美国合同法（中英文对照）

美国合同法（中英文对照）
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF LAW OF CONTRACTS
美国合同法（中英文对照）
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中英文共计8.3万余字，word 文档。

CONTENT目录 (共十六章385条)
Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS
第一章合同条款的含义
Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS---PARTIES AND CAPACITY
第二章合同的订立—当事人及其缔约能力
Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT 第三章合同的订立—意思表示一致
CHAPTER 4 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERATION
第四章合同的订立—约因
CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS
第五章防止欺诈条例
CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE
第六章错误
CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE
第七章虚假的意思表示，胁迫以及不当影响
CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY
第八章合同因公共政策而不可执行
CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
第九章合同义务的范围
CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE
第十章合同的履行与不履行
CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND
FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE
第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空
CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION
第十二章双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务
CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES
第十三章连带允诺人和受允诺人
CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES
第十四章合同受益人
CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON
第十五章合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托
CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES
第十六章违约救济
部分章节示例如下：
Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS
第一章合同条款的含义
§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义
A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.
合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，如果违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；如果其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。

§2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE. 允诺；允诺人；受允诺人
(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.
允诺就是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示，这种
意思表示使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺已经作出。

(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.
作出该意思表示的人是允诺人
(3) The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee.
该意思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。

(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.
如果该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利，则该人为受益人。

§3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED协议的定义；
An agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.
.交易磋商约定的定义一个协议就是两个或两个以上的人一致的意思表示。

一个交易磋商约定是为允诺与允诺之间的交换，或为允诺与义务履行的交换，或为义务履行之间的交换而
达成的协议。

§4. How a Promise May Be Made 允诺如何作出
A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.
一个允诺可以用口头言词或书面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地从行为中推断而得。

§5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract允诺，协议或合同的条件
(1) A term of promise or agreement is that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.
允诺或协议的条件就是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意
图或对缔约的赞同。

(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations.
合同的条件就是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允诺，由此引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在，不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些法律关系。

§6. Formal Contracts要式合同
The following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing contracts in general:
下列类型的合同根据其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法律规则的调整：
§7. Voidable contracts可撤消的合同
A voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.
如果合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示，或通过订立一个取消撤消权的合同，撤消该合同已经建立的法律关系，则该合同为可撤消的合同。

§8. Unenforceable Contracts不能强制执行的合同
An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.
不可强制执行的合同是指这样一种合同，即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强制履行救济均不可适用，但是却被认为是以其他方式创
设了并没有获得认可的履行义务。

Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY
第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力
§9. Parties Required合同当事人
There must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.
合同必须至少有两个当事人，即允诺人和受允诺人，但是也可以有两个以上更多的当事人。

§10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of the Same Performance
针对同一项履行的多个允诺人和受允诺人
(1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there are also promises for separate performances.
如果一个合同中有多个允诺人，则部分或全部的允诺人可以就同一项履行作出允诺，不管他们是否就个别的义务履行作出允诺。

(2) Where there are more promises than one in a contract, a promise may be made to some or all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of them.
如果一个合同中不只有一个允诺，则部分或全部的允诺人可以一个单位作出允诺，不管相同或另外的履行义务是否被单独地对一个或一个以上的允诺人允诺。

§11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor and Promisee
何时允诺人和受允诺人可以同为一人
A contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other persons.
在由两个或两个以上的人共同代表的一个单位和这些人中的一个
或部分多数之间可以缔结合同，这些人可以单独地或者同他人一起行事。

§12. Capacity to Contract缔约能力
(1) No one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances.
没有法律行为能力的缔约人所缔结的合同所产生的义务是可撤消的，该合同对缔约人并没有约束力。

是否享有部分缔约能力以及是否就某一特定交易享有缔约能力取决于该交易的本质或者其他一些情况。

CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
第九章合同义务的范围
TOPIC 1. THE MEANING OF AGREEMENTS主题一合同的含义§200. I NTERPRETATION OF PROMISE OR AGREEMENT允诺或合同的解释
Interpretation of a promise or agreement or a term thereof is the ascertainment of its meaning.
允诺或合同的解释在此所指的是确定其含义。

§201. WHOSE MEANING PREVAILS以谁作的解释为准
(1) Where the parties have attached the same meaning to a promise or agreement or a term thereof, it is interpreted in accordance with that meaning.
(2) Where the parties have attached different meanings to a promise or agreement or a term thereof, it is interpreted in accordance with the meaning attached by one of them if at the time the agreement was made
(1) 如果双方当事人对允诺或合同或某土条款赋予了同样的含义，则依该含义解释合同。

