定语从句归纳总结

定语从句
一．几个基本概念
1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

3.关系词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。

﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as/whose
﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why
4.关系词的功能：
﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。

﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语、宾语或表语，关系副词充当状语）。

5.定语从句的类型：(限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)
1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。

He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.
2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。

The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
（那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤）
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
（那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）
二、关系代词
1.who/that指人，作定语从句的主语，不能省略。

Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?
2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）。

①当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代词可省略。

Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?
②当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：
介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；
介词提前时，关系代词不可省
The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.
※注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如look for, take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。

She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。

whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the +n.
The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.
4.which/that 指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）或表语。

①当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。

②当作介宾时：
介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；
介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词＋which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。

The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语，不能省略。

主要用于“the same …as…；such …as…；so …as…；
as … as…”固定结构中。

I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
He is not such a person as I expected.
which和as可引导非限定性定语从句，指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容。

区别：
①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句前、句中或末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。

Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.
As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer.
②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。

常用句型有：as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, as is known/ said/ reported/ told等。

如：
As we all know, paper was first made in China.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
三、关系副词
1.when：指时间。

作时间状语。

此时的when还可用介词+which替换。

I still remember the time when I joined the League.
＝I still remember the time on which I joined the League.
2.where：指地点。

在定语从句中作地点状语。

此时的where还可用介词+which替换。

I still remember the school where I joined the League.
＝I still remember the school in which I joined the League.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

why= for which
I don’t know the reason why he was late yesterday.
The reason for which he was late is that he missed the bus.
【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】
从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。

试比较：
I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong.
( spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)
I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.
（从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）
The reason （that/which）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn’t believable.
( gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)
The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday isn’t believable.
（从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）
四、值得注意的几个问题：
第一. 当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。

1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。

This is the best film that has been shown this year.
2.当先行词既有人也有物时。

He talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited.
3.当先行词本身是all的，用that。

All that I want to say to you is “Thank you”.
4.先行词为something, anything, nothing, everything, thing时.
I’ll tell you anything (that) I know.
5.当先行词前有all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, the very,等修饰语时。

All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.
6.（人，物），当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时，用that引导以避免混淆．
Who is the man that is talking with the lady?
第二. 当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。

1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时。

The room in which he lives is very large.
2.引导非限定性定语从句时。

The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.
He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.
第三.其他特殊情况．
1.先行词是these, those指人时，关系代词只用who.
Those who are playing over there are my students.
2.先行词是人称代词(he, she…)时，关系代词只用who.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
3.不定代词someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行词时，关系代词用who. Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.
4.①先行词是the only one of +可数名词复数
He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.
②先行词是one of +可数名词复数
This is one of the students who are late.
5. 当先行词是the way,在定语从句中充当方式状语时（the way表＂以…方式＂），引导词通常用that或省略，也可用in which．
I don’t like the way that/in which/ / you speak.
I don’t like the way (which/that) you speak in.
7.定语从句中介词的选用
可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。

例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.。