Note_1_Introduction_to_EI

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九年级上册英语单词音标

九年级上册英语单词音标

九年级上册英语单词音标Unit 1textbook/tekstbuk/n.教科书;课本conversation /kɔnvəseiʃn/, /ka:nvər'seiʃn/n.交谈;谈话aloud /ə'laud/adv.大声地;出声地pronunciation/prənansieifn/n.发音;读音sentence/sentəns/n.句子patient /peiʃnt/adj.有耐心的n.病人expression /ik'spreʃn/n.表情;表示;表达方式discover/diskʌvə(r)/v.发现;发觉secret /si:krət/n.秘密;秘诀adj.秘密的;保密的look up(在词典、参考书中或通过电脑)查阅;抬头看grammar/græmə(r)/n.语法repeat /ri'pi:t/v.重复;重做note/nəut/n.笔记;记录v.注意;指出pal/pæl/n.朋友;伙伴physics/fiziks/n.物理;物理学chemistry /kemistri/n.化学memorize /'meməraiz/v.记忆;记住pattern/pætn/,/'pætərn/n.模式;方式pronounce/prə'nauns/v.发音increase/in'kri:s/v.增加;增长speed /spi:d/n.速度partner/'pa:(r)tnə(r)/n.搭档;同伴born/bɔ:(r)n/v.出生adj.天生的be born with天生具有ability /ə'biləti/n.能力;才能create/kri'eit/v.创造;创建brain/brein/n.大脑active /æktiv/adj.活跃的;积极的attention /ə'tenʃn/n.注意;关注pay attention to注意;关注connect /kɔ'nekt/v.(使)连接;与……有联系connect ...with把……和……连接或联系起来overnight /ouvə(r)nart/adv.一夜之间;在夜间review/ri'vju:/v.&n.回顾;复习knowledge /ndlidʒ/,/na:lidʒ/n.知识;学问lifelong/laiflon/adj.终身的;毕生的wisely/waizli/adv.明智地;聪明地Annie/'æni/安妮(女名)Alexander/æligzændə(r)/Graham/greiəm/Bell /bel/亚历山大˙格雷厄姆˙贝尔Unit 2mooncake //mu:nkeik/n.月饼lantern/læntə(r)n/n.灯笼stranger/'streindʒə(r)/n.陌生人relative /relətrv/n.亲属;亲戚put on增加(体重);发胖pound/paund/n.磅(重量单位);英镑(英国货币单位)folk/fəuk/adj.民间的;民俗的goddess /gpdes/,/ga:dəs/n.女神whoever/hu:evə(r)/pron.无论谁;不管什么人steal /sti:l/v.(stole /stəul/,stolen/stəulən/)偷;窃取lay/lei/v.(laid/leid/,laid)放置;安放;产(卵);下(蛋)lay out摆开;布置dessert /dr'zs:(r)t/n.(饭后)甜点;甜食garden/'ga:(r)dn/n.花园;园子tradition/trə'diʃn/n.传统admire/ədmaiə(r)/v.欣赏;仰慕tie/tai/n.领带v.捆;束haunted /'hɔ:ntid/adj.有鬼魂出没的;闹鬼的ghost/gəust/n.鬼;鬼魂trick/trik/n.花招;把戏treat/tri:t/n.款待;招待v.招待;请(客)spider/spaidə(r)/n.蜘蛛Christmas/krisməs/n.圣诞节lie/lai/v.(lay/lei/,lain /lein/)存在;平躺;处于novel /nɔvl/,/na:vl/n.(长篇)小说eve /i:v/n.前夕;前夜dead/ded/adj.死的;失去生命的business/'biznəs/n.生意;商业punish/'pAntʃ/v.处罚;惩罚warn/wɔ:(r)n/v.警告;告诫end up最终成为;最后处于present /'preznt/n.现在;礼物adj.现在的warmth/wɔ:(r)mθ/n.温暖;暖和spread/spred/v.(spread,spread)传播;展开n.蔓延;传播Macao/mə'kau/澳门Chiang Mai/tfiæy'mai/清迈(泰国城市)Water Festival泼水节Mid-Autumn /,midɔ:təm/Festival中秋节Mother's Day母亲节Father's Day父亲节Halloween/hæləui:n/万圣节前夕A Christmas Carol /kærəl/《圣诞欢歌(小说名)》Easter /i:stə(r)/复活节Clara/kla:rə/,/klerə/克拉拉(女名)]Santa/sæntə/Claus /klɔ:z/圣诞老人Charles/tfa:(r)lz/Dickens /'dikinz/查尔斯·狄更斯(英国作家) Scrooge /skru:dʒ/斯克鲁奇n.(非正式)吝啬鬼Jacob/'dʒeikəb/Marley /ma:(r)li/雅各布˙马利Unit 3restroom /restru:m/n.(美)洗手间;公共厕所stamp/stæmp/n.邮票;印章bookstore /'bukstɔ:(r)/n.书店beside /br'said/prep.在……旁边;在……附近postcard /pəustka:(r)d/n.明信片pardon/'pa:(r)dn/v.原谅interj.请再说一遍washroom /wpfru:m/,/wa:ʃru:m/n.洗手间;厕所bathroom/'ba:θru:m/,/'bæθru:m/n.浴室;洗手间normally /nɔ:(r)məli/adv.通常;正常情况下rush/rAf/v.&n.仓促;急促suggest/sədʒest/v.建议;提议pass by路过;经过staff/sta:f/,/stæf/n.管理人员;职工grape /greip/n.葡萄central /'sentrəl/adj.中心的;中央的nearby/niə'bai/adj.附近的;邻近的adv.在附近;附近pardon me抱歉,对不起;什么,请再说一遍mail/meil/v.邮寄;发电子邮件n.邮件;信件east/i:st/adj.东方的;东部的adv.向东;朝东n.东;东方fascinating /fesneitiy/adj.迷人的;极有吸引力的inexpensive /mik'spensiv/adj.不昂贵的uncrowded /ʌn'kraudid/adj.不拥挤的;人少的convenient /kən'vi:niənt/adj.便利的;方便的mall/mɔ:l/n.商场;购物中心clerk/kla:k/,/kls:rk/n.职员corner/kɔ:(r)nə(r)/n.拐角;角落politely/pəlartli/adv.礼貌地;客气地request /rikwest/n.&v.要求;请求direction/dərekʃn,darrekʃn/n.方向;方位correct/kərekt/adj.正确的;恰当的polite/pəlait/adj.有礼貌的;客气的direct/dərekt,darrekt/adj.直接的;直率的speaker /'spi:kə(r)/n.讲(某种语言)的人;发言者whom/hu:m/pron.谁;什么人impolite /impəlait/adj.不礼貌的;粗鲁的address /ə'dres/,/ædres/n.住址;地址;通信处underground /'ʌndə(r)graund/adj.地下的n.地铁Parking lot停车场;停车区course /kɔ:(r)s/n.课程;学科Italian /i'tæliən/adj.意大利(人)的n.意大利人;意大利语Tim/tim/蒂姆(男名)Unit 4humorous /'hju:mərəs/adj.有幽默感的;滑稽有趣的silent /'sailənt/adj.不说话的;沉默的helpful /helpfl/adj.有用的;有帮助的from time to time时常;有时score/skɔ:(r)/n.&v.得分;进球background /'bækgraund/n.背景interview/intə(r)vju:/v.采访;面试n.面试;访谈Asian /'erʃn,'erʒn/adj.亚洲(人)的n.亚洲人deal/di:l/v.(dealt/delt/,dealt)对付;对待deal with应对;处理shyness /faməs/n.害羞;腼腆dare/deə/,/der/v.敢于;胆敢crowd/kraud/n.人群;观众ton/tʌn/n.吨;(pl.)大量;许多private //praivət/adj.私人的;私密的guard/ga:(r)d/n.警卫;看守v.守卫;保卫require /rrkwaiə(r)/v.需要;要求European/ju(ə)rə'pi:ən/adj.欧洲(人)的n.欧洲人African/'æfrikən/adj.非洲(人)的n.非洲人British/'britrʃ/adj.英国(人)的speech/spi:tʃ/n.讲话;发言public/pablik/n.民众adj.公开的;公众的in public公开地;在别人(尤指生人)面前ant /ænt/n.蚂蚁insect/'msekt/n.昆虫seldom/'seldəm/adv.不常;很少influence/influəns/v.&n.影响absent /'ebsənt/adj.缺席;不在fail/feil/v.不及格;失败;未能(做到) examination /igzæmrneiʃn/n.考试;审查boarding /'bɔ:(r)dr/school寄宿学校in person亲身;亲自exactly /igzæktli/adv.确切地;精确地pride/prard/n.自豪;骄傲take pride in为……感到自豪proud/praud/adj.自豪的;骄傲的be proud of为……骄傲;感到自豪general /dʒenrəl/adj.总的;普遍的;常规的n.将军introduction/,mtrədʌkʃn/n.介绍Paula/'pɔ:lə/葆拉(女名)Alfred/ælfrid/艾尔弗雷德(男名)Billy /'bili/比利(男名)Candy/kændi/坎迪(女名)Jerry/dʒeri/杰里(男名);杰丽(女名)Emily/'emili/埃米莉(女名)Unit 5chopstick /tfopstik/,/tfa:pstik/n.筷子coin/kɔm/n.硬币fork /fɔ:(r)k/n.餐叉;叉子blouse /blauz/,/blaus/n.(女式)短上衣;衬衫silver/'silvə(r)/n.银;银器adj.银色的glass/gla:s/,/glæs/n.玻璃cotton /'kdtn/,/'ka:tn/n.棉;棉花steel /sti:l/n.钢;钢铁fair/feə(r)/,/fer/n.展览会;交易会environmental /m,vairən'mentl/adj.自然环境的;有关环境的grass/gra:s/,/gres/n.草;草地leaf /li:f/n.(pl.leaves /li:vz/)叶;叶子produce/prədju:s/,/prədu:s/v.生产;制造;出产widely /'waidli/adv.广泛地;普遍地be known for以……闻名;为人知晓process//prəuses/v.加工;处理n.过程pack/pæk/v.包装;装箱product /'prddʌkt/,/pra:dʌkt/n.产品;制品France/fra:ns/,/fræns/法国no matter不论;无论local /ləukl/adj.当地的;本地的brand /brænd/n.品牌;牌子avoid /ə'vɔid/v.避免;回避handbag /'hendbæg/n.小手提包mobile/'məubail/,/'məubl/adj.可移动的;非固定的everyday /'evridei/adj.每天的;日常的boss/bds/,/bɔ:s/n.老板;上司Germany/'dʒs:(r)məni/德国surface /'sʒ:(r)fis/n.表面;表层material/mətrəriəl/n.材料;原料traffic/træfik/n.交通;路上行驶的车辆postman /'pəustmən/n.邮递员cap/kæp/n.(尤指有帽舌的)帽子glove/glav/n.(分手指的)手套international /,intə(r)næʃnəl/adj.国际的competitor /kəm'petrtə(r)/n.参赛者;竞争者its /its/pron.它的form/fɔ:(r)m/n.形式;类型clay/klei/n.黏土;陶土celebration/,selr'brerʃn/n.庆典;庆祝活动balloon/bəlu:n/n.气球paper cutting剪纸scissors/'sizə(r)z/n.(pl.)剪刀lively/larvli/adj.生气勃勃的;(色彩)鲜艳的fairy/feəri/,/feri/tale /teil/童话故事historical /hr'storikl/,/hr'stɔ:rikl/adj.(有关)历史的heat /hi:t/n.热;高温v.加热;变热polish /'polrʃ/,/pa:liʃ/v.磨光;修改;润色complete /kəm'pli:t/v.完成Korea/kəri:ə/朝鲜;韩国Switzerland /'switsə(r)lənd/瑞士San Francisco /,sen frən'siskəu/圣弗朗西斯科(旧金山,美国城市) Marcus/'ma:(r)kəs/马库斯(男名)Pam/pæm/帕姆(女名)Unit 6heel /hi:l/n.鞋跟;足跟scoop/sku:p/n.勺;铲子electricity /ilektrisəti/n.电;电能style/starl/n.样式;款式project /'prddʒekt/,/'pra:dʒekt/n.项目;工程pleasure /'pleʒə(r)/n.高兴;愉快zipper/zipə(r)/n.(=zip)拉链;拉锁daily /'deili/adj.每日的;日常的have a point有道理website /'websait/n.网站pioneer/,paiəhiə/,/parə'nir/n.先锋;先驱list/list/v.列表;列清单n.名单;清单mention/menʃn/v.提到;说到accidental/æksrdentl/adj.意外的;偶然的by accident偶然;意外地ruler/ru:lə/n.统治者;支配者boil /bɔil/v.煮沸;烧开remain/rr'mein/v.保持不变;剩余smell /smel/n.气味v.(smelt/smelt/,smelt;smelled;smelled)发出……气味;闻到saint/seint/n.圣人;圣徒national /næʃnəl/adj.国家的;民族的trade/treid/n.贸易;交易v.做买卖;从事贸易take place发生;出现popularity /popjulerəti/,/,pa:pjulærəti/n.受欢迎;普及doubt/daut/n.疑惑;疑问v.怀疑without doubt毫无疑问;的确fridge /fridʒ/n.冰箱low/ləu/adj.低的;矮的somebody /sambədi/pron.某人n.重要人物translate /trensleit/v.翻译lock/lbk/,/la:k/v.锁上;锁住n.锁ring/riy/v(rang/ræn/,rung/ray/(使)发出钟声或铃声;打电话earthquake /'s:(r)θkweik/n.地震sudden/'sadən/adj.突然(的)all of a sudden突然;猛地bell/bel/n.钟(声);铃(声)biscuit /'biskit/n.饼干cookie /'kuki/n.曲奇饼musical /'mju:zikl/adj.音乐的;有音乐天赋的instrument /'mstrəmənt/n.器械;仪器;工具crispy/krispi/adj.脆的;酥脆的salty /'sɔ:lti/adj.咸的sour/'savə(r)/adj.酸的;有酸味的by mistake错误地;无意中customer/kʌstəmə(r)/n.顾客;客户the Olympics /əlimpiks/奥林匹克运动会Canadian/kə'neidiən/adj.加拿大的;加拿大人的n.加拿大人divide/drvaid/v.分开;分散divide .…into把……分开basket /'ba:skit/,/'bæskit/n.篮;筐not only ….but also …不但……而且……look up to钦佩;仰慕hero/'hrərəu/,/'hirəu/n.英雄;男主角professional/prə'feʃənl/adj.职业的;专业的nearly /niəli/,/nirli/adv.几乎Berlin/bs:(r)lin/柏林(德国城市)NBA(National Basketball Association)国家篮球协会(美国职业篮球联赛) CBA(China Basketball Association)中国篮球协会(中国职业篮球联赛) Roy/rɔI/罗伊(男名)Whitcomb/witkəm/Judson/dʒAdsən/惠特科姆˙贾德森Ruby/ru:bi/鲁比(女名)Thomas /'tdməs/Watson /'wdtsən/托马斯˙沃森George /dʒɔ:(r)dʒ/Crum/kram/乔治˙克拉姆James /dʒeimz/Naismith /neismθ/詹姆斯˙奈史密斯Unit 7license /laisns/n.(=licence)证;证件safety/'serfti/n.安全;安全性smoke /sməuk/v.吸烟;冒烟n.烟part-time /,pa:(r)t tarm/adj.&adv.兼职(的)pierce/piəs/,/prrs/v.扎;刺破;穿透earring/tərin/,/rry/n.耳环;耳饰flash/flæʃ/n.闪光灯;闪光v.闪耀;闪光tiny/tani/adj.极小的;微小的cry/krai/v.&n.哭;叫喊field/fi:ld/n.田野;场地hug/hag/n.&v.拥抱;搂抱lift/lift/v.举起;抬高n.电梯;搭便车badly/'bædli/adv.严重地;差;非常talk back回嘴;顶嘴awful/ɔ:fl/adj.很坏的;讨厌的teen/ti:n/n.(13至19岁之间的)青少年regret /rigret/v.&n.感到遗憾;懊悔poem/'pəuim/n.诗;韵文community/kə'mju:nəti/n.社区;社团keep.…away from避免接近;远离chance /tʃa:ns/,/tʃæns/n.机会;可能性make one's own decision自己做决定educate /edʒukeit/v.教育;教导manage /'mænidʒ/v.完成(困难的事);应付(困难局面) society/sə'sarəti/n.社会get in the way of挡……的路;妨碍support /sə'pɔ:(r)t/v.&n.支持enter/entə(r)/v.进来;进去choice/tʃɔis/n.选择;挑选Picasso/prkæsəu/,/prka:səu/毕加索(西班牙画家)Unit 8whose /hu:z/adj.&pron.谁的truck/trʌk/n.卡车;货车picnic/'piknik/n.野餐rabbit /ræbit/n.兔;野兔attend/ətend/v.出席;参加valuable /'væljuəbl/adj.贵重的;很有用的;宝贵的pink/piŋk/adj.粉红色的n.粉红色anybody/enibddi/,/eniba:di/pron.任何人happening/'hæpeniŋ/n.事件;发生的事情(常指不寻常的) noise /nɔiz/n.声音;噪音policeman/pə'li:smən/n.(pl.policemen)男警察wolf /wulf/n.狼uneasy/ʌni:zi/adj.担心的;不安的laboratory/lə'bɔrətri/,/lebrəto:ri/n.实验室outdoors /autdɔ:(r)z/adv.在户外;在野外coat /kəut/n.外套;外衣sleepy /'sli:pi/adj.困倦的;瞌睡的land/lænd/v.着陆;降落alien /eiliən/n.外星人run after追逐;追赶suit/sju:t/,/su:t/n.西服;套装v.适合express/ikspres/v.表示;表达at the same time同时;一起circle/'ss:(r)kl/n.圆圈v.圈出Britain/'britn/(=Great Britain)大不列颠mystery /'mrstri/n.奥秘;神秘事物receive/ri'si:v/v.接待;接受;收到historian /hi'stɔ:riən/n.历史学家;史学工作者temple /templ/n.庙宇;寺院;圣殿leader/li:də(r)/n.领导;领袖midsummer/,mid'samə(r)/n.仲夏;中夏medical /'medikl/adj.医疗的;医学的purpose /'ps:(r)pəs/n.目的;目标prevent/privent/v.阻止;阻挠energy /enə(r)dʒi/n.力量;精力position/pə'ziʃn/n.位置;地方burial /'beriəl/n.埋葬;安葬honor/bnə/,/a:nər/(=honour)v.尊重;表示敬意n.荣幸;荣誉ancestor /ensestə(r)/n.祖宗;祖先victory /'viktəri/n.胜利;成功enemy /enəmi/n.敌人;仇人period /piəriəd/,/'piriəd/n.一段时间;时期Stonehenge /,stəun'hendʒ/巨石阵Carla /'ka:(r)lə/卡拉(女名)J.K.Rowling /rəuliŋ/J.K.罗琳(英国作家)Victor/'viktə(r)/维克托(男名)Jean/dʒi:n/琼(女名)Paul Stoker /'stəukə(r)/保罗˙斯托克Unit 9prefer/pri'fə:(r)/v.更喜欢lyrics /liriks/n.(pl.)歌词Australian/ɔstrerliən,ɔ:streiliən/adj.澳大利亚(人)的n.澳大利亚人electronic/ilektrɔnik/,/rlektra:nik/adj.电子的;电子设备的suppose/sə'pəuz/v.推断;料想smooth/smu:ð/adj.悦耳的;平滑的spare/speə(r)/,/sper/adj.空闲的;不用的v.抽出;留出director/dərektə(r),darrektə(r)/n.导演;部门负责人case /keis/n.情况;实情in that case既然那样;假使那样的话war/wɔ:(r)/n.战争;战争状态stick/stik/v.(stuck /stʌk/,stuck)粘贴;将……刺入stick to坚持;固守down/daun/adj.悲哀;沮丧dialog /'darəlbg/,/'daiəla:g/n.(=dialogue)对话;对白ending/endrŋ/n.(故事、电影等的)结尾;结局documentary /,dokju'mentri/,/,da:kju'mentri/n.纪录片drama /'dra:mə/n.戏;剧plenty/'plenti/pron.大量;众多plenty of大量;充足shut/fAt/v.(shut,shut)关闭;关上shut off关闭;停止运转superhero/'su:pə(r)hiərəu/n.超级英雄once in a while偶尔地;间或intelligent /mtelrdʒont/adj.有才智的;聪明的sense/sens/v.感觉到;意识到n.感觉;意识sadness /'sædnəs/n.悲伤;悲痛pain/pem/n.痛苦;疼痛;苦恼reflect /rrflekt/v.反映;映出moving/'mu:viy/adj.动人的;令人感动的perform/pə(r)fɔ:(r)m/v.表演;执行lifetime/laiftaim/n.一生;有生之年pity/'piti/n.遗憾;怜悯v.同情;怜悯total /'təutl/n.总数;合计adj.总的;全体的in total总共;合计master /'ma:stə/,/'mæstər/n.大师;能手;主人v.掌握praise/preiz/v.&n.表扬;赞扬recall /rikɔ:l/v.回忆起;回想起wound/wu:nd/n.伤;伤口;创伤v.使(身体)受伤;伤害painful//peinfl/adj.令人痛苦的;令人疼痛的World WarIⅡ第二次世界大战Men in Black《黑衣人》(电影名)Kung Fu Panda《功夫熊猫》(电影名)Titanic /tartænik/《泰坦尼克号》(电影名)March ofthe Penguins /'pengwinz/《帝企鹅日记》(电影名) Spider-Man《蜘蛛侠》(电影名)Carmen /'ka:(r)men/卡门(女名)Dan/dæn/Dervish /'ds:(r)viʃ/丹·德维什Unit 10custom/kastəm/n.风俗;习俗bow/bau/v.&n.鞠躬kiss/kis/v.&n.亲吻;接吻greet/gri:t/v.和……打招呼;迎接relaxed /rIlækst/adj.放松的;自在的value /'vælju:/v.重视;珍视n.价值drop by顺便访问;随便进入capital /kæpitl/n.首都;国都after all毕竟;终归noon/nu:n/n.正午;中午mad/mæd/adj.很生气;疯的get mad大动肝火;气愤effort /'efə(r)t/n.努力;尽力make an effort作出努力passport //pa:spɔ:t/,/'pespɔ:rt/n.护照clean…off把……擦掉chalk /tʃɔ:k/n.粉笔blackboard /'blækbɔ:(r)d/n.黑板northern /nɔ:(r)ðə(r)n/adj.北方的;北部的coast /kəust/n.海岸;海滨season /'si:zn/n.季;季节knock/nok/,/na:k/v.敲;击n.敲击声;敲击eastern /i:stə(r)n/adj.东方的;东部的take off脱下(衣服);(飞机等)起飞worth/ws:(r)θ/adj.值得;有……价值(的) manner /'mænə(r)/n.方式;方法(pl.)礼貌;礼仪empty/empti/adj.空的;空洞的basic/'beisik/adj.基本的;基础的exchange /ikstfeindʒ/n.&v.交换go out of one's way特地;格外努力make…feel at home使(某人)感到宾至如归teenage /ti:neidʒ/adj.十几岁的;青少年的granddaughter /'grendɔ:tə(r)/n.(外)孙女behave /br'heiv/v.表现;举止except /ik'sept/prep.除……之外conj.除了;只是elbow/'elbəu/n.肘;胳膊gradually/'grædʒuəli/adv.逐步地;渐进地get used to习惯于suggestion/sədʒestʃən/n.建议Brazil /brə'zil/巴西Mexico/'meksikəu/墨西哥Cali/ka:li/卡利(哥伦比亚城市)Colombia /kə'lambiə/哥伦比亚(南美洲国家)Lausanne/ləuzæn/,/ləuza:n/洛桑(瑞士城市)Norway /nɔ:(r)wei/挪威Maria/məri:ə/玛丽亚(女名)Katie/keiti/凯蒂(女名)Sato /'sa:təu/佐藤(日本姓氏)Marie/məri:/玛丽(女名)Teresa /təri:zə/,/təreizə/Lopez/'ləupez/特蕾莎˙洛佩斯Marc/ma:(r)k/LeBlanc/lə'bla:/马克·勒布朗Unit 11rather /ra:ðə/,/reöər/adv.相当;相反would rather(通常缩写为'd rather)宁愿drive /draiv/ v.迫使drive sb.crazy/mad 使人发疯/发狂the more …the more…越…越……;愈……愈……lately/'lertli/ adv.最近;不久前be friends with sb. 成为某人的朋友leave out 忽略;不提及;不包括friendship/frendʃrp/ n.友谊;友情king/kin/ n.国王;君主power/'pauə(r)/ n.权力;力量prime/prarm/adj.首要的;基本的minister /'ministə(r)/ n.大臣;部长prime minister 首相;大臣banker/'bæŋkə(r)/ n.银行家fame/feim/n.名声;声誉pale/peil/adj.苍白的;灰白的queen/kwi:n/n.王后;女王call in召来;叫来examine /igzæmm/v(仔细地)检查;检验nor/nɔ:(r)/conj.&adv.也不neither.…nor…既不……也不……palace/pæləs/n.王宫;宫殿wealth/welθ/n.财富to start with起初;开始时grey/grei/adj.(天空)阴沉的;昏暗的;灰色的lemon /'lemən/n.柠檬uncomfortable/ʌn'kamfə(r)təbl/adj.使人不舒服的;令人不舒适的weight/weit/n.重量;分量shoulder/fəuldə(r)/n.肩;肩膀goal /gəul/n.球门;射门;目标let…down使失望coach/kəutʃ/n.教练;私人教师kick/kik/v.踢;踹kick sb.off开除某人be hard on sb.对某人苛刻;对某人要求严厉besides /br'saidz/adv.而且teammate /ti:mmeit/n.同队队员;队友courage /'kʌridʒ/,/ks:ridʒ/n.勇敢;勇气rather than而不是guy/gai/n.(非正式)家伙(pl.)伙计们pull/pul/v.拉;拖pull together齐心协力;通力合作relief/rrli:f/n.轻松;解脱nod/nod/,/na:d/v.点头agreement /ə'gri:mənt/n.(意见或看法)一致;同意fault /fɔ:lt/n.过失;缺点disappoint/disə'pɔint/v.使失望Bert/bs:(r)t/伯特(男名)Holly/'holi/,/'ha:li/霍莉(女名)Unit 12unexpected /anik'spektrd/adj.出乎意料的;始料不及的by the time…在……以前backpack /'bækpæk/n.背包;旅行包oversleep /euvə(r)'sli:p/v.(overslept /əuvə(r)slept/,overslept)睡过头;睡得太久give…a lift捎……一程block/blbk/,/bla:k/n.街区in line with与……成一排worker/'ws:(r)kə(r)/n.工作者;工人stare/steə/,/ster/v.盯着看;凝视disbelief/,disbrli:f/n.不信;怀疑above/əbav/prep.在……上面adv.在上面burn/bs:(r)n/v.(burnt /bs:(r)nt/,burnt;burned /bs:(r)nd/,burned)着火;燃烧burning/'bs:(r)nŋ/adj.着火的;燃烧的alive /əlarv/adj.活着;有生气的airport /'eəpɔ:(r)t/n.机场till/tril/prep.&conj.到;直到west/west/adv.向西;朝西adj.向西的;西部的n.西;西方cream/kri:m/n.奶油;乳脂workday/'ws:(r)kdei/n.工作日show up赶到;露面bean/bi:n/n.豆;豆荚market /'ma:(r)kit/n.市场;集市by the end of在(某时间点)以前fool/fu:l/n.蠢人;傻瓜v.愚弄costume /kdstju:m/,/ka:stu:m/n.(特定场合穿的)服装;装束embarrassed /im'berəst/adj.窘迫的;害羞的costume party化装舞会announce/ənauns/v.宣布;宣告spaghetti/spə'geti/n.意大利面条hoax/həuks/n.骗局;恶作剧sell out卖光discovery/drskavəri/n.发现;发觉lady/leidi/n.女士;女子cancel/kænsl/v.取消;终止officer/'dfisə/,/'a:fisər/n.军官;官员believable /brli:vəbl/adj.可相信的;可信任的disappear/,disə'piə/v.消失;不见embarrassing /rm'berəsiy/adj.使人害羞的(难堪的或惭愧的) New Zealand /nju:zi:lənd/新西兰Italy /rtəli/意大利Mars /ma:(r)z/火星Matt/mæt/马特(男名)Kevin /'kevin/凯文(男名)Carl/ka:(r)1/卡尔(男名)Orson /'ɔ:(r)sən/Welles /welz/奥森˙韦尔斯Unit 13litter/'lrtə(r)/v.乱扔n.垃圾;废弃物bottom/'bdtəm/,/'ba:təm/n.底部;最下部fisherman/'fiʃə(r)mən/n.渔民;钓鱼的人coal /kəul/n.煤;煤块ugly /'ʌgli/adj.丑陋的;难看的advantage /ədva:ntidʒ/,/ədventidʒ/n.优点;有利条件cost /kdst/,/kɔ:st/v.(cost,cost)花费n.花费;价钱wooden /wudn/adj.木制的;木头的plastic /'plæstik/adj.塑料的n.塑料;塑胶takeaway/teikəwei/n.外卖食物bin/bin/n.垃圾箱shark /fa:(r)k/n.鲨鱼fin/fin/n.(鱼)鳍cruel /kru:əl/adj.残酷的;残忍的harmful/ha:(r)mfl/adj.有害的be harmful to对……有害at the top of在……顶部或顶端chain/tfem/n.链子;链条the food chain食物链ecosystem /i:kəu,sistəm/n.生态系统industry /indəstri/n.工业;行业law/lɔ:/n.法律;法规scientific/,saiən'tifik/adj.科学上的;科学的take part in参加afford /ə'fɔ:(r)d/v.承担得起(后果);买得起turn off关掉reusable/ri:ju:zəbl/adj.可重复使用的;可再次使用的pay for付费;付出代价take action采取行动transportation /trænspɔ:(r)terʃn/n.运输业;交通运输recycle/ri:sarkl/v.回收利用;再利用napkin /hæpkin/n.餐巾;餐巾纸throw away扔掉;抛弃put sth.to good use好好利用某物pull…down拆下;摧毁upside/'ʌpsaid/down上下颠倒;倒转gate /geit/n.大门bottle/'bdtl/,/'ba:tl/n.瓶子president /'prezidənt/n.负责人;主席;总统inspiration/inspərerʃn/n.灵感;鼓舞人心的人(或事物) iron /'aiən/n.铁work /wə:(r)k/n.(音乐、艺术)作品metal /'metl/n.金属bring back恢复;使想起;归还creativity/kri:ertivəti/n.创造力;独创性WildAid/'waildeid/野生救援协会(美国)WWF(World Wide Fund for Nature)世界自然基金会Jason/'dʒeisən/贾森(男名)Hayes/heiz/海斯(姓)Jessica/'dʒesikə/杰西卡(女名)Unit 14survey /'ss:(r)vei/n.调查standard /'stændə(r)d/n.标准;水平row/rəu/n.一排;一列;一行in a row连续几次地keyboard /ki:bɔ:(r)d/n.键盘式电子乐器;键盘method /'meθəd/n.方法;措施instruction/in'strakʃn/n.指示;命令double/'dʌbl/v.加倍;是……的两倍adj.两倍的;加倍的shall /fæl,fəl/modal v.将要;将会look back at回首(往事);回忆;回顾overcome /əuvə(r)kAm/v.(overcame /əuvə(r)keim/,overcome)克服;战胜make a mess弄得一团糟(一塌糊涂)graduate /'grædʒueit/v.毕业;获得学位keep one's cool沉住气;保持冷静caring/keərin/adj.体贴人的;关心他人的ours /auə(r)z/pron.我们的senior/'si:niə(r)/adj.级别(或地位)高的senior high(school)高中text/tekst/n.课文;文本go by(时间)逝去;过去level /'levl/n.水平degree /drgri:/n.(大学)学位;度数;程度manager/'menrdʒə(r)/n.经理;经营者believe in信任;信赖gentleman/'dʒentlmən/n.先生;绅士graduation/,grædʒuerʃn/n.毕业ceremony/'serəməni/n.典礼;仪式first of all首先congratulate /kən'grætʃuleit/v.祝贺thirsty/θʒ:(r)sti/adj.渴望的;口渴的be thirsty for渴望;渴求thankful /θæŋkfəl/adj.感谢;感激be thankful to sb.对某人心存感激lastly /la:stli/,//læstli/adv.最后task/ta:sk/,/tæsk/n.任务;工作ahead /ə'hed/adv.向前面;在前面ahead of在……前面along with连同;除……以外还responsible /ri'sponsəbl/,/ri'spa:nsəbl/adj.有责任心的be responsible for对……有责任;负责任separate /'sepərət/adj.单独的;分离的;/'sepəreit/v.分开;分离set out出发;启程separate from分离;隔开wing/wi/n.翅膀;翼Luke/lu:k/卢克(男名)Brian/'braiən/布赖恩(男名)Griffin/'grifin/格里芬(姓)Trent/trent/特伦特(姓)。

