,何时应该撤离市场｡”他认为“最基本的要求是零售商们应该在保障商品价值的前提下,根据价格以外的其他因素细分市场｡”最后他总结道“为了生存,零售商们还需要利用新的模式在新的地区寻找新的客户”｡NoteNational Retail Federation美国零售联合会总部设在华盛顿｡作为目前世界上最大的零售业行业协会,其会员单位包括全美和其他50多个国家的著名的百货店､专卖店､独立业主､折扣店和大宗商品交易店｡美国零售联合会内部分设以下各职能部门:书店部门､商务伙伴与会员折扣计划总部､会展销售部门､大会注册部门､财务部门､政府事务部门､信息科技部门､国际关系部门､法律部门､营销部门､会员部门､NRF基金､公共关系部门､零售运作部门､销售与服务自愿伙伴部门､赞助部门､《商店》杂志编辑部｡Text B新手经常会发现,成为一个成功的零售商的一个可行的方法就是特许经营｡很自然的,一些想从事特许经营的人对业界中的领先企业——麦当劳,非常感兴趣｡那么,如何能加入麦当劳呢?麦当劳——特许经营业的闪亮奖章1国际许可和特许经营:国际许可即一家公司允许国外的公司使用它的知识产权｡这种知识产权可以是商标､品牌名称､专利､版权或技术｡在特许经营情况下, 特许使用方获准以另一家公司即特许授予方的名义开展业务,后者则通过向前者提供商标､品牌名称､公司标志､经营技巧等获取特许使用费｡为什么选择麦当劳?2麦当劳一直从事特许经营,它的成功取决于它的经营者或店主,他们扮演了相当重要的角色｡麦当劳一直将特许经营作为主要经营方式｡开一家麦当劳特许经营店3相对而言很少有经营者或店主第一次就能开一家新的麦当劳店｡新店成本如下:初始费用:4启动费用为45000美元(支付给麦当劳公司)开张前成本和设备5这些成本从610750美元至1210000美元不等｡餐馆设施规模､开设地区､开张前的花费､盘存､厨房用具的选择､指示牌､装潢样式､景观等都会影响新店成本｡这些费用要支付给供应商｡6新店主或经营者必须为新店总成本支付40%现金,余下的可以通过传统的渠道贷款｡虽然麦当劳不会提供贷款,但麦当劳的新店主或经营者可以享用麦当劳与许多国内金融机构已建立好的良好关系｡我们确信我们的店主或经营者能享受到最低贷款利率｡特许经营年限:720 年｡后续费用8服务费:在餐馆总销售额的基础上按月支付(目前服务费为月销售额的4.0%｡)9租赁费:按月支付或按月销售额的一定百分比支付｡店主或经营者前景培训10麦当劳有广泛的持续的培训体系,包括汉堡大学和21个地区培训署｡麦当劳提供培训人员及最先进的行业培训材料｡支持11麦当劳提供广泛的市场营销及广告支持｡其屡获殊荣的广告遍及世界各地｡供应链12麦当劳的供应链体系已经发展成为由世界顶级供应商组成的广泛的网络｡麦当劳与供应商的紧密联系确保各店可以以最有竞争力的价格获取最高品质的产品｡Unit 4Text A“使顾客满意”成为商业的核心1无论所处何种行业,“使顾客满意”都是企业经营的核心内容,顾客的满意度决定了企业能否取得长期的成功｡将“使顾客满意”作为企业的首要任务2不能单纯地追求销售额,要创造客户——满意的客户｡除了为你带来第一笔交易的利润,满意的客户还能在以下两个重要方面帮你拓展生意:这些顾客组成一个长期客户群｡对于一些企业来说,这就意味着他们将会继续购买相同的产品或服务｡对于所有企业来说,这意味着他们会继续购买衍生产品和服务｡这些顾客会很自然地使他们的朋友或生意往来者成为你的新客户,从而给你带来了高额的回报,因为你不需要付出任何时间或费用｡信守承诺3不要向顾客做出你无法实现的承诺,因为这样会毫无疑问地使你失去他们｡更糟糕的是,他们还会向周围的人讲述这些不愉快的经历——从而使你失去更多的潜在客户｡建议:迅速而积极地处理每一位顾客的投诉,尽量维持和这些投诉顾客们的友好关系,而不要只顾眼前利益｡他们将会在未来给你带来更多的生意和客户｡[FK)]超出客户预期4在质量和服务方面,不断给予顾客超过他们预期的惊喜｡这样你不仅可以使得他们更加坚定长期的成为你的忠实客户,而且降低了你的竞争对手将他们争夺过去的可能性——即使他们的价格比你的低｡这是因为顾客已经确信你将不断带给他们更好的商品和服务,他们自然不会冒险去选择一个完全未知的商家｡建议:让你的客户获得额外的利益｡如果你销售产品,就为每份订单附带一些广告中未列出的小礼物｡如果你经营服务业,就经常免费给顾客提供额外的服务｡让客户感受到你对他们的重视5让你的顾客不断感受到你对他们的关注,保持稳定的联系｡例如,向你现有的顾客提供一些优惠,在新产品没有正式公开上市之前,向他们提供新产品的信息等｡建议:把你的客户变成你的公关大使,用一些激励的手段使他们向其家人和朋友介绍你的产品和服务｡往往这样的传述会比你的任何广告手段都更加令人信服,而且更加便宜｡例如, 你可以向为你带来新顾客的老客户设置一些奖励,这种奖励可以仅仅是一些新订单上的优惠承诺｡6不管你经营产品还是提供服务,你都应该重视顾客的满意度,因为你创造的这些满意的顾客不仅会成为你的忠实客户而增加你的生意,而且还会介绍他们的家人和朋友成为你的新客户｡Text BTesco是全世界最重要的跨国零售商之一｡该公司于20世纪20年代中期首次使用Tesco这个名字,迄今为止,已发展出多种形式､多个市场和多个地区｡Tesco 是世界上最著名的零售业企业之一｡成立于20世纪20年代中期的Tesco公司已经逐渐发展成为包含多种经营形式,涉及多个领域的大型集团｡公司的主营业务市食品零售,在全球拥有超过2500家商场｡根据2005年9月13日股市收盘价计算公司市值为258.4亿英镑,每股单价为330便士｡该公司经营的主要项目是食品零售,在全世界有2500多家分店｡在2005年9月13日的营业时间结束时,基于股票价格为330.00便士来计算,其资本总市值达到了258.4亿英磅｡Tesco在全世界有380,000多名员工｡他力争做到在每次交易中都为顾客提供最优质的产品,并立足于公司的核心目标:为顾客们创造价值来赢得他们一生的忠诚｡这一核心目标是通过Tesco的价值观而体现出来的:没有谁比我们更努力地为顾客服务;用我们喜欢被对待的方式来对待他人｡Tesco的详细情况我们的核心目标1我们的核心目标是为顾客创造价值来赢得他们一生的忠诚｡2我们的成功取决于那些购买我们商品的人们,以及那些与我们共事的人们｡3如果我们的客户喜欢我们所提供的产品,他们很可能就会再次光顾我们的店铺,并购买我们的商品｡4如果Tesco的团队发现其努力得到了回报,他们就会更努力地为顾客提供帮助｡5我们经常询问我们的顾客和员工,怎样才能让别人与我们的交易和工作进行得更好｡这是我们的“每个小帮助”策略:采购旅行6顾客们已经告诉我们什么是他们想要的——整洁的通道､能够以合理的价格买到想要的东西､不用排队和优秀的员工｡这些就是我们为顾客提供的“每个小帮助之采购旅行”,我们每天都这样做,并确保始终都在努力,并使Tesco成为一个在国内外都堪称一流的购物场所｡ 一个好的工作场所7我们的员工已经告诉我们什么对他们来说是重要的——受到尊重､有为他们提供帮助的经理､有一份有趣的工作和有发展的机会｡我们在帮助员工们实现对他们来说是重要的事情的同时,就为顾客们提供了“每个小帮助之采购旅行”｡我们的工作方式8我们的工作方式就是我们如何提供“每个小帮助”,使Tesco成为一个更好的销售和工作场所｡我们用简单的方式,让购物对顾客来说更有益,对员工来说更简单,对Tesco来说更便宜｡Unit 5Text A市场营销理念1对于企业的管理者而言,为他们的产品和服务研究和制定市场营销策略是最重要的工作之一｡建立一个对企业满意的顾客群体是企业成功的基础｡现代市场营销战略是围绕着“市场营销理念”而建立的,这指导管理者将重心放在了发现和满足消费者需求上,从而获得较好的收益｡以下是相关的两个核心内容｡消费者应当处于引导还是被引导的地位?2正如索尼公司具有远见卓识的领导者Akio Morita所说,“我们的计划是以我们的产品来引导大众,而不是询问消费者他们需要什么样的商品｡因为消费者并不清楚哪些需求是可以实现的,但是我们知道｡因此我们并不做大量的市场调查,而是通过引导大众让他们了解这些商品可以为他们带来什么好处而创造市场｡”市场营销的真正含义是什么?3大多数人都以为市场营销仅仅指的是产品或服务的广告和推销,其实这些不过是众多市场营销行为中的两项内容而已｡4通常情况下,市场营销是指采用所有方式去辨别和发现目标市场中的消费者的需求,然后以比竞争对手更为合理的方式去满足消费者的需求｡主要步骤为:针对消费者的市场调研,分析消费者需求,在产品设计,定价,推广和分销等环节制定相应的战略决策｡5关于市场营销的定义有很多不同的说法,可以参考下列定义:市场营销是指为了在恰当的时机,将合适的商品销售到有需求的人群所采取的一切基于消费者需求的商业行为;市场营销是企业成功满足或甚至超越消费者需求,并据此胜过竞争对手的行为;市场营销是企业管理流程中有效发现､预测和满足消费者需求,并获得收益的环节;市场营销可以被定义为一系列针对帮助和完成交易而进行的人类活动｡6以上的定义中,哪一个是正确的?其实它们都是正确的,都体现了市场营销的实质:。
Oic 3 操作指南：资产评估与物质资产约束说明书
28Lunedì 19 Maggio 2008C O N T A B I L I T ÀLa Guida operativa Oic 3 fornisce tutta la casistica sulle immobilizzazioniF air value, vincoli sui beni materialiApplicazione dello Ias 16 anche per i beni in costruzioneDI FRANCO C ORNAGGIA E N ORBERTO V ILLAFair value con vincoli e difficoltà per i beni ma-teriali. La guida opera-tiva nr. 3 dell’Oic appro-vata in via definitiva illustra una serie di casi operativi che potrebbero creare difficoltà a chi si dovesse imbattere nell’adozione dei principi Ias. La guida è di grande interesse per due motivi.L’approccio della stessa è operativo e quindi tralascian-do i concetti teorici (utilizzati solo per motivare le scelte ef-fettuate) individua le soluzio-ni corrette alle diverse ipotesi. Inoltre chiarendo fi n dall’ini-zio che la stessa non è da in-tendere come un documento defi nitivo e immodifi cabile, in quanto l’Oic a fronte di nuove ed eventuali esigenze si dice pronto ad ampliare la stessa al fi ne di fornire linee guide sempre più complete. Inoltre la guida potrebbe, in un futuro non troppo lontano, interessa-re sempre molte più società, considerando che sembra or-mai diseg nato il percorso in forza del quale le reg ole in tema di bilancio contenute nel codice civile dovrebbero essere adeguate ai principi interna-zionali.All’interno della guida uno spazio importante è riservato all’analisi dello Ias 16 ovvero di quel principio che si occupa di immobili, impianti e mac-chinari e, pertanto, delle im-mobilizzazioni materiali (con particolare riguardo a para-grafo 9 dello stesso).Con riferimento agli immo-bili è prima di tutto necessaria una doppia classifi cazione:· lo Ias 16 si applica anche agli immobili che sono in co-struzione o sviluppo, destina-ti a essere utilizzati in futuro come investimenti immobilia-ri, fi no a che non soddisfano tale definizione, contenuta nello Ias 40; una volta che la costruzione o lo sviluppo sono completati, l’immobile è quali-fi cato come «investimento im-mobiliare» e se la valutazione è effettuata al fair value segue i criteri dettati dallo Ias 40;· al contrario se per gli in-vestimenti immobiliari, una volta che la costruzione o lo sviluppo sono completati è utilizzata la valutazione al costo, devono essere seg uite le disposizioni dettate dallo Ias 16 e la valutazione avvie-ne al costo, senza possibilità di rideterminazioni del valore (con riferimento alla rideter-minazione del valore si veda il paragrafo successivo).Un