哈医大精品课程营养与食品卫生学第一章营养学基础
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carbohydrate.
Which tissues are abundant in glycogen?
We store glycogen in our muscles and liver. We can break down glycogen very quickly into glucose when we need it for energy.
Polysaccharide--Fiber
Based on the water soluble ability, fiber can be classified into soluble fibers and insoluble fibers.
Insoluble fibers（不溶性纤维）: cellulose（纤 维素）, hemicellulose（半纤维素） and xylogen（木质素）.
Soluble fibers（可溶性纤维）:果胶（pectin) ， 树胶和粘胶.
膳食纤维（dietary fiber）：是指植物性食 物或原料中糖苷键大于3个，不能被人体 小肠消化和吸收，但对人体健康有意义的 碳水化合物。
膳食纤维包括部分非淀粉多糖（纤维素、 半纤维素、木质素、果胶等）、抗性淀粉、 葡聚糖以及ctose
Lactose
Disaccharides—Maltose （麦芽糖）
Maltose: also called malt sugar, consist of two molecules of glucose.
It does not generally occur by itself in foods, but results as a by-product of digestion.
❖ Oligosaccharide are composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharides.
❖ The most common oligosaccharides are raffinose （棉籽糖）and stachyose（水苏糖）.
❖ They can not be degraded by enzymes in the small intestine, but can be broke down in the large intestine.
＋
Glucose
Disaccharides—Sucrose（蔗糖）
❖ Sucrose is composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose（果糖） molecule.
＋
❖Sweeter than lactose or maltose, why? How about the Sucrose and fructose?
In our bodies, glucose is the preferred source of energy for the brain.
食物中最多的单糖，但不以单独形式存在，常 与其他糖形成双糖或多糖的形式存在，葡萄糖 优先为大脑提供能量。
Prefix
Monosaccharides-Fructose（果糖）
The sweetest：fructose The most abundant：glucose
Disaccharide（双糖）
Disaccharide: A carbohydrate compound consisting of two sugar molecules joined together.
However, some starch in plants is not digestible and is called resistant starch
（抗性淀粉）.
抗性淀粉：指健康者小肠中不吸收的淀 粉及其降解产物。
When our intestinal bacteria try to digest resistant starch, a fatty acid called butyrate is produced.
Fructose is also called fruit sugar. Fructose is the sweetest natural sugar, occurs
naturally in fruits and vegetables.
Monosaccharides-Galactose（半乳糖）
(2) 控制体重和减肥
May enhance weight loss, as eating a high fiber diet causes a person to feel more full.
Fiber absorbs water, expands in our intestine, and slows the movement of food through the upper part of the digestive tract.
Why?
Plants make carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis
光合作用
Energy from sun
Carbon dioxide from air
Glucose stored in plant
Water
Water+ Carbon dioxide
Galactose does not occur alone in foods. It joins with glucose to create lactose, one of the disaccharides.
Sweetest monosaccharides? The most abundant monosaccharides ?
Consuming resistant starch may be beneficial because butyrate is suggested to reduce the risk of cancer.
豆科食物（Legumes）含有的抗性淀粉比 谷类、蔬菜和水果多。
Green soybean
Main contents
Definition of carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates Digestion & absorption of CHO Functions of carbohydrates Disorders related to CHO metabolism Dietary reference intakes of CHOs
The three most common disaccharides found in foods are lactose（乳糖）, maltose （麦芽糖）, and sucrose （蔗糖）.
Disaccharides– Lactose（乳糖）
Lactose: Consist of one glucose molecule and one galactose (半乳糖） molecule.
Our bodies easily digest most starches， we call them digestible starch(可吸收淀粉）.
根据其结构可分为直链淀粉（amylose）和支链 淀粉（amylopectin），前者易使食物老化，后 者易使食物糊化（gelatinization ）。
碳水化合物：属三大能量营养素之一，主 要由碳、氢、氧构成。
Carbohydrate can be abbreviated as “CHO”.
We obtained carbohydrates predominantly from plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grain.
Monosaccharides-Glucose（葡萄糖）
Glucose is the most abundant sugar molecule found in our diets and in our foods.
Glucose does not generally occur by itself in foods but attaches to other sugars to form disaccharides and complex carbohydrates.
Bean sprout
Polysaccharide-Glycogen（糖原）
Glycogen: A polysaccharide stored in animals, including humans.
Very little glycogen exists in food. Thus, glycogen is not a dietary source of
一、碳水化合物的定义
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrient types that provide energy to our bodies. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
❖Sucrose provides much of the sweet taste found in honey, fruits, and vegetables.
麦芽糖--2个葡萄糖 蔗糖--1个葡萄糖+1个果糖 乳糖--1个葡萄糖+1个半乳糖
哪种双糖最甜--麦芽糖，蔗糖，乳糖？
蔗糖
Oligosaccharide（寡糖）
CH2OH
H
H
H
HO H
HO
OH
H OH
Glucose
CH2OH
CH2OH
H HO
HO OH
OH H
Fructose
CH2OH
HO
H
OH H
H
OH
H OH
Galactose
The three most common monosaccharides. ALL of them contain identical atoms……
Glucose
二、碳水化合物的分类 Classification of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Simple
Complex
Monosaccharide
Disaccharides
双糖
单糖
Oligosaccharide
寡糖
Polysaccharides
多糖
Structure of monosaccharides
Functions of dietary fiber
(1)增强肠道功能、有利粪便排出
Helps prevent constipation and other intestinal problems by keeping our stools moist and soft.
Dietary fiber increases faecal bulk through water binding by fiber. Fiber gives gut muscles“something to push” and makes it easier to eliminate stools.
