英语语言学概论第九章练习题答案

英语语言学概论第九章练习题答案
1.I______ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. [填空题] *
空1答案：diolect
答案解析：个人语言是个体言者的个人方言，它结合了有关地域、社会、性别和年龄的变体成分。

2.Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, t______ of discourse and mode of discourse. [填空题] *
空1答案：enor
答案解析：韩礼德进一步明确了决定语域的三个社会变量：语场、语旨、语式。

3.The term d______ describes a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language, a “high” and a “low”, are used, each with separate social functions.8 [填空题] *
空1答案：iglossia
答案解析：当某一种语言的两种变体同时存在于一个社团，并且每一种语言都有不同的使用目的时，这种现象就叫做双语。

通常情况下，更标准的语言变体被称作高标准语言，用于政府、新闻媒介、教育和宗教活动。

另一种一般是无声望的语言，称低标准语言，用于家庭、朋友之间、购物时等。

4.A p______ is a mixed and limited language used for some practical purposes by groups of people who do not know each other’s languages. [填空题] *
空1答案：idgin
答案解析：洋泾浜语是将几种语言混合或者融合在一起的一种特殊语言变体，它是由操不同语言的人为了有限的目的，如贸易而使用的语言。

5.When a pidgin has acquired native speakers，that is to say, when it becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a c______. [填空题] *
空1答案：reole
答案解析：当一种洋泾浜语成为了某一言语社团的主要语言，并且由该言语社团的孩子习得作为本族语时，它就成为了克里奥耳语。

6. More qualifiers and intensifiers are used by w______. [填空题] *
空1答案：omen
答案解析：语言使用的性别差异。

女性的言语比男性言语更接近标准变体。

7.S______ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. [填空题] *
空1答案：ociolect
答案解析：社会方言是指具有某一特定社会阶层特征的语言变体。

8.Speech v______ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. [填空题] *
空1答案：ariety
答案解析：言语变体指的是由一位言者或一群言者所使用任何具有区别性的言语形式。

9.S______ is the sub field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. [填空题] *
空1答案：ociolinguistics
答案解析：社会语言学是语言学中的一个次领域，它研究语言与社会的关系，以及语言的运用与语言使用者所在的社会结构之间的关系。

10.“Linguistic relativity”was proposed by S______ and W______. [填空题] *
空1答案：apir
空2答案：horf
答案解析：萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说认为，一方面，语言可以决定我们的思维方式；另一方面，语言之间的相似性是相对的，结构性差异越大，反映出对于世界认识的越不同。

因此，这个假说也被称作“语言决定论”和“语言相对主义”。

11.Taboo and e______ are two faces of the same communication coin. [填空题] *
空1答案：uphemism
答案解析：禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。

委婉语是用一词代替比较唐突的令人不快的另一词的表达方法。

他们是同一交流过程的两个方面。

12. E______, which serves as a polite substitute for taboo expressions, is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears that more direct wording might be harsh or offensive. [填空题] *
空1答案：uphemism
答案解析：委婉语是用一词代替比较唐突的令人不快的另一词的表达方法。

13.On most occasions “rose” means more than a flower, it triggers many assoications and mostly good ones such as love, fragrance, passion, and etc. These are its c______ meaning. [填空题] *
空1答案：onnotative
答案解析：暗涵意义：联想意义。

14.Despite the cultural differences, there exist a greater or lesser degree of cultural
o______ between two societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings. [填空题] *
空1答案：verlap
答案解析：尽管存在这些文化差异，由于在自然环境和人的心理上的某些相似之处，在两个社会之间存在着程度上或大或小的文化重叠。

15.Intercultural communication, also known as c______ communication, is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. [填空题] *
空1答案：ross-cultural
答案解析：跨文化交际是指文化感知和符号系统的差异足以改变交际事件的人之间进行的交际，常指来自不同文化的人之间的交际，暗含了文化之间的一个比较。