90-A geometric setting for the quantum deformation of GLn

90-A geometric setting for the quantum deformation of GLn
ol. 61, No. 2
DUKE MATHEMATICAL JOURNAL (C)
October 1990
A GEOMETRIC SETTING FOR THE QUANTUM DEFORMATION OF GL
A. A. BEILINSON, G. LUSZTIG*,
AND
R. MACPHERSON*
1. Flags and the algebra K. 1.1. We fix an integer n>l. Let i9 be the set of all n n matrices with integer entries such that the entries off diagonal are > 0. Let (R) be the set of all n x n matrices with integer, > 0 entries. Thus, (R) c 19. Let r: 19 ---, N be the map defined by taking the sum of all entries of a matrix. Let (R)a a-l(d); we have (R) Ila>o (R)a, and each (R)a is a finite set. Let V be a vector space of finite dimension d over a field F. Let be the set of all n-step filtrations V1 c V2 c"" V. E The group GL(V) acts naturally on -; its orbits are the fibres of the map --, N" given by

notefirst介绍

notefirst介绍

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u(t x) = Gamma d

u(t x) = Gamma d
t! 1
lim e?itH Pc
L2 s ?
= 0; s > 0;
(1.8)
where L2 ; s 2 R; denotes the weighted L2 space consisting of all functions, f , that are locally in L2 and s such that (1 + jxj2)s=2 f (x) 2 L2 , with norm,
@ d2 i @t u(t; x) = ? dx2 u(t; x) + V (x)u(t; x) + f (x; juj) ju(t; x)j ; u(0; x) = (x); u(t; x)
(1.1)
where u is a complex-valued function de ned for t; x 2 R. For each xed x 2 R, f (x; ) 2 C 1(R; R); @ @x f (x; ) 2 C (R; R); f (x; 0) = 0 and,
t! 1
lim u(t) ? e?itE0 P0
L2 s ?
= 0:
(1.10)
For functions u(t; x) de ned for t; x 2 R, we denote u(t) for u(t; ). Equation (1.10) gives us also a time-dependent characterization of the stability of the bound state 0 . It tells us that given any initial state in L2 , = rei 0 + with 2 Hc, the solution to (1.5) is the sum of the periodic orbit of the bound state, e?itE0 rei 0, and a dispersive solution, e?itH , that propagates out to in nity as t ! 1 and whose local energies tend to zero. As we show below, this situation persists in the nonlinear case. There is an invariant center manifold, consisting of the orbits of periodic localized solutions, such that all small solutions to (1.1) approach particular orbits in the center manifold as t ! 1. Invariant manifold theorems have been extensively 3

人教版九年级英语单词表中英分开对照

人教版九年级英语单词表中英分开对照
n.搭档;同伴
partner /’ pa:( r)tns( r)/
v.出生adj.天生的
born /bo:( r)n/
天生具有
be born with
n.能力;才能
ability /s, bilsti/
n.大脑
brain /brein/
adj.活跃的;积极的
active /,岔ktiv/
^注意;关注
public /'pAblik/
公开地;在别人(尤指生人)面前
in public
n.蚂蚁
ant /岔nt/
n.昆虫
insect / 'insekt/
adv.不常;很少
seldom /'seldom/
v.&n.影响
influence /influsns/
adj.缺席;不在
absent /'诩ssnt/
clerk /kla:k/,/kl3:rk/
n.拐角;角落
corner /’ ko:(r)na(r)/
adv.礼貌地;客气地
politely /pa'laitli/
n.要求;请求
request /ri'kwest/
n.方向;方位
direction /do'rekf/,/dai'rekf/
adj.正确的;恰当的
n.化学
chemistry /' kemistri/
v.记忆;记住
memorize /'memistri/
n.模式;方式
pattern /'p岔tn;'p岔tsrn/
v.发音
pronounce /prs'nauns/

Hitchhiker’s指南说明书

Hitchhiker’s指南说明书

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to UEBLiteraryUEB Curricula Support Writing GroupFirst published 2008Revised 2013Contents - LiteraryQuick Reference (1)Definitions used in guide (4)Explanatory Rules (4)Punctuation (5)Capitalisation (6)Grade 1 Indicators (7)Typeforms (8)Simple Upper Wordsigns and Groupsigns (9)Lower-Cell Wordsigns and Groupsigns (12)Final Letter Group Signs (14)Initial Wordsigns/Groupsigns (15)Shortform Words (16)Māori and Foreign Words (17)Numbers (18)Typical and Problem Words (19)AcknowledgementsThanks go to the Ministry of Education for their support in the development of this resource which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Sharealike licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit /licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/nz/The members of the 2008 UEB Curricula Support Writing Group were Elaine Gilmour, Jenny McFadden, Catherine West, Diane Glynan, Janet Reynolds, Isobel Dinning and Steve Bellamy.UEB Literary Quick ReferenceUEB ContractionsA a con 3 him hm ou \their _! about ab conceive (con)cv himself hmf ought "\themselves (the)mvs above abv conceiving (con)cvg his 8 ound .D there "! according ac could cd I i ount .T these ~! across acr D D immediate imm ourselves (ou)rvs this ?after af day "D in 9 out \those ^? afternoon afn deceive dcv ing + ow [through "? afterward afw deceiving dcvg it x P p thyself (th)yf again ag declare dcl its xs paid pd time "T against ag(st) declaring dclg itself xf part "P tion ;N almost alm dis 4 ity ;y people p today td already alr do d J j perceive p(er)cv together tgralso al E E just j perceiving p(er)cvg tomorrow tm although al(th) ea 1 K k perhaps p(er)h tonight tn altogether alt ed $ know "k Q q U u always alw either ei knowledge k question "Q under "U ance .e en 5 L l quick qk upon ^Uand & ence ;e less .S quite q us uar > enough 5 letter lr R r V vas z er ] like l rather r very vB b ever "E little ll receive rcv W wbb 2 every e lord "L receiving rcvg was 0be 2 F F M m rejoice rjc were 7 because (be)c father "F many _M rejoicing rjcg wh : before (be)f ff 6 ment ;T right "R where ": behind (be)h first f(st) more m S s which : below (be)l for = mother "M said sd whose ^: beneath (be)n friend fr much m(ch) sh %will w beside (be)s from f must m(st) shall %with ) between (be)t ful ;L myself myf should (sh)d word ^W beyond (be)y G G N n sion .N work "W blind bl gg 7 Name "N so s world _W braille brl gh < necessary nec some "S would wdbut b go g neither nei spirit _S X xC c good gd ness ;S st /Y ycan c great grt oot n still /you y cannot _c H H O o such s(ch) young "Ycc 3 had _H Of ( T t your yrch * have H one "O th ?yourself yrf character "* here "H oneself (one)f that t yourselves yrvs child * herself h(er)f ong ;g the !Z z children (ch)nPunctuation and Special Symbolsampersand & `& colon : 3italic symbol .2at sign @ `A semicolon; 2 italic word .1apostrophe ' comma , 1italic passage .7asterisk "9 dash –,- italic passage terminator .'backslash \ _* long dash —",- numeric indicator #forward slash / _/ degree sign ~J percent % .0bold symbol ^2dollar sign `S question mark ? 8bold word ^1ellipsis 444 outer quotes 8 0bold passage ^7exclamation ! 6 inner quotes (single) ,8 ,0bold terminator ^' full stop or decimal point 4 inner quotes (double) ^8 ^0round bracket ( ) "< ">grade 1 symbol indicator ; open transcriber’s note @.<square bracket [ ] .< .>grade 1 word indicator ;;close transcriber’s note@.>bullet _4 grade 1 passage indicator ;;; underline symbol _2capital sign , grade 1 terminator ;' underline word _1capital word ,,hyphen - - underline passage _7capital passage ,,,underline terminator _'capital terminator ,'underscore _ .-IntroductionThe Hitchhiker’s Guide to UEB first edition was written in 2008 by a grou p of dedicated Resource Teachers Vision from the Blind and Low Vision Network New Zealand together with support from staff at the Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind, Accessible Format Production.The team members gifted their time, knowledge and passion for braille, to produce a resource to support staff, learners and producers with Unified English Braille (UEB) production, as New Zealand’s adoption of UEB became a reality in the education and braille worlds.The Hitchhiker’s Guide to UEB was dev eloped to serve as a quick memory jogger. It is not a comprehensive braille instruction guide. This edition, updated in 2013, reinforces the use of the guide as a reference tool to be used by Resource Teachers Vision (RTVs), teachers, teacher aides, Whānau and parents, who find themselves needing to braille texts quickly for student use.For more in-depth braille rules please refer to the Braille Authority of New Zealand Aotearoa Trust BANZAT website at from which the current editions of the manuals listed below can be downloaded.∙Unified English Braille Manual: New Zealand Edition∙Unified English Braille Guidelines for Technical Material∙The Rules of Unified English BrailleDefinitions used in guide1.Simple sign – a sign occupying one cell onlyposite sign – a sign occupying two or more cells3.Upper sign – a sign containing dot 1, or dot 4, or both.4.Lower sign – a sign containing neither dot 1 nor dot 4.5.Contraction – a sign which represents a word or group of letters.6.Groupsign – a contraction which represents a group of letters.7.Wordsign – a contraction which represents a whole word.8.Shortform – a contraction consisting of a word specially abbreviated inBraille.Explanatory RulesGeneral Rules for the use of ContractionsBridging Rule: In general, use a groupsign which bridges a prefix and the remainder of a word unless its use would hinder the recognition or pronunciation of the word. In particular, use the groupsigns for "ed", "en", "er", "of" and "st".Similarly, use a groupsign which bridges a word and its suffix unless its use would hinder the recognition or pronunciation of the word.Do not use a groupsign which would bridge the words which make up an unhyphenated compound word.professor pr(essor mistake mi/akeedition $i;n twofold twofoldLaw of Preference Rule: In order to save space, certain Braille contractions take priority over others. This means that upper group signs usually take preference over lower group signs.e.g. bear- “ar” takes preference to “ea”No-Two-Lower-Signs-Touching-Without-a-Chaperone Law: No two lower signs May stand together without an empty space between them unless they touch a symbol that contains an upper dot (their chaperone)Most punctuation marks are unspaced from the preceding or following word. The ellipsis is an exception.Colours: red; green; blue, (etc).,Col\rs3 r$2 gre52 blue1 "<etc">4Spacing of the hyphen, dash and ellipsis can follow print but can also be standardised for readability. In print the hyphen is a shorter line and joins words together. The dash is a longer line that breaks the text. The long dash can be used to indicate blanks to be filled in.Take a curtain-call.,Take a curta9-call4Drop the curtain – call the police!,Drop ! curta9,-call ! police6Another word for curtain is ––––,Ano!r ^w = curta9 is ",-Help, I'm . . . oh no –,Help1 ,I'm 444 oh no ,-Use the standard braille quotation marks for the main quotes used in the print text.If the main quotes are double in print then use single braille quotes for any inner quotes.If the main quotes are single in print then use double braille quotes for any inner quotes.“Don’t say ‘No Way’ to me,” she said.8,Don't say ,8,No ,Way,0 to me10 %e sd4Use the dot 6 prefix for a single capital letter, either standing alone, at the start of a word or at the start of a contraction.Mr J Smith ,mr ;,j ,smi?Mrs P. O' Toole ,mrs ;,p4 ,o',tooleAnglo-Saxon ,anglo-,saxonNot Again! ,n ,ag6Use the capitalised word indicator when all the letters of a word are in capitals. It should be repeated after punctuation such as the hyphen or the apostrophe.PETER JONES ,,PET] ,,J"OSNOT AGAIN! ,,N ,,AG6ANGLO-SAXON ,,ANGLO-,,SAXONDON'T ,,DON',TIf three or more consecutive words are in capitals, put the capitalised passage indicator before the first word and the capitals terminator after the last word.SONS AND LOVERS ,,,SONS & LOV]S,'I CAN'T BEAR IT! ,,,I C'T BE> X6,' The capitals terminator is also used to change back to lowercase within a word.unSELFish un,,self,'i%MPs ,,mp,'sIIIrd ,,iii,'rdGrade 1 IndicatorsA braille symbol may have several meanings. For example:;d the letter d (its grade 1 meaning)d the word do (the contraction or grade 2 meaning)#d the number 4 (the numeric meaning)Use the grade 1 symbol indicator (previously known as the letter sign) whenever a print letter (or letters) could be misread as a contraction or number in braille.Questions h and i are in Part A not Part B.,"Qs ;h & i >e 9 ,"P ,A n ,"P ;,B4 (note that the letters a, i and o cannot be misread as contractions)300cm equals 3m #cjj;cm equals #cm (note that only the letters a to j can be misread as numbers)Question (d) in part B-1 ,"Q "<;d"> 9 "P ;,b-#aMr J. Smith ,Mr ;,J4 ,Smi?(note that letters can still be misread as contractions when touching punctuation)The line AB ,! l9e ;,,ab(note that a group of letters can sometimes be misread as a shortform contraction) Use the grade 1 word indicator when several letters are in an unspaced sequence c-h-e-e-s-e ;;c-h-e-e-s-eEmail and web addresses are allowed to contain contractions. They can also be***************************************************.nzsup]4t1*]@abl5nz4s*ool4nz orsuper4teacher@ablennz4school4nzUse the grade 1 passage indicator and terminator when a passage contains letters,print symbols and spaces but no contractions, for example a set of algebra exercises.TypeformsIf a single word is emphasised, put the corresponding word indicator before the word.That is my chair. ,t is .1my *air4.I am not happy. ,I am ^1n happy4Do not repeat the word indicator after the hyphen in a compound word.I want lace-ups. ,I want ^1lace-ups4If two consecutive words are emphasised, put the word indicator before each word.This is the Cost Price.,? is ! _1,co/ _1,price4If three or more consecutive words are emphasised, put the passage indicator before the first word and the terminator after the last word.On the Beach is overdue..7,On ! ,B1*.' is ov]due4If the last word is followed by punctuation, the terminator should generally be placed after the punctuation.We saw Out of Africa.,We saw _7,\ ( ,Africa4_'Use the symbol indicator if a single character is emphasised.The o in h o t ,! ^2o 9 h^2otThe l in co l d ,! ^2;l 9 co^2ldIf several consecutive letters are emphasised in the middle of a word, use the word indicator before them and the terminator after them.The ie in f ie ld ,! .1ie 9 f.1ie.'ldSimple Upper Wordsigns and GroupsignsUse a Braille letter standing alone to represent a whole word.∙May be used as a possessiveExample: Will's ,w's∙May be used as proper nounsExample: Mr. More ,mr4 ,m∙May be used as a hyphenated compound word.Example: so-so s-s∙May be used when immediately followed by an apostrophe and the word represented is kept distinctExample: Can’t,c't∙Cannot be used as a syllable.Word SignsGroup signs (and, for, of, the, with)∙Must be used in preference to other contractions.Example: o(the)r o!rRefer to Bridging Rule (Page 4)Wordsigns∙These contractions must stand alone to represent the whole word. It is correct to use a wordsign after a hyphen.Example: step-child /ep-*∙ A wordsign may be used when immediately followed by an apostrophe Example: The child’s doll,! *'s dollUpper Groupsigns (ch, sh, st, th, wh)These contractions may be used in any part of a word for the letters they represent.∙Do not use in abbreviationsExample: St ,st∙Do not use in numbers.Example: 4th#dthGroup Signs Contractions∙These contractions may represent their own sounds.Examples:ar! (pirate's laugh) >6er (stuttering sound) }Ed (name) ,$ow! (sound of pain) [6∙They may bridge prefix and root word or root word and suffix Group Sign - Middle and End∙Used in the middle or end of words only.Examples: s(ing)le s+le ors(ing) s+Lower-Cell Wordsigns and GroupsignsLower-Cell Word Contractions:∙Must stand alone.Example: Chocolate milk is enough for him.,*ocolate milk is 5 = hm4∙May not adjoin any marks of punctuation.Example: Is this his?,is ? his8∙May adjoin a capital sign (which is a composition sign) unless the capital sign is preceded by a mark of punctuation.Example: His face is cute.,8 face is cute4∙May have any number of lower-cell word contractions together as along they are spaced.Example: She was in enough classes.,%e 0 9 5 classes4Lower-cell Group Signs:∙May be used in any part of a word; in particular they are the only lower groupsigns that may be used at the end of a word.Example: d(en)D5Lower-Cell Group Signs - Leader or Beginning-of-Word Contractions:∙Must always be used at the beginning of a word in which they form the first syllable.∙No-Two-Lower-Signs-Touching-Without-a-Chaperone Law. No two lower signs may stand together without an empty space between them unless they touch asymbol that contains an upper dot (their chaperone).∙con, dis - may only be used as parts of words, they have no whole-word meaning. ∙May not be used in the middle or the end of a word.∙May not be used before punctuation.Lower-cell Group Signs - Sandwich Contractions:∙May only appear in the middle of word, must appear between letters or contractions.Example: be(gg)(ed) be7$∙Has the lowest priority - Law of Preference applies.∙May not adjoin punctuation.Final Letter Group Signs∙Use as parts of words.Example: d(ance) d.e∙Final letter group signs always take first priority.Example: (th)(ence) ;e∙May not begin a wordExample: fulfill fulfillInitial Wordsigns/GroupsignsDot 5 Words:Dots 4,5 Words: Dots 4,5,6 Words:Initial Wordsigns:∙Are used as whole words and as parts of words.Examples: (here) "H(part)n(er) "pn]∙Are used as parts of words when it retains its original meaning.Examples: bir(th)(day) bir?"dgr(and)(father) gr&"f∙Are used as parts of words when it retains its original sound or pronunciation.Examples: ad(here) ad"hs(mother) s"mShortform WordsShortforms may be used whenever they are standing alone, regardless of meaning and regardless of whether the word is used as an ordinary word or as a proper name.Shortforms may generally be used within a longer word (including proper names) provided that there is no interference in spelling and an original meaning of the basic shortform word is retained.∙However a shortform may not be used within a longer word if this turns it into a different word. (eg about cannot be used in abouts).∙In particular the shortforms after, blind and friend cannot be used before a vowel or a y. (eg friend cannot be used in befriended)∙ A shortform beginning with be or con can only be part of a longer word if it occurs at the start of that word (eg between cannot be used in inbetween)∙ A grade one indicator should be used if an unusual word could be read as a shortform (eg hm could be read as him)Mr Much,mr ,m* walkabout walkabFirstbank,f/bank unfriendly unfrlyHm …;,hm 444 not,hm 444If in doubt refer to the “UEB Shortforms List” which is in Appe ndix 1 of The Rules of Unified English Braille.Māori and Foreign Words∙All Māori words should be written uncontracted except for the wh contraction. ∙Single letters do not need the grade 1 symbol indicator.∙Macrons are represented by preceding the vowel with dots 456.Tirohia te āhua o tēnei whare!,Tirohia te _ahua o t_enei :are6 Aroha lives in Whenuapai.,Aroha lives 9 ,:enuapai4Occasional foreign words within English text should have their accents represented according to the table above. Unaccented letters can be contracted.We’ll have pâté and vin rosé.,we'll h p~%at~/e & v9 ros~/e4 Longer foreign phrases that are set apart within English text are better uncontracted but should still use the accents in the table above.“Où est le Café?” he asked.8,o~*u est le ,caf~/e80 he ask$4 Texts for the study of a foreign language should use the one cell braille accents defined in the braille code for that language, and not the two cell accents above.Numbers1 #a 6 #f2 #b 7 #g3 #c 8 #h4 #d 9 #i5 #e 0 #jcomma 1decimal point or full stop 4simple fraction line /123 3,408 4.3 .5 ½#abc#c1djh #d4c#4e #a/bRepeat the numeric indicator after a hyphen1914 - 18 #aiad-#ahRepeat the numeric indicator after all punctuation except the decimal point or full stop, the comma, and the fraction line.3:45 #c3#DE 3.45 #c4DE7(2) #g"<#b"> 7(b) #g"<b">1/2/07 #a_/#b_/#jg 1½#a#a/bThe numeric indicator initiates Grade 1 mode so ordinal endings are uncontracted.1st and 5th #ast & #ethRoman numbers follow the same rules as other letter sequencesi II v (iv) (V) v thi ,,ii ;v "<iv"> "<;,V"> v?Typical and Problem WordsThis list is a New Zealand draft. The braille form of each word is in accordance with the Duxbury translation table for UEB as at December 2012.。

