人教版初中英语中考总复习资料

初中英语中考复习资料
1、英语的十种词性：名动形，数副代，介冠连叹。

说明：名词，动词，形容词，数词，副词，代词，介词，冠词，连词和感慨词。

2、英语的九种句子成分：主谓宾，定状补，表同介宾。

说明：主语，谓语，宾语，定语，状语，宾补，表语〔即主补〕，同位语和介词宾语。

3、英语的九种词组或短语：名动形，副过介，现不动。

说明：名词词组，动词词组，形容词词组，副词词组，过去分词词组，介词词组，现在分词词组，不定式词组和动名词词组。

4、英语的十种限定词：“倍指〞定数量；物疑“关不名〞。

说明：倍数词〔含分数词〕，指示代词，定冠词〔含不定冠词〕，基数词〔含序数词〕，量词；物主代词〔指形容词性〕，疑问代词，关系代词，不定代词，名词属格。

5、英语的十种状语：时地方频目，原结条让伴。

还有“程度状语〞。

说明：时间状语，地点状语，方式状语，频度状语，目的状语，原因状语，
结果状语，条件状语，让步状语和伴随状语。

6、英语的九种状语从句：时地方频目原结条让比。

说明：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，方式状语从句，目的状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，条件状语从句，让步状语从句和比拟状语从句。

7、英语四种非谓语动词的作用如下：
1〕现在分词的作用：定状补表〔取中间四个字〕
2〕过去分词的作用：定状补表〔取中间四个字〕
3〕动名词的作用：除“状语〞外，其它均可。

4〕不定式的作用：除“介宾〞外，其它均可。

说明：A .要想记住非谓语动词的作用，读者必须首先牢记九种句子成分：
主谓宾，定状补，表同介宾。

B .非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是不能单独做谓语的动词。

C.在介词except和but后面，一定要用不定式作介词宾语。

例如:
I said nothing but to wait at the gate of the factory.
She didn'know what to do except complain about it.
如果在but和except前面有do的某种形式，那么but和except后的不定式符号“ to〞就必须省去，比方第二个例子就是如此。

8英语的连系动词包括：听闻看似容易，变保仍感艰辛。

听起来：sound 变得： get, go, grow, tur n, become
闻起来：smell 保持：keep, hold, stay, sta nd
看起来：look 仍然：remai n
似乎：seem, appear 感觉：feel, taste
例如：She went mad last night.
This dish tastes won derful.
Leaves turn yellow in autu mn.
说明：这两句话几乎攮括了所有常用的连系动词，句中的“容易和艰辛〞无
意义。

9、下面十种词义后必须使用“ Be-型〞虚拟语气谓语：〔should〕 + do 〔动词原形〕
建命要推“安决坚〞，看病要数“必重紧〞
建议：suggest vt建议；propose vt建议、提议；advise vt建议、劝告；
motion vt 提议；move vt 提议；suggestion n建议；proposal n 建议；
urge vt 力劝、催促；ma in ta in vt 主张；advice n 劝告；advisable adj
劝告的。

命令：order n.vt 命令；decree n.vt 命令；in struct vt 指令、指示，
instruction n 指令、指示；direct vt指示、命令。

要求：request n.vt 要求、请求；dema nd n. vt 要求；ask vt 要求；desire n.vt 要求、希望；requirement n要求；pray vi 祈求、恳求；beg vt请
求、恳求；require vt要求；
推荐:recommend vt推荐；recommendation n推荐。

安排：arrange vt安排；arrangement n安排。

决定：decide vt 决定；decision n 决定；resolution n 决定；vote vt 投票决定；
resolve vt 决定；determine v 决定。

坚持:insist vi 坚持；insistenee n 坚持；insistent adj 坚持的；
必要性：necessary ad必要的；essential adj绝对必要的；
n ecessity n 必要性。

重要性：important adj重要的；essential adj极为重要的；importanee n重要性；vital adj至关重要的。

紧迫性：imperative adj紧迫的；obligatory adj强制性的；
urge nt adj 紧急的。

例如：Sheinsisted that we should go there by plane.
It is necessary that you should marry her at once.
It is my proposal that she should go to see a doctor today.
说明：这两句话的意思是：“算命要推荐“安决坚〞这人厉害，看病要数“必重紧〞这人高明。