16.（）are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations. [单选题] *
A. Slang
B. Address terms
C. Registers(正确答案)
D. Education varieties
答案解析：语域是特殊人群使用的言语变体，通常指具有相同职业或具有同样爱好的人。

某一语域通常具有自己一些独特的词汇或使用词或短语的特殊方式，而使其与其他语域区分开来。

17.（） refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. [单选题] *
A. Lingua franca
B. Creole
C. Pidgin(正确答案)
D. Standard language
答案解析：洋泾浜语不是任何人的母语，是在交往联系的情况下（例如交易）学习的语言变体。

18.In sociolinguistic studies, speaker are regarded as members of social groups, the social group that is singled out for any special study is called（）. [单选题] *
A. the speech community(正确答案)
B. the linguistic group
C. the linguistic community
D. the speech variety group
答案解析：在社会语言学中，语言使用者都被看作是社会的成员。

而具有相同的语言认同或至少共享一种语言变体的人群可称作语言社区。

19. In the present day, the stability of（）seems to be decreasing. [单选题] *
A. social-class dialect
B. idiolect
C. taboo
D. regional dialect(正确答案)
答案解析：地域方言的特点。

随着人们日常交流的增加，地域方言的稳定性在逐步下降。

20.（）variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation. [单选题] *
A.Regional(正确答案)
B.Social
C.Stylistic
D.Idiolectal
答案解析：地域变异是指由于言语使用者们地区的不同而呈现出来的言语变异现象。

语言的地域变异是最明显的，也是最容易界定的。

21.Which of the following is NOT the speech variety?（） [单选题] *
A.Regional dialects.
B.Sociolects.
C.Registers.
D.Discourse accents.(正确答案)
答案解析：在社会语言学的研究中，人们对三种言语变体特别感兴趣，即：地域方言、社会方言和语域。

22.Halliday distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse and （） of discourse. [单选题] *
A.pattern
B.mode(正确答案)
C.type
D.means
答案解析：韩礼德进一步明确了决定语域的三个社会变量：语场、语旨、语式。

23.A（n）（） is a special language variety that mixes or blends language and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes. [单选题] *
A.pidgin(正确答案)
B.creole
C.standard dialect
D.Idiolect
答案解析：洋泾浜语是将几种语言混合或者融合在一起的一种特殊语言变体，它是由操不同语言的人为了有限的目的，如贸易而使用的语言。

24.A pidgin becomes a （） when it has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language. [单选题] *
A.standard dialect
B.idiolect
C.creole(正确答案)
D.diglossia
答案解析：当一种洋泾浜语成为了某一言语社团的主要语言，并且由该言语社团的孩子习得作为本族语时，它就成为了克里奥耳语。

25.In a broad sentence, culture includes（）. [单选题] *
A. patterns of belief
B. customs, objects and institutions
C. techniques and language
D. all the above(正确答案)
答案解析：文化，从广义上来说，是指一个民族的整体生活方式，包括信仰、习俗、物质、体制、技能、语言、价值观等。

26. According to linguists, there are two types of culture: the more concrete and observable （）and the more abstract and hidden（）. [单选题] *
A. material culture, spiritual culture(正确答案)
B. national culture, local culture
C. spiritual culture, material culture
D. local culture, national culture
答案解析：广义上的文化包含内容甚广，主要可以划分为物质文化和精神文化两种类型，物质文化具体可见，而精神文化则抽象隐含。

27.（） refers to the identical part of culture between two societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings. [单选题] *
A. Cultural overlap(正确答案)
B. Cultural imperialism
C. Cultural diffusion
D. Cultural expansion
答案解析：文化与文化之间存在的相同之处，被称为文化重叠（cultural overlap）。

28.Through communication, some elements of one culture may enter another culture and become part of that culture. This phenomenon is called（）. [单选题] *
A. cultural overlap
B. cultural imperialism
C. cultural diffusion(正确答案)
D. cultural expansion
答案解析：一种文化中特有的要素经过交流和传播，进入到另外一种文化并成为这种文化的一部分的现象被称为文化扩散（cultural diffusion）。