9年级英语单词表全一册单词

9年级英语单词表全一册单词

9年级英语单词表全一册单词九年级unit l英语单词textbook n. 教科书;课本conversation n. 交谈;谈话aloud adv. 大声地;出声地pronunciation n. 发音;读音sentence n. 句子patient adj. 有耐心的n. 病人expression n. 表达(方式);表示discover v. 发现;发觉secret n. 秘密;秘诀adj. 秘密的;保密的fall in love with 爱上;与……相爱grammar n. 语法repeat v. 重复;重做note /n n. 笔记;记v. 注意;指出pal /p n. 朋友;伙伴pattern n. 模式;方式physics n. 物理;物理学chemistry n. 化学partner n. 搭档;同伴pronounce v. 发音increase v. 增加;增长speed n. 速度ability n. 能力;才能brain n. 大脑active adj. 活跃的;积极的attention n. 注意;关注pay attention to 注意;关注connect v.(使)连接;与…有联系connect …with 把……和……连接或联系起来overnight adv. 一夜之间;在夜间review v. & n. 回顾;复习knowledge n. 知识;学问wisely adv. 明智地;聪明地九年级unit 2英语单词lantern n. 灯笼stranger n. 陌生人relative n. 亲属;亲戚put on 增加(体重);发胖pound n. 磅(重量单位);英镑(英国货币单位)folk adj. 民间的;民俗的goddess n. 女神steal v. 偷;窃取lay v. 放置;产(卵);下(蛋)lay out 摆开;布置dessert n(饭后)甜点;甜食garden n. 花园;园子admire v. 欣赏;仰慕tie n. 领带v. 捆;束haunted adj. 有鬼魂出没的;闹鬼的ghost n. 鬼;鬼魂trick n. 花招;把戏treat n. 款待;v. 招待;请(客)spider n. 蜘蛛Christmas /n. 圣诞节fool n. 蠢人;傻瓜v. 愚弄adj. 愚蠢的lie v. 平躺;处于novel n.(长篇)小说eve n(尤指宗教节假日的)前夕;前夜bookstore n. 书店dead adj. 死的;失去生命的business n. 生意;商业punish v. 处罚;惩罚warn v. 警告;告诫present n. 现在;礼物adj. 现在的nobody pron. 没有人warmth n. 温暖;暖和spread v. 传播; n. 蔓延;传播九年级unit 3英语单词restroom n.洗手间;公共厕所stamp n. 邮票;印章postcard n. 明信片pardon interj.请再说一遍;抱歉,对不起washroom n. 洗手间;厕所bathroom n. 浴室;洗手间quick adj. 快的;迅速的adv. 快速地;迅速地rush v. & n. 仓促;急促suggest v. 建议;提议staff n. 管理人员;职工grape n. 葡萄central adj. 中心的;中央的mail v. 邮寄;发电子邮件n. 邮件;信件east adj. 东方的;东部的adv. 向东;朝东n. 东;东方fascinating adj.迷人的;极有吸引力的convenient adj.便利的;方便的mall n. 商场;购物中心clerk n. 职员corner n. 拐角;角落polite adj. 有礼貌的;客气的politely adv. 礼貌地;客气地speaker n.讲(某种语言)的人;发言者request n. 要求;请求choice n. 选择;挑选direction n. 方向;方位correct adj. 正确的;恰当的direct adj. 直接的; 直率的whom pron. 谁;什么人address n. 住址; 地址;通讯处faithfully adv. 忠实地;忠诚地Italian adj. 意大利(人)的;n. 意大利人;意大利语九年级unit 4英语单词humorous adj. 有幽默感的;滑稽有趣的silent adj. 不说话的;沉默的helpful adj. 有用的;有帮助的from time to time 时常;有时score n. & v. 得分;打分background n. 背景interview v. 采访;面试n. 面试;访谈Asian /eISn, eIZn/ adj. 亚洲的;亚洲人的n. 亚洲人deal with 对付;应付dare v. 敢于;胆敢private adj. 私人的;私密的guard n.警卫;看守v. 守卫;保卫require v. 需要;要求European adj. 欧洲的;欧洲人的British adj. 英国的;英国人的speech n. 讲话;发言ant n. 蚂蚁insect n. 昆虫influence v. & n. 影响seldom adv. 不常;很少proud adj. 自豪的;骄傲的be proud of 为……骄傲;感到自豪absent adj. 缺席;不在fail v. 失败;未能(做到)examination n. 考试;审查boarding school 寄宿学校leaf nin person 亲身;亲自exactly adv. 确切地;精确地pride n. 自豪;骄傲take pride in 为……感到自豪grandson n. 孙子;外孙general adj. 普遍的;常规的;总的n. 将军introduction n. 介绍九年级unit 5英语单词material n. 材料;原料chopsticks n. 筷子coin n.硬币fork n.餐叉,叉子blouse n.(女士)短上衣;衬衫sliver n. 银,银器; adj.银色的glass n.玻璃cotton n.棉;棉花steel n. 钢;钢铁grass n. 草;草地leaf n. 叶;叶子produce v. 生产;制造;出产widely adv. 广泛地;普遍地process v. 加工;处理France 法国no matter 不论;无论local adj. 当地的;本地的even though 虽然;即使brand n. 品牌;牌子avoid v. 避免;回避product n.产品;制品handbag n. 小手提包mobile adj.可移动的;非固定的Germany 德国surface /n. 表面;表层postman n. 邮递员cap n(.尤指有帽舌的)帽子glove n(分手指的)手套international n adj. 国际的competitor n.参赛者;竞争者paint v. 用颜料画;刷漆its adj. 它的form n. 形式;类型clay n. 黏土;陶土balloon n. 气球scissors n. (pl.) 剪刀lively adj. 生气勃勃的;(色彩)鲜艳的fairy 童话故事heat n. 热;高温polish v.磨光;修改;润色complete v. 完成Korea 朝鲜;韩国九年级unit 6英语单词heel n. 鞋跟;足跟electricity n. 电;电能scoop n. 勺;铲子style n. 样式;款式project n. 项目;工程pleasure n. 高兴;愉快zipper n. (= zip) 拉链;拉锁daily adj. 每日的;日常的website n. 网站pioneer n.先锋;先驱list v. 列表;列清单n. 名单;清单mention v. 提到;说到by accident 偶然;意外地nearly adv. 几乎;差不多boil v. 煮沸;烧开smell n. 气味v. 发出……气味;闻到saint n. 圣人;圣徒take place 发生;出现doubt n. 疑惑;疑问v. 怀疑without doubt 毫无疑问;的确fridge n. 冰箱translate v. 翻译lock v. 锁上;锁住earthquake TkweIk n. 地震sudden adj. 突然(的)all of a sudden 突然;猛地biscuit n. 饼干cookie n. 曲奇饼instrument n. 器械; 仪器;工具crispy adj. 脆的;酥脆的sour adj. 酸的;有酸味的by mistake 错误地;无意中customer n. 顾客;客户Canadian n/ adj. 加拿大的;加拿大人的n. 加拿大人divide v. 分开;分散divide ... into 把……分开purpose n. 目的;目标basket n. 篮;筐the Olympics 奥林匹克运动会look up to 钦佩;仰慕hero /hI@r@U/, /hIr@U/ n. 英雄;男主角Berlin 柏林(德国城市)NBA (National Basketball Association) 国家篮球协会(美国职业篮球联赛) CBA (China Basketball Association)中国篮球协会(中国职业篮球联赛) Chelsea/tSelsI/ Lanmon /l{nm@n/切尔西? 兰曼Jayce Coziar 杰斯? 克里亚Jamie Ellsworth T/杰米? 埃尔斯沃恩Julie Thompson /朱莉? 汤普森Whitcomb Judson /惠特科姆? 贾德森Thomas Watson /托马斯? 沃森George Crum 乔治? 克拉姆James Naismith 詹姆斯? 奈史密斯九年级unit 7英语单词smoke /sm@Uk/ v. 冒烟;吸烟n. 烟pierce v. 扎;刺破;穿透license (= licence) 证;证件safety n. 安全;安全性earring n. 耳环;耳饰cry v. & n. 哭;叫喊field n. 田野;场地hug n. & v. 拥抱;搂抱lift v. 举起;抬高talk back 回嘴;顶嘴awful adj. 很坏的;讨厌的teen n. 十几岁(十三至十九岁之间) regret v. 感到遗憾;懊悔poem n. 诗;韵文bedroom n. 卧室community n. 社区;社团keep away from 避免接近;远离chance n. 机会;可能性make one’s own decision 自己做决定manage v. 完成(困难的事);应付(困难局面) society n. 社会Unit n. 单位;单元educate v. 教育;教导get in the way of 挡……的路;妨碍professional adj.职业的;专业的enter v. 进来;进去support v. & n. 支持Picasso /毕加索(西班牙画家)九年级unit 8英语单词truck n. 卡车;货车rabbit n. 兔;野兔whose adj. & pron. 谁的;(特指)那个人的attend v. 出席;参加valuable v adj. 很有用的;宝贵的pink adj. 粉红色的n. 粉红色picnic n. 野餐somebody pron. 某人;重要人物anybody pron. 任何人noise n. 声音;噪音policeman n. 男警察wolf n. 狼laboratory n. 实验室coat /k n. 外套;外衣sleepy adj. 困倦的;瞌睡的pocket n. 衣袋;口袋alien n. 外星人suit n. 西服;套装express v. 表示;表达not only …but also 不但……而且circle n. 圆圈v. 圈出Britain n. (= Great Britain) 大不列颠receive v. 接受;收到leader n. 领导;领袖midsummer n.仲夏;中夏medical adj. 医疗的;医学的prevent v. 阻止;阻挠energy n. 精力;力量position n. 位置;地方burial n. 埋葬;安葬honor v. (= honour) 尊重;表示敬意n. 荣幸ancestor n. 祖宗;祖先victory n. 胜利;成功enemy n. 敌人;仇人period n. 一段时间;时期mystery n. 奥秘;神秘事物Stonehenge 巨石阵Carla 卡拉(女名)J. K. RowlingJ. K. 罗琳(英国作家)Victor 维克托(男名)Jean 琼(女名)Paul Stoker 保罗? 斯托克九年级unit 9英语单词prefer v. 更喜欢lyrics n. (pl.) 歌词Australian adj. 澳大利亚的;澳大利亚人的n. 澳大利亚人electronic adj. 电子的;电子设备的suppose v. 推断;料想smooth adj. 平滑的;悦耳的spare adj. 空闲的;不用的case n. 情况;实情in that case 既然那样;假使那样的话war n. 战争;战争状态director n.导演;部门负责人dialogue n.(=dialog) 对话;对白documentary n. 纪录片drama n. 戏;剧plenty pron. 大量;众多plenty of 大量;充足shut v. (shut, shut) 关闭;关上superhero n.超级英雄horror n. 震惊;恐惧thriller n.惊险电影(小说、戏剧) intelligent adj.有才智的;聪明的sense v. 感觉到;意识到n. 感觉;意识pain n. 痛苦;苦恼reflect v. 反映;映出perform v. 表演;执行amazing adj. 令人惊奇的; 令人惊喜的pity n. 遗憾;怜悯total n. 总数;合计adj. 总的;全体的in total 总共;合计master n. 能手;主人v. 掌握praise v. & n. 表扬;赞扬national n adj. 国家的;民族的recall v. 回忆起;回想起wound n. 伤;伤口;创伤World War II 第二次世界大战Titanic 《泰坦尼克号》(电影名)Carmen 卡门(女名)Dan 丹? 德维什九年级unit 10英语单词custom n. 风俗;习俗bow v. 鞠躬kiss v. & n. 亲吻;接吻greet v. 和……打招呼;迎接value v. 重视;珍视n. 价值everyday adj. 每天的;日常的drop by 顺便访问;随便进入capital n. 首都;国都noon n. 正午;中午mad adj. 很生气;疯的get mad 大动肝火;气愤make an effort 作出努力traffic n. 交通;路上行驶的车辆somewhere adv. 在某处;到某处passport n. 护照chalk n. 粉笔blackboard n. 黑板northern n/ adj. 北方的;北部的coast n. 海岸;海滨season n. 季;季节knock v. 敲;击eastern adj. 东方的;东部的worth adj. 值得;有……价值(的)manner n. 方式;方法(pl.) 礼貌;礼仪empty adj. 空的;空洞的basic adj. 基本的;基础的exchange n. & v. 交换go out of one’s way 特地;格外努力make ... feel at home 使(某人)感到宾至如归granddaughter n. (外)孙女behave v. 表现;举止except prep. 除……之外conj. 除了;只是elbow n. 肘;胳膊gradually adv. 逐步地;渐进地suggestion n. 建议Brazil 巴西Mexico 墨西哥Cali 卡利(哥伦比亚城市)Colombia VmbI 哥伦比亚(南美洲国家)Lausanne 洛桑(瑞士城市)Norway weI挪威Maria 玛丽亚(女名)Katie 凯蒂(女名)Sato 佐藤(日本姓氏)Marie 玛丽(女名);马里(男名)Teresa Lopez Upez 特蕾莎? 洛佩斯Marc /mA:(r)k/ LeBlanc 马克? 勒布朗九年级unit 11英语单词the more …the more 越……越……; 愈……愈……leave out 不包括;不提及;忽略friendship /frendSIp/ n. 友谊;友情king n. 君主;国王prime adj. 首要的;基本的minister n. 大臣;部长prime minister 首相;大臣fame n. 名声;声誉pale adj. 苍白的;灰白的queen n. 王后;女王examine v(.仔细地)检查;检验nor conj. & adv. 也不neither ... nor 既不……也不palace n. 王宫;宫殿power n. 权利;力量wealth n. 财富;富裕grey adj(.天空)阴沉的;昏暗的;灰色的lemon n. 柠檬cancel v. 取消;终止weight n. 重量;分量shoulder n. 肩;肩膀goal n. 球门;射门;目标coach n. 教练;私人教师kick v. 踢;踹teammate n. 同队队员;队友courage n. 勇敢;勇气rather adv. 宁愿;相当rather than 而不是pull v. 拉;拖pull together 齐心协力;通力合作relief n. 轻松;解脱nod v. 点头agreement n. (意见或看法)一致;同意fault n. 过失;缺点disappoint v. 使失望Bert 伯特(男名)Holly 霍莉(女名)九年级unit 12英语单词backpack /b{kp{k/ n. 背包;旅行包oversleep v.(overslept , overslept) 睡过头;睡得太久give ... a lift 捎(某人)一程miss /mIs/ v. 错过;未得到unexpected /VnIkspektId/ adj.出乎意料的;始料不及的block /blQk/, /blA:k/ n. 街区worker /w3:(r)k@(r)/ n. 工作者;工人stare /ste@/, /ster/ v. 盯着看;凝视disbelief /dIsbIli:f/ n. 不信;怀疑above /@bVv/ adv. 在上面;向上面prep. 在……上面burn /b3:(r)n/ v. (burnt /b3:(r)nt/, burned /b3:(r)nd/;burnt, burned) 着火;燃烧alive /@laIv/adj. 活着;有生气的take off(飞机等)起飞;匆忙离开till /tIl/ conj. & prep. 到;直到west /west/ adv. 向西;朝西adj. 向西的;西部的n. 西;西方cream /kri:m/ n. 奶油;乳脂boss/bQs/, /bO:s/ n. 老板;领导pie /paI/ n. 果馅饼;果馅派course /kO:(r)s/ n. 课程bean n. 豆;豆荚market n. 市场;集市costume n.服装;装束embarrassed adj.窘迫的;害羞的announce v. 宣布;宣告spaghetti n. 意大利面条hoax n. 骗局;恶作剧discovery n. 发现;发觉lady n. 女士;女子officer n.军官;官员believable adj.可相信的;可信任的embarrassing adj. 使人害羞的(难堪的或惭愧的) New Zealand 新西兰Italy 意大利Mars 火星Carl 卡尔(男名)Orson 奥森? 韦尔斯九年级unit 13英语单词litter v. 乱扔n. 垃圾;废弃物bottom n. 底部;最下部fisherman n. 渔民;钓鱼的人coal n. 煤;煤块public adj. 公众的;公共的n. 民众;百姓ugly adj. 丑陋的;难看的advantage , n. 优点;有利条件cost v. 花费n. 花费;价钱wooden adj. 木制的;木头的plastic adj. 塑料的n. 塑料;塑胶make a difference 有关系,作用,影响shark n. 鲨鱼fin n(.鱼)鳍cut off 割掉;砍掉method n. 方法;措施cruel adj. 残酷的;残忍的harmful adj. 有害的chain n. 链子;链条ecosystem n. 生态系统low adj(.数量等)减少的;低的;矮的industry n. 工业;行业law n. 法律;法规reusable adj.可重复使用的;可再次使用的afford v. 承担得起(后果);买得起transportation n. 运输业;交通运输recycle v. 回收利用;再利用napkin n. 餐巾;餐巾纸upside down 颠倒;倒转gate n. 大门bottle n. 瓶;瓶子president n. 负责人;主席;总统inspiration n. 灵感; 鼓舞人心的人(或事物)metal n. 金属creativity n. 创造力;独创性WildAid 野生救援协会(美国)WWF (World Wide Fund For Nature) 世界自然基金会Mark 马克(男名)Jason 贾森(男名)Ken 肯(男名)Hayes 海斯(姓)Jessica 杰茜卡(女名)九年级unit 14英语单词Survey n. 调查standard n. 标准;水平row n. 一排;一列;一行in a row 连续几次地keyboard n. 琴键; 键盘instruction n. 指示;命令double v. 加倍;是……的两倍adj. 两倍的;加倍的shall /S v. 将要;将会overcome v. 克服;战胜make a mess 弄得一团糟,一塌糊涂graduate v. 毕业;获得学位keep one’s cool 沉住气;保持冷静ours pron. 我们的senior adj. 级别(或地位)高的senior high (school) 高中text n. 课文;文本level n. 标准;水平degree n(.大学)学位; 度数;程度manager n. 经理;经营者believe in 信任;信赖gentleman n. 先生graduation n. 毕业ceremony n. 典礼;仪式congratulate v. 祝贺thirsty adj. 口渴的; 渴望的none pron. 没有一个;毫无task n. 任务;工作ahead adv. 向前面;在前面responsible adj. 承担责任;有责任be responsible for 对……有责任;负责任separate adj. 单独的; 分离的v. 分开;分离wing n. 翅膀;翼Brian 布赖恩(男名)Luke 卢克(男名)Griffin 格里芬(姓)Trent 特伦特(姓)。

EI论文英文投稿格式

EI论文英文投稿格式
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Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)
I. Introduction (Heading 1)
This template, modified in MS Word 2003 and saved as “Word 97-2003 & 6.0/95 – RTF” for the PC, provides authors with most of the formatting specifications needed for preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1) ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout this document and are identified in italic type, within parentheses, following the example. Some components, such as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not prescribed, although the various table text styles are provided. The formatter will need to create these components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow.

教学步骤 (Teaching steps)

教学步骤 (Teaching steps)

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The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, speeches, planning plans, contract agreements, rules and regulations, doctrinal documents, poetry appreciation, teaching materials, other sample essays, etc. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!教学步骤(Teaching steps)教学步骤(Teaching steps)(精选3篇)教学步骤(Teaching steps)篇1教学步骤(Teaching steps)Lesson 1Note:As this is the first lesson, spend up to two class periods on it.Steps 1-4 could occupy the first lesson.This will give you more time to get to know the class and for them to get to know you.It will also give you time to build up a good relationship with the students .Step 1 IntroductionGreet the Ss by saying Good morning, class! Welcome back to school! If you know the Ss,go round and greet some individually:Good morning, (Name)! How are you? And repeat Welcome back to school with gestures.If you do not know the Ss, say My name is…Then say to some Ss Good morning! Whats your name? How are you?Get the Ss to greet those around them.Step 2 PresentationSay Good morning, class.Welcome back to school.Show themeaning of Welcome back with a gesture.Teach this dialogue:T:Welcome back to school!Ss:Thank you, sir!Practise with individual Ss.Step 3 PracticeSB page 1, Part 1.Speech Cassette Lesson 1.Write on the board:Lesson One, the first lesson.Say Open your books at page 1, the first lesson.EXplain first.Play the first dialogue.Ss listen and repeat,then practise in pairs, using their own names instead of class and sir.Get some pairs to act out the dialogue.Step 4 PresentationHold up a piece of paper with the names of the Ss on it.Say This is a piece of paper.These are your names.Let me call your names .Say ‘Im here’.OK? Read the names and help the Ss to say Im here! (or Not here! for an absentee).Play the second dialogue in SB page 1, Part 1, then practise it with the Ss .Note the directions calling and standing up.Tell the Ss that these are instructions.Demonstrate their meanings.Briefly remind the Ss of the Present Continuous Tense (What am 1 doing? Im standing up.Now Im sitting down, etc).Step 5 PresentationRevise the names of classroom objects: book, pencil, pen,etc.Teach paper, a piece of paper and May I borrow… please? Ask individual Ss.Help them to answer Certainly! Here you are!Collect the items on your desk.Discuss each item with the class:What colour is it? Is it heavy?Whose is it? etc.Revise broken.Pick up a broken object and say Im sorry,its broken.Help them to answer It doesnt matter.I can mend it.SB page 1, Part 2.Speech Cassette Lesson 1.Play the tape and read through the dialogue with the Ss.EXplain that But come to school earlier neXt time is a warning following It doesnt matter.Give some more eXamples:Im sorry.Your pen is broken.-It doesnt matter.But use your own pen neXt time.Step 6 PracticeSs practise the dialogue in pairs.Get some Ss to act it out.Step 7 WorkbookWb Lesson 1, E.1-4.EX.1 helps Ss to learn how to pronounce the new words in the last column by revising the old words.Meanwhile, they can revise the vowels /e/, /&:/, /$/,/+:/and /ei/.E.2 and 3 help consolidate the dialogues in this lesson.For EX.4, do an eXample with the Ss, using Im sorry,…-It doesnt matter.Let me… Then get the Ss to work in pairs.Check the answers.HomeworkDo Wb Lesson 1, E.3 and 4 in the eXercise books.教学步骤(Teaching steps)教学步骤(Teaching steps)篇2教学步骤(Teaching steps)Lesson 13Step 1 RevisionAsk the Ss What do you usually do on Sunday?List the answers on the Bb.Collect as many activities as possible, by asking What other things do people do on Sunday? Help Ss with pictures and gestures if necessary.Step 2 PresentationOn the Bb, make a column, headed Sunday, October____(fill in neXt Sundays date).Down the left-hand side write the names of some of the characters in the book:Jim, Li Lei, Lucy,Lily, etc.Present this dialogue:A:What are you going to do neXt Sunday, Jim?B:Oh, Im going to fly my kite.NeXt to Jims name on the Bb write fly my kite.Repeat for the others (do some shopping, watch TV, have a swim).Give the Ss a model:Whats Jim going to do neXt Sunday? Hes going to fly his kite.Then ask Whats Jim/ Li Lei/Lucy/Lily going to do neXt Sunday? Help the Ss to answer using Hes/Shes going to….EXplain that be going to is a way of talking about future plans.Step 3 DrillGo round the class asking randomly:What are you going to do neXt Sunday? Whats he/she going to do neXt Sunday? Whats Li Lei going to do neXt Sunday? etc.Step 4 Read and actSB page 13, Part 1.Ask What are Lin Tao and Sam going to do tomorrow? Ss read the dialogue silently to find the answer.Go through the dialogue briefly.EXplain that Nothing much means I am free and Why? means What do you suggest?Note that Sure1 =Certainly! and Jims coming(=Jims going to come)refers to the future(as the Present Continuous Tense sometimes does).Speech Cassette Lesson 13.Play the tape.Ss listen andrepeat.Divide the class into two groups, then in pairs to practise the dialogue.Get some pairs to act it out.Make up a new dialogue using be going to have a swim.Practise it with the class.Then let the Ss work in pairs,making up new dialogues using the words in the boX on the right.Ask some pairs to act theirs out.Do Wb Lesson 13, EX.1.(You may ask them questions orally yourself if time is short.)Step 5 PresentationGet the Ss to call out the days of the week.Write them on the Bb.Get the Ss to give you these English phrases morning,afternoon, evening night.Model different questions(Ss listen and repeat):What are you going to do on Thursday afternoon/ Tuesday evening? etc.Note the use of the preposition on.Step 6 DrillPoint to a day of the week and a period of the day as a drill cue:T:(pointing to Friday and morning)Ss:What are you going to do on Friday morning?T:(pointing to Sunday and afternoon)Ss:What are you going to do on Sunday afternoon?T:(pointing to Wednesday and evening)SheSs:What is she going to do on Wednesday evening? etc.Step 7 PracticeSB page 13, Part 2.Ss ask and answer in pairs.Get some Ss to give an eXample.Note that this and neXt can be used with afternoon, Sunday, week, month and year to form future eXpressions.Step 8 WorkbookWb Lesson 13, E.2, 3 and 4.Do these eXercises orally.For EX.4, give a hint to the Ss:tell them that Ma Lilis class is going to work in the school factory this afternoon.The answers are:are going to; are we going to; We are going to; all right/ OK; Bye.HomeworkFinish off the Workbook eXercises.Revise the new language items in Lesson 13.教学步骤(Teaching steps)教学步骤(Teaching steps)篇3教学步骤(Teaching steps)Lesson 13Step 1 RevisionAsk the Ss What do you usually do on Sunday?List the answers on the Bb.Collect as many activities as possible, by asking What other things do people do on Sunday? Help Ss with pictures and gestures if necessary.Step 2 PresentationOn the Bb, make a column, headed Sunday, October____(fill in neXt Sundays date).Down the left-hand side write the names of some of the characters in the book:Jim, Li Lei, Lucy,Lily, etc.Present this dialogue:A:What are you going to do neXt Sunday, Jim?B:Oh, Im going to fly my kite.NeXt to Jims name on the Bb write fly my kite.Repeat for the others (do some shopping, watch TV, have a swim).Give the Ss a model:Whats Jim going to do neXt Sunday? Hes going to fly his kite.Then ask Whats Jim/ Li Lei/Lucy/Lily going to do neXt Sunday? Help the Ss to answer using Hes/Shes going to….EXplain that be going to is a way of talking about future plans.Step 3 DrillGo round the class asking randomly:What are you going to do neXt Sunday? Whats he/she going to do neXt Sunday? Whats Li Lei going to do neXt Sunday? etc.Step 4 Read and actSB page 13, Part 1.Ask What are Lin Tao and Sam going to do tomorrow? Ss read the dialogue silently to find the answer.Go through the dialogue briefly.EXplain that Nothing much means I am free and Why? means What do you suggest?Note that Sure1 =Certainly! and Jims coming(=Jims going to come)refers to the future(as the Present Continuous Tense sometimes does).Speech Cassette Lesson 13.Play the tape.Ss listen and repeat.Divide the class into two groups, then in pairs to practise the dialogue.Get some pairs to act it out.Make up a new dialogue using be going to have a swim.Practise it with the class.Then let the Ss work in pairs,making up new dialogues using the words in the boX on the right.Ask some pairs to act theirs out.Do Wb Lesson 13, EX.1.(You may ask them questions orally yourself if time is short.)Step 5 PresentationGet the Ss to call out the days of the week.Write them onthe Bb.Get the Ss to give you these English phrases morning,afternoon, evening night.Model different questions(Ss listen and repeat):What are you going to do on Thursday afternoon/ Tuesday evening? etc.Note the use of the preposition on.Step 6 DrillPoint to a day of the week and a period of the day as a drill cue:T:(pointing to Friday and morning)Ss:What are you going to do on Friday morning?T:(pointing to Sunday and afternoon)Ss:What are you going to do on Sunday afternoon?T:(pointing to Wednesday and evening)SheSs:What is she going to do on Wednesday evening? etc.Step 7 PracticeSB page 13, Part 2.Ss ask and answer in pairs.Get some Ss to give an eXample.Note that this and neXt can be used with afternoon, Sunday, week, month and year to form future eXpressions.Step 8 WorkbookWb Lesson 13, E.2, 3 and 4.Do these eXercises orally.For EX.4, give a hint to the Ss:tell them that Ma Lilis class isgoing to work in the school factory this afternoon.The answers are:are going to; are we going to; We are going to; all right/ OK; Bye.HomeworkFinish off the Workbook eXercises.Revise the new language items in Lesson 13.教学步骤(Teaching steps)。