immobile o un impianto o un macchinario deve essere rilevato come attività quando è probabile che i futuri bene-fi ci economici riferibili al bene saranno goduti dall’impresa. Per individuare la presenza ditale elemento occorre accerta-re che vi sia un certo grado di certezza del fl usso di benefi ci economici futuri sulla base delle conoscenze disponibili al momento della rilevazione iniziale.Tale g rado di certezza è raggiunto qualora vi sia una rag ionevole g aranzia «che l’impresa riceverà i benefici riferibili al bene e sosterrà i rischi associati».Punto di partenza per qual-siasi ulteriore valutazione è però che i rischi e i benefi ci ri-feribili al bene siano stati tra-sferiti all’impresa. Un’impor-tante affermazione contenutanello Ias 16 è quella per cui possono considerarsi attività anche gli immobili, gli impian-ti e i macchinari acquistati per ragioni di sicurezza o am-bientali, ciò in quanto in tale ipotesi «l’impresa può trarre benefici economici futuri da altri beni in misura superiore a quelli che avrebbe ottenuto se tali immobili, impianti e macchinari non fossero stati acquisiti»;Con riguardo ai criteri di va-lutazione lo Ias 16 prevede:· il modello del costo: è quel-lo che prevede l’iscrizione del-le immobilizzazioni, come at-tività, al costo al netto degli ammortamenti accumulati e di qualsiasi perdita di valore;· il modello della rideter-minazione (rivalutazione) del valore: è quello che prevede la rilevazione, dopo la contabiliz-zazione iniziale, al fair value (valore equo), se questo è at-tendibilmente determinabile. Sul punto la guida offre un importante precisazione. Il modello valutativo della ri-derteminazione, secondo l’Oic, «generalmente, non trova ap-plicazione, a causa delle pro-blematiche e dei costi connessi alla determinazione del fair value» anche considerando che «le rideterminazioni (rivaluta-zioni) devono essere effettuate con reg olarità suffi ciente da assicurare che il valore conta-bile non differisca, in modo ri-levante, da quello che sarebbe determinato utilizzando il fair value alla data di riferimento del bilancio».Nonostante tali difficoltà adottando questo metodo oc-corre ricordare che la rivaluta-zione delle immobilizzazioni, porta a una sua imputazione a una riserva del patrimonio netto, la quale è così stretta-mente legata al bene che ne deve seguire le sue sorti. Se per esempio l’immobilizzazio-ne è eliminata dal bilancio, la stessa è trasferita diretta-mente alla voce utili portati a nuovo, senza transito al conto economico .L’Oic detta sul punto una se-rie di indicazioni pratico-ope-rative di grande importanza:· il fair value di terreni ed edifi ci è rappresentato, solita-mente, dagli ordinari parame-tri di mercato ed è determina-to mediante una perizia che, g eneralmente, è effettuata da periti professionalmente qualificati, mentre quello di impianti e macchinari è inve-ce rappresentato, solitamen-te, dal loro valore di mercato, determinato mediante una perizia;· se si g iung e a rivalutare il valore di una immobiliz-zazione g li ammortamenti accumulati alla data della rideterminazione di valore devono essere o ridetermi-nati in proporzione alla va-riazione del valore contabile lordo del bene, in modo che il suo valore contabile, dopo la rideterminazione, equiva-le al valore rideterminato o eliminati a fronte del valore contabile lordo della immo-bilizzazione e, così, il valore netto dell’attività è nuova-mente iscritto in base al va-lore rideterminato.29Lunedì 19 Maggio 2008Lunedì 19 MagC O N T A B I L I TÀI ndividuazione del costosotto la lente dell’or-g anismo di contabilità.Continuando nell’indivi-duazione delle maggiori pro-blematiche relative allo Ias16 la guida nr. 3 si soffermaad analizzare il concetto dicosto da utilizzare in sede diiscrizione della immobilizza-zione.Lo Ias 16 precisa inoltreche il costo di una immobi-lizzazione include i costi dismantellamento, rimozione ebonifica del sito. Ma oltre aciò la prassi contabile inter-nazionale impone l’obbligo dideterminare separatamentela quota di ammortamentoper ciascuna parte rilevantedi una immobilizzazione. Unodei punti che rappresenta peruna novità rispetto alle regoleattuali e che potrebbe crearequalche insidia è quello secon-do cui «è appropriato ripartireil costo totale di un bene tra lesue parti componenti e iscri-vere separatamente ciascuncomponente».In sostanza le reg ole in-ternazionali prevedono che quando all’interno del bene vi siano componenti con vite utili differenti o che procu-rano benefici all’impresa con modalità differenti ne conse-gue la necessità di utilizzare metodi e aliquote di ammor-tamento diversi.Esempi 1Un’impresa acquista un aereo. Le diverse parti dello stesso possono essere identi-ficate e differenziate in basealla loro vita utile.Quella del motore si puòinfatti ipotizzare differentea quella della carlinga ecce-tera. Tutte le parti possonoessere considerate come at-tività, ma og nuna necessitadi un’iscrizione distinta inquanto saranno distinti i me-todi e i tempi del loro ammor-tamento.Allo stesso modo qualora leparti più importanti di alcunielementi di immobili, impian-ti e macchinari richiedonosostituzioni a intervalli rego-lari, le stesse devono esserecontabilizzate come elementidistinti proprio perché talefatto dimostra che hanno viteutili differenti da quelle deglielementi di immobili, impian-ti e macchinari ai quali sonocorrelate.Correlata a tale impostazio-ne lo Ias 16 impone anche iterreni e gli edifici sono sem-pre beni separabili e devonoquindi essere contabilmentetrattati separatamente. Ciòanche se sono stati acquistaticongiuntamente. Più in par-ticolare:· i terreni hanno una vitaillimitata e perciò non sonoammortizzabili;· i fabbricati hanno una vitalimitata e, perciò, sono attivi-tà ammortizzabili.Esempio 2Alfa è società che opera nelsettore industriale ed è pro-prietaria di altoforno.In tal caso il rivestimentointerno di un altoforno è sosti-tuito dopo un certo numero diore di impiego e, pertanto, ilsuo ammortamento deve avve-nire in un periodo più breve,rispetto alla durata dell’im-pianto nel suo complesso.Al contrario la strutturadello stesso avendo una du-rata superiore dovrà essereammortizzato in un periododifferente (e più lungo) rispet-to a quanto prima indicato. Sideve tenere conto che lo Ias16, letto congiuntamente alloIas 37, non