后句中“必重紧〞与历史上的“张仲景〞医生几乎同音。

“看病要数〞无意义，只是为了帮助记忆而有意识加上去而已。

但其它10个字却有实实在在的含义，它们是从众多英语单词中浓缩出来的，其目的是为了
方便读者记忆。

10、下面二十六种词义后必须使用动名词作宾语：
逃避考练建议停，继承放风需倡禁, 推拖完意原错否？预感憎喜告承象。

逃避：escape逃跑，evade逃避，avoid防止。

考练：consider考虑，practise练习，practice练习。

建议停：suggest建议，propose建议，stop停止。

继承：keep 继续，admit成认，ack no wledge成认。

放风：give up放弃，risk风险，冒险。

需倡禁：require需要，advocate提倡，can't help禁不住。

推拖：put off 推迟，postp one推迟，defer推迟，delay拖延。

完意：fin ish 完成，mi nd 介意。

原错否：excuse / pardon / forgive 原谅，miss错过，deny否认。

预感：an
ticipate 预期，con template 预期，appreciate 感谢/ 感谢。

憎喜：detest憎恶，resent愤怒，dislike不喜欢，enjoy喜欢。

告承象：report报告，admit成认，imagine想象，fancy想不至叽例如：1. Fancy meeting you here.
2. Shedetests sitting at home all day.
3. He denied having borrowed the money from me.
说明：这四句话是从众多英语单词中浓缩出来的，其目的是为了方便读者记忆。

多个同一性质形容词做定语：
方法：最短的形容词放在最前面，最长的放在最后面。

每个形容词之间用逗
号隔开。

如果句中出现程度副词，那么可以根据说话人的意图放置。

例如：1) It is a rainy, windy, stormy day.
2) It is a windy, rainy, stormy day.
3) It is a rainy, windy, quite stormy day.
4) It is a rather rainy, windy, stormy day.
多个不同性质的词做定语：
方法：限定词描述性形容词大小、形状、新旧形容词颜色形容词
类别形容词类别名词名词中心词。

(背熟：只限于描述大小形状新旧颜色类形和类名)
例如：1) The American Indian hasa beautiful large flat head.
2) All the ancient Roman church will be redecorated soon.
3) He collects one of the first fifty pretty tiny old blue Chinese stamps
4) The first two magni fice nt new teachi ng buildi ngs have been completed 说明：
不同性质的修饰词之间，不能用逗号隔开。

6、千以上的数字，可按以下方式写出：(美式英语)
400, 500, 6°°, 700, -000
housand 千(3)
million 百万(6)
billion 十亿(9)
trillion 万亿，兆(12)
读写为：four hundred trillion five hundred billion
six hun dred millio n and seve n hun dred thousa nd.
方法：用逗号将数字从后往前断开。

3位数为thousand;
6 位数为million; 9 位数为billion; 12 位数为trillion;
例1,000: one thousand 千
1,000,000: one million 一百万
1,000,000,000 one billion 十亿
1,000,000,000,000 one trillion 一万亿，兆
234,560,000,000,000 234 trillion 560 billion
2、专有名词(Proper Noun ):
表示人或事物所具有的特定的名称。

其特点是：第一个子母必须大写。

具体来说，专有名词包括：
1〕山河湖泊，海洋海峡，海湾海岛等地理名称。

the Himalayas 喜玛拉雅山the Yangtze River 长江
the West Lake 西湖the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
the Atla ntic Ocean 大西洋
the Persian Gulf 波斯湾
the Mexican Gulf 墨西哥湾2) 世界各大洲的名称。

Asia亚洲Africa非洲
Australia 澳洲Europe 欧洲
North America 北美洲
3) 节假日名称。

the Straits of Taiwa n 台湾海峡the En glish Cha nnel 英吉利海峡the Philippi nes菲律宾群岛
An tarctica 南极洲
South America 南美洲
Army Day 建军节Valentine' Day 情人节National Day 国庆节
Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节
Spring Festival 春节Drag on Boat Festival 端午节4〕人名地名，国名政体名。