基于分阶段LFF策略的大规模模块布局方法

基于分阶段LFF策略的大规模模块布局方法

第27卷 第5期2006年5月半 导 体 学 报C HIN ES E J OU RNAL O F S EM ICOND U C TO RSVol.27 No.5May ,20063Project supp orted by t he J oint Project by NS FC and Hong Kong R GC (No.60218004),t he National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.90307005),and t he National High Technology Research a nd Develop ment Progra m of China (No.2004AA 1Z 1050)Corresp onding aut hor.Email :weisj 03@ Received 5Dece mber 2005,revised ma nuscript received 28February 2006Ζ2006Chinese Institute of Elect ronicsLarge Scale V LSI Module Placement Using LFF H euristics by Stages 3Wei Shaojun 1, ,Dong Sheqin 1,Hong Xianlong 1,and Wu Youliang 2(1Depart ment of Com puter S cience and Technolog y ,Tsinghua Universit y ,Bei j ing 100084,China )(2Depart ment of Com puter S cience and Engineering ,Chinese Universit y of Hong Kong ,Hong Kong ,China )Abstract :We p resent a deter ministic algorit hm f or large 2scale VLSI module placeme nt.Following t he less flexibil 2ity first (L F F )p rinciple ,we simulate a ma nual p acking p rocess in w hich t he concep t of place ment by stages is in 2t roduced t o reduce t he overall evaluation complexity.The complexity of t he p rop osed algorit hm is (N 1+N 2)×O (n 2)+N 3×O (n 4lg n ),where N 1,N 2,and N 3de note t he number of modules in each stage ,N 1+N 2+N 3=n ,a nd N 3νn.This complexity is much less t ha n t he original time complexity of O (n 5lg n ).Exp erime ntal results in 2dicate t hat t his app roach is quite p romising.K ey w ords :floorpla nning ;placeme nt ;large scale ;L FF p rinciple ;deter ministic place me nt algorit hm EEACC :2570C LC number :TN 405197 Document code :A Article ID :025324177(2006)05208122071 IntroductionFloorplanning is designing t he layout of circuit blocks or IP blocks on a chip subject to various ob 2jectives.It is an early stage of p hysical design and determines t he overall chip performance.A floor 2plan can be classified into one of two categories :slicing and non 2slicing.A slicing floorplan [1,2]can be obtained by recursively cutting a rectangle into two part s by eit her a vertical line or a horizontal line ,while a non 2slicing floorplan [3~9]cannot.Floorplan optimizatio n is a kind of multi 2ob 2jective optimization where an area and a wire lengt h minimization p resent a simple but necessary part of p ractical floorplanning.Research on t he floorplanning p roblem has mo stly focused on to 2pological representations [4~9]of floorplans t hat could be evaluated under t he well 2known simulated annealing (SA )[10]framework.The largest benchmark circuit reported in t he literat ure contains no more t han 49modules (MC 2NC benchmarks ).Such a small scale is becoming impractical as t he size and co mplexity of VL SI cir 2cuit s are increasing.Benchmarks wit h over 100modules have been used in some recently p ublishedworks [11~14].The need for faster floorplanning al 2gorit hms is also growing.Adya et al.[11]int roduced PARQU ET ,a SA based floorplanner ,in which new types of moves are applied to better guide t he local search.Lee et al.[12]p roposed a multilevel ap 2p roach using B 32trees (MB 32t ree )for large 2scale modules.Ot hers are Traffic [13]and BloBB [14],which are bot h non 2SA based approaches.The less flexibility first (L FF )principle [3]is derived f rom humanity ’s accumulated experience in handling rectangle packing problems in daily life.The L FF 2based algorit hm ,which is a simulation of manual packing ,is a deterministic and const ructive algorit hm t hat is p roved to be bot h effective and ef 2ficient for small 2scale benchmarks.However ,it ig 2nores an important characteristic of manual pack 2ing.During t he manual packing process ,packing resources such as unpacked modules and empty space decrease from sufficient to insufficient ,and while packing t he modules is easy in t he begin 2ning ,it becomes difficult in t he end.Therefore ,based o n t he L FF principle ,we make a simulation in t his paper in which we int roduce t he concept of placement by stages to reduce t he overall evalua 2tion co mplexity.Experiment s o n GSRC bench 2marks show t hat our app roach is quite p romising.第5期Wei Shaojun et al.: Large Scale VL SI Module Placement Using L FF Heuristics by StagesExecution time can be saved by t he new app roach compared to t he original algorit hm p ropo sed in Ref.[3].It s solution quality compares favorably to t hat of t he state2of2t he2art floorplanner PA R2 QU ET23,yet it is much quicker.2 Preliminaries2.1 Problem def initionLet M={m1,m2,…,m u}be a set of u rectan2 gular modules and N={n1,n2,…,n v}be a set of v net s which specify t he interconnections among t he modules.If t he widt h and height of a module is fixed,it is called a hard module;ot herwise it is called a soft module.In t his paper,we consider o nly hard modules,and wit h all modules hard floorplan2 ning becomes placement.A placement P={(x i,y i) |m i∈M}is an assignment of rectangular modules m i wit h t he coordinates of t heir botto m2left corners being assigned to(x i,y i)’s so t hat no two modules overlap.Placement is optimized by determining P such t hat t he area of t he minimum enclosing rec2 tangle of t he placement and/or t he total lengt h of t he net s is minimized.2.2 Less flexibility f irst principleThe L FF[3]p rinciple is derived fro m humani2 ty’s accumulated experience in everyday life.For example,when masons plank a floor wit h rectangu2 lar wood blocks t hey fill first against t he corners of t he boundary,t hen along t he bo undary lines,and last inside t he hollow spaces.Also,t he larger and longer blocks are packed before t he smaller and shorter ones.Such rules of t humb constit ute t he L FF principle.Different flexibilities can be defined for vari2 ous objectives.Figure1illust rates a definition of empty space flexibility.If t he empty space is near a corner(Fig.1(a)),t hen a module can move f reely in3directions when it is packed t here.If t he empty space is near an edge(Fig.1(b)),it can move f ree2 ly in5directions.If t he empty space is near not h2 ing(Fig.1(c)),it can move f reely in8directions. Let f(a),f(b),and f(c)denote t he empty space flexibility in Figs.1(a),(b),and(c),respectively. We define f(a)<f(b)<f(c),which means t hat t he p riority should be:corner2packing>side2pack2 ing>hollow2space2packing.Fig.1 Three kinds of empty spacesAnot her example is module flexibility,which can be defined asf module=-{w m h mW H+max(w m,h m)mi n(W,H)}(1)where w m and h m denote t he widt h and height of t he module,and W and H denote t he widt h and height of t he p re2specified work space.Equation (1)indicates t hat t he large or long modules should be considered first during t he packing process.2.3 LFF2based placementThe process of L FF2based placement can be briefly described as follows:In t he beginning,a fixed rectangular area is chosen as t he work space.The modules are t hen p ut one by one into it,and t he L FF heuristics are applied for t he definition,evaluation,and selection of packing schemes(details will be given in t he fol2 lowing sections).If all t he modules can be packed wit hout overlapping and exceeding t he boundary, t hen a feasible solution will be achieved in t he end. 3 Implementation3.1 Data structuresAccording to t he empty space flexibility,t he best packing is corner2packing,which is t he mo st area2saving kind of packing.A corner should be re2 garded as const rained by two perpendicular lines (Fig.1(a)).By t racking t he contour of t he empty space,all t he corners can be found.There are4cor2 ners in t he beginning,and each time if a module is packed,at least1corner becomes occupied and2 new corners are created.Thus t he number of cor2 ners is O(n).If t he space near a corner is too small to hold any modules,we mark it as dead space and slightly clip t he contour to create friendly corners (Fig.2).Two kinds of orientations are defined for each module:horizontal and vertical.Swapping t he318半 导 体 学 报第27卷Fig.2 Mark the dead space and clip the contourwidt h and height of a module changes it s orienta2 tion.If a module can be validly packed against a corner in one of t he orientations,we call such a scheme a“candidate corner packing scheme”(CCPS).In our implementation,a CCPS is repre2 sented by a four2t uple:〈module id,orie ntation,x c,y c〉where(x c,y c)denotes t he coordinates of t he cor2 ner against which t he module is placed.Each time, by testing all t he remaining unpacked modules near t he corners,we can get a CCPS list,and one of t he best is cho sen.The positio ns of packed modules are saved in a k2d t ree data struct ure[16]by which mod2 ule overlap detection can be done in O(log n)time.3.2 CCPS evaluationCorner2packing alone is insufficient for area optimization.The CCPS list must be caref ully eval2 uated to choo se t he mo st area2saving and wire2sav2 ing one.In t his subsection,we will discuss t he heu2 ristics t hat are used in CCPS evaluation.H euristic1:Higher packing density f irstAfter a module is packed,we would like to en2 sure t hat t he remaining modules can also be packed easily.Therefore,we evaluate how t he CCPS al2 lows for t he packing of t he ot her modules.Definitio n:The packing density of a CCPS is t he area of all t he modules t hat could be packed,if t he CCPS is performed,into t he area of t he work space.Therefore,a CCPS wit h a higher packing den2 sity should be considered first.To evaluate t he packing density,we virt ually perform t he CCPS and t hen p ut t he left2over modules into t he work space one by one in ascending order of t heir respec2 tive module flexibility.Here t he term p seudo means t hat such a packing process is just a test and it can be reverted after estimation.This st rategy is greedy in t he sense t hat it tries to pack as many modules as possible.Let A space denote t he area of t he work space and A pseudo denote t he sum of t he ar2 ea of act ually packed modules and virt ually packed ones.The fit ness value(FV)of a CCPS is calculat2 ed as:FV packing=A pseudo/A space(2) Wit h t his approach,t he time complexity to evaluate a CCPS is O(n2log n)[3].H euristic2:Longer packing radius f irstIf t he modules are p ut tightly along t he bo undary of t he work space f rom out side to inside and are evenly dist ributed,t hen t he shape of t he empty space will always be kept regular,which is in favor of t he packing process.Definition:The packing radius of a CCPS is t he distance between it s corner and t he center of t he work space.By p referring a CCPS wit h a longer packing radius,t he heuristic mentioned above can be imple2 mented easily.Therefore,t he fit ness value of a CCPS isFV radius=(x c-x o)2+(y c-y o)2(3) where(x o,y o)denotes t he coordinates of t he cen2 ter of t he work space.Obviously,t he time complex2 ity of evaluating a CCPS is only O(1).H euristic3:Less module flexibility f irstIn t he stricter L FF2based algorit hm[3],t he module wit h t he fewest CCPS will be packed first since such a module is regarded as t he mo st diffi2 cult one to be packed.However,t his hypot hesis is deficient.In some cases,e.g.in t he beginning of t he packing,each unpacked module has t he same number of CCPS,so t hat we cannot distinguish longer or larger modules from shorter or smaller ones.The module flexibility mentioned in Section 212implies t hat longer or larger modules should have more chances to be used first.Also,modules wit h less module flexibility are sure to have fewer CCPS when empty space becomes scarce.As a re2 sult,module flexibility is a good factor for CCPS e2 valuation:FV module=w m h mW H+max(w m,h m)mi n(W,H)(4) Note t hat FV module is t he negative of f module since we use a greater fit ness value to denote less flexi2 bility.The time complexity to get FV module is only O (1).418第5期Wei Shaojun et al.: Large Scale VL SI Module Placement Using L FF Heuristics by StagesH euristic 4:Higher connection density f irstFor two modules m 1and m 2,if m 1has more in 2ner wires (net s between a module and t he packed ones )and fewer outer wires (net s between a mod 2ule and t he unpacked ones )t han m 2,t hen m 1should be considered first.Definitio n :The connection density (DC )of a module is t he number of it s inner wires divided by t he sum of t he number of it s inner wires and outer wires :CD module =n i /(n i +n o )(5)where n i and n o denote t he number of inner wires and outer wires of a module ,respectively.Wit h t his definition ,t he fit ness value of a CCPS is CD module ,whose calculation complexity is O (ē),where ēis anaverage number of net s connecting a module.H euristic 5:Shorter local wire length f irstFor wire optimizatio n ,we tend to p ut a module in a position where t he lengt h of t he wires connect 2ing it to t he packed modules (local wire lengt h )is as short as po ssible.In Fig.3,t here are totally 2net s between module m and t he packed ones.If m is packed at po sition 1,t he local wire lengt h would be shorter t han if packed at po sition2.Fig.3 An example of local connectionsWit h t his heuristic ,t he fit ness value of aCCPS to be evaluated equals t he negative of local wire lengt h (-WL local )of t he module.In our im 2plementation ,t he local wire lengt h is evaluated u 2sing t he half perimeter met ric ,as for t he global wire lengt h evaluation ,and t he evaluation complex 2ity equals O (ē).3.3 Placement by stagesAlt hough t he L FF 2based algorit hm is a simu 2lation of manual packing ,it ignores an important characteristic.During t he manual packing p rocess ,packing resources such as t he unpacked modulesand t he empty spaces are depleted ,and it is easy to pack t he modules in t he beginning but difficult in t he end.The concept of placement by stages ,which involves dividing t he placement process into stages and using different packing rules ,is usually used by human 2beings.Wit h t he definitions of t he heu 2ristics in Section 312,we can incorporate t his con 2cept into t he L FF 2based algorit hm.We divide it in 2to 3stages in our implementatio n ,namely t he early stage ,t he middle stage ,and t he late stage ,deter 2mined by t he ratio of t he number of packed mod 2ules to t he total number of modules.For Heuristics 1~5,t heir respective time complexity and effect s are measured to determine which ones will be used in which stage.Heuristic 1is good for area optimization ,but it s execution time increases dramatically when t he problem scale in 2creases ,and t hus it is only suitable for small 2scale problems.The time complexities of Heuristics 2and 3are lower ,but when t he packing is to be fin 2ished ,more consideration must be taken to better utilize t he space.Thus ,Heuristics 2and 3are ap 2plied in t he early and middle stages while Heuristic 1is applied in t he late stage.For wire optimiza 2tion ,bot h Heuristics 4and 5should only be used after a certain number of modules have been packed.The early stageIn t his stage ,t he CCPS are evaluated wit h Heuristics 2and 3.The fit ness value of a CCPS is calculated asFV CCPS =w 1×FV radius +w 2×FV module(6)where w 1+w 2=1.We find in t he experiment s t hat t he second term of Eq.(6)affect s t he packing greatly.One way to simplify t he normalization of w 1and w 2is to use a “22step evaluation ”in t he im 2plementation.First ,we get t he range of FV module ,and only t he CCPS of t he module whose FV module are in t he last 10%of t he range are considered in t he second step.Second ,t he FV radius of each remaining CCPS are calculated and t he CCPS wit h t he best FV radius are chosen.The middle stageIn t his stage ,since a certain number of mod 2ules have already been packed ,wire lengt h optimi 2zation should be taken into account.As a result ,t he CCPS are evaluated wit h Heuristics 2,3,4,and 5.Similarly ,we use t he “22step evaluation ”in our im 2plementation.In t he first step ,t he fit ness value is518半 导 体 学 报第27卷calculated asFV′CCPS=w1×FV module+w2×CD module(7) where w1+w2=1.Only t he CCPS of t he module whose FV′CCPS are in t he last10%of t he range are considered in t he second step.In t he second step, t he fit ness value is calculated asFV″CCPS=w1×FV radius[-w2×WL local](8) where w1+w2=1,and“[]”means t he term o nly makes sense in co mparing two CCPS t hat belong to t he same module.The late stageIn t his stage,t here are only a small number of unpacked modules remaining and more considera2 tion must be taken to better utilize t he space.Un2 like t he middle stage,Heuristic1is used instead of Heuristic2or Heuristic3.There is no CCPS distil2 lation in t he first step,and in t he second step t he fit ness value is calculated asFV″CCPS=w1×FV packing[-w2×WL local](9) 3.4 Overall time complexitySince for large scale p roblems,O(n)µO(ē), we can ignore O(ē)in time complexity evaluation. The over all time complexity of t he new L FF algo2 rit hm is(N1+N2)×O(n2)+N3×O(n4lg n)(10) where N1,N2,and N3denote t he number of mod2 ules in t he3stages,N1+N2+N3=n,and N3νn. This is much less t han t he O(n5lg n)complexity in Ref.[3].4 ExperimentsWe implement our algorit hm in ANSI C.In order to find t he minimum bounding box sizes forsuccessf ul solutions,we continue our experiment swit h t he size of t he bounding box increasing gradu2 ally.To avoid comparing pad placement algo2 rit hms,wiring result s do not include net s going topads.(Note t hat if only area optimization is nee2 ded,we merge t he early stage wit h t he middle stageand discard t he heuristics for wire optimization inall t he stages.)GSRC benchmark circuit s are usedin our experiment s.For comparison,we choo se t hestate2of2t he2art floorplanner PARQU ET23which uses eit her sequence pair(SP)[4]or B32t ree[8]as t he topological representation of a floorplan.Allexperiment s are conducted on a213GHz Pentium4 workstation wit h4G B RAM,running Linux.In Table1,we report t he result s of differentstage division schemes on n100when optimizingarea only.We vary t he aspect ratio of t he outlinef rom1to2wit h an increment of0102.We define “success rate”by t he number of successf ul solu2 tions divided by50(which is t he total number of runs).To t he left of t he table are listed t he4kinds of schemes we tested.A scheme,e.g.0~10%~95%~100%,means t hat10%and95%are set as t he dividing point s of t he t hree stages.For loo ser outlines(white space≥7%),shortening t he length of t he late stage can reduce t he execution time wit h almo st no performance loss,while for tighter out2 lines(white space≤6%),p rolonging t he lengt h of t he late stage can make it easier to find successf ul solutions.This fact also p roves t hat Heuristic1is more usef ul t han Heuristic2and Heuristic3in t he end of t he packing process if we want to find better solutions.Table1 Comparison of stage division for n100(Area optimization only)Stage division scheme White spaceA B C D Success rate Time/s Success rate Time/s Success rate Time/s Success rate Time/sA:0~0~0~100%5%2%0.136%0.1420%0.3624% 1.40 B:0~0~95%~100%6%48%0.1250%0.1366%0.3472% 1.26 C:0~0~90%~100%7%98%0.13100%0.1498%0.3096% 1.00 D:0~0~85%~100%8%100%0.13100%0.1498%0.27100%0.82 We also compare t he result s of different stage division schemes on n100in Table2when simulta2 neously optimizing area and wire lengt h.The white space is set to be10%in t hese experiment s.Since wire optimization is not considered in t he early stage,t hese result s show t hat t he final wire lengt h is affected by t he time when we start to consider wire optimizatio n.Table2 Comparison of stage division for n100(Area +wire optimization)Stage division schemeWire(avg)Wire(min)Wire(max)Time/s 0~0~90%~100%1381261470.36 0~10%~90%~100%1381321430.40 0~20%~90%~100%1431301500.43 0~30%~90%~100%1431421610.44618第5期Wei Shaojun et al.: Large Scale VL SI Module Placement Using L FF Heuristics by StagesIn Table3(Table4)we list t he result s of L FFand PARQU ET23on area(area+wire)optimiza2tion.We use t he default parameters of PARQU ET23,and it s result s are t he best of50runs for eachbenchmark circuit.L FF outperforms PARQU E23on area optimization wit h white space<4%for allt he t hree benchmarks.Also,L FF tends to achievesmaller white space when wire optimization is con2sidered,and it s wiring result s are comparable tot ho se of PARQU ET23.T able3 C omparison of L FF with PARQU ET23(Areaoptimization only)Circuit (#modules)L FF SP B32t ree WS/time WS/time WS/timen100(#100) 3.85%/0.29s7.20%/5.10s 4.52%/2.69s n200(#200) 3.61%/1.07s8.74%/26.6s 5.07%/11.3s n300(#300) 3.59%/3.38s9.60%/60.8s 5.34%/24.0sTable4 Comparison of L FF with PARQU ET23(Area +wire optimization)CircuitL FF SP B32t ree WS/wire/time WS/wire/time WS/wire/timen1008.2%/132/0.4s7.5%/121/18s11%/123/12sn2007.8%/271/2.7s12%/268/101s10%/259/63sn3008.9%/415/6.5s13%/422/256s12%/397/128s 5 ConclusionWe have p resented a deterministic and con2 structive algorit hm for t he large2scale VL SI mod2 ule placement problem.We base t he algorit hm on L FF heuristics and int roduce t he concept of place2 ment by stages to reduce t he evaluation complexi2 ty.Our approach is good for generating optimized result s in a short time,and we believe t hat even if time were less critical,it could also be used to p ro2 vide initial solutions quickly for floorplan algo2 rit hms such as simulated annealing to reduce t he o2 verall time.R eferences[1] Otten R H J M.Automatic floorplan design.DAC,1982:261[2] Wong D F,Liu C L.A new algorit hm for floorplan design.DAC,1986:101[3] Dong Sheqin,Hong Xianlong,Wu Y ouliang,et al.VL SIblock placement using less flexibility first principles.ProcIEEE ASPDAC,Y okohama,2001:601[4] Murata H,Fujiyoshi K,Nakatake S,et al.VL SI moduleplacement based on rectangle2packing by t he sequence2pair.IEEE Trans CAD,1996,15(12):1518[5] Hong Xianlong,Dong Sheqin,Huang Gang,et al.Cornerblock list representation and it s application to floorplan opti2mization.IEEE Trans Circuit s SystⅡ:Express Brief s,2004,51(5):228[6] Lin J M,Chang Y W.TCG:a transitive closure graph2basedrepresentation for non2slicing floorplans.DAC,2001:764 [7] Nakatake S,Murata H,Fujiyoshi K,et al.Module placementon BSG2structure and IC layout applications.ICCAD,1996:484[8] Chang Y C,Chang Y W,Wu G M,et al.B32trees:a new rep2resentation for nonslicing floorplans.Proc Design AutomationConf,2000:458[9] Guo P N,Cheng C K,Y oshimura T.An O2tree representationof nonslicing floorplan and it s applications.Proc Design Auto2mation Conf,1999:268[10] K irkpatrick S,Gelatt C D,Vecchi M P.Optimization by simu2lated annealing.Science,1983,220(4598):671[11] Adya S N,Markov I L.Fixed2outline floorplanning:enablinghierarchical design.IEEE Trans VL SI,2003,11(6):1120 [12] Lee H C,Chang Y W,Hsu J M,et al.Multilevel floorplan2ning/placement for large2scale modules using B32trees.DAC,2003:812[13] Sassone P,Lim S K.A novel geometric algorit hm for fastwire2optimized floorplanning.Proc International Conferenceon Computer2Aided Design,2003[14] Chan H H,Markov I L.Practical slicing and non2slicingblock packing wit hout simulated annealing.Proceedings of t heACM Great Lakes Symposium on VL SI,2004:282[15] Wu Y L,Huang W,Lau S C,et al.An effective quasi2humanbased heuristic for solving rectangle packing problem.Europe2an Journal of Operational Research,2002,141(2):341 [16] Bentley J L.Multidimensional binary search trees used for as2sociative munication of ACM,1975,18(9):509718半 导 体 学 报第27卷818基于分阶段LFF策略的大规模模块布局方法3魏少俊1, 董社勤1 洪先龙1 吴有亮2(1清华大学计算机科学与技术系,北京 100084)(2香港中文大学计算机科学与工程系,香港)摘要:提出了一种用于求解大规模VL SI模块布局问题的确定性方法.该方法在“最小自由度优先”原则的基础上,模拟人工布局过程提出了“分阶段布局”的思想.分阶段布局就是将布局过程按照布局完成的比例划分成若干个阶段,再将各种启发式策略适当地应用到各个阶段中,从而改善算法的整体性能.理论上,算法的时间复杂为(N1+ N2)O(n2)+N3O(n4lg n),其中N1,N2,N3为各个阶段的模块数目,N1+N2+N3=n,且N3νn,比原有的最小自由度优先算法复杂度O(n5lg n)小很多.实验结果也表明该方法很有潜力.关键词:布图规划;布局;大规模;L FF原则;确定性布局算法EEACC:2570中图分类号:TN405197 文献标识码:A 文章编号:025324177(2006)05208122073国家自然科学基金委与香港R GC联合资助项目(批准号:60218004),国家自然科学基金(批准号:90307005)及国家高技术研究发展计划(批准号:2004AA1Z1050)资助项目通信作者.Email:weisj03@ 2005212205收到,2006202228定稿Ζ2006中国电子学会。

自考英语二词汇表(带音标)

自考英语二词汇表(带音标)