prevede la conta-bilizzazione di accantonamen-ti per manutenzioni cicliche,tipiche delle imprese aero-navali, previsti nella nostraprassi contabile e fiscalmentededucibili. Pertanto, l’applica-zione di differenti aliquote diammortamento per le diverseparti di una immobilizzazio-ne dovrebbe essere previstaper compensare il divieto dicontabilizzazione di accan-tonamenti per manutenzionicicliche.Inoltre nel processo di am-mortamento occorre conside-rare come rilevante «il nettodel valore residuo» (se deter-minante).Il valore residuo di un beneè definito come il valore sti-mato che l’impresa potrebbericevere in quel momentodalla sua dismissione, al net-to dei costi stimati di dismis-sione, se il bene fosse già altempo e nella condizione at-tesa alla fine della sua vitautile (la guida ricorda comela stima del valore residuodeve essere periodicamenteriesaminata).Inoltre sono indicate questeregole:· l’ammortamento inizia dalmomento in cui l’immobilizza-zione è disponibile per l’uso,per esempio, quando è nelluog o e nelle condizioni ne-cessarie perché sia in gradodi funzionare e continua finoalla dismissione, anche se du-rante tale periodo l’immobi-lizzazione è inattiva;· l’ammortamento cessaquando l’attività è eliminatacontabilmente, ma non cessaquando l’attività diventa inu-tilizzata e non è più in uso edè destinata alla dismissione,a meno che l’attività non siacompletamente ammortizza-ta. Tuttavia, in base al cri-terio dell’ammortamento infunzione dell’uso (per unitàdi prodotto, si veda di segui-to), la quota di ammortamen-to può essere pari a zero, inassenza di produzione;· l’immobilizzazione che nonè più utilizzata potrebbe esse-re oggetto di svalutazione aseguito di riduzione di valo-re e, pertanto, di impairmenttest;· l’eliminazione di una im-mobilizzazione segue le regoledettate dallo Ias 18, Ricavi, ri-levando, a tal fine, il trasferi-mento dei rischi e dei beneficiin capo all’acquirente;· l’impresa deve eliminare ilvalore contabile della parte diuna immobilizzazione, se taleparte è stata sostituita e l’im-presa ha incluso il costo dellasostituzione nel valore contabi-le della immobilizzazione stes-sa: ovviamente, è eliminato ilvalore lordo e la corrispondentequota parte dell’ammortamen-to a essa riferito. Costi, vanno separatigli ammortamenti)Per lo Iasprevistoil costodi bonificadel sito。
ST - III系列电源用户手册说明书
ST - III Series POWER SUPPLIESUSER MANUALIntroductionThese instructions detail the installation and operation requirements for the ST20-III & ST35-III power supplies. These have been designed for operation in RV’s providing a DC power system, with optional battery back up.The units operate from 240Vac and provide an isolated 13.65Vdc output at 20A and 35A respectively for powering the load and charging of batteries. All the necessary protection and operating features for the load and batteries are provided. An optional DC input is also provided to enable charging of batteries and powering of the load from an external +13.8V DC power source. The units are fully enclosed ready for direct wall mounting. All connections are at the rear of unit providing convenient wiring and installation. User access to all load and battery fusing has been provided from the front of the unit.OperationSafety: Refer to the installation section before operating. Correct installation is the most critical factor in ensuring the safe use of the power supply. If every consideration of these instructions has been satisfied the power supply will be safe to operate.If the AC supply cord is damaged it must be replaced by the manufacturer, its service agent or similarly qualified persons in order to avoid hazard.The unit is rated to charge a single 12V (up to 6 cells) lead acid battery at 100Ahr Capacity. Functional Diagram:AC/DC Power Supply: This provides an isolated 13.65Vdc output for powering of the load and float charging of the battery. Battery current is sensed and monitored by the power supply to ensure that the maximum charging current is not exceeded.Battery Features: The power supply provides full battery management as per the following.The power supply is a four stage battery charger with Boost (VBoost = 14.05V), Float (VFloat = 13.65V), Store (VStore = 13.25V) and Trickle charge modes to ensure long battery life.Battery Charging current is limited to a maximum of 10A (ST20-II) and 15A (ST35-II). This provides optimum life for the batteries.To charge at the maximum battery charge current above, ensure the load current plus battery current is equal or less than the maximum output current. The charging current will be reduced in situations where the difference between the rated output current and the load current (the available charging current), is less than the maximum charging current.Also note that the battery current sense is provided in the “Batt +ve” battery output. For this feature to work, the load “+ve” and battery “Batt +ve” should not be cross connected. (Appliances should not be connected to both the “Batt +ve” and “+ve” terminals of the power supply. Appliances should be connected to the “+ve” and “-ve” load terminals).Low Voltage Disconnection of the batteries is provided to prevent deep discharge of the battery. Automatic reconnection occurs when battery voltage recovers.Battery Current Drain is less than 2mA.Trickle Charge to the battery is always present. When the battery voltage is below the LVD (Low voltage disconnect) re-connect voltage (<10V and the mains power or auxiliary power is available, the battery will be charging at 0.8A. When the battery voltage is sufficient (>10.5V for first power up, 11.5V and 11.7V for subsequent reconnection with and without mains respectively) the LVD will connect the battery and allow float charging at 10A/15A (ST20-II/ST35-II). The Trickle Charge feature is provided to allow “very” flat batteries to be charged at a rate, which will extend their life.Remote Battery Isolate Switch: The ST-III series power supplies allow for connection to a remotely positioned switch that provides a manual disconnection of the battery from the loads and the main charger. When the switch contacts are closed, the battery will be isolated from the loads. NOTE: When the battery is isolated from the loads using the battery isolate switch it will NOT charge at the 10/15 A rate even if