Zha ng Hua George Bush 乔治布什
Shan ghai Guan gzhou
Australia the State Cou ncil 国务院
America the Departme nt of the Treasury 财政咅B
5〕星期和月份的名称。

星期：Sun day, Mon day, Tuesday, Wedn esday, Thursday,
Friday and Saturday.
月份:Janu ary, February, March, April, May, June, July, August,
September, October, November and December.
一年四季的名称虽属专有名词，但习惯上要小写：
spri ng, summer, autu mn an d win ter
说明：1〕将专有名词分类列出，其目的在于告诉大家：在写作，翻译或改错过程中, 遇到专有名词时，别忘了大写第一个字母。

2〕专有名词一般没有复数形式。

但有些要加“s〞或“ es〞，
因为它们每一个都是由几个局部组成。

比方：
the Uni ted Natio ns 联合国the Uni ted States美国
the Philipp ines菲律宾群岛the West In dies西印度群岛
3〕在人名前加the,人名后加“ s〞或“ es〞，表示某某一家人的意思。

例如：the Smiths史密斯一家人；the Georges侨治一家人
附录I 英语十六种主动态的名称、用法及谓语一览表
附录II 英语十种被动态的名称、用法及谓语一览表
特别说1、主动语态和被动语态的用法完全相
2、被动语态的十种谓语中均含有：be don e。