自考英语(二)词汇表organizational [,ɔ:ɡənai'zeiʃənəl, -ni'z-] a.组织(上)的goal[ɡəul]n.1.目的,目标;2.得分进球,球门objective[əb'dʒektiv, ɔb-]n.目标,目的;a.1.客观的,真实的;2如实的,无偏见的accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ, ə'kɔm-]vt.完成(任务等)predict[pri'dikt]vt./vi.预言;预示accompany[ə'kʌmpəni]vt.1.伴随,陪同; 2.为……伴奏implement['implimənt, 'impliment]vt.实现;完成(任务等);履行(协定、诺言等)constraint [kən'streint]n.1.强制;2强制因素,制约条件precedent[pri'si:dənt, 'presi-] n.先例,前例simplify['simplifai]vt.简化tendency['tendənsi]n.趋势,倾向managerial[,mæni'dʒiəriəl] a.1.经理的,管理人的;2管理上的,经营上的maker['meikə]n.制造者;制造商achievement[ə'tʃi:vmənt] n.1.完成,达到;2成就,成绩attain[ə'tein]vt.达到;完成optimal['ɔptiməl] a.最适宜的;最理想的suboptimization[sʌb,ɔptimai-'zeiʃən, -mi'z-] n.局部最优化(指使整体目标中的某个选定目标圆满实现)trade-off n.1.(对不能同时兼顾的因素)权衡;2物物交换argue['ɑɡju:]vt./vi.争辨,争论,辩论;vt.1.说服;2用辩论证明budget['bʌdʒit]n.预算;vt.1.把……编入预算;2安排,预定scheme[ski:m]n.计划;方案;vt./vi.计划,策划define[di'fain] vt.1.解释,给……下定义;2限定,规定multiple ['mʌltipl] a.多样的,复合的;n.倍数profitability[,prɑfɪtə'bɪlətɪ] n.赚钱,获利correctness[kə'rektnis] n.正确,正确性unintended[,ʌnin'tendid] a.非计划中的,非故意的ongoing['ɔn,ɡəuiŋ, 'ɔ:n-] a.进行中的,前进的entity['entəti]n.1.存在,实体;2统一性skilled [skild] a.熟练的;有技能的Word资料.in the way挡路;碍事make a guess at猜测moving['mu:viŋ] a.1.活动的,移动的;2.动人的,令人感动的sensitive['sensitiv] a.1.敏感的;2.灵敏的,感光的be affected with患有……疾病debate on关于……进行辩论make request for要求……be opposed to反对open up1.打开;2.开办,开辟,开发;3坦诚地或无拘束地谈话take……into account考虑到need for对……的需要opt out of决定不参加……,决定(从……)中退出have……at heart对某事十分关心conspiracy[kən'spirəsi]n.1.阴谋,密谋;2.阴谋集团,阴谋帮派old-boy ['əuld'bɔi]n.1.老同学;2.(招呼用)老朋友,老弟,老兄network['netwə:k] 1.[纺]网眼织物;2.网状物,网络escalator['eskəleitə]n.自动扶梯privilege['privilidʒ]n.特权;vt.给予……特权profession[prəu'feʃən]n. (尤指脑力劳动或受过专业训练的)职业graduate['ɡrædʒuət, -eit, 'ɡrædjueit, -dʒu-] vi.大学毕业,[美]毕业;vt.[主美]准予……毕业;a.1.毕业的;2.研究生的;n.大学毕业生,[美]毕业生unfair[,ʌn'fεə] a.不公平的,不公正的employment[im'plɔimənt]n.1.使用;2.雇佣;3.职业,工作publish['pʌbliʃ]vt.1.出版,刊印;2.公布,发表senior ['si:njə] a.1.年长的,年纪较大的;2.地位较高的,资历较深的;3.[英](大学)高年级的,[美]大学四年级的;n.1.年长者;2资历深者,上级appoint[ə'pɔint] vt.1.任命,委任(as);2.私营的,私立的;3秘密的,私下的headmaster['hed'mɑ:stə, -mæstə]n.(中学或小学的)校长leading ['li:diŋ] a.1.领导的,指引的;2.最重要的,主要的bias['baiəs]n.偏见;v.[常用被动语态]有偏见(常与against,towards连用)entry['entri]n.1.进入,入场(权),入会权;2.入口;3.登记,条目,账目merit['merit] n.1.优点,长处;2.功绩,功劳fiercely['fiəsli]ad.1.凶猛地,凶残地;2.猛烈地Word资料.competitive[kəm'petitiv] a.竞争的;比赛的entrance['entrəns] n.1.进入;2.入口,门口;3.入场,入会,入学additional[ə'diʃənəl] a.附加的,追加的;另外的abolish [ə'bɔliʃ]vt.废除(法律,习惯等);取消applicant['æplikənt] n.申请人,请求者performance[pə'fɔ:məns] n.1.执行,完成;2.表现,工作性能;3.演出,演奏accessible[ək'sesəbl] a.1.易接近的,能进去的;2.易受影响的(to);3可理解的(to)elite [ei'li:t, i'li:t] n.[集合名词]精英,杰出人物;a.杰出的,精英的academic[,ækə'demik] a.1.(高等)专科院校的,研究院的,学会的;2.学术的excellence['eksələns]n.优秀,杰出recruit[ri'kru:t]vt./vi.1.征募(新兵),吸收(新成员);2.聘用,补充;n.新兵;新成员equivalent [i'kwivələnt] a.1.相等的,相同的(to);2.等价的,等量的,等效的;n.1.等价(物),等量(物);2.对应词(或对应语)ivy['aivi]n.常青replicate['replikit, 'replikeit] vt.重复;复制elitist [ei'li:tist, i'-] n.1.杰出人物;2.杰出人物统治论者;adj.1.杰出人物的;2.杰出人物统治论的remedial [ri'mi:diəl, -djəl] a.1.治疗的,治疗上用的;2.补救的prime[praim] a.1.最初的,基本的;2.首要的,主要的;3.第一流的,最好的vision['viʒən]n.1.想象力,幻觉;2.视力,视觉;3.眼光classless[/'klɑ:slis/] a.1.无阶级的;2.不属于任何阶级的amount to 1.达到总计;2.相当于,等于on average平均blame……for为……责备某人by nature生来,天生,就其本性而言be worth doing值得做……slavery['sleivəri]n.1.奴隶制度,奴役;2.奴隶身份domestic[dəu'mestik]adj.1.家庭的,家务的;2.国内的,本国的;n.家仆,佣人Briton['britən] n.大不列颠人;英国人statistics[stə'tistiks]n.1.统计数字,统计资料;2.[用作单]统计学diplomat['dipləmæt] a.外交家;外交官Word资料.abroad[ə'brɔ:d]ad.到国外;在国外exploit['eksplɔit, ik's-]vt.1.开发,开采;2.利用;3.剥削abuse[ə'bju:z, ə'bju:s]vt./n.1.滥用,妄用;2.虐待,凌辱campaign[kæm'pein]n.1.战役;2.运动,参选活动;v.参加运动,参加竞选活动sexually['sekʃuəli]ad.在性方面passport ['pɑ:spɔ:t, 'pæs-]n.护照Filipino[fili'pi:nəu]n.1.菲律宾人;2菲律宾语;a.菲律宾人的;菲律宾的maid[meid]n.1.少女;2侍女,女仆execute['eksikju:t] vt.1.实行,执行,完成,贯彻;2.将……处死convict[kən'vikt]vt.1.证明……有罪(of);2.宣判;n.罪犯despite[di'spait]prep.尽管,任凭guilt[ɡilt]n.1.有罪;2.内疚deserving[di'zə:viŋ] a.应得的,值得的(of)Saudi['sɔ:di; sɑ:'u:di; 'saudi]n.沙特阿拉伯人;a.沙特阿拉伯的,沙特阿拉伯人的,沙特阿拉伯语的Breadwinner['bred,winə]n.养家糊口的人shelf[ʃelf] n.(壁橱,书橱内)搁板;架子minimum['miniməm]n.最小量;最低限度;a.最小的;最低的;最少的employee[,emplɔi'i:, em'plɔii:]n.雇员,雇工leaflet['li:flit]n.1.小叶,嫩叶;2.传单,活页incidence['insidəns]n.1.影响程度,影响范围;2. 发生率immigrant['imiɡrənt] a.(从国外)移民的,侨民的;n.移民,侨民status['steitəs, 'stæ-]n.1.情形,状况;2.地位,身份kingdom['kiŋdəm]n.1.王国;2.领域concession[kən'seʃən]n.1.让步;2.特许权;3.租界,租界地immigration[,imi'ɡreiʃən]n.移居;外来的移民foreigner['fɔrinə]n.外国人deport[di'pɔ:t]vt.驱逐出境bring over把……带来;使转变convict…of 证明……有罪,宣判……有罪be deserving o f值得;应得be supposed to应该Word资料.gang[ɡæŋ] n.1.一队,一族;2.(囚犯,歹徒等)一群,一帮eyewitness['ai,witnis] n.目击者;见证人unison['ju:nizən]n.一致;协调interstate ['intəsteit, intə's-] a.[主美]州际的BBC英国广播公司Correspondent[,kɔ:ri'spɔndənt]n .1.对应物;2.新闻通讯员,记者,通信者shackle['ʃækl]n.1.[常pl.]镣铐;2.[pl.]束缚,枷锁ditch [ditʃ] n.沟,沟渠,vt./vi.开渠,筑渠weed [wi:d]n.1.杂草,野草;2.水生植物;vt.除草,拔草deny[di'nai]vt.1.否定,否认;2.拒绝接受,拒绝给予re-introduction[,riɪntrə'dʌkʃən]n.重新采用,重新引入gap[ɡæp]n.裂口,裂缝toilet['tɔilit]n.盥洗室;厕所circus['sə:kəs]n.1.马戏团,杂技团;2.马戏场,杂技场degrade['di'ɡreid]vt.1.降级,贬低;2.堕落;3.退化plantation[plæn'teiʃən] n.1.种植园,大农场;2.植树造林spokesman ['spəuksmən] n.发言人;代言人racist['reisist]n.种族主义者;a.种族主义的;种族歧视的racial['reiʃəl] a.种族的inhumane[,imhju:'mein] a.不人道的,残忍的ineffective [,ini'fektiv] a .无效的,不起作用的civil['sivəl]n.1.国民的,民用的;2.国内的,民间的union['ju:niən]n.1.工会,协会;2结合,联合liberty ['libəti] n.1.自由,自由权;2.冒昧,失礼;3.[常pl.]特许权,特权punishment['pʌniʃmənt] n.1.处罚,罚,刑罚;2.折磨,损害disaffection[,disə'fekʃən] n.不满argument['ɑ:ɡjumənt]n.1.争论,辩论;2.论据,理由watch over看守,照管,监视in unison完全一致地call up 1.打电话;2使想起,使忆起blues[blu:z]n.1.[用作单或复]布鲁斯(源于美国南部黑人之中抑郁伤感的曲调);2.慢四步舞rock'n'roll ['rɔkən'rəul]n.摇滚乐,摇滚舞Word资料.folk[fəuk]n.1.人们;2.[口]家属,亲属;a.民间的musician[mju:'ziʃən] n.音乐家;作曲家transformation [,trænsfə'meiʃən, ,trænz-, trɑ:n-] n.1.变化,转化;2改造,改革rhythmic ['riðmik, 'riθ-] a.有韵律的;有节奏的musically['mju:zikəli] ad.在音乐方面;好听地;悦耳地distinct[dis'tiŋkt] a.1.与其他不同的,独特的;2.明显的consciousness['kɔnʃəsnis]n.意识,知觉;觉悟youthful['ju:θful] a.1.年轻的;2.朝气蓬勃的anti-war['ænti'wɔ:] a.反战的sentiment['sentimənt]n.1.感情,情绪;2.感伤spontaneous[spɔn'teiniəs] a.1.自发的,本能的,自动的;2.出自自然的originate[ə'ridʒəneit]vi./vt.发源;发生,发起imitator['imiteitə(r)]n.模仿者Negro['ni:grəu]n.黑人;a.黑人的Eclecticism [e'klektisizəm]n.折衷主义synthesis['sinθisis] n.结合,合成jazz[dʒæz]n.爵士乐readily['redili]ad.1.乐意地;2很快地,容易地limitless['limitlis] a.无限制的,无限的instrument['instrumənt, 'instrə-, -ment]n.1.仪器;2.乐器electronic[,ilek'trɔnik] a.电子的amplifier['æmplifaiə]n.放大器guitar[ɡi'tɑ:]n.六弦琴,吉他electronics[,ilek'trɔniks] [复]n.[用作单]电子学studio['stju:diəu, 'stu:-]n.1.(艺术家的)工作室;2.(无线电,电视)播音室,演播室;3.电影制片厂penetrating ['penitreitiŋ] 1.穿透的,贯穿的;2.深刻的,透彻的thereby[,ðεə'bai, 'ðεəbai]ad.由此,从而passive['pæsiv] a.1.被动的;2.消极的participant[pɑ:'tisipənt]n.参加者;a.参与的multimedia[,mʌlti'mi:diə]a.1.多种手段的;2.多媒体的;同时使用形、光、声效果的;n.多媒体,多媒体的使用ballroom['bɔ:lru:m] n.舞厅Word资料.lighting['laitiŋ]n.照明,照明设备take place发生take over 1.接管,接任;2.把……从一处运到另一处take on 1.具有;2.担任(工作等);3.雇佣composer[kəm'pəuzə]n.作曲家inspire[in'spaiə]vt.1.鼓舞;2.使产生灵感fruitful['fru:tful] a.有成果的,有收获的output['autput, ,aut'put]n.1.产量;2.输出theme [θi:m] n.1.题目,主题;2.主旋律invariably[in'vɛəriəbli] ad.不变地improvise['imprəvaiz]vt.1.即兴创作;2.临时准备,临时凑成symphony['simfəni]n.1.交响曲,交响乐;2.交响乐队,交响音乐会handle ['hændl]n.柄,把手;vt.1.拿,弄;2.运用,操纵3.经营,管理constructive [kən'strʌktiv] a.建设的,建设性的creative[kri'eitiv] a.创造性的notebook['nəutbuk]n.笔记本preliminary[pri'liminəri] a.预备的;初步的;n.初试;预赛painstaking['peinz,teikiŋ]] a.苦干的;费力的traditionalist[trə'diʃənəlist]n.传统主义者;因循守旧者thematic[θi'mætik, θi:-] a.1.题目的,主题的;2.主旋律的conception[kən'sepʃən] n.概念,观念well-established['weli'stæbliʃt]a.1.固定下来的;2.得到确认的temper['tempə] vt.1.[冶]使回火,锻炼;2.调合well(-)tempered['wel'tempəd] 1.脾气好的;2.(键盘乐器)调到平均律的clavichord ['klævikɔ:d]n.[音]击弦古钢琴mold [məuld] n.模子;模型;vt.用模子做,浇铸sake[seik]n.缘故completeness[kəm'pli:tnis] n.1.完整,圆满;2.完成,结束summarize['sʌməraiz]vt./vi.概述,总结diversified [dai'və:sifaid, di-] a.多样化的conventional[kən'venʃənəl] a.1.惯例的,常规的;2.(艺术等)因袭的experimental[ek,speri'mentəl, ek's-] a.实验的;经验的Word资料.harmony['hɑ:məni]n.1.协调,和谐;2.融洽,一致sonority['səu'nɔ:rəti, -'nɔ-] n.响亮,洪亮evident['evidənt] a.明显的,明白的in other words换句话说in a sense在某种意义上at a stretch连续不断地serve as适合belong in应归入(类别、范畴等)in advance 1.在前面;2.预先It goes without saying不言而喻,理所当然for the sake of为了……之好处;为了……的目的efficiency[i'fiʃənsi] n.1.效率;2.功效,效能,实力robotics[rəu'bɔtiks]n.[用作单]机器人学,机器人技术robot['rəubɔt, -bət, 'rɔbət] n.机器人;自动控制装置increasingly[in'kri:siŋli]ad.不断增加地prevalent['prevələnt] a.流行的,普通的automotive[,ɔ:təu'məutiv] a.1.自动的,机动的;2.汽车的weld[weld]vt./n.焊接spray[sprei]n.1.浪花,水花;2.喷雾,喷雾状物;vt.喷;向……喷射;喷涂;vi.喷;溅散cast[kɑ:s, kæst]vt.1.投,扔,抛,掷;2.投射(光、影,视线等)(on,at);3.浇铸,铸造;n.1.投,掷;2.模具;3.演员(阵容)frame[freim]n.构架,框架install [in'stɔ:l]vt.安装appliance[ə'plaiəns] n.1.应用,适用;2.用具,器械calculator['kælkjuleitə] n.1.计算者;2.计算器radioactive[,reidiəu'æktiv] a.[原]放射性的;放射引起的personnel[,pə:sə'nel] n.1.[集合名词]全体人员,全体职员;2.人事(部门)expose[ik'spəuz] vt.1.使暴露,使面临;2.揭露,揭发radiation[,reidi'eiʃən]n.1.放射,发光;2.放射物,辐射线,辐射能reduction[ri'dʌkʃən]n.1.减少,减小;2.降级,降职;3.归纳,归并automatic[,ɔ:tə'mætik] a.1.自动的;2.无意识的,机械的reprogramme['ri:'prəugræm] v.再次(重新)设定程序Word资料.completion [kəm'pli:ʃən] n.完成,结束;完满specific [spi'sifik] a.1.特有的,特定的;2.具体的,明确的switch[switʃ]n.1.开关,转换器;2.(思路、话题等的)转换;vt.1.转换,改变(思路、话题等);2.接通……电流(on),切断……电流(off);vi.转换,变换critical['kritikəl] a.1.批评(性)的,批判(性)的;2.对……表示谴责的,对……感到不满的(of);3.紧要的,关键性的,危急的digital['didʒitəl] a.1.手指的,指状的;2.数字的,计数的camera['kæmərə]n.照相机,摄影机light-sensitive[,lait'sensitiv] a.光敏的intensity[in'tensəti] n.强烈,剧烈grayscale['grei,skeil] 灰度(使不同黑白比例混合而得从黑到白的一系列色差灰色色调)brightness['braitnis]n.1.明亮,晴朗;2.聪敏,机灵scale[skeil]n.1.刻度,表度;2.规模;3.比例(尺);4.[pl.]天平,磅秤shade[ʃeid]n.1.荫,阴影;2.遮光物,罩;vt.遮蔽,遮光calculation[,kælkju:leiʃən] n.1.计算,计算结果;2.仔细考虑defective [di'fektiv] a.有缺点的;有缺陷的assemble[ə'sembl]vt.1.集合;2.装配;vi.集合attendant [ə'tendənt]n.1.侍者,服务员;2.出席者fireman['faiəmən]n.消防队员housekeeper['haus,ki:pə]n.管理家务的主妇;女管家expose to暴露;面临;曝露in that在于,原因是in between在中间;每间隔;在……期间in question正被谈论的plenty of大量的;丰富的earthquake['ə:θkweik]n.地震warning['wɔ:niŋ]n.警告;警报;a.警告的forecast['fɔ:kɑ:st]vt.1.预测,预报;2.预示giant['dʒaiənt]n.1.巨大;2.巨物,巨大的动物;a.巨大的shift[ʃift]vt./vi.1.替换;转移;2.轮班;n.1.转换,转移;2.轮班fault[fɔ:lt]n.1.缺点,毛病;2.错误,过失;3.[地]断层seismic ['saizmik, 'sais-] a.地震的Word资料.precede[pri:'si:d, pri-] vt.先于……,比……优先;vi.在前面,居前,领先radon['reidɔn] n.氡decay[di'kei]vi.1.腐朽,腐烂;2.衰败;3.[原]衰变;vt.使腐朽,使腐烂;n.1.腐朽,腐烂;2.衰败radium['reidiəm]n.镭underground['ʌndəɡraund]a.1.地下的;2.秘密的,隐蔽的;ad.1.在地下;2秘密地,隐蔽地speculate['spekjuleit] vi.思索;推测(on/upon,about);vt.1.投机;2.思索,推测subside[səb'said] vi.1.沉淀;2.沉降,下沉;3.平静下来,平息,减退datum['deitəm] 1.资料,材料,2.数据reliability [ri,laiə'biləti] n.可靠性partial['pɑ:ʃəl] a.1.偏袒的,偏心的,对……偏袒(to);2.部分的,不完全的up-to-date['ʌptə'deit] a.1.最新的,现代化的;2.直至目前的analyze['ænəlaiz]vt.分析eastern['i:stən] a.1.东方的,东部的;2.向东方的,来自东方的work on 1.从事……;2.对……有影响set up 1.设立,建立;2.建立,提出on the alert警戒,处于戒备状态leadership ['li:dəʃip] n.1.领导;2.[总称]领导人员research[ri'sə:tʃ, 'ri:s-] n.研究,调查;vi.调查,研究attach[ə'tætʃ] vt.(to)1.固定住,系;2.附加,隶属;3.把(重点等)放在;4.使喜爱,使依恋possession[pə'zeʃən] n.1.有,拥有;2.[常pl.]占有物;财产satisfaction [,sætis'fækʃən] n.满意,满足relaxation[,ri:læk'seiʃən] n.1.松弛,放松;2.缓和,减轻;3.休养desirable[di'zaiərəbl] a.称心的,合意的,理想的occupation[,ɔkju'peiʃən]n.1.占领;2.占有;ɔ.职业portray [pɔ:'trei, pəu-]vt.描绘;描写;描述urban['ə:bən] a.城市的,都市的stressful ['stresful] a.紧张的;压力重的loom[lu:m]vi.隐隐呈现;逼近renewal[ri'nju:əl]n.1.更新;2重新开始underlie[,ʌndə'lai]vt.支撑;构成(理论,政策,行为等)的基础Word资料.acquire[ə'kwaiə]vt.获得,得到recognition [,rekəg'niʃən] n.1.认出;2.承认,公认impart[im'pɑ:t] vt.把……分给;给予(to)positive['pɔzətiv, -zi-] a.1.明确的,确实的;2.积极的,肯定的;3.正的,阳性的motivate['məutiveit]vt.作为…的动机,激发relevant['reləvənt] a.1.贴切的,中肯的;2.与……有关的(to)communicator [kə'mju:nikeitə] n.传播者,传播工作者participation[pɑ:tisi'peiʃən]n.参加,参与attainment[ə'teinmənt] n.1.达到,到达;2.[常pl.]成就,造诣be concerned with 1.关于,涉及;2.忙于……;3.关心,关切attach importance to认为……很重要take to 1.开始从事;2.养成……的习惯3.培养对……的爱好put……to use使用;利用be relevant to与……有关on the part of就……而言set……as objective把……作为目标elusive[i'lju:siv,-səri] a.1.躲避的;2.难以捉摸的,难以理解的tricky['triki] a.1.狡猾的,耍花招的;2.难以处理的slip[slip]vi.1.滑动,滑过;2.溜,溜走;vt.使滑动;使滑过quicksand['kwiksænd]n.流沙oversupply[,əuvəsə'plai, 'əuvəsə,plai]vt./n.过多供应wayside['weisaid]n.路边;2.路边的flexible['fleksibl] a.1.柔韧的,柔顺的;2.可变通的,灵活的readjustment[,ri:ə'dʒʌstmənt] n.再整理,再调整project['prɔdʒekt, 'prəu, prə'dʒekt] n.1.设计,规划;2.项目;vt.1.方案,计划;2.投射,映射3.使突出appointment[ə'pɔintmənt] n.1.任命;2.约会weekly['wi:kli] a.每周的;一周一次的;ad.每周;每周一次;n.周刊,周报adjustment[ə'dʒʌstmənt]n.调整realistic[,riə'listik, ,ri:-]a.1.现实的,实际的;2.逼真的;3.现实主义的,现实主义者的underestimate[,ʌndə'estimeit]vt.低估;看轻overestimate[,əuvər'estimeit, -'estimət]vt.过高估计;过高评价Word资料.emergency[i'mə:dʒənsi]n.紧急情况;突发事件routine[ru:'ti:n]n.日常工作;例行手续,常规;2.日常的;例行的;常规的crash[kræʃ] a.紧急的,速成的inflexible[in'fleksəbl] a.1.不可弯曲的,僵硬的;2.不可改变的,固执的adjust[ə'dʒʌst]vt.1.调整,调节;2.校准deem [di:m]vt.认为,相信assignment[ə'sainmənt]n.1.分配,委派;2.任务,(课外)作业freshman['freʃmən] n.1新手,生手;2.大学一年级学生kid[kid]vt./vi./n.1.戏弄,开玩笑;2.欺骗,哄骗faithfully ['feiθfuli] adv忠诚地;如实地temptation [temp'teiʃən]n.引诱,诱惑look ahead to向前看;展望未来allocate……for分配给……;配给fall by the wayside半途而废,中途退出hang up 1.把……挂起来;2.挂断(电话);3.延迟,拖延throw off扔掉;摆脱work out做出;制定出retention[ri'tenʃən]n.保持;保留distract[dis'trækt]vt.分散(注意,心思等);使人分心adversely[æd'və:sli] ad.1.相反地;2.不利地,有害地appreciate[ə'pri:ʃieit]vt.1.欣赏,鉴赏;2.正确评价,鉴别;3感激,感谢contrary ['kɔntrəri] a.相反的,相对的,与……相反(to)mislead[,mis'li:d]vt.把……带错路,使……错或做错motivation[,məuti'veiʃən]n.动机;动力inefficient[,ini'fiʃənt] a.无效的;效率低的exceptional[ik'sepʃənəl] a.1.例外的;2.异常的,特殊的hinder ['hində]vt.阻止;妨碍typical['tipikəl] a.典型的,代表性的to date到目前为止attend to专心;注意;照顾make the grade取得成功,达到理想标准fall apart四分五裂;崩溃Word资料.be true of符合于……,对……适用classify [/'klæsifai/]vt.1.把……分类,把……分等级;2.把……列为(as)aged['eidʒid] a.年老的,老的northwestern[,nɔ:θ'westən] a.1.在西北的,向西北的;2.来自西北的approximate [ə'prɔksimit,ə'prɔksimeit] a.近似的,大约的;vt.1.近似,接近;2.使接近;vi.接近(to)paradox ['pærədɔks] 1.似非而可能是的论点;2.自相矛盾的话proportion [prəu'pɔ:ʃən] n.比率,比例;vt.使成比例,使相称dependency [ di'pendənsi]n.从属;依赖(on)advantageous [,ædvən'teidʒəs] a.有利的,有助的liability[,laiə'biləti]n.1.责任,义务;2.[pl.]债务,负债;3.不利条件,妨碍的人(或物)inactive [in'æktiv] a.不活动的;不活跃的appreciation[ə,pri:ʃi'eiʃən] n.1.欣赏,鉴赏;2.正确评价;3.感激,感谢salient['seiljənt, -liənt] a.1.突出的,凸起的;2.显著的resettlement[ri'setlmənt;]n.重新定居,重新安置acknowledge[ək'nɔlidʒ] vt.1.承认;2.表示感谢fore [fɔ:] ad.在前面;a.1.先时的,先前的;2.在前部的;n.前部gathering['ɡæðəriŋ]n.1.聚集;2.集会birthrate ['bə:θreit]n.出生率elsewhere[,els'hwεə] ad.在别处;向别处demography[di:'mɔɡrəfi]n.人口统计学alter['ɔ:ltə] vt./vi.改变,改动experiential[ik,spiəri'enʃəl] a.经验的;凭经验的continued[kən'tinju:d] a.继续的,连续的lengthen['leŋθən]vt.使延长;vi.变长,延伸wealthy['welθi] a.富裕的;丰富的neglect[ni'ɡlekt]vt.1.忽视,忽略;2.疏忽;n.忽略;疏忽expectation[,ekspek'teiʃən]n.1.期待;2.估计寿命slippery['slipəri] a.1.滑的;2.圆滑的demographer [di:'mɔɡrəfə] n.人口学家revision[ri'viʒən]n.修订,修改upwards['ʌpwədz] ad.向上;趋向上升Word资料.approximate to与……接近to the fore 1.在前面,到前面;2.在显著地位resistance to对……的阻力esteem[i'sti:m]vt./n.尊敬,尊重cope[kəup]vi.对付,妥善处理(with)parenting['pεərəntiŋ]n.父母对孩子的养育tone[təun]n.1.音调,音色;2.腔调,语气;3.[语]声调,语调infant'infənt]n.婴儿,幼儿;a.婴儿的,幼儿的lovable['lʌvəbl] a.可爱的,讨人喜欢的manageable['mænidʒəbl] a.易管理的unlovable[,ʌn'lʌvəbl] a.不可爱的;不讨人喜爱的worthless['wə:θlis] a.1.无价值的,无用的;2.不足道的,不可取的ultimately ['ʌltimətli]ad.最后,最终地self-defeating[,selfdi'fi:tiŋ] a.1.自我挫败的;2.有违被衰的crisis ['kraisis] n.1危机;2.决定性时刻withdraw[wið'drɔ:, wiθ-]vt.1.收回,提取;2.撤退,撤销;vi.1.撤退,退出;2.退缩,逃避现实inconsiderate[,inkən'sidərət] a.不替别人考虑的;不体谅人outcome['autkʌm]n.1.结果,结局;2.出路,出口reinforcement[,ri:in'fɔ:smənt] n.增强,加固;强化tangible['tændʒəbl] a.1.可触摸的,可感知的;2.确实的,真实的attribute[ə'tribju:t, 'ætribju:t]n.1.属性,特征;2.[语]定语;vt.把……归因于(to)fold[fəuld] vt./vi.折叠;对折;n.褶(痕)appropriate [ə'prəuprieit, ə'prəupriət] a.适合的,恰当的,相宜的cope with对付;处理no other……than 1.除……外没有,只有;2.正是,就是take advantage of 1.利用;2.占……便宜act out 1.将……表演出来;2.(用行动)表示出来election[i'lekʃən]n.选举;选举权presidential [,prezi'denʃəl] a.总统(或校长)的,总统(或校长等)职务的winner['winə] n.获胜者,优胜者;成功者republican[ri'pʌblikən] a.1.共和国的;2.[R-](美国)共和党的;n.1.共和主义者;2.[R-]共和党党员democratic[,demə'krætik,-kəl] a.民主的,民主主义的Word资料.nominee[,nɔmi'ni:]n.被提名者;被任命者vote[vəut]n.1.选举,投票;2.票,选票;vi.投票,选举certainty['sə:tənti]n.一定;必定nomination[,nɔmi'neiʃən]n.提名;任命loyalty['lɔiəlti]n.忠诚;忠心decline[di'klain]vi.1.下倾,下降;2.衰退,衰落;3.谢绝,拒绝;vt.拒绝,谢绝;n.1.下倾,下降;2.衰退,衰落democrat['deməkræt] n.1.民主主义者,民主人士;2.[D-]民主党党员voter['vəutə]n.选举人,投票人strategically[strə'ti:dʒikəli]ad.战略上地,颇具策略地pursue[pə'sju:, -'su:] vt.1.追赶;2.追求,寻求;3.进行,从事impact ['impækt, im'pækt] n.1.冲击,碰拦;2.效果,影响;vt.装紧,压紧headquarters [,hed'kwɔ:təz][复]n.1.司令部,指挥部;2.(机构,企业)总部,总店economy[i'kɔnəmi]n.1.经济;2.节约strategist['strætidʒist] n.战略家rating['reitiŋ]n.1.等级,规格;2.评定结果,(电视)收视率poll[pəul]n.1.选举,投票;2.民意测验;vt1.得到选票;2.对……进行民事测验;vi.投票stir[stə:]vt.1.搅拌,搅动;2.激起,打动;vi.微动;活动;n.惊动;轰动strategy['strætidʒi]n.战略;策略constitutional [,kɔnsti'tju:ʃənəl] a.1.宪法上规定的;2.组成的,构成的provision[prəu'viʒən]n.1.供应,供应品;2.条款,规定;3.[常pl.]给养,口粮electoral[i'lektərəl] a.选举的representation[,reprizen'teiʃən]n.1.描写,表现;2.代表,代理congress['kɔŋɡres, kən'ɡres]n.1.(代表)大会;2.国会,议会;3.[C-](美法等的)参议院,上院House[haus, hauz]n.[英]议院district['distrikt]n.1.区,行政区;2.地区,区域representative [,repri'zentətiv] n.代表,代表人;a.典型的,有代表性的presidency['prezidənsi]n.1.总统(或校长,会长,行长等)职务(或职权,任期);2.管辖overwhelming[,əuvə'hwelmiŋ] a.压倒之势的stand no chance没有可能;没有希望Word资料.identify……as把……看作impact on对……之影响contest ['kɔntest, kən'test] n.1.竞争,比赛;2.争夺,竞争;3.争论,争辩rivalry ['raivəlri]n.竞争;对抗dozen ['dʌzən]n.1.一打,十二个;2.十来个,十几个nominate['nɔmineit, 'nɔminət, -neit]vt.1.提名;2.任命;3.命名electorate[i'lektərət]n.全体选民;选区inevitably[in'evitəbli]ad.不可避免地,必然地dominance['dɔminəns,-nənsi]n.优势,控制,统治assault[ə'sɔ:lt] n.1.攻击,袭击;2.(军)冲击,突击,强击parliamentary[,pɑ:lə'mentəri] a.议会的,国会的congressman['kɔŋɡresmən]n.(美)国会议员statistically[stə'tistikli]ad.在统计方面dominant['dɔminənt] a.占优势的;支配的majority[mə'dʒɔriti] n.1.多数,大半;2.多数党,多数派automatically[,ɔ:tə'mætikəli]ad.自动地;习惯性地competitor[kəm'petitə]n.竞争者;对手running['rʌniŋ]n.1.跑,赛跑;2.竞选inevitable[in'evitəbl] a.不可避免的,必然(发生)的peaceful ['pi:sful] a.1.平静的,安宁的;2.和平的,和平方式的transfer[træns'fə:]vt.1.转移,传输;2调动;3.改变;vi.1.转移,转学;2.换车;换船;n.转移,传输,变换overturn[,əuvə'tə:n, 'əuvətə:n]vt./n.1.打翻,使翻过来;2.推翻,颠覆,毁灭;vi.翻身;倒下foolproof['fu:l,pru:f] a.1.连傻子都懂的;2.不会出毛病的; 3.有安全装置的monopoly[mə'nɔpəli]n.垄断;专卖opposition[,ɔpə'ziʃən]n.1.反对,反抗;2.对立,意见相反monopolize[mə'nɔpəlaiz]v.垄断;专卖moderation[,mɔdə'reiʃən]n.1.温和,适度;2.缓和,减轻legislation[,ledʒis'leiʃən] n.1.立法;2.法律,法规temporarily['tempərərili, ,tempə'rεə-]ad.暂时地,临时地break up打碎;结束;驱散;散开;分解in the running参赛,参加竞选Word资料.in power掌权的,执政的out of power丧失权力in favour of 1.赞成,支持;2.为……的利益,有利于;3.支付给come into power上台;开始掌权carry on 1.经营,进行;ɑ.继续anaesthetics[,ænis'θetiks]n.麻醉学vaccine['væksi:n]n.牛痘苗;疫苗;a.牛痘的;疫苗的diabetes[,daiə'bi:ti:z]n.糖尿病developmental[di,veləp'mentəl] a.1.发展的,开发的;2.促使成长的,起改进作用的disorder[dis'ɔ:də]n.1.混乱;2.失调,紊乱;vt.使混乱;使失调irrelevant[i'reləvənt] a.不相干的,离题的,与……不相干(to)misleading[,mis'li:diŋ] a.引入歧途的;使人误解的irresponsible[,iri'spɔnsəbl] a.无责任感的,不负责任的unethical[ʌn'eθikl] a.不合伦理的;不合道德的thalidomide [θə'lidəmaid]n.[药]萨立多胺(原用作中枢神经镇静剂,因有造成胎儿缺肢畸形的副作用,已被禁用)replacement[ri'pleismənt] n.1.复位,复职;2.替换,代替refinement[ri'fainmənt]n.精炼,精制simulate['simjuleit]vt……假装,冒充;ɑ.模仿,模拟cell[sel] 1.细胞;2.小房间,单人牢房toxicity[tɔk'sisəti]n.毒性eventual[i'ventʃuəl] a.最后的,结局的dose[dəus]n.(一次)剂量replace[ri'pleis]vt.1.把……放回(原处),使恢复(原职);2.更换,以……替代tube[tju:b, tu:b]n.1.管,软管;2.电子管,真空管;3.[英]地铁partly['pɑ:tli]ad.部分地;在一定程度上polio['pəuliəu]n.[医]脊髓灰质炎,小儿麻痹症biomedical[,baiəu'medikəl] a.生物医学的ethics['eθiks]n.[pl.]1.[用作单]伦理学;2.伦理观,道德标准undergo[,ʌndə'ɡəu] vt.经历,经受;忍受suitable['sju:təbl] a.合适的;适当的rabbit ['ræbit]n.兔Word资料.litter['litə]n.1.(供动物睡眠或植物防冻的)干草;2.杂乱无章;3.(猫狗等)一窝(仔畜);4.[总称]乱丢的东西(尤指废纸等杂物);vt.1.为(动物)铺草;2.(多产动物)产(仔);3.乱丢refine[ri'fain]vt.1.提纯,精制;2.使精美,使改进;vt.1.精炼,提纯;2.变优雅regeneration[ri,dʒenə'reiʃən, ri:-]n.新生,再生,复兴paralyse['pærəlaiz]vt.1.使麻痹,使瘫痪;2.使无力,使气馁regrow[ri:'ɡrəu]vt.再生长,重新生长reproduce[,ri:prə'dju:s]vt.1.繁殖;2.再生产,再生长(器官);2.复制;4.再现,重现sacrifice to向……献祭;为……而牺牲;为……而失去do research into进行……的研究be central to对……极为重要的do experiment on用……做实验be irrelevant to与……不相干;不切题test on对……进行试验aim for瞄准;以……为目标pet[pet]n.宠物,爱畜;a.宠爱的,表示亲昵的delightful[di'laitful] a.令人高兴的;讨人喜欢的humanity[hju:'mænəti] n.1.人性,博爱,仁慈;2.人类negative['neɡətiv] a.1.否定的,否认的;2.反面的,消极的;3.[数]负的,[电]阴性的;n.1.负片,底片;2.负数remark[ri'mɑ:k]vt.说,评论;vi.评论,议论(on);n.评论,看法touching['tʌtʃiŋ] a.动人的,使人感伤的going['ɡəuiŋ]n.进行状况;a.进行中的;现行的coming['kʌmiŋ] a.正在到来的,即将来到的;n.来到,到达literal['litərəl] a.1.精确的,如实的;2.逐字的,字面的grant[ɡrɑ:nt, ɡrænt]vt.同意;准予;n.1.同意,授予;2.拨款contented[kən'tentid] a.满足的,满意的serene[si'ri:n] a.安详的;宁静的contemplate['kɔntəm,pleit] vt.1.注视,凝视;2.沉思plea[pli:]n.1.请求,恳求;2.托词devotion[di'vəuʃən]n.献身,忠诚ownership['əunəʃip]n.1.拥有;2.所有权,所有制Word资料.imperative [im'perətiv] a.1.绝对必要的,迫切的;2.命令,强制的;3.[语]祈使的stricken['strikən]I. strike的过去分词II.a.1.被打中的,被击伤的;2(常用以构成复合词)受灾的,受侵袭的relief[ri'li:f]n.1.(痛苦,压迫等)减轻,宽慰;2.救济donation[dəu'neiʃən]n.捐献;赠送afflict[ə'flikt]vt.使苦恼,折磨deprive[di'praiv]vt.夺去,剥夺;使失去(of)individualistic['indi,vidjuə'listik, -dʒu-] a.个人主义(者)的prevail[pri'veil, pri:-]vi.1.胜过(over,against);2.流行,盛行starvation[stɑ:'veiʃən] n.饥饿;饿死kwashiorkor[,kwɑ:ʃi'ɔ:kə]n.[医]恶性营养不良症deficiency[di'fiʃənsi]n.缺乏,不足starve[stɑ:v]vi.1.饿死;2.挨饿;3.极需,渴望(for);vt.使饿死;使挨饿sustain[sə'stein]vt.1.支撑,承受住;2.供养,维持unreasonable[,ʌn'ri:zənəbl] a.1.不讲道理的,非理智的;2.不合情理的,过度的bring out 1.使显现,显示;2生产,使产生attach……to使……与……相关,把……附加到goings and comings 1.来往;2.活动,发生的事take……for granted 1.认为真实;2.视为当然at ease自在的,舒适的plea for恳求;请求not that……并不是说not (never)for a moment决不;从不break in on(upon) 1.打扰;2.打断,闯进feel bitter at对……怀恨seize hold of 1.抓住;2.占有daydream['deidri:m]vi./n.白日做梦symptom['simptəm]n.症状,征兆habitual[hə'bitjuəl] a.1.习惯性的,习以为常的2.惯常的,已成规则的maladjustment[,mælə'dʒʌstmənt]n.1.失调;2.不适应环境compensatory[kəm'pensətəri] a.赔偿,补偿的Word资料.equilibrium[,i:kwi'libriəm]n.1.平衡,均衡,平均,相称;2.均势;3.(心情的)平静;4.(判断上的)不偏不倚intellectual[,intə'lektjuəl, -tʃuəl] n.知识分子;a.智力的,理智的detail ['di:teil, di'teil]n.细节,详情;vt.详述,详细说明enhance[in'hɑ:ns, -hæns]vt.提高;增强spur [spə:]vt.1.用催马刺催促(马);2.激励,鞭策;n.1.踢马刺;2.刺激(物),激励,鼓舞initial[i'niʃəl] a.1.最初的,开始的;2.词首的;n.首字母inventor[in'ventə]n.发明者,创造者waylay[,wei'lei, 'weilei]vt.伏击;拦住……问讯muse[mju:z]v./n.沉思,冥想confront[kən'frʌnt]vt.1.面对,遭遇;2.正视,对抗painter['peintə] n.漆工;画家sensitivity[,sensi'tiviti]n.敏感性;灵敏度inner['inə] a.1.内部的,里面的;2.思想的,精神的;n.内部;里面reflection[re'flekʃən] n.1.反射,反映,映像;2.深思,考虑creativity[,kriei'tiviti]n.创造性effortless['efətlis] a.1.不作努力的;2.不费力的,容易的dreamlike['dri:mlaik] a.梦一般的,梦幻的surrounding[sə'raundiŋ]n.[pl.]周围的事物;环境;a.周围的character['kærəktə]n.1.性格,品质;2.特性,特征;3.人物,角色;4.(书写或印刷)符号,(汉)字thinker['θiŋkə]n.思想家;思考者steadily['stedili]ad.稳固地;稳定地vividly['vividli]ad.鲜明地;生动地drift[drift] n.1.漂流;2.趋势,倾向;vi.漂流;漂泊;vt.使漂流trace [treis]n.1.痕迹,踪迹;2.微量,少许;vt.跟踪,查找undisturbed[,ʌndi'stə:bd] a.不受干扰的;宁静的tune[tju:n, tu:n]n.1.曲调,曲子;2.和谐,协调;vt.1.为(乐器)调音;2.和谐,调节midst[midst] n.中间,当中;prep.(=amidst)在……当中impoverished[im'pɔvəriʃt] a.贫困的,赤贫的well-being['wel'bi:ŋ]n.1.健康;2.福利,幸福modest['mɔdist] a.1.谦虚的,谦恭的;2.适中的,不过分的Word资料.investment[in'vestmənt]n.投资;(时间,精力的)投入excitement[ik'saitmənt]n.刺激;兴奋to excess过分,过度,过量substitute……for用……代替……be contrary to与……相反in reality实际上,事实上put off 1.延期;2.消除;3.阻碍let go of放手;放开be confronted with面临,面对draw on 1.用做来源,依靠;2.临近gaze at凝视,注视be unaware of不知道……,没觉察到……dream of梦见;梦想in one's mind's eye在脑海里at sea 1.在海上,在航海中;2.迷惑,茫然go over 1.越过,渡过;2.仔细检查impress……on使……铭记,牢记be free from没有……的;不受……的put aside 1.放在一边,撇开;2.储存be beneficial to对……有益add up to 1.总和是;2.[口]总起来意味着perchance[pə'tʃɑ:ns]ad.[古]1.偶然,意外地;2.可能,或许miserable['mizərəbl] a.悲惨的;可怜的far-fetched['fɑ:'fetʃt] a.1.牵强的;2.未必会的,靠不住的veteran['vetərən]n.1.老兵,老手;2.[美]退伍军人;a.老练的;经验丰富的administration [əd,mini'streiʃən] n.1.管理,经营;2.行政,行政机关sleepy['sli:pi] a.困倦的,嗜睡的link[liŋk]n.环节,联系;vt.用环连接;联系elude [i'lju:d]vt.(巧妙地)逃避,躲避respectively[ri'spektivli]ad.各自地,分别地definitive[di'finitiv] a.1.决定的,确定的;2.限定的,明确的Word资料.evolve[i'vɔlv]vt.1.使发展,使形成,制定;2.引申出,推论;vi.1.进展;2.进化differ ['difə] vi.1.不同,相异(from);2.与……意见不同(from,with)surprisingly[sə'praiziŋli]ad.惊人地;出乎意料地namely['neimli] ad.即,也就是plus[plʌs]prep.加,加上;a.1.正的;2.附加的acronym['ækrəunim] n.首字母缩略词eyeball['aibɔ:l]n.眼球correlation[,kɔ:ri'leiʃən]n.相互关系,关联physiology[,fizi'ɔlədʒi] n.生理学unhappy[,ʌn'hæpi]n.1.不快乐的,愁苦的;2.不幸的dreamer['dri:mə]n.1.做梦的;2.空想家volunteer[,vɔlən'tiə]n.志愿者;志愿兵;a.志愿的;vi.志愿identity[ai'dentəti]n.1.同一,一致;2.身份,本体primarily['praimərəli, prai'me-] ad.1.首先,起初;2.首要地,主要地merry['meri] a.欢乐的,愉快的psychology[psai'kɔlədʒi]n.1.心理学;2.心理location[ləu'keiʃən]n.1.定位,测位;2.位置,场所reinforce[,ri:in'fɔ:s] vt.1.增援,支援;2加强,增加;3.进一步证实influence on对……的影响break into分成(部分)check into调查compel[kəm'pel]vt.强迫(to)rightly['raitli]ad.1公正地,正当地;2.合适地,恰当地laborer['leibərə] n.劳动者;工人antithesis [æn'tiθisis] n.1.对偶(修辞学)对句;2.对立,对立面voluntary['vɔləntəri] a.1.自愿的,志愿的;2.自发的undertake[,ʌndə'teik]vt.1.着手做,进行;2承担,从事,进行;3承担,答应(to)coronary['kɔ:rənəri] a.冠的;冠状的;n.1.冠状动脉;2.冠状动脉血栓形成compulsion[kɔm'pʌlʃən]n.强制,强迫Word资料.。