the mains is connected to the power supply. In this condition it will ONLY charge at the Trickle charge rate.Front Panel Indicators: The ST-III series power supplies have 3 indicators visible on the front fascia.Mains(GREEN) – is illuminated when mains power is present.Battery(ORANGE) – is illuminated when the battery is connected to the loads.Fault(RED) – is illuminated when there is a fault with the power supply.Battery fuse Blown1Battery connected reverse polarity2Shut down condition (UV and OT)3Main PCB micro controller malfunction4Notes1.Flashing 1s ON, 1s OFF.2.Solid ON.3.Flashing 1s ON, 1s OFF, with no battery connected the power supply may be in hiccupmode which will cause the indication to flash with random duty cycle and frequency.4.Fault Led= Solid On, All other leds = OFF, irrespective of actual mains or LVD status. Auxiliary Power Input: The power supply terminal “Aux In +VE” provides an alternative option for powering of the load and float charging of the batteries when mains voltages are not present. This input is to be powered by a suitable +12V system. (i.e. CAR). The voltage of the auxiliary power source should not exceed 14.8 volts.When operating via the external input, current and voltage control for the battery must be provided from the external source. The ST20-II/35-II does not provide battery current limit or voltage control when operating in this configuration. Trickle Charge is still functional when powered through “Aux In +VE” terminal of power supply.Suitable fuse protection must be provided for this input. A fuse rating not exceeding 20 Amps for ST20-II and 30 Amps for ST35-II must be used.Solar power should be connected directly across the battery terminals with a voltage regulator in series. A solar panel voltage regulator with maximum output voltage not exceeding 14.8 volts must be used at all times. Failure to use a voltage regulator may result in power supply damage. Generator 12 volt outputs should not be connected across battery terminal whilst battery is connected to power supply or connected to the “Aux In +VE” terminal of power supply. Serious power supply damage or internal explosion may occur. If a flat 12 volt battery has to be charged using the generators 12 volt output, it should first be disconnected from the power supply. Once battery has being charged it can then be reconnected to power supply.Power supply unit should only be powered from either 240VAC mains or Auxiliary Power (Auxiliary Power also includes solar power) but not both. Failure to do so may result in damage to power supply.Protection: the power supply provides automatic protection for overload including short circuit, over-voltage, over-temperature and reverse connected battery. In such instances the Fault indicator will illuminate and the power supply will shut down. It will attempt to automatically restart every 5 seconds until such case that the fault is removed.Fusing: Each load circuit and the battery have been fused to provide fault protection and discrimination. Refer to servicing section for maximum fuse ratings.InstallationHost Equipment: The host equipment must ensure that access to the unit (other than the front panel) by the user is prevented.Personnel: Installation is to be carried out only by suitably qualified personnel.Ventilation: Provide a minimum of 80mm clearance above, below and behind the unit. The final enclosure must also provide adequate ventilation to the outside world (or larger internal cavity) to prevent the build up of hot air. Failure to provide adequate ventilation will mean the unit may prematurely trip thermal shut-down. A minimum ventilation of 20,000mm2 to the outside world must be provided.Mechanical and Mounting:After mounting unit, clip on the front fascia (ensure that all locking clips have engaged) and secure with screw located inside the fuse panel door.Orientation: The unit is to be installed with the front fascia in a vertical plane. Failure to do this will cause premature temperature shut-down.Wiring UpMains: This is pre cabled and fitted with AS/NZ mains plug ready for connection to internal GPO. Ensure that the connection to the mains supply is in accordance with the national wiring rules, and that the earth connection is installed.Load, Battery and External DC Input Connections: Connectors are 0.8 x 6.3mm QC tabs. Use mating QC connector suitable for cable size. Connector pin-out is shown below.Cabling sizes: DC cables must be sized to carry the maximum full load current and not exceed the system volt drop requirements. The following cable sizes are recommended.Where cables pass through any part of a metal panel or cover, ensure that a cable gland or bush is fitted to the hole.Battery Connection Procedures:Battery should be connected as per the following steps.Turn power supply off and all 12 volt equipment connected to power supply.Connect positive battery terminal to “Batt +VE” power supply terminal.Connect negative battery terminal to “Batt -VE” power supply terminal or negative chassis ground.If battery is connected to chassis, ensure a connection exist from chassis to “Batt –VE”terminal of power supply.Battery Disconnection Procedures:Battery should be disconnected as per the following steps.Turn power supply off and all 12 volt equipment connected to power supply.Disconnect negative battery terminal connection to “Batt –VE” power supply terminal or negative chassis ground.1.Disconnect positive battery terminal to “Batt +VE” power supply terminal.BatteriesWhen using batteries with this product always consult with the battery manufacturer for a detailed description of the installation, use and maintenance of the battery.Ensure battery has been charged for several days before a major camping trip (Leave the power supply on for at least 2 – 5 days with battery connected).This product is suitable for charging 12V-Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) batteries including Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) batteries both Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) and Gel batteries. One or two batteries with max.100Ah capacity each can be charged. Charging current is limited to 10A (ST20-II) and 15A(ST35-II).ServicingPersonnel: This product contains hazardous voltages and energy hazards, which can