3、主动语态和被动语态的名称完全相同，而且均有相对应的关系。

比方: 现在与过去。

不规那么动词一览表
学习指南
1、动词原形过去式过去分词
〔特点：动词原形、过去式和过去分词都不冋〕
arise [ raiz] vi 起来arose [ r uz] arise n [ riz n] be [bi:]是was \ were [w :r] bee n [bi: n]
bear [b ] vt 容忍bore [b :] born [b :n]
bid [bid] vi 报价bade [beid] bidde n [ bid n]
blow [bl u] vt 吹blew [blu:] blow n [bl un]
begin [bi gin] vt 开始began [bi g n] begu n [bi g n] break [breik] vt 打破broke [br uk] broke n [ br uk n] choose [t u:z] vt 选择chose [t uz] chosen [ t uz n] do [du:] vt 做did [did] done [d n]
draw [dr :] vt 拉drew [dru:] draw n [dr :n]
[un s] UMOS
[pn s] pe/v\os 1A [n S] MOS
[un s] u/v\es
[pn s] pe/v\es
小[n s] Mes [u:is] uees
[:S] MBS 也皇｝K [:is] ees [u pu ] ueppu
[pn 」]epo 」
M 小[P!BJ ] e P!J [u zu ] uesu
[zn 」]eso 」 W !A [ZR]的J
[u /vrud ] ueAOJd
[p/vrud] peAOJd
血更 ｝K [A ：njd] eAOJd
[u!Q|] uie|
[!Q|] Ae|
躺!A [!B|] eii [un u] u/v\ou 〞
[:n[u] /v\eu>|
爲圧 [n U] MOU>| [u P!U ] ueppiq
[P!U] P!U 建骂!A [pieq] epiq [un u/v\o 」6
[:ru6] /v\e J 6
哥帀 IA [n
MOJ 6
[u AI 6 ] ueAi6
[Aie6] eAe6 需;A [Al 6] 0AI6 [u 6] euo6
[iue/v\] iue/v\
辛 IA [n 6] 06
[u AI 6
j] ueAi6joj [Aie6
j] eAe6joj
迓團;A [AI 6
j] eAi6joj
[u 1 6
j]
ueBo6joj
B 6 j 打o6」oj 小［记& j ］记 [u P!q j] ueppiqjoj
[P!eq
j] epeqjoj w 小[PU
apmoj
[u zn ] uezojj
[zn 4] ezojj
BW !八[z ：!」j] ezeaij [u I ： )
] ue||8j
[冋]IP) 丄fg !A [|： j] ||Bj
[un |j] u/v\o|j
[:n|j] Me|j 马丸!A [!B|j] A|j
[u y.\ ] ue^ee
［购］e 代
引｝K h ：i] lee [u Aup ] ueAup
[A n
」p] eAOjp 蚯竈]K [Aiejp] eAijp [〞 」p] 〞urup
」p] 〞ue 」p
刚小[〞 up] 〞uup
show [ u] vt 出示showed [ ud] show n [ un]
saw [s :] vt 锯开sawed [s :d] sawn [s :n]
si ng [si ] vi 唱san g [s ] sun g [s ]
sink [si k] vi 下沉sank [s k] sunk [s k]
steal [sti:l] vt 偷stole [st ul] stolen [ st ul n]
shake [ eik] vt 摇动shook [ u:k] shake n [ eik n]
swim [swim] vi 游泳swam [sw m] swum [sw m]
swear [sw ] vi 发誓swore [sw :] sworn [sw :n]
speak [spi:k] vi 讲spoke [sp uk] spoken [ sp uk n]
spring [spri ] vi 跳跃spra ng [spr ] sprung [spr ] shrink [ ri k] vi 收缩shra nk [ r k] shr unk [ r k] tear [ti ] vt 撕破tore [t :] tor n [t :n]
take [teik] vt 拿took [tuk] taken [ teik n]
throw [ r u] vt 投掷threw [ ru:] throw n [ r un]
wear [w ] vt 穿wore [w :] worn [w :n]
write [rait] vt 写wrote [r ut] writte n [ rit n]
wake [weik] vt 唤醒woke [w uk] woke n [ w uk n]
weave [wi:v] vt 织wove [w uv] wove n [ w u v n]
******************************************************************
foresee [f : si:] vt 预见mow [m u] vi 皱眉mistake [mis teik] vt 误解
foresaw [f : s :]
mowed [m ud]
mistook [mis tuk]
foresee n [f
mow n [m un]
si:
n]
mistaken 卜teik n]
overeat [ uv i:t] vt 多吃 override [ uv raid] vt 践踏 [- rid n]
stink [sti k] vi 发臭 swell [swel] vi 膨胀 tread [tred] vt 践踏 undo [ n du:] vt 解开 undertake [ nd teik] vt
从事 undertook[ [- teik n]
withdraw [wi dr :] vi 撤退 withdrew [wi
[- dr :n] 2、动词原形
过去式
特点：过去式和过去分词相同，但动词原形不同〕
bend [bend] vi 弯曲 bind [baind] vt 捆绑 buy [bai] vt 买 burn [b :n] vi 燃烧 bring [bri ] vt 带来 build [bild] vt 建造 bless [bles] vt 保佑
