翻译理论与实践3

3.He has a strong dislike for the sentimental. 他非常讨厌多愁善感无病呻吟。 4.During his visit to China, the Korean foreign minister conferred with his Chinese counterpart a number of times. 在中国访问期间，韩国外交部长与中国外交部长举行了 数次会谈。 5. Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas in tropics. 马铃薯是温带国家淀粉食物的重要来源，香蕉则是热带 地区淀粉食物的重要来源。
英语往往运用词形变化，连接词、介词、 定于从句和独立主格表示成分之间各种语法关 系，句子外形很严谨；汉语由于没有词形变化、 定语从句和独立主格，连接词和介词也比英语 少很多，所以往往用隐性连贯方法来表示各种 语法关系，句子外形比较松散、自由。

对策： 英译汉：多运用汉语的动词，少用连接词，有时可以 不译连接词；介词短语、定语从句和独立主格等在大 多数情况下都被译为短语或分句 [例3]Come and see me tomorrow. [译文]明天来看我。 [例4]He is the last person for such a job. [译文]他最不适于担任这项工作。
[例8]他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想 是每个中国人所珍爱的。在过去，许多中国人 曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命 [译文]They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.



有些英语被动句译成汉语时必须译成主动形式. 如译成被动式则很别扭. [例1]The peace talks were being held in Paris. [译文]和谈那时正在巴黎进行. [例2]They want to be listened to. [译文]他们希望有人听听他们的意见.


[例2]To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore. [译文]大自然为了保护鲸，使它不至于在北冰洋 受冻，便使它长了厚厚的一层脂肪，叫做鲸脂。 鲸杀死后，把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有的 是在船上进行，有的是在岸上进行的。
英汉语言对比及互译对策（下）
Translation exercise: 1.Oxford is much smaller in numbers, for example, than the State University of Minnesota, and is much poorer. It has, or had till yesterday, fewer students than the University of Toronto. 例如，牛津大学在校学生数比明尼苏达州立大学要少多了，也穷多 了。牛津的在校学生数无论现在还是过去都比多伦多大学少。 2.The kaleidoscope of shifting interests made it impossible to sort out the “winners” and “losers”. 各国的利益变化不定，好像万花筒一样，这就人人难以分辨出究竟 谁是“赢家”，谁是“输家”。
2）把汉语的分句归化为英语的名词、分词短语、 定语从句、独立主格等 [例7]我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行 桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河流滚滚流 过。 [译文]Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river.
推理顺序 英语：先总提（如个人感受、结论、推断等），后叙述 汉语：先叙述，后总结。 [例3]Kongarov did not remember his father who died when he was three years old. [译文]康加洛夫三岁丧父，所以记不得他。

5.英语句子重“形合”，汉语句子重“意合” [例1]He is the last person for such a job. [译文]他最不适宜担任这项工作。 [例2]This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. [译文]这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济 一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。

6.英语句子被动态用的多，特别是信息型和理论性的 文体；汉语被动形式用的少，有时不用被动形式也可 以表示被动的含义，有时可以用无主语句。 [例1]Great sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in “prospecting” for oil. [译文]在石油“勘探”方面，已经花了大笔的钱，比 如在埃及的沙漠里进行的勘探工作就是如此。
6.玛丽会讲汉语，而且讲的很好。 Mary speaks Chinese, and that very well. 7.另外一种方法是化学方法。 Another method is the chemical process. Another approach is the chemical method. 8.非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰巨的斗 争。 9. 这对加强中国国防十分重要。 This is fundamental to the building up of China’s national defence.

[例2]It must be a great satisfaction to all ranks and races engaged in our common effort that the Japanese have been challenged and beaten in jungle warfare in Burma, and that their boastfulness should have received a salutary exposure. [译文]在缅甸丛林战中，日军受到挑战并被击败。他们大 言不惭的自吹得到了有力的揭露。这对于从事与我们 共同事业的各阶层人士、各民族人民来说，必然是一 件大快人心的事情。

[例5]This film show how they put aside a thousand acres out west where the buffaloes roam and nobody can shoot a single one of them. If they do, they get in jail. It also showed some big National Park with government airplanes dropping food down to the deer when they got snowed and had nothing to eat.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
7.英汉句子叙事、推理的顺序大部分情况下是相反的。 叙事顺序 英语：先说最近发生的事，再说之前发生的事 汉语：先说先前发生的事，再说最近发生的事

[例1]We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959. [译文]我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然 灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。
10. 白雪纷飞，冬意正浓，在中国最大的传统节日——春节来临之 际，由XX大学文学院与XX商务中心联合创办的中外文化进修 （研习）中心为您推出假日好去处——集学习、考察、娱乐为一 体的“中国民俗文化讲习考察班”。 To coincide the Spring Festival—the Chinese equivalent of Christmas, the Study Center of Chinese and Foreign Cultures initiated by College of Humanities, Pujiang University and Jiehua Business Center, is going to organize “Chinese Folklore Study Program” mainly for foreigners to enjoy during the Chinese traditional holidays. The program will include a training course and a joyful tour of finding facts of Chinese styles of life.
[译文]电影演的是他们怎么在西边哪儿把一千亩 土地划出来，让水牛自由行动，谁也不准开枪 打死一只。打死了，就得坐牢。还有一段演的 是某个大国立公园，政府派飞机往下扔吃的， （因为）那里的鹿让雪封住了，没吃的。
汉译英： 1）将汉语句子内涵的语法关系（尤其是因果、连接、 转折关系等）用英语的连接词表达出来 [例6]他不老实，我不能信任他。 [译文]I can’t trust him because he is not honest. [例7]不吃苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？ [译文]If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?
3）把汉语的众多动词分主次编排成英语的习 惯表达，特别注意把一些汉语动词变为英语的 名词、介词等。 [例9]他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热。他于是下了 决心，一碰到舒适的阴凉处，就坐下休息。 [译文]His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
汉语的被动式数量少，用法窄。大多数被动意义都 是用主动式来表达。 [例3]今晚有人在此讲一些不该讲的话。 [译文]Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. [例4]仔细看看信的地址是否写对了。 [译文]Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.