result in death or injury. Only properly qualified service personnel may service it.There are no internal user serviceable parts. Only the fuses located in the “fuse panel” located on the front panel are serviceable.Isolate mains power, Vext and battery before servicing.Replacement of Fuses: Only the DC output Load and Battery fuses may be replaced.Fuse ratings: Load fuses 20A max, Battery Fuse 35A max.Fuse types: 32V Automotive Bussmann ATC series or Littelfuse 257 series or equivalentSpecificationInput Voltage:ST20-II & ST35-II: 230 – 240Vac nominal, ±10%, 50/60Hz.The power supply will withstand a 5 minute, +15% surge on themaximum nominal voltageInput Surge:< 40A (cold start)Hold-up Time:> 10mS at full load current and over nominal input voltage operatingrangeOutput Current:ST20-II: 20A Continuous (load + battery current)ST35-II: 35A Continuous (load + battery current)Factory Set Voltage 13.65V +/- 0.1V (Vfloat)Load Regulation:< 2%Output RippleVoltage:< 150mVOver VoltageProtection:< 17VOver Current Protection ST20-II: 20A to 25A (load + battery current) ST35-II: 35A to 38A (load + battery current)Battery Current Limit10A ± 1A (ST20-II)15A ± 1A (ST35-II)BatteryConnect/Disconnect Connect: 10.50 ± 0.2V (Input Mains not present) and first power up Connect: 11.70 ± 0.2V (Input Mains not present and not first power up) Connect: 11.50 ± 0.2V (Input Mains present)Disconnect: 10.0 ± 0.2VBattery TrickleCharge0.8A Battery Drain< 2mA. Efficiency:> 84%Cooling Fan Operation ST35-II Only.Cooling fan on temperature of Transformer: 95C + 3 degrees. Cooling fan off temperature of Transformer: 75C + 3 degrees.Ambient0O C – 50O CWeight:< 2kgStandards Safety: AS/NZS 60335-1, AS/NZS 60335-2-29 & AS/NZS 61558EMC CISPR 22 class ACompliance:ERAC+ACMA (RCM)Battery ManagementTo maintain the battery in a good state of health an intelligently controlled charging algorithm is used. The purpose is to ensure that the correct voltages are applied to the battery terminals at the appropriate times throughout it’s usage cycle.To prevent corrosion on the battery positive plate due to continuous float charging current (VFloat = 13.65V), the unit utilises a storage mode voltage (VStore = 13.25V) when no activity on the battery is detected. This extends the battery life. During store mode, the unit exits to boost mode (VBoost = 14.05V) for 15 minutes every 24hrs to maintain charge in the battery. If battery activity is detected during store mode it exits automatically into float mode.For any decision making involving the “loss of mains” detection there is a 2 minute mains debounce period where there must be no mains signal present on the mains detect input for the “no mains” signal to be valid.A detailed description of the operational requirements for the charging algorithm is describedbelow:N/A Microcontroller first powerup.Initial application of powerto the microcontrollereither from 240VAC mainsinput or connection of abattery to the battery input (Includes Auxiliary power).VfloatVfloat (No Mains Input)Mains input detected afterloss of mains for less than1 hour.Float charging mode withmains input voltagedetected (set 24 hourtimer).VfloatVboost Mains input voltage wasdetected for more than 15minutes.Float charging mode withmains input voltagedetected (set 24 hourtimer).VfloatVfloat No mains input voltage isdetected.Float charging mode withno mains input voltagedetected (set 1 hour timer).Vfloat (Nomains input)Vstore No mains input voltage isdetected.Float charging mode withno mains input voltagedetected (set 1 hour timer).Vfloat (Nomains input)Periodic_Vboost No mains input voltage isdetected.Float charging mode withno mains input voltagedetected (set 1 hour timer).Vfloat (Nomains input)Vfloat (No Mains Input)Mains input voltage wasdetected after being absentfor more than 1 hour.Loss of mains, boostcharging mode, active afterresumption of mains inputsupply (set 15 minute boosttimer).VboostVboost (No Mains Input)Mains input voltage wasdetected (this conditionmust also reset the 15minute boost period).Loss of mains boostcharging mode, active afterresumption of mains inputsupply (set 15 minute boosttimer).VboostVboost No mains input voltage isdetected.Boost charging mode whileno mains is detected.Vboost (NoMains Input)Vfloat Mains input voltage waspresent for more than 24hours.Battery storage mode (set24 hour timer).VstorePeriodic_Vboost Periodic boost voltagetimer has timed out.Battery storage mode (set24 hour timer).VstoreVstore Battery storage mode timerhas timed out.Periodic boost mode (set15 minute timer).Periodic_VboostBattery Charging Voltage Over TimeTimeST–III Series Power Supplies USER INSTRUCTIONSElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC)Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is defined as “the ability of a device, equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbance to anything in that environment”.Switch-mode power supplies are good generators of EMI and as such care needs to taken during their designs to limit their emissions. Requirements of the local regulator (ACA) limit the emissions to protect the frequency spectrum. Limits are set down in standards such as EN55022 for radiated and conducted emissions. However, these limits are not satisfactory for devices in close proximity (<3m) and as such do not guarantee that the power supply will not cause interference with devices such as TV’s or radios.The ST20-III/35-III have been designed with equipment interoperability in mind. The emissions are in the order of 10 – 100 times below the regulator requirements (this is expressed in dB (µV)) and greatly reduce the likelihood of causing interference with Radios and TV’s located in close proximity.However, care still needs to be taken with the routing of cables and placement of the unit with respect to appliances. Small emissions can still cause interference. If interference is present, then locate cables from the power supply away from appliance so far as possible and also locate the power supply away as far as practical.Page 11 of 11Issue D。
企业国际化经营
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（二）接到项目推介书，应考虑什么？
1.了解背景资料 －介绍CBI计划、阿根挺基本情况
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2.理清战略思路 －您的优势是什么? 可从所有权、区位、内部化角度思考 －您的劣势是什么？ －机会与威胁是什么？
开始
结束
否
选择联盟类型
决定好所处连接价值链
选择合作伙伴
伙伴可以接受吗?