catch [k t ] vt 抓住 bent [bent] bound [baund] bought [b :t] burnt [b :nt] brought [br :t]
built [bilt] blest [blest] caught [k :t]
awake [ weik] vi 醒来 awoke [ w uk] awoke [ w uk]
overate [ uv eit] overrode [ uv
stank [st k] swelled [sweld] trod [tr d] undid [ n did]
overeaten [- i:t n] r ud] overridden
stunk [st k] swollen [ sw ul
n] trodden [ tr d n] undone [ n d n]
nd tuk] undertaken
dru:] withdrawn
过去分词
bent [bent] bound [baund] bought [b :t] burnt [b :nt] brought [br :t] built [bilt] blest [blest] caught [k :t]
creep [kri:p] vt 爬行crept [krept] crept [krept]
dig [dig] vt 挖dug [d g] dug [d g]
deal [di:l] vt 分发dealt [delt] dealt [de lt]
dwell [dwel] vi 居住dwelt [dwe lt] dwelt [dwe lt]
dream [dri:m] vi 做梦dreamt [dremt] dreamt [dremt]
feel [fi:l] vt 感到felt [felt] felt [felt]
flee [fli:] vi vt 逃离fled [fled] fled [fled]
find [faind] vt 发现found [faund] found [faund]
feed [fi:d] vt 喂养fed [fed] fed [fed]
fight [fait] vi 打仗fought [f :t] fought [f :t]
grind [graind] vt 磨碎ground [gra und] ground [gra und] has [h s] vt 有had [h d] had [h d]
have [h v] vt 有had [h d] had [h d]
hang [h ] vt 悬挂hun g [h ] hun g [h ] hang [h ] vt 绞死han ged [h d] han ged [h d] hold [h uld] vt 持有held [held] held [held]
hear [hi ] vt 听见heard [h :d] heard [h :d]
kneel [ni:l] vi 跪kn elt [n elt] kn elt [ nelt] keep [ki:p] vt 保持kept [kept] kept [kept]
lay [lei] vt 放laid [leid] laid [leid]
lose [lu:z] vt 丧失lost [l st] lost [l st]
lend [lend] vt 借给le nt [le nt] le nt [le nt]
lead [li:d] vt 领导led [led] led [led]
leap [li:p] vi 跳跃leapt [lept] leapt [lept]
lean [li:n] vi 倚靠lea nt [li: nt] lea nt [li: nt] leave [li:v] vt 离开left [left] left [left]
learn [l :n] vt 学习learnt [l :nt] learnt [l :nt] light [lait] vt 点燃lit [lit] lit [lit]
make [meik] vt 制造made [meid] made [meid]
meet [mi:t] vt 遇见met [met] met [met] mean [mi:n] vt 意味meant [me nt] meant [me nt]
pay [pei] vt 支付paid [peid] paid [peid]
sit [sit] vi 坐sat [s t] sat [s t]
say [sei] vt 说said [sed] said [sed] sell [sel] vt 卖sold [s uld] sold [s uld]
slide [slaid] vi 滑动slid [slid] slid [slid]
smell [smel] vt 嗅smelt [smelt] smelt [smelt]
speed [spi:d] vt 力口速sped [sped] sped [sped]
spell [spel] vt 拼写spelt [spelt] spelt [spelt] spill [spil] vi 漏出spilt [spi lt] spilt [spi lt]
spoil [sp il] vt 损害spoilt [sp ilt] spoilt [sp ilt]
strike [straik] vt 打struck [str k] struck [str k] spin [spin] vt 旋转spun [sp n] spun [sp n] seek [si:k] vt 寻找sought [s :t] sought [s :t]
send [se nd] vt 送
stick [stik] vt 粘贴
shine [ ain] vi 照耀
shoot [ u:t] vt 射击
sleep [sli:p] vi 睡觉
stand [st nd] vi 站spe
nd [spe nd] vt 花费
sweep [swi:p] vt 清扫
tell [tel] vt 告诉teach
[ti:t ] vt 教th ink [ i k]
vt 想un dersta nd [ n d 卜stud]
weep [wi:p] vi 哭泣
wake [weik] vt 唤醒
win [win] vt 赢得
sen t [se nt]
stuck [st k]
shone [ un]
shot [ t]
slept [slept]
stood [stud]
spe nt [spe nt]
swept [swept]
told [t uld]
taught [t :t]
thought [ :t]
st nd] un derstood [
wept [wept]
woke [w uk]