人教版新目标九年级全册英语单词默写

人教版新目标九年级全册英语单词默写

人教版新目标九年级全册英语单词默写(英译汉)Unit 1 How can we become good learnerstextbook /tekstbuk/ n. conversation /kɔnvəs eɪʃn/, n.aloud /əlaud/ adv.pronunciation /prənʌnsieIʃn/ n.sentence /sentəns/ n.patient /peiʃnt/ adj. n.expression /ikspreʃn/ n.discover /dIskʌvə (r)/ v.secret /si:krət/ n. adj.fall in love withgrammar /græmə (r)/ n. repeat /ripi:t/ v.note /nəut/ n. v.pal /pæl/ n.pattern /pætn/, /pætən/ n.physics /fiziks/ n.chemistry /kemistri/ n. partner /pa:(r)tnə (r)/ n.pronounce /prənauns/ v. increase /Inkri:s/ v.speed /spi:d/ n.ability /əbiləti/ n.brain /brein/ n.active /æktiv/ adj.attention /ətenʃn/ n.pay attention toconnect /kənekt/ v.connect … withovernight /əu və (r)nait/adv.review /rivju:/ v. & n.knowledge /nɔlidʒ/n.wisely /waizli/ adv.Annie /æni/Alexander Graham Bell 格雷厄姆• 贝尔Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious!lantern /læntə (r)n/ n. stranger /streindʒə (r)/ n.relative /relətiv/ n.put onpound /paund/ n.folk /fəul k/ adj.goddess /gɔdes/, /gA:d@s/ n.steal /sti:l/ v. (stole /stəu l/, stolen /stəu lən/)lay /lei/ v. (laid /leid/, laid)lay outdessert /di’zə:(r)t/ ngarden /ga:(r)dn/ n.admire /ədmaiə (r)/ v.tie /tai/ n.haunted /hɔ:ntid/ a.ghost /gəu st/ n.trick /trik/ n.treat /tri:t/ n.spider /spaidər)/ n.Christmas /krisməs/n.fool /fu:l/ n. v. adj.lie /laI/ v. (lay /leI/, lain /leIn/) novel /nɔvl/, /na:vl/ n.eve /i:v/ nbookstore /bukstɔ:(r)/ n.dead /ded/ adj.business /biznəs/ n.punish /pʌnis/ v.warn /wɔ:(r)n/ v.present /preznt/ n. adj.nobody /nəu bədi/, /nəu ba:di/ pron.warmth /wɔ:(r)mθ/ n.spread /spred/ v. n.Macao /məkau/Chiang Mai /tʃiæn maI/, /dʒa:nmaI/ Halloween /hæləu i:n/St. /seint/ Valentine’s /væləntainz/ Day Clara /kla:rə/, /klerə/ 克拉拉(女名)Santa /sæntə/ Claus /klɔ:z/ 圣诞老人Charles /tʃa:(r)lz/ Dickens /dikənz/查尔斯• 狄更斯(英)Scrooge /skru:dʒ/ 斯克鲁奇n.(非正式)吝啬鬼Jacob /dʒeikəb/ Marley /ma:(r)li/雅各布• 马利Unit 3 Could you please tell me where the restrooms arerestroom /restru:m/ n.stamp /stæmp/ n.postcard /pəu stka:(r)d/ n.pardon /pa:(r)dn/ interjwashroom /wɔʃru:m/, n.bathroom /ba:θru:m/ n.quick /kwik/adj.rush /rʌʃ/ v. & n.suggest /sədʒest/ v.staff /sta:f/ n.grape /greip/ n.central /sentrəl/ adj.mail /meil/ v. n.east /i:st/ adj.fascinating /fæsineitiŋ/ a.convenient /kənvi:niənt/ a.mall /mɔ:l/ n.clerk /kla:k/, /kl3:rk/ n. corner /kɔ:(r)nə(r)/ n.polite /pəlait/ adj.politely /pəlaitli/ adv.speaker /spi:kə(r)/ n.request /rikwest/ n.choice /tʃɔi s/ n.direction /direkʃn, dairekʃn/ n.correct /kərekt/ adj.direct /direkt, dairekt/ adj.whom /hu:m/ pron. address /ədres/, /ædres/ n.faithfully /feiθfəli/ adv.Italian /Itæliən/ a.Kevin /kevin/ 凯文(男名)Tim /tim/ 蒂姆(男名)Unit 4 I used to be afraid of thedark.humorou /hju:mərəs/ a.silent /sailənt/ adj.helpful /helpfl/adj.from time to timescore /skɔ:(r)/ n. & v.background /bækgraund/ n.interview /Intə (r)vju:/ v.Asian /eiʃn, / a.deal withdare /deə/, /der/ v.private /praivət/ adj.guard /ga:(r)d/ n.require /rikwaiə(r)/ v.British /britiʃ/ adj.speech/spi:tʃ/ n.ant /ænt/ n. insect /insekt/ n. influence /influəns/ v. & n.seldom /seldəm/ adv.proud /praud/ adj.be proud ofabsent /æbsənt/ adj.fail /feil/ v.examination /igzæmineiʃn/ n.boarding /bɔ:(r)diŋ/ schoolin personexactly /igzæktli/ adv.pride /praid/ n.take pride ingrandson /grænsʌn/ n.general /dʒenrəl/ a. n.introduction /intr əd ʌk ʃn/ n. Paula /p ɔ:l ə/ Alfred /ælfrid/ Billy /bili/Candy /k ændi/ 坎迪(女名) Jerry /d ʒeri/ 杰里(男名);杰丽(女名) Emily /emili/ 埃米莉(女名)Unit 5 What are the shirts makde ofmaterial /m əti əri əl/ n.chopsticks /t ʃɔpstiks/ n. coin /k ɔin/ fork /f ɔ:k/ n. blouse /blauz/ n. sliver /silv ə/ n.glass /glas/ n . cotton /k ɔtn/ n. steel /sti:l/ n. grass /gras/ n.leaf /li:f/ n (pl. leaves /li:vz/)n. produce /pr ədju:s/,v. widely /waidli/ adv. process /pr əu ses/, v. France /fra:ns/, /fr{ns/ no matter local /l əu kl/ adj. even though brand /br ænd/ n. avoid / əv ɔi d/ v. product /pr ɔd ʌkt/ n. handbag /h ændb æg/ n. mobile /m əu bail/, /m əu bl/ a Germany /d ʒə:(r)m əni/ n. surface /s ə:(r)fis/ n. postman /p əu stm ən/ n. cap /k æp/ n glove /gl ʌv/ ninternational /int ə(r)n æʃn əl/ adj.competitor /k əmpetit ə(r)/ n. paint /peint/ v.its /its/ adj. form /f ɔ:(r)m/ n. clay /klei/ n. balloon /b əlu:n/ n. scissors /siz ə(r)z/ n. (pl.) lively /laivli/ a.fairy /fe əri/, /feri/ tale /teil/ nheat /hi:t/ n. polish /p ɔli ʃ/ v.complete /k əmpli:t/ v. Korea /k əri:ə/ Switzerland /swits ə(r)l ənd/ San Francisco /s æn fr ənsisk əu/Pam /p æm/ (女名)Unit 6 When was it inventedheel /hi:l/ n. electricity /ilektris əti/ n. scoop /sku:p/ n. style/stail/ n. project /pr əd ʒekt/ n. pleasure /ple ʒə(r)/ n. zipper /zip ə(r)/ n. (= zip) daily /deili/ adj.website /websait/ n. pioneer /pai əni ə/ n. list /list/ v. n.mention /men ʃn/ v. by accident nearly /ni əli/, /nirli/ adv.boil /b ɔi l/ v. smell /smel/ n. v.saint/seint/ n. take place doubt /daut/ n. without doubtfridge /frid ʒ/ n.translate /tr ænsleit/ v. lock /l ɔk/, /la:k/ v.earthquake /ə:(r)θkweik/n.sudden /sʌdən/ adj.all of a suddenbiscuit /biskit/ n.cookie/kuki/ n.instrument/instrumənt/n. crispy /krispi/ adj.sour /sauə(r)/ adj.by mistakecustomer /kʌstəmə (r)/ n.Canadian /kəneidiən/ a. /ndivide /divaid/ v.divide ... intopurpose /pə:(r)pəs/ n.basket /ba:skit/ n.the Olympics /əu limpiks/look up tohero /hiərəu/ n.Berlin /bə:lin/NBA (National Basketball Association)国家篮球协会(美国职业篮球联赛)CBA (China Basketball Association)中国篮球协会(中国职业篮球联赛)Chelsea/tʃelsi/ Lanmon /lænmən/切尔西• 兰曼Jayce /dʒeis/ Coziar /kəu zia:/杰斯• 克里亚Jamie /dʒeimi/ Ellsworth /elzwə:(r)θ/杰米• 埃尔斯沃恩Julie /dʒu:li/ Thompson /tɔmpsən/朱莉• 汤普森Whitcomb /witkəm/ Judson /dʒʌdsən/惠特科姆• 贾德森Thomas /tɔməs/ Watson /wɔtsən/托马斯• 沃森George /dʒɔ:(r)dʒ/ Crum /krʌm/乔治• 克拉姆James /dʒeimz/ Naismith /naismiθ/詹姆斯• 奈史密斯Unit 7 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. smoke /sməu k/ v. n. pierce /piəs/, /pirs/ v.license /laIsns/n. (= licence)safety /seifti/ n.earring /iəriŋ/ n.cry /krai/ v. & n.field /fi:ld/ n.hug /hʌg/ n. & v.lift /lIft/ v.talk backawful /ɔ:fl/ adj.teen /ti:n/ n.regret /rigret/ v.poem /pəui m/ n.bedroom /bedru:m/ n.community /kəmju:nəti/ n.keep away fromchance /tʃa:ns/ n.make one’s own decisionmanage /mænidʒ/ v.society /səsaiəti/ n.unit /ju:nit/ n.educate /edʒukeit/ v.get in the way ofprofessional /prəfeʃənl/ a.enter /entə(r)/ v.support /səpɔ:(r)t/ v. & n.Picasso /pikæsəu/ / 毕加索(西班牙画家)Unit 8 It must belong to Carla.truck /trʌk/ n.rabbit /ræbIt/ n.whose /hu:z/ adj. & pron. attend /ətend/ v.valuable /væljuəbl/ a.pink /pink/ adj.picnic /piknik/ n. somebody /sʌmbədi/ pron.anybody /enibədi/ pron.noise /nɔi z/ n.policeman /pəli:smən/ n.wolf /wulf/ n.laboratory /l əb ɔr ətri/ n. coat /k əu t/ n. sleepy /sli:pi/ adj. pocket /p ɔkit/ n. 0 alien /eili ən/ n. suit /sju:t/, /su:t/ n. express /ikspres/ v. not only … but alsoBritain /britn/ n. (= Great Britain) receive /risi:v/ v. leader /li:d ə (r)/ n. midsummer /mIidsm ə(r)/ n. medical /medikl/ adj. prevent /privent/ v. energy /en ə(r)d ʒi/ n. burial /beri əl/ n.honor /ɔn ə/v. (= honour) n. ancestor /ænsest ə(r)/ n. victory /vikt əri/ n. enemy /en əmi/ n. period /pi əri əd/ n. mystery /mistri/ n. Stonehenge /st əu nhend ʒ/ Carla /ka:(r)l ə/J. K. Rowling /r əu li ŋ/ J. K. Victor /vikt ə(r)/ Jean /dZ=ʒi:n/Paul Stoker /st əu k ə(r)/Unit 9 I like music that I can dance to. prefer /prif ə:(r)/ v.Lyrics /liriks/ n. (pl.) Australian /ɔstreili ən/ a.n.electronic /ilektr ɔnik/ a. suppose /s əp əu z/ v. smooth /smu:ð/ / adj. spare /spe ə / adj. case /keIs/ n.in that casewar /w ɔ:(r)/ n. director /direkt ə/ n.dialogue /dai əl ɔg / n. (=dialog) documentary /d ɔkjumentri/n. drama /dra:m ə/ n. plenty /plenti/ pron.plenty of shut /ʃʌt/ v. (shut, shut) superhero /su:p ə(r)hi ər əu / n. horror /h ɔr ə/ n. thriller /θril@(r)/ n. intelligent /intelId ʒənt/ a. sense /sens/ v. n.pain /pein/ n. reflect /riflekt/ v. perform /p ə (r)f ɔ:(r)m/ v. amazing /əmeizi ŋ/ a.pity /piti/ n. total /t əu tl/ n. a. in total master /ma:st ə / n. v. praise /preiz/ v. & n. national /n æʃnl/ adj. recall /rik ɔ:l/ v. wound /wu:nd/ n. World War II Titanic /tait ænik/ Carmen /ka:(r)men/ Dan /d æn/ Dervish /d ə:(r)vi ʃ/Unit 10 You're supposed to shake hands.custom /k ʌst əm/ n.bow /bau v.kiss /kis/ v. & n. greet /gri:t/ v. value /v ælju:/ v. n. everyday /evridei/ adj. drop bycapital /k æpitl/ n.noon /nu:n/ n. mad /m æd/ adj. get mad make an effort traffic /tr æfik/ n. somewhere /s ʌmwe ə / adv. passport /pa:sp ɔ:t/n.chalk /t ʃɔ:k/ n. blackboard /bl ækb ɔ:(r)d/ n. northern /n ɔ:(r)ð (r)n/ adj. coast /k əu st/ n. season /si:zn/ n. knock /n ɔk/ v. eastern /i:st ə (r)n/ adj. worth /w ə:(r)θ/ adj. manner /m æn ə(r)/ n. empty /empti/ adj. basic /beisik/ adj.exchange /ikst ʃeind ʒ/ n. & v. go out of one’s way make ... feel at homegranddaughter /gr ænd ɔ:t ə(r)/ n.behave /biheiv/ v.except /iksept/ prep. conj. elbow /elb əu / n. gradually /gr æd ʒu əli/ adv.suggestion /s əd ʒest ʃən/ n. Brazil /br əzil/ Mexico /meksik əu / Cali /ka:li/ Colombia /k əl ʌmbi ə/ ) Lausanne /l əu z æn/ )Norway /n ɔ:(r)wei Maria /m əri: ə/ Katie /keiti/ Sato /sa:t ɔ/ Marie /m əri:/Teresa /t əri:z ə/Lopez /l əu pez/ Marc /ma:(r)k/ LeBlanc /l əbla:ŋ/Unit 11 Sad movies make me cry.the more … the more… leave out friendship /frend ʃi p/ n. king /ki ŋ/ n.prime /praim/ adj.minister /minist ə(r)/ n. prime minister fame /feim/ n. pale /peil/ adj. queen /kwi:n/ n. examine /igz æmin/ vnor /n ɔ:(r)/ conj. & adv. neither ... nor palace /p æl əs/ n. power /pau ə(r)/ n. wealth /wel θ/ n. grey /grei/ a.lemon /lem ən/ n. cancel /k ænsl/ v. weight /weit/ n.shoulder /ʃəuld ə(r)/ n. goal /g əul/ n.coach /k əut ʃ / n. kick /kik/ v. teammate /ti:meit/ n.courage /k ʌrid ʒ / n. rather /ra:ð/ ə/ adv.rather than pull /pul/ v. pull togetherrelief /rili:f/ n. nod /n ɔd/ v. agreement / əgri:m ənt/ n. fault /f ɔ:lt/ n. disappoint /dis əp ɔi nt/ v. Bert /b ə:(r)t/ Holly /h ɔli /Unit 12 Life is full of theunexpected.backpack /bækpæk/ n.oversleep v.(overslept , overslept)give ... a liftmiss /mis/ v.unexpected /ʌnikspektid/ a.block /blɔk / n.worker /wə:(r)kə(r)/ n.stare /steə/ v.disbelief /disbili:f/ n.above /əbʌv/ adv.prep.burn /bə:(r)n/ v. (burnt /bə:(r)nt/, burned /;burnt, burned)alive /əlaIv/adj.take offtill /til/ conj. & prep.west /west/ adv. adj. n.cream /kri:m/ n.boss/bɔs/ n.pie /pai/ n.course /kɔ:(r)s/ n. bean /bi:n/ n.market /ma:(r)kit/ n.costume /kɔstju:m/ n embarrassed /imbærəst/ adj .announce /ənauns/ v.hoax /həu ks/ n.discovery /diskʌvəri/ n.lady /leidi/ n.officer /ɔfisə/ n.believable /bili:vəbl/ adj.embarrassing /imbærəsiŋ/ a.New Zealand /nju:zi:lənd/Italy /Itəli/Mars /ma:(r)z/Carl /ka:(r)l/Orson /ɔ:(r)sən/ Welles /welz/ Unit 13 We're trying to save theearth!litter /litə(r)/ v.bottom /bɔtəm/n.fisherman /fiʃə(r)mən/ n.coal /kəu l/ n.public /pʌblik/ adj. n. ugly /ʌgli/ adj.advantage /ədva:ntidʒ/ n.cost /kɔst/, /kɔ:st/ v. n.wooden /wudn/ adj.plastic /plæstik/ adj. n.make a differenceshark /ʃa:(r)k/ n.fin /fin/ ncut offmethod /meθəd/ n.cruel /kru:əl/ adj.harmful /ha:(r)mfl/ adj.chain /tʃein/ n.ecosystem /i:kəu sistəm/ n.low /ləu/ aindustry /indəstri/ n.law /lɔ:/ n.reusable /ri:ju:zəbl/ adj.可再次使用的afford /əfɔ:(r)d/ v.transportation/tænspɔ:(r)teiʃn/ n. recycle /ri:saikl/ v.napkin /næpkin/ n.upside downgate /geIt/ n.bottle /bɔtl/ n.president /prezidənt/ n.inspiration /inspəreiʃn/ n. ;metal /metl/ n.creativity /kri:eitivəti/ n.WildAid /waildeid/WWF (World Wide Fund For Nature)Mark /ma:(r)k/ Jason /d ʒeis ən/ Ken /ken/ Hayes /heiz/ Jessica /d ʒesik ə/Unit 14 I remember meeting all ofyou in Grade 7survey /s ə:(r)vei/ n. standard /st ænd ə(r)d/ n. row /r əu / n.in a row keyboard /ki:b ɔ:(r)d/ n. instruction /instr ʌk ʃn/ n. double /d ʌbl/ v. adj. shall / ʃæl/ modal v.overcome / əu v ə(r)k ʌm/ v.(overcame , overcome)make a mess graduate /gr æd ʒueit/ v. keep one’s coolours /au ə(r)z/ pron. senior /si:ni ə(r)/ a.senior high (school) text /tekst/ n. level /levl/ n. degree /digri:/ n manager /m ænid ʒə(r)/ n.believe in gentleman /d ʒentlm ən/ n. graduation /gr æd ʒuei ʃn/ n. ceremony /ser əm əni/ n. congratulate /k əngr æt ʃuleit/ v. thirsty /θ3:(r)sti/ a. none /n ʌn/ pron. task /ta:sk / n. ahead / əhed/ adv. responsible /risp ɔns əbl/ adj.be responsible forseparate/sep əreit/adj. v.wing /wi ŋ/ n. Brian /brai ən/ Luke /lu:k/ Griffin /grifin/ Trent /trent/。

4.1.Extensive Form Games Intro.1.0(博弈论讲-Arizona State University)

4.1.Extensive Form Games Intro.1.0(博弈论讲-Arizona State University)