是
协议谈判
建立组织
建立信任和承诺
结束联盟或检查并 否 改正执行情况
评价业绩 达到战略目标了吗
是 继续或更多介入
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第一步:如何连接价值链?
A公司 研究与开发
R&D
投入后勤 原材料供应与采购
运营、生产装配与 设施运营
营销与销售 促进与渠道联系
38
（二）恒利公司收购海狮公司的焦点
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六、希望阿根廷马丁加西亚岛方面提供的帮助
由于阿根廷马丁加西亚岛中国竹文化村开发项目投入较大，投资 回收周期长，北京加世达公司希望阿根廷马丁加西亚岛方面提供以 下帮助
1、以较低的价格将马丁加西亚岛中国村的土地租给北京加世达 公司，租期在25年以上。
2、在马丁加西亚岛中国竹文化村建成后(约3年)，将旅游门票提 高5美元，并协助北京加世达公司与当地旅游公司处理好关系，将 门票收入按比例及时转交给中国竹文化村。
缺乏对技术的控制、无法实现 区位经济和经验曲线经济、无法对 业务进行全球战略协调
无法对质量进行控制、无法进行 全球战略协调
合资 企业 可以获得合资伙伴的支持、分摊 无法对技术控制、无法进行全球战略协调 成本和风险、政治上易被接受 无法实现区位经济和经验曲线经济
加快推进浙江企业研发国际化
加快推进浙江企业研发国际化阮刚辉【摘要】研发国际化是继贸易全球化、生产全球化之后世界经济一体化的重要趋势，也是浙江企业“走出去”的发展方向。
浙江企业到海外设立研发机构，是实施“走出去”战略的重要内容之一，有利于获取国际先进技术，有利于贴近市场、稳定出口，有利于在更大范围内优化配置资源，提高企业的自主创新能力和核心竞争力。
特别是在浙江省人均GDP已经超过9000美元，正处于对外直接投资的加速发展阶段，鼓励和支持浙江企业到海外设立研发机构更具有现实意义。
【期刊名称】《浙江经济》【年(卷),期】2012(000)018【总页数】3页(P26-28)【关键词】研发国际化;浙江企业;“走出去”战略;世界经济一体化;自主创新能力;对外直接投资;研发机构;贸易全球化【作者】阮刚辉【作者单位】不详【正文语种】中文【中图分类】F276.7研发国际化是继贸易全球化、生产全球化之后世界经济一体化的重要趋势，也是浙江企业“走出去”的发展方向。
浙江企业到海外设立研发机构，是实施“走出去”战略的重要内容之一，有利于获取国际先进技术，有利于贴近市场、稳定出口，有利于在更大范围内优化配置资源，提高企业的自主创新能力和核心竞争力。
特别是在浙江省人均GDP已经超过9000美元，正处于对外直接投资的加速发展阶段，鼓励和支持浙江企业到海外设立研发机构更具有现实意义。
浙江企业到海外设立研发机构，实现技术从国际间转移向公司内部转移，有利于突破发达国家对先进技术的封锁和控制，回避贸易壁垒，及时吸收技术溢出。
其次，到海外设立研发机构，可以贴近市场需求，提高研发的针对性和时效性，有利于快速的拓展目标市场。
此外，将研发机构设立在科技人才聚集地，可以与当地大学、科研机构联合合作，招聘优秀人才，有利于利用海外优秀人才，增强企业的研发实力。
对于加快实施“走出去”战略，省委、省政府高度重视。
2011年12月8日，浙江省政府召开了全省统筹省内发展和对外开放加快实施“走出去”战略电视电话会议，会议根据中央关于“十二五”期间加快实施“走出去”战略的要求，部署了当前和今后一段时期全省统筹省内发展和对外开放、加快实施“走出去”战略的发展目标、总体思路和工作重点。
TS3000系统培训讲义
第一部分 TRICON系统概述1.1什么是Tricon?Tricon是一种具有高容错能力的可编程控制器及过程控制技术。
1.1.1 什么是容错技术容错是Tricon控制器最重要的特性，它可以在线识别瞬态和稳态的故障并进行适当的修正。
容错技术提高了控制器的安全能力和可用性，使过程得到控制。
Tricon通过三重模件冗余结构（TMR）提供容错能力。
此系统由三个安全相同的系统通道组成（电源模件除外，该模件是双重冗余的）。
每个系统通道独立地执行控制程序，并与其它两个通道并行工作。
硬件表决机制则对所有来自现场的数字式输入和输出进行表决和诊断。
模拟输入则进行取中值的处理。
因为每一个分电路都是和其它两个隔离的，任一分电路内的任何一个故障都不会传递给其它两个分电路。
维修工作，包括拆卸和更换有分电路故障的故障模件都可以在线情况下进行，而不中断过程控制。
（在有热备卡件的情况下，并确认热备卡件处于工作状态，方可进行。
）对于各个分电路、各模件和各功能电路广泛的诊断工作能够及时地探查到运行中的故障，并进行指示或报警。
诊断还可以把有关故障的信息存储在系统变量内。
在发现有故障时，操作员可以利用诊断信息以修改控制动作，或者指导其维护过程。
从用户的观点看，使用是简单的，因为此三重系统工作起来和一个控制系统一样。
用户将传感器或执行机构连接到一路接线端上，并且应用一组逻辑为Tricon编程。
其余的事都由Tricon自行管理。
1.1.2 Tricon系统的特点为了保证在任何时候系统都有最高的完整性，Tricon有如下特点：—提供三重模件冗余结构，三个完全相同的分电路各自独立地执行控制程序。
—能耐受严酷的工业环境。
—能够现场安装，可以现场在线地进行模件级的安装和修复工作而不需打乱现场接线。
—能支持多达118个I/O模件（模拟的和数字的）和选装的通讯模件，通讯模件可以与Modbus主机和从属机连接，或者和Foxboro与Honeywell分布控制系统（DCS）、其它在Peer-to-Peer网络内的各个Tricon、以及在TCP/IP网络上的外部主机相连接。
ASNT三级学习指南基础(终稿)