won [w n]
sent [se nt]
stuck [st k]
shone [ un]
shot [ t]
slept [slept]
stood [stud]
spe nt [spe nt]
swept [swept]
told [t uld]
taught [t :t]
thought [ :t]
stud] un
derstood
wept [wept]
woke [w uk]
won [w n]
********************************************************************
abide [ baid] vt 遵守
blend [blend] vt 混合
bleed [bli:d] vt 流血breed [bri:d] vt 饲养cling
[kli ] vt 依附
abode [ b ud] ble
nt [ble nt]
bled [bled]
bred [bred]
clu ng [kl ]
abode [ b ud]
ble nt [ble nt]
bled [bled]
bred [bred]
clu ng [kl ]
clothe [kl u ]vt穿衣clad [kl d] clad [kl d]
flin g [fli ] vt 投掷flun g [fl ] flun g [fl ]
foretell [f tel] vt预告foretold [f : t uld] foretold
:t uld]
mislay [mis lei] vt放错mislaid [mis leid] mislaid [mis leid] mislead [mis li:d] vt 误导misled [mis led] misled [mis led] relay [ri: lei] vt转播relaid [ri: leid] relaid [ri: leid]
retell [ri tel] vt复述retold [ri t uld] retold [ri t uld] repay [ri pei] vt归还repaid [ri peid] repaid [ri peid] rebuild [ri bild] vt 重建rebuilt [ri bilt] rebuilt [ri bilt] sli nk [sli k] vi流产slu nk [sl k] slu nk [sl k]
st ing [sti ]vt刺激stung [st ] stung [st ]
swi ng
]vi摇摆swung [sw ] swung [sw ] [swi
un derlay
nd lei] vt 铺设underlaid [- leid] un derlaid [
[-leid]
wring [ri ]vt榨取wrung [r ] wrung [r ] wind [waind] vi 蜿蜒wound [waund] wound [waund]
3、动词原形过去式过去分词
〔特点：动词原形，过去式和过去分词都相同〕
bet [bet] vi 打赌bet [bet] bet [bet]
bid [bid] vi 投标bid [bid] bid [bid]
burst [b : st] vi爆炸burst [b :st] burst [b :st]
20
[ri k :st]
broadcast [ br :d k cast [k :st] vt 投掷 cost [k st] vt 花费 cut [k t] vt 切 hit [hit] vt 击 hurt [h :t] vt 伤害 knit [nit] vt 编织 let
[let] vt 让 put [put] vt 放
quit [kwit] vt 离开 rid
[rid] vt 去掉 read [ri:d] vt
读 set [set] vi 日落 spit [spit]吐痰 shut [ t] vt 关闭 spread [spred] vi 延伸 thrust [ r st] vt 朿U upset [ p set] vt 颠覆
:st] vi 播送 broadcast cast [k :st] cost [k st] cut [k t] hit [hit] hurt [h :t] knit [nit] let [let] put [put] quit [kwit] rid [rid] read
[red] set [set] spit [spit] shut [ t] spread [spred]
thrust [ r st] upset [ p set] ****************************************************************
beset [bi set] vt 包围
beset [bi set]
recast [ri k :st] vt 重铸
recast [ri k
broadcast cast [k :st] cost [k st] cut [k t] hit [hit]
hurt [h :t]
kn it [ nit] let [let] put [put]
quit [kwit] rid [rid] read [red] set [set] spit [spit]
shut [ t] spread [spred]
thrust [ r st] upset [ p set]
beset [bi set]
:st]
recast
情态动词
学习指南
slit [slit] vt 切开 slit [slit]
slit [slit]
shed [ ed] vi 流出 split [split] vt 分裂 shred [ red] vt 撕碎 wed [wed] vt 嫁、娶 4、动词原形
〔点：动词原形和过去分词相同
run [r n] vi 跑
come [k m] vi 来 become [bi k m] vt 变得 shed [ ed] split [split] shred [ red] wed [wed] 过去式
,但过去式不同〕
ran [r n] came [k m] became [bi
shed [ ed] split [split] shred [ red] wed
[wed]
过去分词
run [r n] come [k m]
k m]
become
[bi k m]
overrun [ uv r n] vi 泛滥 overra n [- r n]
overr un
[-r n]
overcome [ uv
k m] vt 克服 overcame [- k m]
overcome
must, ought to, n eed, dare, used to 。