Extensive-Form Games: IntroductionÙIntroduction______________________________________________________________________1 Game Trees______________________________________________________________________1 Information sets___________________________________________________________________6 Games of perfect recall_____________________________________________________________9 Arborescences___________________________________________________________________12 Simultaneity_____________________________________________________________________13 Divide and conquer: subgames______________________________________________________13IntroductionWhen we model a strategic economic situation we want to capture as much of the relevant detail as tractably possible. A game can have a complex temporal and information structure; and this structure could well be very significant to understanding the way the game will be played. These structures are not acknowledged explicitly in the game’s strategic form, so we seek a more inclusive formulation. It would be desirable to include at least the following: 1) the set of players, 2) who moves when and under what circumstances, 3) what actions are available to a player when she is called upon to move, 4) what she knows when she is called upon to move, and 5) what payoff each player receives when the game is played in a particular way. Components 2 and 4are additions to the strategic-form description; component 3 typically involves more specification in the extensive form than in the strategic form.We can incorporate all of these features within an extensive-form description of the game. The foundation of the extensive form is a game tree. First I’ll discuss what a tree is and then describe the additional specifications and interpretations we need to make in order to transform it into a full-fledged extensive-form description of the game. We’ll discuss additional restrictions upon the information structure to reflect a common assumption, viz. perfect recall, which asserts that players don’t forget. We’ll discuss the relation between this traditional, graph-theoretic exposition and a more recent one based on the arborescence. After that we’ll learn how to ease our analysis of complicated games by breaking them up into simpler subgames.Game TreesWe’ll construct our definition of a tree by first defining more primitive graph-theoretic entities. (Iyanaga and Kawada [1980: 234–235]). A graph G=(V,E) consists of a finite set V of vertices and a finite set E of edges of V. An edge e˙E is an unordered pair of distinct elements of V; e.g. the edge e=(v,v’)joins the two vertices v,v’˙V.Ù© 1997 by Jim Ratliff , <jim@>, </gametheory>.Consider an alternating sequence of vertices and edges of a graph G, P={v0,e1,v1,e2,…,e n,v n}. P is a path if 1 each edge e i joins its neighbors v i¥1 and v i and 2 no edge is encountered more than once (i.e.e i≠e j when i≠j).1 In this case we say that v i and v j, for i,j˙{1,…,n}, are connected by P and that P runs from v0to v n.2 (Note that a path may encounter the same vertex more than once.) A path is closed if it begins and ends with the same vertex, i.e. v0=v n. A closed path which never reencounters a vertex, except for the first, is called a circuit. I.e. a closed path P is a circuit if v i≠v j whenever i≠j and {i,j}≠{0,n}. In other words a circuit is a single “loop.” A graph G is connected if for every pair of distinct vertices v,v’˙V, v≠v’, there exists a path in G which connects v and v’.Now we’re ready to define a tree. A tree is a connected graph which contains no circuit.3 In game theory we often refer to the vertices as nodes and, consistent with our dendro-metaphor, to edges as branches.4Because a tree is a connected graph, any node can be reached from any other node by traversing a sequence of branches. Because it has no circuits, a tree is unicursal: for any pair of nodes, there is exactly one path which runs from the first to the second.Example: graphs and treesFigure 1: A graph.The sets of vertices and edges in Figure 1 form a graph. The edges depicted graphically are defined bye1=(v0,v1),e2=(v0,v2),e3=(v1,v2),e4=(v1,v3),e5=(v2,v4),e6=(v3,v4),e7=(v2,v3).The following two alternating sequences of vertices and edges are paths:{v0,e1,v1}, {v0,e2,v2,e5,v4,e6,v3,e7,v2,e3,v1}.Note in the second case that the vertex v2 is encountered twice. The sequence {v0,e1,v2} is not a path. Neither is1Let e=(v,v’) and e’=(v’,v) be edges, where v and v’ are vertices. Because edges are unordered pairs, we have e=e’.2This “runs from… to” terminology is not standard, but I find it useful for expository purposes here.3I.e., no circuit can be constructed from vertices and edges belonging to the graph.4My treatment roughly follows that of Kuhn [1953], which is the hugely influential, seminal paper concerning extensive-form games.{v0,e1,v1,e3,v2,e7,v3,e4,v1,e3,v2},because the edge e3 is encountered twice.The two sequences{v0,e2,v2,e5,v4,e6,v3,e4,v1,e1,v0}, {v0,e1,v1,e3,v2,e7,v3,e6,v4,e5,v2,e2,v0}are closed paths. The first is a circuit; the second is not, because the vertex v2 is encountered twice. Figure 2 shows two connected graphs. The first is a tree; the second is not.Figure 2: Two connected graphs: (a) a tree and (b) a nontree.Now we want to enhance our tree to become a game tree. We henceforth assume that the tree has at least two vertices. We bestow one vertex of the tree with the honor of being the initial node, O. (See Figure 3.) This is where the game begins. It is a decision node.wFigure 3: A game tree.If a noninitial node x is incident with two or more branches, it is also a decision node. Let XÓV be the set of decision nodes. (In Figure 3, X={O,å,∫,∂}.) One of these branches leads to the node; the remaining branches lead away from the node. Since branches are unordered pairs of nodes, how do youknow which branch leads to the node and which lead away? It’s simple: For some noninitial decision node x˙X\{O}, find the unique path which runs from the initial node O to node x. That path will contain exactly one of the branches incident with x; this branch is the one which leads to x. The other branches incident at v are the branches which lead away from x. For example, in Figure 3, there are three edges incident at node ∂: g, U, and D. The unique path running from the initial node to node ∂ is {O,L,å,g,∂}. This path contains only the g edge incident at ∂; therefore g is the branch leading to ∂ and U and D are the edges leading away.We interpret each edge e˙E as an action. Let A be the set of all actions and let f:ÙE§A be the function which assigns an action to each edge. The branches which lead away from a decision node represent the actions available at that node. We require that, for a given decision node x˙X, the function f assign a unique action to each branch leading away from x. (Otherwise it would not be well specified what path would result from a particular action taken at x.) The actions available at any decision node x˙X are given by the set Aªxº=fª{e˙E:Ùe leads away from x}º.5 (So A is a correspondence A:ÙXéA.) In Figure 3, AªOº={L,R}, Aªåº=Aª∫º={g,s}, and Aª∂º={U,D}. More than one edge may correspond to the same action (as long as any such pair of edges does not lead away from the same node). For example, in Figure 3, there are two edges which correspond to the action g. In what follows I will often refer to an edge e˙E by its associated action fªeº.6Any noninitial node with only one incident branch necessarily has no actions available. Such a node is a terminal node. Let ZÓV be the set of terminal nodes. The tree in Figure 3 has five terminal nodes: Z={z1,z2,z3,z4,z5}. The decision and terminal nodes partition the game tree’s nodes: i.e. V=X¨Z and XËZ=õ. The game ends whenever a terminal node is reached. We identify the terminal nodes with outcomes of the game. (Sometimes outcome is used to refer not just to a terminal node but to the unique path from the initial node to that terminal node.)So we have established that the game begins at the initial node and play ends at a terminal node. In what order are the intermediate decisions made? Consider two distinct nodes v,v’˙V, v≠v’. We say that v precedes v’, or that v is a predecessor of v’, if v lies on the unique path which runs from the initial node O to v’. We write vüv’. Equivalently, we say that v’ is a successor of v, and write v’öv. For example, in Figure 3, the unique path running from the initial node O to ∂ is {O,L,å,g,∂}. This path contains å but not contain ∫; therefore å is a predecessor of ∂, but ∫ is not.Predecession, then, defines a binary relation ü on the set of nodes V, viz.ü={(v,v’)˙V2:Ùvüv’}.7,8(1) 5Recall that if f:ÙX§Y is a function and SÓX, then fªSº is the image of S under f, i.e. fªSº={fªxº:Ùx˙S}.6For example, in the previous paragraph I referred to the edge connecting å and ∂ by its action g.7 A binary relation R on a set X can be thought of as a subset of the Cartesian product of X with itself, i.e. RÓX˜X, which includes allthose pairs (x,y)˙X2 such that xRy. I.e. (x,y)˙R⁄xRy.8The succession binary relation ö is the inverse relation of ü; i.e. Åv,v’˙V, vüv’⁄v’öv; it could also be called the dual order (except for a minor problem that ü is irreflexive and therefore not actually providing an ordering). (See later footnote.)It is intuitively obvious—and you can show rigorously—that the predecession relation is irreflexive (Åv˙V, not vüv), asymmetric [vüv’flnotÙÙ(v’üv)], and transitive [(vüv’ and v’üv”) fl vüv”]. This binary relation need not be complete; there may exist a pair of nodes v,v’˙V such that neither vüv’ nor v’üv. For example in Figure 3, å and ∫ are unordered by precedence. A partial listing of the precedence relations in Figure 3 is: Oüz3, åüz2, and åü∂.The initial node is a predecessor of every noninitial node and has no predecessor itself. For every noninitial node x˙V\{O}, let Pªxº be the set of predecessors of x; i.e. Pªxº={v˙V:Ùvüx}. For example in Figure 3, Pª∂º={O,å} and Pªz4º={O,∫}. Although predecession provides only a partial ordering in general on the set V of all nodes, you can show that it totally orders the set Pªxº of predecessors of any noninitial node x˙V\{O}. (I.e. if v,v’˙Pªxº and v≠v’, then either vüv’ or v’üv.9)10We say that v is the immediate predecessor of v’ if there is an action available at v (i.e. a branch incident at v which leads away from the initial node) which leads directly to v’. (This requires that vüv’and that a single edge joins v and v’. You can prove that each noninitial node has a unique immediate predecessor.) Alternatively we could say that v is the immediate predecessor of v’ if v=maxüÙPªv’º, which means that all other predecessors of v’ must also precede v.11 In Figure 3, for example, O is the immediate predecessor of å but not of ∂, and å is the immediate predecessor of ∂.We have thus far identified the locations in the tree at which decisions are made—the decision nodes—and created a structure which relates the various decisions by specifying what actions lead to which other decisions and in what temporal order. But we still haven’t said who makes which decisions. We retain our standard player set I={1,…,n}, but we also allow Nature to be player 0 when required. (We will see later that Nature can be given the job of introducing new information into the game.)So now we assign to each decision node x˙X exactly one player i˙I¨{0}. We specify this assignment by a node-ownership function ô:ÙX§(I¨{0}) where each decision node x˙X is assigned to the player specified by ôªxº. The set of decision nodes assigned to player i˙I¨{0} is X i={x˙X:Ùôªxº=i}. The node-ownership function ô thus induces a player partitionÙ={X0,X1,…,X n} of the set X of decision nodes.12 We say that a node belongs to a particular player or that a player owns a particular node.Every terminal node z˙Z represents some outcome which affects the players. Perhaps it’s success for 9Note that if a node x˙V has only one predecessor, so that Pªxº is a singleton set, then Pªxº is trivially totally ordered by the binary relation ü.10In my experience it is conventional to require that a binary relation R on a set X be reflexive (i.e. Åx˙X, xRx) in order that it impose a preordering upon X. (See Debreu [1959: 7] and Iyanaga and Kawada [1980: 958, 960].) Kreps [1990: 364] explicitly weakens this notion by defining that “a set is totally ordered by a binary relation if any two distinct elements of the set are ordered in one direction or the other.” [emphasis added] This allows the concept of totally ordered to be usefully applied to irreflexive binary relations. Note that for reflexive binary relations the two definitions are equivalent. Kreps [1988: 8] provides alternative terminology for this concept by saying that a binary relation R on a set X is weakly connected if for all x,y˙X, either x=y, xRy, or yRx.11Because Pªv’º is totally ordered by the binary relation ü, we can arrange its elements such that v1üv2üÚüv k. Then v k=maxüÙPªv’º.12 A partition of a set A is a collection of cells A1,…,A n, such that 1 each A iÓA, 2 the collection is exhaustive, i.e. A1¨A2¨Ú¨A n=A,and 3 the cells are mutually exclusive, i.e. when i≠j, A iËA j=õ.one and failure for another; the outcomes may represent profit levels for each firm or lengths of prison sentences for each criminal suspect. Whatever the outcomes are, they are events over which each player has preferences. We assume that each player has von Neumann-Morgenstern preferences, which can be represented by a utility function µi :ÙZ§Â with the expected-utility property, and seeks to maximize her expected utility.13Figure 4 shows an extensive-form game elaborated from the tree in Figure 3. I have indicated the player partition, which assigns players to nodes, by numerical labels and assigned payoff vectors to each terminal node. By convention the upper entry in each payoff vector is the first player’s utility derived from that outcome; the second entry is the second player’s utility. The player partition is given by X 1={O ,∂} and X 2={å,∫}. (Nature does not appear in this game.)Information setsIn the first paragraph I identified five aspects of an economic scenario we’d capture using the extensive form. So far we’ve captured the set of players, who moves when and under what conditions, what actions are available to a player when it’s her turn to move, and what payoffs are received at the end of the game. The remaining challenge is to represent the information which a player knows when called upon to move.What kind of information do I have in mind? We need to be concerned about things which have changed during the course of the game as a result of the actions of the players.14 The key to representing information in the game tree is realizing the connection between nodes and history . At any point in the play of the game the history is a record of who did what when. Remember that game trees are13I’m using µi to represent the utility to player i of an outcome z˙Z because I want to reserve the symbol u i for later use as her utility to a strategy profile. (We will see that an outcome z˙Z could be the result of any of several strategy profiles.)14If information is entering the game in some other fashion, this can be modeled by the addition of Nature as a nonstrategic player who chooses her strategy according to a probability distribution. The revelation of Nature’s moves then communicates the exogenouslygenerated information to the players.Figure 4: An extensive-form game indicating the player partition and payoffs as a function of outcome.unicursal—there’s precisely one path which runs from the initial node to any given node. Therefore, if you know the node you have reached, you also know precisely the history of play that got you there.15,16We can divide extensive-form games into two classes: In games of perfect information, whenever it is your turn to move you know precisely where in the tree you are located. Therefore you know the history of play completely. In games of imperfect information, you might be uncertain about the history of play when you are called on to play. This uncertainty about history corresponds to uncertainty about which of several nodes you might be at.To express this uncertainty we employ the information set. An information set hÓX is a set of decision nodes. In the course of playing the game the players’ actions may cause one of your nodes to be reached. When this occurs, you might not know precisely which of your nodes has been reached. This uncertainty is captured by saying that you only know that a particular information set has been reached; all you know is that you’ve reached one of the nodes x˙h in that information set. It is as if you are sent a message, whenever it is your move, specifying the information set you have reached.There are some obvious restrictions we need to impose on the composition of information sets. First, each decision node must belong to exactly one information set. (If a node belonged to more than one information set, it wouldn’t be well defined what message its owner should receive when that node is reached.) Therefore the set H of all information sets forms a partition of the decision nodes: X=U h˙HÙh and Åh,h’˙H, hËh’=õ. We can also define an information-set membership function h:ÙX§H, which specifies an information set h˙H for each decision node x˙X according to hªxº=h⁄x˙h.Secondly, all of the nodes in an information set must belong to the same player. (I.e. Åh˙H,Åx,x’˙h, ôªxº=ôªx’º.) Otherwise, two or more players may think it is their turn to move.17 (Therefore the information partition H is a refinement of the player partition Ù={X0,X1,…,X n}, because for each information set h˙H there exists a player i˙I¨{0} such that this information set is entirely contained within player i’s set of nodes, i.e. such that hÓX i.18)We can partition the set H of information sets into sets of information sets which belong to each player: For every player i˙I¨{0}, the set H i={h˙H:ÙÅx˙h,ôªxº=i} contains the information sets 15Note that this wouldn’t be the case if we were playing the game represented by the nontree of Figure 1b. If we had reached the bottom node, we wouldn’t know whether we had arrived there via the clockwise or counterclockwise path from the top initial node.16You might object that in the real world there often are many different ways to reach the same result. Such a situation can be modeled within this framework. You would still have a different terminal node for each of these histories; but you would assign the same payoff vector to each of these terminal nodes.17“But what’s wrong with that? Perhaps it’s a simultaneous move game. Then it would be perfectly kosher to have two players believing it’s their turn,” you say. In an extensive-form representation a simultaneous-move game is modeled as a sequential game where the second mover doesn’t get to observe the first mover’s choice at least until after the second mover has played. We’ll discuss simultaneity further later.18One partition is a refinement of a second partition if each cell of the first is a subset of some cell of the second. More formally…. Let ˜={M i}i˙{1,…,m} and ˆ={N i}i˙{1,…,n}be two partitions. M is a refinement of N, denoted ˜üˆ, if ÅM i˙˜, ‰N j˙ˆsuch that M iÓN j. In such a case we say that ˆ is coarser than ˜.owned by player i. Therefore, for all i˙I¨{0}, U h˙HÙh=X i.iIn general, for any information set h˙H, ôªhºfi{ôªxº:Ùx˙h} would refer to the image of the set of nodes h under the node-ownership function ô; i.e. ôªhº would be the set of players who owned one or more nodes in h. However, since all nodes in h are owned by the same player, we see that ôªhº is single valued; i.e. Åh˙H, #ôªhº=1. Therefore we can also consider, with some abuse of notation, ô to be an information-set ownership function ôªhº={i˙I¨{0}:ÙÅx˙h,ôªxº=i}. As with decision nodes, we say that an information set belongs to a particular player or that a player owns a particular information set. Thirdly, every node in an information set must have the same set of available actions. Otherwise the player wouldn’t be sure which actions were truly available to her. I.e. Åh˙H, Åx,x’˙h, Aªxº=Aªx’). It is useful then to refer to the set of actions available at an information set h˙H, viz. the image of h under the correspondence A: Aªhº=U x˙hÙAªxº, because for all nodes in the information set Aªhº is the set of actions available there: Åx˙h, Aªxº=Aªhº.We can summarize these last two restrictions byÅh˙H, Åx,x’˙h, ôªxº=ôªx’º and Aªxº=Aªx’º.(2) An information set may be a singleton—it may consist of only a single node. If every information set of every player is a singleton, we have a game of perfect information; i.e. Åh˙H, #h=1, or equivalently: Åi˙I¨{0}, Åh˙H i, #h=1. If any information set contains more than one node—i.e.‰i˙I¨{0}, ‰h˙H i, such that #h>1—then the game is one of imperfect information. When an information set contains more than one node, we indicate this graphically on the extensive form by connecting all of the nodes in that information set with a dashed line. Singleton information sets require no special ornamentation. For example, the game in Figure 4 has perfect information; therefore H1={{O},{∂}}, H2={{å},{∫}}.(3) Return to the perfect information game of Figure 4. If we change the information structure so that player 1’s first move is unobserved by player 2 by the time player 2 makes his first move, then he doesn’t know at which of his two nodes he is located. We indicate this information imperfection by connecting these two nodes with a dashed line. (See Figure 5a.) Each of player 1’s two nodes belongs to its own information set. In this game then there are three information sets: two belonging to the first player and one belonging to the second. Note that, as required, player 2 has the same two actions, viz. g and s, available at both nodes of his information set; Aªåº=Aª∫º={g,s}. Contrast each player’s collection of information sets in this game, viz.H1={{O},{∂}}, H2={{å,∫}},(3) with those given in (3) for the game in Figure 4.The pseudo–extensive form of Figure 5b has two violations of the restrictions upon information sets. One information set consists of nodes belonging to different players. (Consider the information set h={å,∫}, where ôªåº=2 but ôª∫º=3.) A second information set has different actions available to itsplayer at different nodes. (Consider the information set h’={∂,©}, where Aª∂º={U,D} but Aª©º={L,C,R}.)In summary, then, an extensive-form game Ì is defined by a tree (V,E), a distinguished vertex O , a set of actions A , an action-for-edge assignment function f:ÙE§A , an information partition H of the decision nodes X , a player set I , a node-ownership function ô:ÙX§I¨{0}, and player payoff functions µi :ÙZ§Â for i˙I . From this definition the following entities can be derived: the set X of decision nodes,the set Z of terminal nodes, the set of actions Aªxº available at each decision node x˙X , the player partition Ù, and the precedence relation ü on V . It is further required that, for each information set h˙H ,every node in h shares the same player-owner and shares the same set of available actions: Åh˙H ,Åx,x’˙H , ôªxº=ôªx’º and Aªxº=Aªx’º.Games of perfect recallWe’ve established some restrictions on what nodes we can include in the same information set: We can only draw dotted lines which connect nodes which belong to the same player and at which the same set of actions is available. Now I’ll present two extensive-form fragments which might suggest additional restrictions.In Figure 6a, at node å player 1 can choose Left and turn the move over to player 2 or she can choose Right and immediately move again. If she chooses Right, she reaches node ∫, which is in the same information set as the node å from which she had just come. Note what this particular information set construction implies: When player 1 chose Right at node å, she realized what she was doing. When she then reaches ∫, she doesn’t know whether she’s at ∫ or back at å. Therefore she no longer knows that she chose Right when at å; she has forgotten the action she just took.It is typical in game theory to restrict ourselves to games of perfect recall . In such games a player always know what actions she has taken and never forgets anything she ever knew. How do we(a)(b)Figure 5: A game of (a) imperfect information and (b) implausible information.formalize this restriction?19 We can rule out the game fragment in Figure 6a with the following requirement: If two nodes are in the same information set, then neither can precede the other. (Åh˙H ,Åx,x’˙h , neither xüx’ nor x’üx .)However, that requirement isn’t sufficient. Consider Figure 6b. Nodes ∂ and © are both in the same information set. There are two ways player 1 can reach that information set: She can be at node å and choose stop, or she can start at node ∫ and play Up. Note that å and ∫ are not in the same information set; therefore they represent different information—different histories. If player 1 reaches å she knows that she reached å but never passed through ∫; if she reaches ∫ she knows she reached ∫ but never passed through å. But if she reaches the {©,∂} information set via node å, say, she cannot possibly know that she didn’t pass through ∫. (If she did know this, then she would know for certain that she is at node ∂. But that would violate the information set’s knowledge restriction that she doesn’t know which of the two nodes ∂ and © she is at.) Therefore she has forgotten something she knew earlier; so this would be a violation of perfect recall.The extensive-form fragment of Figure 6b doesn’t violate the prohibition that members of the same information set should not be ordered by precedence; so we need a stronger restriction. The formal characterization of this restriction is extremely arcane and abstruse.20 I’ll try to motivate it the best I can.Consider two nodes ∂ and © which belong to the same information set for player 1. Now consider a player-1 node å which precedes ∂ when player 1 chooses the action a at å. (See Figure 7a.21) When19There are two reasons to be interested in perfect recall. The first is that most if not all games we would be interested in analyzing would satisfy this property. (But for precisely this reason there would be little point in formalizing the restriction.) More important theoretically, however, is that the restriction to games of perfect recall allows a simplification in the analysis of these games: We will see later that in games of perfect recall there is an equivalence between mixed strategies and behavior strategies such that we can choose whichever analytical perspective is more convenient.20See Fudenberg and Tirole [1991: 81], Kreps and Wilson [1982: 867], Kreps [1990: 374–375], and Myerson [1991: 43–44]. The property so defined will prove sufficient for a later demonstration of the equivalence between mixed and behavior strategies. Kuhn [1953: 213] defines a weaker property, which he also calls perfect recall. Although this is a misnomer, his property is necessary and21∂but not necessarily an immediate predecessor.(a)(b)Figure 6: Two game fragments with forgetful players.。

初中九年级英语单词汇总表

初中九年级英语单词汇总表

中文 教科书;课本 交谈;谈话 大声地;出声地 发音;读音 句子 有耐心的 n.病人 表情;表示;表达方式 发现;发觉 秘密;adj.秘密的; 爱上;与……相爱
(在词典、参考书中或通过电脑)查阅; 抬头看
语法 重复;重做 笔记;记录 v. 注意;指出. 朋友;伙伴 物理;物理学 化学 . .记忆;记住 . 模式;方式 发音;读音 增加;增长 速度 v.加速 搭档;同伴 天生的;天赋的
Mid-Autumn Mother's Day Father's Day Halloween A Christmas Carol Easter Santa
英文 restroom stamp
bookstore
beside[ postcard pardon washroom bathroom normally rush suggest pass by staff grape central Nearby mail east
天生具有 能力;才能 创造;创建 大脑 活跃的;积极的 注意;关注 注意;关注 (使)连接;与……有联系 把……和……连接或联系起来 一夜之间;在夜间 . 回顾;复习 知识;学问 毕生的,终身的; . 明智地;聪明地 安妮(女名)
中文 月饼 灯笼 陌生人 亲属;亲戚 增加(体重);发胖 磅(重量单位);英镑 民间的;民俗的 女神 无论是谁;不管谁;任何人
[æ nt] n [ˈinsekt] n. [ˈseldəm] adv. [ˈinfluəns] v.&n. [ˈæbsənt] adj. [feil] v. [ˌigzæmiˈneiʃn] n. [ˌbɔ:(r)diŋ] school n.
[]igˌzæktli[] adv.
得分;进球 背景 采访;面试 n.访谈 亚洲(人)的;n.亚洲人 对付;对待 应对;处理 害羞;腼腆 敢于;胆敢 人群;观众 吨;<口>大量;许多 私人的;私密的 需要;要求 欧洲的,欧洲人的; 欧盟的;n. 欧 洲人 非洲(人)的 n.非洲人 英国的;英国人的 讲话;发言 公开地;在别人(尤指生人)面前 蚂蚁 昆虫 很少 影响 缺席;不在 不及格;失败;未能(做到) 考试;审查 寄宿学校 亲身;亲自 确切地;精确地

英语字母入门教学

英语字母入门教学
The letters are arranged in a specific order based on their historical development and usage This order is important for alpha optimization and for learning the sequence of letters in the English language
03
Order and Recognition
Memorizing the order of the alphabet is essential for effective learning and retrieval of words
01
Consonants and Vowels
The English alphabet considerations of 26 letters, including 5 Vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and 21 consonants
Line strokes: The basic strokes used in letter formation They include horizontal, vertical, and radial lines
Uppercase letters
Also known as capital letters, these letters are larger and have a more formal appearance They are commonly used for titles, headings, and initial letters of intentions
Vowel Promotion Rules

戴尔坞站WD19S管理员指南说明书

戴尔坞站WD19S管理员指南说明书

Dell Docking Station WD19S Administrator’s GuideNotes, cautions, and warningsA NOTE indicates important information that helps you make better use of your product.A CAUTION indicates either potential damage to hardware or loss of data and tells you how to avoidA WARNING indicates a potential for property damage, personal injury, or death.© 2021 Dell Inc. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. Dell, EMC, and other trademarks are trademarks of Dell Inc. or its subsidiaries. Other trademarks may be trademarks of their respective owners.Chapter 1: Introduction (4)Chapter 2: Dell docking station firmware update (5)Updating the firmware (5)Command-Line options (8)Approximate firmware update duration (8)Smart update (8)Logging (8)Error handling (9)Error handling conditions (9)Setting Package Version (10)Commands for Automation (10)Chapter 3: Using Dell Command Update (11)Chapter 4: Dock Asset Management (12)How to inventory Dell Dock, Dell Performance Dock, and Dell Thunderbolt Dock using Dell Command Monitor locally (12)How to inventory Dell Dock, Dell Performance Dock, and Dell Thunderbolt Dock using Dell Command | Monitor remotely (13)SCCM Integration (13)SCCM setup for remote deployment (14)Chapter 5: Getting help (15)Contacting Dell (15)Contents3IntroductionThis guide is for IT professionals and engineers, to get more information about the following technical topics:●Step-by-step stand-alone DFU (Dock Firmware Update) and driver update utilities.●Using DCU (Dell Command | Update) for driver download.●Dock asset management locally and remotely through DCM (Dell Command | Monitor) and SCCM (System CenterConfiguration Manager).4IntroductionDell docking station firmware update About this taskDell Docking stations are supported with select Dell systems. See the Dell Commercial Docking Compatibility GuideTopics:•Updating the firmware•Command-Line options•Approximate firmware update duration•Logging•Error handling•Setting Package Version•Commands for AutomationUpdating the firmwareWD19S supports multi operating system firmware update for Windows/Linux/Chrome.Prerequisites1.The following conditions must be met to update firmware:●System must have > 10% charge capacity or connected to AC power.2.Download the WD19S update tool, go to /support.Steps1.Windows operating system:a.Connect the WD19S docking station to the system.b.Start the WD19S update tool in administrative mode.c.Wait for all the information to be entered the various GUI panes.Dell docking station firmware update5d.Update and Exit buttons appear in the bottom-right corner. Click the Update button.e.Wait for all the component firmware update to complete. A progress bar is displayed in the bottom.6Dell docking station firmware updatef.Update status is displayed above the payload information.2.Linux operating system: This firmware update has both the update tool and binary assembled in a single package.If you already have fwupd 1.2.5 or later installed on your system, you can fetch update directly from the Linux Vendor Firmware Service (LVFS) by plugging in your dock and using fwupdmgr or Gnome Software to check for updates.a.Download the WD19S Linux update tool (WD19FirmwareUpdateLinux_XX.YY.ZZ.bin).b.Open a terminal application.c.Modify the permissions on the binary to make it executable.# sudo chmod +x WD19FirmwareUpdateLinux_XX.YY.ZZ.bind.Run the binary with the install argument to install updated firmware.# sudo ./WD19FirmwareUpdateLinux_XX.YY.ZZ.bin install.*Resolve any kernel dependency packages as needed.e.Unplug the type-C cable and plug it back to the system after one minute.f.Check that the WD19S firmware has been upgraded properly.# sudo ./WD19FirmwareUpdateLinux_XX.YY.ZZ.bin get-devices3.Chrome operating system:Dell docking station firmware update7a.WD19S firmware update will be distributed with the latest Enterprise Chrome book operating system release.b.WD19S firmware version checking: chrome://system output in browser.Command-Line optionsAbout this taskTable 1. Command line optionsCommand line Notes/? or /h Usage/s Silent/l=<filename>Log file/verflashexe Display utility version/componentsvers Display current version of all dock firmware components Approximate firmware update durationAbout this taskThe firmware update time duration in the following table is from a measurement running Dock Firmware Utility A03 on a Latitude 5400 with Windows Operating System. These numbers are for reference only and can vary depending on multiple factors including existing firmware and/or devices attached.Table 2. Approximate firmware update durationFirmware Update duration (in seconds)EC70USB Gen1 Hub15USB Gen2 Hub5MST Hub (DPAux)37MST Hub (I2C)45Smart updateAbout this taskEC, USB Gen1/2 Hub, MST are updated only if incoming version is new.LoggingAbout this task●In Silent mode, Dock utility logs to the default file (/s command-line option).○Default log file is at CurrentDrive: \Dell\UpdatePackage\Log\exename.txt●Optional logging can be done in any mode using /l=logfilename.txt●Log message is useful for○Debugging○Service○Component version information8Dell docking station firmware updateError handlingError handling conditionsAbout this taskTable 3. Error handling conditionsError Condition Symptom/Scenario Message CLI optionsPower Check If there is no AC adapter orbattery that is connected onportable platform.The AC adapter and battery must be plugged in beforethe dock Firmware can beupdated. Press OK whenthey are both plugged in orCANCEL to quit.forceit, power check isskipped./s, error message is notdisplayed and log will haveproper error messages.If the battery level is less than10% on portable platform.The battery must be chargedabove 10% before the DockFirmware can be updated.Press OK when the battery ischarged or CANCEL to quit.Dock Detection Dock is not connected ordetected to system.No dock attached. Thisfirmware update utility onlyworks with a single dockattached./s, error message is notdisplayed, and log has propererror messages.Multiple docks that areconnected to the systemToo many docks are attached.This update utility only workswhen a single dock isattached. Only connect asingle dock and restart theupdate utility to download thelatest version and update thedriver. Then rerun this utilityFirmware update fails●When one firmwarecomponent update fails,the error message showsin the "Progress Details"field for this component.●The utility continues toupdate other firmware.●After complete firmwareupdate for all components,show the error mess.Firmware update failed/s, error message is notdisplayed, and log has propererror messages.Automatic dock reboot after firmware updateAbout this taskDock automatically reboots when one or more of the components are updated.Dock reboots as part of the EC update or the tool sends a reboot command when EC is not updated and at leastDell docking station firmware update9Setting Package VersionAbout this taskPackage version is 32 bit BCD format (device saves them in reverse byte order). They tool reverses the bytes for the display purpose. The display format is WW.XX.YY.ZZ. Major, minor, and maintenance versions are represented as WW.XX.YY. The LSB in ZZ (or the MSB in 32 bit raw data) represents the status of the dock update.●01 - All components are updated and have valid version.●00 - Some of the components are not updated.The Package version is set before any of the components are updated. If the update is failed on any of the components device reports 0 for LSB (invalid package version).Table 4. Dell Flash Update Utility Exit code and meaningExit code DUP spec description0Success1General failure2Reboot required3Soft dependency Error4Hard dependency error5Hard qualification error6Rebooting system7Password validation error8Downgrade is not allowed9Update pending10Un specified errorCommands for AutomationAbout this task●Run the tool with administrative privileges with the command-line options /s (silent) /l=filename.txt. The update is run insilent mode without GUI. Automation environment can capture the return code (DUP compliant) from the tool for verifying pass or fail status. The logfile (filename.txt) can be used for parsing the dock data and individual component update information.●After the update, tool can run with /componentsvers /s /l=verfilename.txt. The command is run in the silent mode. Returncode can be captured for pass or fail status (DUP compliant). Verfilename.txt contains the current component information. 10Dell docking station firmware updateUsing Dell Command Update Dell Docking Station drivers (Realtek USB GBE Ethernet Controller Driver) are required to be installed before using the docking station for full functionality. Dell recommends updating the system BIOS, graphics driver, Thunderbolt driver, and Thunderbolt firmware to the latest version before using the docking station. Older BIOS versions and drivers could result in the docking station not being recognized by your system or not functioning optimally.Dell highly recommends the Dell Command Update to automate the installation of BIOS, firmware, driver, and critical updates specific to your system and docking station.For more information about Dell command update user guide. See Dell Command | Update for Windows 10Using Dell Command Update11Dock Asset ManagementTopics:•How to inventory Dell Dock, Dell Performance Dock, and Dell Thunderbolt Dock using Dell Command Monitor locally•How to inventory Dell Dock, Dell Performance Dock, and Dell Thunderbolt Dock using Dell Command | Monitor remotely •SCCM IntegrationHow to inventory Dell Dock, Dell Performance Dock, and Dell Thunderbolt Dock using Dell Command Monitor locallyPrerequisites1.Follow the steps in the WD19S firmware update and retrieve dock information by using Dell command monitor locally.Steps1.Install Dell Command Monitor 10.2 or later. For detailed install instructions follow Dell command monitor Installation Guide2.Run the commands given below:a.For systems running Windows, Using PowerShell: Get-CimInstance -Namespace root\dcim\sysman -ClassNameDCIM_Chassisb.For systems running Linux, Using OMICLI: ./ omicli ei root\dcim\sysman DCIM_ChassisDCIM_Chassis can have multiple instances. For Dock Details, see instance where CreationClassName =3.Screenshot of output:12Dock Asset Management4.Key dock properties mapping with cim properties:Table 5. Key dockDock data Dell command | Monitor mappingDock service tag DCIM_Chassis::TagDock FW package version DCIM_Chassis::VersionDock module type DCIM_Chassis::ModelDock marketing name DCIM_Chassis::NameDock module serial DCIM_Chassis::SerialNumberHow to inventory Dell Dock, Dell Performance Dock, and Dell Thunderbolt Dock using Dell Command | Monitor remotelyAbout this taskFor more information, see Dell Command Monitor User guideSCCM IntegrationAbout this taskUsing the MOF file within Dell Command | Monitor install package, which contains all the Dell Command | Monitor classes and importing to ConfigMgr.Post Dell Command | Monitor installation, the integration MOF is placed at: C:\ProgramFiles\Dell\Command_Monitor\ssa\omacim\OMCI_SMS_DEF.mof. For more information about integration watch, SCCM intergration.Issue: SCCM-Client hardware inventory does not display version information for WD19S\WD19TBS\WD19DCS.Description: OMCI_SMS_DEF.mof file is missing Version property for DCIM_Chassis Class. SCCM-Client hardware inventory does not display version information for WD19S\WD19TBS\WD19DCS.Resolution: To resolve this, the user must update the OMCI_SMS_DEF.mof file as suggested in steps below:Dock Asset Management13Steps1.Edit OMCI_SMS_DEF.mof file using text editor.2.Search for "DCIM Chassis and Docking."3.At the end, make an entry for [SMS_Report (TRUE)] string Version. As shown in below screenshot.4.Once edited, reimport the updated OMCI_SMS_DEF.mof file in SCCM to fetch updated Client Hardware Inventory.SCCM setup for remote deploymentAbout this taskInformation provided in the document available here Dell Catalog to Support Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager for Dell Hardware Updates.For more information about Dell command update Users Guide. See Dell Command | Monitor version user's guide.For more information about Dell command update Installation Guide. See Dell Command | Monitor version installation guide. 14Dock Asset Management5Getting help Topics:•Contacting DellContacting DellPrerequisitesDell provides several online and telephone-based support and service options. Availability varies by country and product, and some services may not be available in your area. To contact Dell for sales, technical support, or customer service issues:Steps1.Go to /support.2.Select your support category.3.Verify your country or region in the Choose a Country/Region drop-down list at the bottom of the page.4.Select the appropriate service or support link based on your need.Getting help15。