A S N T三级学习指南基础(终稿)-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIANASNT III级学习指南第一章人员资格鉴定及认证的管理 (5)第二章推荐性实施细则SNT-TC-1A (6)SNT-TC-1A的历史 (6)SNT-TC-1A的内容及使用 (6)2001版SNT-TC-1A综述 (8)SNT-TC-1A前言 (8)SNT-TC-1A的1、2、3部分 (8)SNT-TC-1A第1部分的问题 (10)SNT-TC-1A第2、3部分的总体评论 (13)SNT-TC-1A第4部分 (14)SNT-TC-1A第4部分问题 (14)SNT-TC-1A第4部分的总体评论 (16)SNT-TC-1A第5部分 (16)SNT-TC-1A第6部分 (16)SNT-TC-1A第6部分问题 (17)SNT-TC-1A第6部分总体评论 (22)SNT-TC-1A第7部分 (23)SNT-TC-1A第8部分 (24)SNT-TC-1A第8部分问题 (29)SNT-TC-1A第9部分 (31)SNT-TC-1A第9部分问题 (32)SNT-TC-1A第9部分的总体评论 (35)SNT-TC-1A第10部分 (36)SNT-TC-1A第10部分问题 (36)SNT-TC-1A第10部分的总体评论 (37)SNT-TC-1A第11部分 (37)SNT-TC-1A第11部分的总体评论 (37)SNT-TC-1A第12部分 (37)SNT-TC-1A第12部分的总体评论 (38)SNT-TC-1A第13部分 (38)SNT-TC-1A第13部分问题 (38)SNT-TC-1A第14部分 (39)SNT-TC-1A第14部分问题 (39)SNT-TC-1A第14部分的总体评论 (40)第三章 ASNT III级认证程序 (41)ASNT NDT III级 (41)ASNT NDT III级人员是什么？ (41)ASNT预测维修III级 (41)ASNT III级的报考条件 (42)ASNT III级考试 (42)NDT/P D M或PDM/N D T相互转换 (43)换发新证 (43)SNT-TC-1A认证选项 (43)ASNT NDT III级证的使用 (44)ACCP专业III级 (44)ASNT考试计划表 (44)关于ASNT III级认证的问题 (45)资格证的选择 (46)重新颁发证书 (47)关于ASNT NDT L EVEL III资格证的一些问题 (47)第四章 ASNT/ASNT CP-189-2001 (49)ANSI/ASNT CP-189-2001综述 (49)第一章人员资格鉴定及认证的管理在NDT供需双方共同认可并达成一致的基础上，以一种标准化的方式对NDT人员进行资格鉴定及认证，这在整个工业界广泛实行。
巴塞尔协议3解读
1929-33年从美国金融业引起旳世界经 济大萧条，美国3万多家银行倒闭近万家。 美国痛定思痛，在1933年立法授权美国 中央银行、FDIC、货币监理暑，在金融 分业经营旳体制下共同监管商业银行
20世纪90年代前，各国对商业银行旳 监管主要是合规性监管，出台了无数有关 监管法律，资本监管处于辅助地位
（二）风险分类比率法 1. 纽约联储风险分类法旳资本要求（1948年） 无风险资产× 0%； 低风险资产× 5% 组合资产 ×12% 次级资产 ×20% 可疑资产 ×50% 损失资产 ×100%
优点：首次在实践中将资本与资产风险挂钩 缺陷：对表内资产风险旳划分比较粗略，资产 风险度旳测量没有统一量纲。所以也就没有统 一旳资本比率要求
数转换法） • 统一最低资本比率原则，即4%与8%
巴塞尔协议I实施后，在全球旳主动反应超 出预料，除了发达国家，不少发展中国家主动 要求实施。所以原有协议中主要考虑发达十国 集团发达国家经济和金融条件旳规则和风险测 量基础显得过于苛刻。下列三个原因促使对巴 塞尔协议I旳大幅修改:
不少国家涉及发展中国家对巴塞尔协议体现 出巨大旳热情所产生旳需求，巴塞尔委员会希 望资本约束性监管具有更为广泛旳合用性，使 之成为全球银行业风险管理旳指南
九十年代后，全球金融衍生交易旳急剧扩大
1995年5月，百年历史旳巴林银行倒闭
• 2. 巴塞尔 II (2002公布-2023年实施) ：
•
关键资本+附属资本-扣减项
•
表内、外加权信用风险资产 +(市场风险
资产+操作风险资产) ×12.5
•
• 巴塞尔 II主要旳变化内容：
• 以三大支柱为框架旳监管体系
以1988年巴塞尔资本协议为代表，国 际银行业开始了对商业银行实施合规性与 资本约束并重旳新监管制度
国外电信改革介绍
国外电信改革介绍
董泰
【期刊名称】《通讯产品世界》
【年(卷),期】1997(000)003
【摘要】一、电信改革的兴起近十几年来,电信技术的提高与更新之快简直令人目不暇接,以致于被人们称之为“电信革命”。
这场革命使通信能力提高,经营成本降低,从而使电信产业的性质发生了很大变化。
电信是一种高投入、技术含量高的产业,当整个社会处在生产力、科技水平还比较低下的时期,在一个国家范围内,只有政府才能够承担建设、运营、管理电信网络的任务。
【总页数】3页(P29-31)
【作者】董泰
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】F621
【相关文献】
1.一部系统介绍国外人文社会科学核心期刊的重要工具书——评《国外人文社会科学核心期刊总览》 [J], 曹立群
2.中国外文局：一场书刊“本土化”革命正在悄然兴起——中国外文局2006年度部分外宣优秀书刊获奖作品点评介绍 [J], 戴德忠
3.国外计算机和通信行业并购热潮及对我国电信改革的启示 [J], 胡世良
4.国外宝石教育和宝石学专业人才的培养——介绍几个国外知名宝石教育组织 [J],
吴瑞华
5.“当代国外马克思主义经济学基本理论研究”：系统介绍和研究当代国外马克思主义经济学基本理论的最新进展 [J], 无
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
国外税收信息化管理经验借鉴
国外税收信息化管理经验借鉴
程剑东
【期刊名称】《市场周刊·理论研究》
【年(卷),期】2011(000)003
【摘要】本文着重时欧美几个发达国家的税收信息化管理经验进行剖析,结合我国税收信息化进程中数据采集不规范、信息应用和信息共享程度偏低、数据管理不协同等实际问题,探讨了树立理念、规范流程、健全机制、完善制度等提高我国税务管理信息化水平的对策.