为了方便大家记忆，我主要从两个方面
讲述情态动词用法：
推测性用法；非推测性用法。

一、推测性用法:
表示推测的情态动词一共有九个。

不过，不同的情态动词, 其“可能性〞的大小有一定的差异，所以须特别留意
could can should
说明：上述表示推测性用法的情态动词本身没有时间上的差异。

根据动作发生的“时间〞，情态动词的“推测性用法〞可分为如下六种:
1、表示对“现在或将来事物〞的推测：
谓语：情态动词+ do 〔动词原形〕 Shemay be in the classroom. 她可能在课室里
Shemight understand you later. 她可能以后会理解你。

He must know what she mea nt. 他一定知道她的意思。

表示“可能〞
might
may “可能性〞最小〔约10%〕
表示“很可能〞 ought to
would will
表示“一定〞 ：must ---------- ► “可能性〞最大〔100%〕
Shemay come here tomorrow.
她可能明天到这里来。

He will go to America next mon th.
他很可能下个月去美国。

说明：表示对将来事物推测，不能用“ must 〞。

例如：He must come here tomorrow.〔错误〕
He is to come here tomorrow.〔正确〕
He is bound to come her tomorrow.〔正确〕
He is sure to come here tomorrow.〔正确〕
He is certain to come here tomorrow.〔正确〕明天他一
定会到这里来。

2. 对“过去或已完成事物〞的推测：
谓语：情态动词+ have done 〔过去分词〕特点：前者有特定的过去时间。

后者没有特定的过去时间。

You must have atte nded the meet ing yesterday. 你一定参加了昨天的会议。

You can't have attended the meeting yesterday.
你不可能参加过昨天的会议。

Shemight have arrived there last week.
她可能上周就到了那里。

Sheought to have finished her homework by now.
到现在她应该做完作业了。

He may have lived in Don ggua n for a few years.
他可能在东莞住了好几年了。

说明：
当must表示推测含义时，其否认形式只能用
can't，绝对不能用must n't或need n't。

这种情况考试中经常出现
A: He must have told her the n ews yesterday.
B: No, he can't have told her the news yesterday.〔正确〕No, he must n't have told her the n ews yesterday.〔错误〕
No, he needn't have told her the news yesterday.〔错误〕3. 对“现在进行事物〞的推测：
谓语：情态动词+ be doing 〔现在分词〕
Shemight be watering flowers in the garden.
她可能在花园里给花浇水。

He should be playi ng cards with his classmates.
他很可能在跟同学打牌。

4. 对“过去进行事物〞的推测：
谓语：情态动词+ have been doing 〔现在分词〕
They may have bee n play ing cards last ni ght.
昨晚他们可能在打牌。

He should have bee n study ing yesterday morning.
昨天早上他很可能在学习。

You must have bee n travelli ng in China last mon th.
上个月你一定在中国旅行。

第二十四章附属分句〔二〕
学习指南
独立结构是一种自身带逻辑主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。

除动名词外，非谓语动词的其他三种形式均有独立结构。

文章中使用独立结构，能使句子变得更紧凑、更精简、更生动、更形象和更具体。

所以，学好独立结构，无论对考试还是对语言运用能力的提高，都是非常有帮助的。

一、独立结构的性质、特点、作用和形式：
性质：独立结构并非真正独立，它必须依附于句子而存在。

特点：1、独立结构带有自身的逻辑主语。

2、独立结构做状语时，须用逗号隔开。

3、表达状语从句的意思时，不需要任何连词。

作用：状语〔含：时状、原状、条状、方状或伴状等〕。

形式：独立结构共有如下六种形式：
1〕名词〔或代词〕+现在分词
2〕名词〔或代词〕+过去分词
3〕名词〔或代词〕+不定式
4〕名词〔或代词〕+形容词
5〕名词〔或代词〕+副词
6〕名词〔或代词〕+介词短语
例如：Weather permitting, I will go there with you.
〔名词+现在分词，做条件状语。

译：如果天气好的话〕
All things considered, I am sure to succeed this time.
〔名词+过去分词，做原因状语。

译：因为各方面都考虑到了〕
The meeting is over, the details to be discussed later.
〔名词+不定式。

做方式状语。

译：详细情况有待以后讨论〕
The man sly and greedy, you'd better stay away from him.
〔名词+形容词，做原因状语。

译：因为这人既狡猾又贪婪〕
The meeting over, I went home with him directly.
〔名词+副词，做时间状语。

译：会议结束后〕
Gun in hand, the robber rushed out of the bank.
〔名词+介词短语，做伴随状语。

译：手里拿着枪
解释：
1〕前三种形式为非谓语动词分句，后三种形式为无动词分句。

2〕独立结构中的限定词，有的可省可不省，有的却一定要省。

一般来说，形容词性物主代词和定冠词为可省可不省；不定冠词那么一定要省去。

不过，在介词with或without后的限定词那么须全部保存。