网络版参考文献管理软件NoteFirst使用技巧

网络版参考文献管理软件NoteFirst使用技巧

NoteFirst使用技巧之一:双语参考文献自动形成现在很多期刊都要求参考文献双语标注,即如果参考文献来自英文,只要英文参考文献,如果是中文文献,则要同时用中文和英文写两遍参考文献。

尤其那些被SCI,EI收录的期刊在这一点的要求更加严格。

这是我在多年写文并投稿过程中经常遇到的一个问题。

我曾经在使用Endnote写作的基础上自己编写中英文混排模板来解决这个问题,但也很麻烦。

还尝试过其他的文献管理软件,都不具备这个功能。

其实想来也是情有可原,本来这个特殊规定就是针对我们中国作者的,人家国外软件当然也就没有必要考虑这个问题了。

但是国产软件NE也没有考虑到这个问题,的确有些遗憾。

最近试用了一款新推出的国产文献管理软件NoteFirst v1.1,其文献管理和论文写作功能设计的虽说很全面,但和目前主流的软件大同小异,没有很多特别的地方。

但是让我惊喜的是NoteFirst实现了双语参考文献自动形成的功能。

具体操作步骤非常简单,可以一键转换。

只要在引文格式中选择双语输出格式,然后点击“格式化”即可,形成的文献如下图所示(上面是单语言参考文献,下面是双语参考文献自动校对输出的样子)。

NoteFirst可以把所有的题录元数据自动翻译成英文的,包括期刊名称,这一点对我来说真的是非常方便。

另外,NoteFirst是一款基于互联网设计的文献管理软件,用户可以在个人计算机和互联网之间自由迁移自己的参考文献数据库,以及在个人计算机和网络之间保持数据的同步。

最重要的是NoteFirst的使用没有其他任何限制,即便是脱离学校的个人作者也可以随时随地使用,非常适合我这样的中国科研人员使用。

NoteFirst使用技巧之二:全面支持国标和多语言方案在上一篇体验文章中我对使用最新的国产软件网络版文献管理软件NoteFirst的一些心得体会进行了探讨,详见我的文章《NoteFirst文献管理软件使用技巧之一:双语参考文献自动形成》。

这次我把使用中发现的其他一些特点和大家分享。

Notefirst使用说明

Notefirst使用说明

参考文献就会出现在word里这种参考文献的格式就叫题录可以从notefirst里自定义它的格式也可以从这些图标里更改功能还很强大有待摸索
第一步:在中国知网上搜索文献
1.点击选中你 想要的文献
2.点击 导出参 考文献
3.同样先打对勾选 中,再点击导出参 考文献
4.进入这样一个页 面后,点击这里的
2.从左边栏里选择你所 要下载全文的数据库, 添加到右边栏里,这里
选择知网
3.点任务提交,就 开始下载了
4.稍等一下 会看到最右 下角有提示
5.任务栏里的notefirst图 标也会有提示
6.还可以从“查 看”里面查看下
载进度
7.在这里,有的 有这个小图标有 的没有,有的说 明全文已经下载 完毕,有写论文 会提示下载失败, 可以重新下载试
notefirst
5.点击这 里的导出
按钮
6.保存下来备用
第二步:将文献导入notefirst
1.打开notefirst,进入这样一个界面
2.点第二个:文献管理
3.点击导 入题录
4.找到你刚刚保存 的文件
5.点开始 导入
6.点接受选定 题录
完成导入

第三步:下载全文
1.选中想要下载全文的 题录,也可以全选,用 ctrl或shift就可以,右键 单击—全文—全文自动 下载

第四步:将参考文献插入到word中
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化学英语单词汇总

化学英语单词汇总

LESSON 11 NEUTRALIZATION – ACIDS REACT WITH BASES 中和——酸碱反应生词neutralization ,nju:trlai'zein, li'z- n. 化学中和;化学中和作用;中立状态Drano Drano是一个排水管清洁剂的品牌,主要成分是氢氧化钠;绯闻女孩- You are not using Blair as sexual Drano.lye lai n. 碱液vt. 用碱液洗涤;soda lye:氢氧化钠oven 'vn n. 炉,灶;烤炉,烤箱Sodium chloridechloride 'kl:raid n. 氯化物add d vi. 加;vinegar 'viniɡn. 醋hydrochloric ,haidru'klrik adj. 氯化氢的,盐酸的chapter 'tpt n. 章;recognize 'rekɡnaiz vt. 认出,识别;承认vi. 确认,承认;具结shortcut ':tkt n. 捷径;被切短的东西;快捷键-desktop shortcut:桌面快捷方式;桌面捷径beneath bi'ni:θprep. 在…之下adv. 在下方literally 'litrli adv. 照字面地;逐字地coefficient ,kui'fint n. 数系数;率;协同因素adj. 合作的;共同作用的calcium 'klsim n. 化学钙electric charge n. 电荷等于charge,electricity;电费as simple a manner as possibleattached to 附属于;系于;爱慕in contact with 接触;与…有联系as a group of 作为整体;总体来讲negative number n. 数负数; -1 Negative oneHCl +NaOH → H2O +NaClHydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and yields water and sodium chlorideH2SO4+2NaOH → 2H2O +Na2SO4A molecule of sulfuric acid reacts with 2 molecules of sodium hydroxide and yield 2 molecules of water anda molecule of sodium sulfate辨析fabric 'fbrik n. 织物;布;组织;构造;建筑物fabrics n. 纺织品;织物;装饰织物;面料hydroxide hai'drksaid n. 无化氢氧化物;羟化物Hydroxide ion OH-氢氧根离子;H+ hydrogen ion 氢离子molecule 'mlikjul n. 化学分子;微小颗粒,微粒molecular mu'lekjul adj. 化学分子的;由分子组成的cation 'ktain n. 化学阳离子;化学正离子anion 'nain n. 阴离子Negative ion 阴离子Positive ion 阳离子nitric 'naitrik adj. 氮的;含氮的;硝石的;~acid: 硝酸nitrate 'naitreit n. 硝酸盐nitrate anion 硝酸根阴离子:nitrate ion 硝酸根离子sulfuric sl'fjurik adj. 硫磺的;含六价硫的sulfuric acid 硫酸sulfate 'slfeit n. 无化硫酸盐; sulfate ionphosphoric fs'frik, -'f:- adj. 磷的,含磷的phosphate 'fsfeit n. 磷酸盐;皮膜化成LESSON 18 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANT SOLUSION-FORMATION OF MICELLE表面活性剂溶液的物理性质——胶团的形成生词surfactant s:'fktnt n. 表面活性剂;adj. 表面活性剂的micelle mi'sel, mai- n. 分子生物胶束;生物微团dilute dai'lju:t, di- adj. 稀释的;淡的electrolytes i'lektr,laits n. 电解质;电解质类electrolyte的复数形式abrupt 'brpt abrupt change突变;陡变Turbidity t:'bidti, t:'biditi n. 分化浊度;浑浊;混浊度;混乱anomalous 'nmls adj. 异常的;不规则的;不恰当的aggregate 'ɡriɡt, 'ɡriɡeit vt. 聚集;合计n. 集合体;总计; adj. 聚合的;集合的;合计的lipophilic ,lipu'filik, lai- adj. 亲脂性的,亲脂的orientate ':rienteit 1.使向东;2.给...定位;3. 使适应interior in'tiri n. 内部;本质adj. 内部的;国内的;本质的appreciable 'pri:ibl adj. 可感知的;可评估的;相当可观的aqueous 'eikwis adj. 水的,水般的; aqueous medium 水介质electrostatic i,lektr'sttik adj. 静电的;静电学的repulsion ri'pln n. 排斥;反驳;反感;厌恶halve hɑ:v, hv vt. 二等分;把……减半well defined 轮廓分明的;意义明确的act as 担当in force 有效的;大批地;大规模地take place 发生Point out 指出critical micelle concentration 物理化学临界胶团浓度be expected to 有望做某事;被期待做某事In term of 依据,按照;在…方面ca. 's:k Circa prep. 大约于adv. 大约dm 'desi,mi:t Decimeter n. 主英国英语分米=1/10米略作dm.cubic 'kju:bik adj. 立方体的,立方的mol mul n. 化学摩尔;化学克分子等于moleassociation ,susi'ein, ,sui'ei- n. 缔合;协会,联盟,社团;联合;联想dissociation di,sui'ein n. 分解,分离;分裂ion 'ain n. 化学离子ionic ai'nik Adj. 离子的conductance kn'dktns n. 电电导;导率;电导系数conductivity ,kndk'tiviti n. 导电性;物生理传导性lipophilic ,lipu'filik, lai- adj. 亲脂性的,亲脂的lipo n. 脂肪philic suff. 亲…的; 嗜…的suffix 字尾;接尾;附加....Hydro philic ,haidru'filik adj. 亲水的Hydro phobic ,haidru'fubik adj. 疏水的;狂犬病的;恐水病的;Half hɑ:f, hf n. 一半;adv. 一半地;adj. 一半的;不完全的;半途的Halve hɑ:v, hv vt. 二等分;把……减半halves hɑ:vz, hvz n. 一学期;两等份half的复数形式LESSON 23 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS I 有机化合物的物理性质I朗读注意:revolution ,rev'lju:n n. 革命revolutionize ,rev'lju:naiz vt. 发动革命;彻底改革;宣传革命elucidate i'lu:si,deit vt. 阐明;说明spectral 'spektrl adj. 光光谱的;幽灵的;鬼怪的elasticity ,els'tisti n.弹性solubility ,slju'bilti n.溶解性,可溶性;溶解度viscosity vi'sksti n. 黏性tensile strength 'tensail; -sl 物理学抗张强度,抗拉强度,拉伸强度equilibrium ,i:kwi'librim n. 平衡状态Over 在…期间;直到…完了或过后:morphous 形,形态isomorphous ,aisu'm:fs adj. 生物同形的;晶体同晶的morphism 'm:fizm n. 数态射;形态主义Polymorphism ,pli'm:fizm n. 多态性;多形性;同质多晶现象Polymorphs n. 同质多形体;多晶型物crystalline 'kristlain adj. 结晶的crystallize 'krist,laiz . 使结晶:ambiguity ,mbi'ɡju:iti n. 含糊;不明确;暧昧;模棱两可的话externally eks't:nli adv. 外部地;外表上,外形上discoloration dis,kl'rein n. 变色;污点evolution ,i:v'lu:n, ,ev- n. 演变;进化论;进展material m'tirilroughly 'rfli adv. 粗糙地;大致上symmetrical si'metrikl adj. 对称的stereoisomeric 'steriu,ais'merik adj. 立体异构的Maleic n. 顺丁烯; acid顺丁烯二酸马来酸;Fumaric fju:'mrik adj. 反丁烯二酸的; 反丁烯二酸; 有化富马酸;延胡索酸;Carboxylic ,kɑ:bk'silik adj. 有化羧基的deals withtransition points 转变点LESSON 24 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS II 朗读注意:LESSON 44 A NOTE ON NOMENCATURE 朗读注意:Polymethyl meth acrylate 'mi:θail meθn. 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯Poly1-methoxy-carbonyl-1-methylethylene m'θksi n. 聚1-甲氧基-羰基-1-甲基乙烯methyl 'mi:θail n. 有化甲基;木精acrylate 'krileit n. 丙烯酸盐,丙烯酸脂methoxy- m'θksi化学表示“甲氧基”carbonyl 'kɑ:bnil n. 羰基含有羰基的金属化合物;碳酰6polypropylene ,pli'prup,li:n n. 高分子聚丙烯7Poly styrene ,pli'stairi:n n. 高分子聚苯乙烯Phenyl ethylene ,fen'eθili:n n. 有化苯乙烯8Polytetra fluoro ethylene 'tetr,flur'eθli:n n. 有化四氟乙烯Polydi fluoro methylene n. 有化聚二氟甲叉Per fluoro ethylene 全氟乙烯9Polyvinyl acetate 'vainil 'siteit 聚醋酸乙烯Poly1-acetoxy-ethylene 'eθili:nvinyl 'vainil n. 乙烯基acetoxy n. 有化乙酸基10Polyvinyl alcohol 'vainil聚乙烯醇Poly1-hydroxy-ethylenehydroxy hai'drksi adj. 氢氧根的;含羟基的n. 羟基11Polyvinyl chloride 'vainil聚氯乙烯LESSON 45 INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER SCIENCE I朗读注意:alchemist 'lkimist n. 炼金术士medieval ,medi'i:vl adj. 中世纪的;原始的;仿中世纪的;老式的artisan ,ɑ:ti'zn, 'ɑ:tizn n. 工匠,技工degrade 'di'ɡreid 化学使化合物降解depolymerize di:'plimraiz vt.,vi. 化学使高分子化合物解聚aging 'eidi n. 老化;陈化,熟化denature di:'neit vi. 变性albumin 'lbjumin n. 生化白蛋白,生化清蛋白Wool wul n. 羊毛;毛线;毛织品;proteinaceous ,pruti:'neis, -ti:i- adj. 蛋白质的;朊的carbohydrate ,kɑ:bu'haidreit n. 有化碳水化合物;有化糖类Flax flks n. 亚麻hevea 'hi:vi n. 三叶胶一种橡胶树,产于南美洲elastomer i'lstm n. 力弹性体,高分子高弹体tan tn vt. 鞣革;leather 'lee n. 皮革;皮革制品tortoise 't:ts n. 龟nitrate 'naitreit n. 硝酸盐;vt. 用硝酸处理tar tɑ:n. 焦油;柏油caulking 'k:ki n. 堵缝;压紧adj. 堵缝的;嵌缝的v. 建堵缝;凿密caulking material填隙料;填颖材料;嵌缝材料Shellac 'lk, 'elk n. 虫胶;虫漆excrement 'ekskrimnt n. 粪便,排泄物coccid 'kksid n. 介壳虫Urea 'juri n. 肥料尿素despite di'spait prep. 尽管,不管ebonite 'ebnait n. 橡胶硬橡胶;硬化橡皮;硬橡皮Thermoset 'θ:muset n. 热固性;热凝物;adj. 热固性的thermoplastic ,θ:mu'plstik adj. 热塑性的;n. 塑料热塑性塑料vulcanized 'vlknaizd adj. 化学硫化的multitudinous ,mlti'tju:dins adj. 大量的,群集的;多种多样的celluloid 'seljulid n. 赛璐珞;美俚电影胶片collodion k'ludjn 美国英语化学胶棉;火棉胶;珂罗酊ethyl ether 'i:θail 'i:θ化学二乙醚= etherterminology ,t:mi'nldi n. 术语,术语学;用辞classified as 分类为tough meat 老肉base metals 基本金属;廉价金属base metal的复数Wohler 德国化学家乌拉Kekule 凯库勒Charles and Nelson Goodyear 查尔斯固特异Schonbein 舍恩拜因、史空扁Menard 梅纳德Parkes and Hyatt 帕克斯、海特Chardonnet 夏尔多内LESSON 46 INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER SCIENCE 2 朗读注意:LESSON 47 INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER SCIENCE 3生词:Prior 'praigalalith 'glliθn. 乳石,酪素塑料casein 'keisi:in n. 酪蛋白rayon 'rein n. 人造纤维adj.glyptal 'ɡliptl n. 甘酞树脂,丙三醇邻苯二甲酐树脂bitumen 'bitjumin n. 沥青asphalt 'sflt n. 沥青;柏油Coumarone-indene 'ku:m,run 'indi:n n. 香豆酮;苯并呋喃;氧茚;n. 茚petroleum pi'trulim n.石油chronological ,krn'ldikl adj.依时间前后排列而记载的laureate 'l:rit n. 桂冠诗人;得奖者cyclohexane ,saiklu'heksein n. 环己烷crystallite 'krist,lait n. 微晶;皱晶aliphatic ,li'ftik adj. 脂肪质的,脂肪族的polyamide ,pli'maid n. 高分子聚酰胺尼龙nylon 'nailn n. 尼龙;聚酰胺纤维;emulsion i'mln n. 乳剂;乳状液laid the ground work 奠定了基础工作Leave… alone不打扰;不干涉;不管;不理there is every reason 有充分的理由做某事Hormann Staudinger 霍曼施陶丁格Carothers 卡洛修斯Meyer and Mark 'meij 迈耶LESSON 48 INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER SCIENCE 4朗读注意:LESSON 52 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS 差热分析朗读注意:。

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Emotional Intelligence Workshop (EIDC)
Chapter 1 Introduction to EI
(1) 情绪智能(即情商)是通过有效综合思考与情绪而达成最佳决策的能力。

(2)情商发展简史
我国古代:
•我国古代学者曾对情绪进行过研究和分类。

早在秦汉以前,《礼记》提出人有七情之分,即喜、怒、哀、惧、爱、恶、欲;东汉班固等编撰的《白虎通》则把情绪分为六情,即喜、怒、哀、乐、爱、恶。

•1944年,我国著名心理学家林传鼎从《说文解字》一书找出了354个描述人的情绪表现词,按其释义分为18类,即安静、喜悦、恨怒、哀怜、悲痛、忧愁、愤急、烦闷、恐惧、惊骇、恭敬、抚爱、憎恶、贪欲、嫉妒、傲慢、惭愧、耻辱。

他认为,人类丰富多变的情绪主要就是由18类基本情绪所组合而成,一个人在某一时刻可能体会到其中的一种情绪,也可能
同时产生多种情绪。

•《中庸》有云:喜怒哀乐之未发谓之中,发而皆中节谓之和。

•西方历史:
•1920年,桑代克提出了“社会智力”的概念,这是一种理解他人并能“对人际关系作出明智反应”的能力。

•1935年,美国心理学家亚历山大在他的《智力:具体与抽象》一文中提出了“非智力因素”的概念。

•1940年,韦克斯勒提出一般智力中的非智力因素,并于1943年提出非智力因素是预测个人成功的关键因素。

•1948年,利珀指出,情绪思维是一般智力的组成部分并对逻辑思维起促进作用。

•1983年,加德纳发展了多元智力理论,该理论中的八种智力包含了两种情绪维度成分:内省智力和人际智力。

•1990年,梅耶和沙洛维提出将情绪智力作为一种独立的智力成分,它是个体准确、有效加工情绪信息的能力集合。

情绪智力被界定为“觉知和表达情绪、情绪促进思维理解和分析情绪以及调控自己与他人情绪的能力”。

•1995年,戈尔曼在其《情绪智力》一书中讲情绪智力界定为五个方面,认为情绪智力对个体成就的作用比智力的作用更大,而且可以通过经验和训练得到明显的提高。

与梅耶和沙洛维相比,戈尔曼更侧重于个体的社会
适应性,例如对他人情绪的理解和人际问题的解决。

此外,他还提出了情绪智力的自我激励的能力,实质上是指提高个体的内部动机、自尊心、自信心或自我效能感等方面。

(3)情绪智能的内容
•了解自己情绪的能力:能立刻察觉自己的情绪,了解情绪产生的原因
•控制自己情绪的能力:能够安抚自己,摆脱强烈的焦虑忧郁以及控制刺激情绪的根源
•激励自己的能力:能够整顿情绪,让自己朝着一定的目标努力,增强注意
力与创造力
•了解别人情绪的能力:理解别人的感觉,察觉别人的真正需要,具有同情(4)梅耶与戈尔曼的情绪智力理论模型比较
(5) Schools of thoughts
情绪智力有两种截然不同的概念。

一方面被定义为一种处理情感信息的能力,被Mayer、Peter Salovery 、David Caruso所维护;另一方面被定义为一种个性特征,被Reuven Bar-On 、Daniel Goleman所维护。

•根据Mayer、Salovery 、Caruso的能力模型,我们认为情绪智力是一种处理有关个人和他人情感信息的能力。

•四个分支:
•情绪知觉
•情绪整合
•情绪理解力
•情绪管理能力
•在Bar-On教授(2000)的情绪智力的个性模型中,其特性在五个方面表现出来:
•自身:自我情绪意识、果断性、独立性、自尊和自我实现
•人际:共情、社会责任以及管理人际关系
•适应性:问题解决、事实验证和灵活性
•压力管理:忍受压力和控制冲动
•情绪:维持快乐和乐观是最基本的能力
•Cooper博士发展了一个工具叫情商图,也即EQ图,用来评估被试目前•所处的环境:生活压力和生活满意度
•情感教育:情绪自我意识、情绪表达和感知他人情绪的能力
•情商能力:目的性、创造力、坚韧性、人际联系、建设性的不满
•情商价值观和态度:前景估计、同情、直觉、信任度、个人能力和自我整合能力
•情商的成果:整体健康、生活质量、交往程度促、最佳表现。

(6)多元才能观,正确认识情商
误解一:情绪智能比智商重要。

误解二:凡是不能用智商度量的能力便是情绪智能。

误解三:情绪智能可以预知未来的成就,如果知道自己的情绪智能,便可估计未来的成就。

误解四:一个人的分析能力差不打紧,只要情绪智能高,仍可以有很大的成就。

误解五:情绪智能是一种不可改变的定量。

误解六:情绪智能是可以培养的,所以应讲子女送到情绪智能学校,接受情绪智能教育。

误解七:情绪智能是古已有之的老生常谈,不值得小题大做。

Chapter2 Physiology Of Emotions
Agenda:
通过以下四个方面,了解情绪的产生机制:
1.大脑产生情绪的途径:
2.6秒情商
3.了解情绪词汇
4.情绪ABC理论
Content:
一、大脑产生情绪的途径:
脑边缘系统:管理情绪、记忆、注意力
脑皮质:管理语言、计算、逻辑思维
海马神经(注意力,情绪的搜集)—丘脑(情绪信息的控制)—杏仁核(发射神经肽)—脑皮质(理智思考)
二、6秒情商:
从情绪的搜集---理智的思考时间为6秒
了解自己
选择自己
超越自己
不要被情绪绑架:
卡车司机被情绪绑架、奥赛罗被嫉妒冲昏头脑
三、了解情绪词汇
情绪就像绘画一样,有八种基本基调,中国人常说的喜怒哀乐就是情绪最基本的表现,情绪可以由浅至深,情绪可以相互转化,两种情绪相加也可得出第三种情绪
(请同学尽量写出所知道的情绪的词汇)
四、了解情绪ABC机制
为什么会有焦虑、愤怒、抑郁以及不愉快的情绪?让我们来通过一件事情来分析不良情绪产生的机制。

例如:两个人一起在街上闲逛,迎面碰到他们的领导,但对方没有与他们招呼,径直走过去了。

这两个人中的一个对此是这样想的:“他可能正在想别的事情,没有注意到我们。

即使是看到我们而没理睬,也可能有什么特殊的原因。

”而另一个人却可能有不同的想法:“是不是上次顶撞了他一句,他就故意不理我了,下一步可能就要故意找我的岔子了。


两种不同的想法就会导致两种不同的情绪和行为反应。

前者可能觉得无所谓,该干什么仍继续干自己的;而后者可能忧心忡忡,以至无法冷静下来干好自己的工作。

从这个简单的例子中可以看出,人的情绪及行为反应与人们对事物的想法、看法有直接关系。

在这些想法和看法背后,有着人们对一类事物的共同看法,这就是信念。

这两个人的信念,前者在合理情绪疗法中称之为合理的信念,而后者则被称之为不合理的信念。

合理的信念会引起人们对事物适当、适度的情绪和行为反应;而不合理的信念则相反,往往会导致不适当的情绪和行为反应。

当人们坚持某些不合理的信念,长期处于不良的情绪状态之中时,最终将导致情绪障碍的产
我们需要学习和使用ABC模式,A是我们遇到的诱发事件或不愉快的情景。

B是我们的信念或者是对这些诱发事件的自言自语的诉说。

C是情绪和行为方面的结果,包括焦虑、愤怒、抑郁以及不愉快的感受和行为等。

情绪的产生和行为主要原因是我们的信念和自言自语的诉说,而不是实际生活中的不愉快事件和情景本身。

A诱发事件;它可以是现实的时间或者欲将出现的应激源。

比如,自己被锁在门外,在一次测验中的了个D,对方失约,没能获得自己渴望的提升,被羞辱,被爱人拒绝的痛苦,多过去事情的记忆。

是我们信念和自言自语的诉说,这些自言自语的诉说一个是理性的信念和自言自语,主要指救助行的和应对行的适应性的,引发健康的情绪。

另一个事非理性的,他们是自我伤害,自我挫败,不适应的诉说,导致不安的情绪。

C则是我们信念和自言自语所以发的情绪和行为。

使我们自言自语和信念导致的结果。

总结:通过情绪的生理机制了解到情绪的产生,识别情绪词汇,情绪产生的智能机制(ABC理论)
参考资料:
《The power of the EQ》彭书淮天津科学技术出版社2008 《情感智商》丹尼尔.戈尔曼1995
《情商》Christine Wilding 编著2007
《情绪心理学》陈少华编著暨南大学出版社2008。

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