【总页数】3页(P120-122)
【作者】程剑东
【作者单位】南京财经大学,财政与税务学院,江苏南京210000
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】F810.42
【相关文献】
1.有关公平收入分配的国外税收经验借鉴 [J], 王雁霞
2.国外税收信息化管理经验借鉴 [J], 程剑东
3.国外财政联邦制下地方税收体系的经验借鉴 [J], 顾正纲;王光宇
4.国外现代服务业税收政策的主要做法及经验借鉴 [J], 张小锋
5.国外促进循环经济发展的税收政策及其经验借鉴 [J], 李广舜;;
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
凸显核心竞争潜力，中国IT航母浮出水面—解读新天下集团高速发展的源动力
凸显核心竞争潜力，中国IT航母浮出水面—解读新天下集团
高速发展的源动力
沈立伟
【期刊名称】《新视窗》
【年(卷),期】2002(000)003
【总页数】4页(P22-25)
【作者】沈立伟
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】F426.67
【相关文献】
1.ABB:为高速发展注入人才源动力访ABB集团执行副总裁兼人力资源负责人Gary Steel [J], 崔文静;朱金凤
2.中国建筑材料集团有限公司:管理推动,社会责任发展的源动力 [J], 杨建超
3.国内最大医药航母华润医药集团浮出水面 [J],
4.赛格架构:资本“航母”——赛格集团演绎中国集团发展史 [J], 方向明;姜文良
5.中国自动识别产业高速发展品牌企业浮出水面 [J],
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
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教学目标
知道什么是软件国际化 知道Struts2如何对国际化支持 数文件的插件
4/ 4
正式课程标题
1软件的国际化 2 Struts2的国际化支持 配置资源文件 Struts2国际化应用 使用占位符 包范围资源文件 Action范围资源文件 临时资源文件 加载资源文件的顺序
Struts2框架提供了多种加载国际化资源文件的方式，其中最常 用的就是通过加载资源文件的方式来实现国际化。Struts2框架加载资 源文件一般都是通过常量设置来完成的。Struts2框架的默认配置文件 struts-deault.xml中已经定义了国际化拦截器。
国际化拦截器在Action执行处理之前执行，该拦截器掌管着当 前用户请求Session中的Locale相关数据。该拦截器会在用户参数中查 找一个特殊的参数值，使用该参数来设置当前的Locale信息，这就意 味着开发者可以动态地修改当前Session中的Locale值，这在开发国际 化应用中非常有意思，开发者可以在处理用户请求过程中任何一个节 点来改变Locale值，这样就能够动态改变程序的语言和区域的相关信 息，实现完善的国际化功能。
6/ 6
三.国际化
3.1 软件的国际化 3.2 Struts2的国际化支持 3.3 动态访问国际化资源文件 3.4 Eclipse编写资源文件的插件
7/ 7
3.1 软件的国际化
国际化英文单词为Internationalization,该单词比较长， 不方便记录，由于在I和n之间有18个字母，所以也称为 I18n，这样使用起来比较简短方便。
9/ 9
3.2 Struts2的国际化支持
1 配置资源文件 2 Struts2国际化应用 3 使用占位符 4 包范围资源文件 5 Action范围资源文件 6 临时资源文件 7 加载资源文件的顺序
10/ 10
1 配置资源文件
Struts2强调的是各个组件之间的松散耦合，而各个组件之间都 是通过配置文件来实现相互关联和交互的。Struts2框架的国际化也是 如此。
12/ 12
2 Struts2国际化应用
建立英文资源文件globalMessages_en_US.properties
userName=userName password=password helloWorld=helloWord {0} commit=commit
13/ 13
2 Struts2国际化应用
国际化软件是指软件能够运行于不同的区域和语言 环境中，根据用户所处的区域和语言来修饰软件界面和显 示信息，使用户能够用熟悉的界面环境来使用该软件。
本地化英文单词为Localization，可以简短标记为 L10N,是软件国际化的进一步深入，就是调整软件以适应 于特定区域和语言环境的一个过程。
随着Web技术的发展，越来越多的应用采用了B/S网 站，用户使用浏览器来完成工作，这种应用一般提供了自 动国际化功能。
8/ 8
3.2 Struts2的国际化支持
Struts2的国际化是建立在Java国际化的基础之上的， 是使用资源包的方式，通过getBundle()方法来寻找指定 Locale相关联的资源包，再从资源包文件中查找指定Key所 对应的国际化资源信息。
Struts2框架的底层国际化与Java国际化是一致的， 作为一个良好的MVC框架，Struts2将Java的国际化功能进 行了封装和简化，开发者使用起来会更加简单快捷。
14/ 14
2 Struts2国际化应用
建立输入界面reg.jsp
<% page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=utf-8" pageEncoding="utf-8"%> <% taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html>
<head> <title>注册页面</title>
11/ 11
1 配置资源文件
如果开发者需要在项目应用中提供国际化功能，则需要指定 struts.custom.i18n.resources常量值。 配置 struts.custom.i18n.resources常量可以在属性文件struts.properties中 定义，也可以在配置文件struts.xml或者web.xml文件中定义。
3动态访问国际化资源文件 4 Eclipse编写资源文件的插 件
5/ 5
三.国际化
互联网的出现，给整个世界范围内的交流便快捷的 方式。而一个软件或者系统要让全世界用户都能接收和使 用成了广大软件公司梦寐以求的事情。由于世界各国和地 区使用的语言和其他表达形式的不同，制约了一个单一语 种界面的软件的应用，所以，软件的国际化已经成了开发 技术中重要的一个部分。
建立中文资源文件globalMessages_zh_CN.properties userName=\u7528\u6237\u540D password=\u5BC6\u7801 helloWorld=\u4F60\u597D {0} commit=\u63D0\u4EA4
该文件使用前，必须使用native2ascii转换工具转换。 native2ascii my.txt globalMessages_zh_CN.properties
<constant name="struts.custom.i18n.resources" value="globalMessages"/>
配置好Struts2框架的国际化资源文件的basename后，开发者 可以按照basename_language_country.properties的命名规则来建立不 同语言的资源文件，当然，如果是非西欧字符集，则需要使用 native2ascii转换工具转换为Unicode编码即可。