29.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about（）. [单选题] *
A. language and culture
B. language and society
C. language acquisition
D. language and thought(正确答案)
答案解析：著名的SWH（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）是关于语言与思维之间的关系的假说，其基本观点是：语言从某种程度上决定思维，不同的语言能以不同方式表达其使用者独特的世界观。

30. The strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis holds that language patterns （）people’s thinking and behavior. [单选题] *
A. influence
B. determine(正确答案)
C. distort
D. have no influence on
答案解析：SWH （萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）有两种诠释: - - 个是strong version,认为语言决定思维，另一个是weak version,认为语言只是在某种程度上影响思维。

31.The practice of observing holidays of foreign origins and accepting concepts from other cultures is an example of（） [单选题] *
A. cultural overlap
B. cultural diffusion(正确答案)
C. cultural transmission
D. cultural relativity
答案解析：过洋节日或者接受外来的一些观念和文化都属于文化扩散现象。

32."Rose" can mean“a beautiful young lady". This is an example of（） [单选题] *
A. denotative meaning
B. connotative meaning
C. iconic meaning(正确答案)
D. grammatical meaning
答案解析：语言标志都有三层意义，即指示/（内涵）意义（denotative meaning）、暗含/（外延）意义（connotative meaning）和图像意义（iconic meaning）。

“Rose”意为“a beautiful young lady”是图像意义。

33.（） is communication between people from different cultures（their cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event）. [单选题] *
A. Linguistic communication
B. Lingua franca
C. Cultural transmission
D. Cross-cultural communication(正确答案)
答案解析：跨文化交流（cross-cultural communication）是来自不同文化的人之间的交流。

由于不同的文化背景和价值体系，跨文化交流活动的成功与否不但取决于语言知识，更取决于双方在文化上的了解、接受和认同。

34.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. [判断题] *
对(正确答案)
错
答案解析：如果一个孩子失去了语言环境，他或她是不可能成功地学好一种语言的。

35. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. [判断题] *
对
错(正确答案)
答案解析：不论孩子们生活在何种语言环境中，他们首先获得的是世上所有语言的普遍性知识，之后他们才会学习更为复杂的语言。

nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. [判断题] *
对(正确答案)
错
答案解析：语言可以反应出社会的性别歧视现象，但语言本身并无性别歧视意义，语言可以表达出人们对性别的态度及对一些禁忌语和种族歧视的态度。

37.Regional dialect is a variety of language related to the use of language. [判断题] *
对
错(正确答案)
答案解析：语言的变体可从使用者和使用两个角度划分为方言变体和类型变体，前者称为方言，后者为语域。

地域方言应该与语言的使用者相关。

38. Sociolinguistics are interested in “terms of address” because they offer some socio-cultural information about the type of relationship between the speaker and the hearer. [判断题] *
对(正确答案)
错
答案解析：“称谓”中包含社会文化意义。

39. Micro-sociolinguistics is sociolinguistics proper. [判断题] *
对
错(正确答案)
答案解析：“微观社会语言学”或“小社会语言学”是研究语言的变异（Variation），并且联系社会因素来探讨语言变异发生的原因和规律，常常使用统计的方法和概率的模式来描写这些变异现象。

“宏观社会语言学”研究社会中的语言问题，如双语、语言接触、双方言，语言规范化问题等。

因此，“微观社会语言学”只是社会语言学的一部分。

40.Explain the notion：Sociolinguistics [填空题] *
_________________________________
答案解析：Sociolinguistics is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. It studies the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.
41. Explain the notion：Pidgins and Creoles [填空题] *
_________________________________
答案解析：A pidgin refers to a variety of a language that is not native language of anyone, but is learned on contact situations such as trading. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a creole.
42.Explain the notion：Register [填空题] *
_________________________________
答案解析：It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation （e. g. doctors, lawyers） or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions （e.g. legal language）.
43.Explain the notion：Idiolect [填空题] *
_________________________________
答案解析：Just as every speech community has a dialect, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called “idiolect”.。