(2) 如果双方当事人对允诺或合同或某一条款有不同解释，则以其
中一方当事人赋予的含义解释合同：
(a) that party did not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knew the meaning attached by the first party; or
(b) that party had no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other had reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.
(a) 当事人一方在订立合同时不知道另一方赋予合同不同的含义，而另一方知道该方当事人赋予合同的含义，则依该方当事人的含义进行解释；或
(b) 当事人一方没有理由知道另一方赋予合同不同的含义，而另一方有理由知道该方当事人赋予合同的含义，则依该方当事人的含义进行解释。

(3) Except as stated in this Section, neither party is bound by the meaning attached by the other, even though the result may be a failure of mutual assent.
(3) 除本节的规定外，虽然双方当事人没有达成一致的意思表示，任何一方都不受他方当事人所赋予合同之含义的约束。

§202. RULES IN ADI OF INTERPRET ATION解释规则
(1) Words and other conduct are interpreted in the light of all the circumstances, and if the principal purpose of the parties is ascertainable it is given great weight.
(2) A writing is interpreted as a whole, and all writings that are part of the same transaction are interpreted together.
(1) 应根据所有的情况解释当事人的文字或其他行为，同时，如果能查明双方缔约的主要目的，则应充分考虑其主要缔约目的。

(2) 书面文书应以一个整体来解释，并且作为同一交易的组成部分的所有书面文书应放在一起进行解释。

(3) Unless a different intention is manifested,
(a) where language has a generally prevailing meaning, it is
interpreted in accordance with that meaning;
(b) technical terms and words of art are given their technical meaning when used in a transaction within their technical field.
(3) 除非有不同的意图表示，
(a) 如果合同语言存在通用的主流含义，则依主流含义解释。

(b) 对技术或专业术语的解释应在技术领域的范围内赋予它们在交易使用中的技术含义。

(4) where an agreement involves repeated occasions for performance by either party with knowledge of the nature of the performance and opportunity for objection to it by the other, any course of performance accepted or acquiesce d in without objection is given great weight in the interpretation of the agreement.
(4) 如果合同中涉及一方当事人重复履行义务，并且该当事人明知该履行行为的性质，同时另一方当事人有机会提出反对意见，那么，如果另一方当事人对任何履行过程地接受或没有反对地默认，则这些行为在合同解释时应给予充分地考虑。

(5) Wherever reasonable, the manifestations of intention of the parties to a promise or agreement are interpreted as consistent with each other and with any relevant course of performance, course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade.
(5) 如果合理地话，对双方当事人对允诺或合同的意思表示的解释应符合彼此的真实意图、任何相关的履行过程、交易过程或行业惯例。

§203. STANDARDS OF PREFERENCE IN INTERPRETATION解释合同时的优先标准
In the interpretation of a promise or agreement or a term thereof, the following standards of preference are generally applicable:
在解释允诺、合同或某一条款时，通常应适用下列优先标准：
(a) an interpretation which gives a reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning to all the terms is preferred to an interpretation which leaves a part unreasonable, unlawful, or of no effect;
(b) express terms are given weight than course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade, course of performance is given greater weight than course of dealing or usage of trade, and course of dealing is given greater weight than usage of trade;
(a) 合理、合法、有效的解释优先于不合理、不合法或无效的解释；
(b) 明确的条款优先于履行过程、交易过程和行业惯例，履行过程优先于交易过程或行业惯例，交易过程优先于行业惯例；
(c) specific terms and exact terms are given greater weight than general language;
(d) separately negotiated or added terms are given greater weight than standardized terms or other terms not separately negotiated.
(c) 特殊确切的条款优先于概括的语言；
(d) 单独磋商或加注条款优先于格式化条款或其他非单独磋商之条款。

§204. SUPPLYING AN OMITTED ESSENTIAL TERM补充一个被忽略的重要条款
When the parties to a bargain sufficiently defined to be a contract have not a greed with respect to a term which is essential to a determination of their rights and duties, a term which is reasonable in the circumstances is supplied by the court.
如果双方当事人经磋商足以缔结一个合同，但是还没有就对双方权利义务的确立至关重要的条款达成一致，则在此特殊的情况下，法院可以将这一合理的条款补充到合同中去。

CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人§302. INTENDED AND INDCIDENTAL BENEFICIARIES
.意向中的受益人与意外受益人
(1) Unless otherwise agreed between promior and promisee,
a beneficiary of a promise is an intended beneficiary if recognition of a right to performance in the beneficiary is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties and either
(a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an obligation of the promiseet o pay money to the beneficiary; or
(b) the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.
(2) An incidental beneficiary is a beneficiary who is not an intended beneficiar y.
除非立约人与受约人另有约定，允诺的受益人是意向中的受益人，即如果承认受益人具有要求履行允诺的权利是符合双方当事人真实有效的意思表示的适当要求；且(a)允诺的履行将解除受约人对受益人的给付义务；或(b)当时的情况表明受约人有意使受益人享受履行允诺所带来的利益。

(2) 意外受益人指的是意向中的受益人之外的受益人。

§303. CONDITIONAL PROMISES; PROMISES UNDER SE AL有条件的允诺；盖印允诺
The statements in this chapter are applicable to both conditional and unconditional promises and to sealed and unsealed promises.
本章的规定同时适用于有条件的允诺和无条件的允诺，盖印允诺和无盖印的允诺。

§304. CREATION OF DUTY TO BENEFICIARY允诺人对受益人之义务的产生
A promise in a contract creates a duty in the promisor to any intended benefic iary to perform the promise, and the intended beneficiary may enforce the duty.
合同的允诺如果使得允诺人对任何意向中的受益人负有履行允诺
的义务，则该意向中的受益人可以强制执行该义务。

§305. OVERLAPPING DUTIES TO BENEFICIARY AND PROMISEE
允诺人对受益人和受允诺人所承担义务的竞合
(1) A promise in a contract creates a duty in the promisor to the promisee to perform the promise even though he also has a similar duty to an intended be neficiary.
(2) Whole or partial satisfaction of the promisor’s duty to the benef iciary satisf ied to that extent the promisor’s duty to the promisee.
(1) 合同的允诺也使得允诺人对受允诺人负有履行允诺的义务，尽管允诺人对意向中的受益人也负有履行允诺的义务。

(2) 允诺人对受益人义务的全部或部分履行全部或部分地解除了其对受允诺人的义务。

§306. DISCLAIMER BY A BENEFICIARY受益人弃权
A beneficiary who has not previously assented to the promise for his benefit may in a reasonable time after learning of its existence and terms render any duty to himself inoperative from the beginning by disclaimer.
如果受益人事先并没有就使其受益的允诺表示同意，则该受益人可以在得知这一允诺和条款之后的合理期间内，主张任何对之履行的义务自弃权行为作出之日始无效。

§307. REMEDY O F SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE强制履行救济
Where specific performance is otherwise an appropriate remedy, either the promisee or the beneficiary may maintain a suit for specific enforcement of a duty owed to an intended beneficiary.
如果强制履行是另外一种适当的救济，则受允诺人或受益人可以提起诉讼，强制允诺人履行其对意向中的受益人所负有的义务。

§308. IDENTIFICATION OF BENEFICIARIES受益人的认定
It is not essential to the creation of a right in an intended beneficiary that he be identified when a contract containing the promise is made.
在包含允诺的合同缔结之时对意向中的受益人的认定对于赋予其权利并不重要。

§309. DEFENS ES AGAINST THE BENEFICIARY允诺人对受益人的抗辩
(1) A promise creates no duty to a beneficiary unless a contract is formed between the promisor and the promisee; and if a contract is voidable or unenforc eableat the time of its formation the right of any beneficiary is subject to the infirmity.
(1) 除非是允诺人与受允诺人之间订立合同，否则允诺人的允诺并不使其对受益人承担义务；并且，如果合同在订立时是可撤消的或者是不可执行的，则受益人的权利也受这些缺陷的限制。

(2) If a contract ceases to be binding in whole or in part because of impractic ability, public policy, non-occurrence of a condition, or present or prospective failure of performance, the right of an beneficiary is to that extent discharged or modified.
(2) 如果合同由于无法执行、公共政策、条件不成就或现有的或预期的违约而不再全部或部分地有效，则受益人享有的权利也因此被解除或变更。

(3) Except as stated in Subsection (1) and (2) and in §311 or as provided by t he contract, the right of any beneficiary against the promisor is not subject to the promisor’s claims or defenses against the promisee or to the promisee’s cl aims or defenses against the beneficiary.
(3) 除了(1) 和(2)小节的规定以及§311 的规定或合同的约定之外，任何受益人就允诺人享有的权利并不受允诺人对受允诺人的权利主张或抗辩的限制，也不受受允诺人对受益人的权利主张或抗辩的限制。

(4) A beneficiary’s right against the promisor is subject to
any claim or defense arising from his own conduct or agreement.
(4) 由于受益人自己的行为或缔结的合约而产生的任何权利主张或抗辩会限制其对允诺人享有的权利。