Starch: A polysaccharide stored in plants and is the storage form of glucose in plants.（淀粉是葡萄糖在植物中的贮存形式）
Excellent food sources of starch include?
grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, and barley), legumes (peas, beans, and lentils), and tubers (potatoes and yams).
Polysaccharides（多糖）
Polysaccharides include starch（淀粉）, glycogen（糖原） and most fibers（纤维）.
Polysaccharides
Starch
淀粉
Glycogen
糖原
Fiber
纤维
Polysaccharide--Starch
Which tissues are abundant in glycogen?
We store glycogen in our muscles and liver. We can break down glycogen very quickly into glucose when we need it for energy.
Polysaccharide--Fiber
Based on the water soluble ability, fiber can be classified into soluble fibers and insoluble fibers.
Insoluble fibers（不溶性纤维）: cellulose（纤 维素）, hemicellulose（半纤维素） and xylogen（木质素）.
Soluble fibers（可溶性纤维）:果胶（pectin) ， 树胶和粘胶.
膳食纤维（dietary fiber）：是指植物性食 物或原料中糖苷键大于3个，不能被人体 小肠消化和吸收，但对人体健康有意义的 碳水化合物。
膳食纤维包括部分非淀粉多糖（纤维素、 半纤维素、木质素、果胶等）、抗性淀粉、 葡聚糖以及ctose
Lactose
Disaccharides—Maltose （麦芽糖）
Maltose: also called malt sugar, consist of two molecules of glucose.
It does not generally occur by itself in foods, but results as a by-product of digestion.
❖ Oligosaccharide are composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharides.
❖ The most common oligosaccharides are raffinose （棉籽糖）and stachyose（水苏糖）.
❖ They can not be degraded by enzymes in the small intestine, but can be broke down in the large intestine.
＋
Glucose
Disaccharides—Sucrose（蔗糖）
❖ Sucrose is composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose（果糖） molecule.
＋
❖Sweeter than lactose or maltose, why? How about the Sucrose and fructose?
In our bodies, glucose is the preferred source of energy for the brain.
食物中最多的单糖，但不以单独形式存在，常 与其他糖形成双糖或多糖的形式存在，葡萄糖 优先为大脑提供能量。
Prefix
Monosaccharides-Fructose（果糖）
The sweetest：fructose The most abundant：glucose
Disaccharide（双糖）
Disaccharide: A carbohydrate compound consisting of two sugar molecules joined together.
However, some starch in plants is not digestible and is called resistant starch
（抗性淀粉）.
抗性淀粉：指健康者小肠中不吸收的淀 粉及其降解产物。
When our intestinal bacteria try to digest resistant starch, a fatty acid called butyrate is produced.
Fructose is also called fruit sugar. Fructose is the sweetest natural sugar, occurs
naturally in fruits and vegetables.
Monosaccharides-Galactose（半乳糖）
(2) 控制体重和减肥
May enhance weight loss, as eating a high fiber diet causes a person to feel more full.
Fiber absorbs water, expands in our intestine, and slows the movement of food through the upper part of the digestive tract.
Why?
Plants make carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis
光合作用
Energy from sun
Carbon dioxide from air
Glucose stored in plant
Water
Water+ Carbon dioxide
Galactose does not occur alone in foods. It joins with glucose to create lactose, one of the disaccharides.
Sweetest monosaccharides? The most abundant monosaccharides ?
Consuming resistant starch may be beneficial because butyrate is suggested to reduce the risk of cancer.
豆科食物（Legumes）含有的抗性淀粉比 谷类、蔬菜和水果多。
Green soybean
Main contents
Definition of carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates Digestion & absorption of CHO Functions of carbohydrates Disorders related to CHO metabolism Dietary reference intakes of CHOs
The three most common disaccharides found in foods are lactose（乳糖）, maltose （麦芽糖）, and sucrose （蔗糖）.
Disaccharides– Lactose（乳糖）
Lactose: Consist of one glucose molecule and one galactose (半乳糖） molecule.
Our bodies easily digest most starches， we call them digestible starch(可吸收淀粉）.
根据其结构可分为直链淀粉（amylose）和支链 淀粉（amylopectin），前者易使食物老化，后 者易使食物糊化（gelatinization ）。
碳水化合物：属三大能量营养素之一，主 要由碳、氢、氧构成。
Carbohydrate can be abbreviated as “CHO”.
We obtained carbohydrates predominantly from plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grain.
Monosaccharides-Glucose（葡萄糖）
Glucose is the most abundant sugar molecule found in our diets and in our foods.
Glucose does not generally occur by itself in foods but attaches to other sugars to form disaccharides and complex carbohydrates.
Bean sprout
Polysaccharide-Glycogen（糖原）
Glycogen: A polysaccharide stored in animals, including humans.
Very little glycogen exists in food. Thus, glycogen is not a dietary source of
一、碳水化合物的定义
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrient types that provide energy to our bodies. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
❖Sucrose provides much of the sweet taste found in honey, fruits, and vegetables.
麦芽糖--2个葡萄糖 蔗糖--1个葡萄糖+1个果糖 乳糖--1个葡萄糖+1个半乳糖
哪种双糖最甜--麦芽糖，蔗糖，乳糖？
蔗糖
Oligosaccharide（寡糖）
CH2OH
H
H
H
HO H
HO
OH
H OH
Glucose
CH2OH
CH2OH
H HO
HO OH
OH H
Fructose
CH2OH
HO
H
OH H
H
OH
H OH
Galactose
The three most common monosaccharides. ALL of them contain identical atoms……
Glucose
二、碳水化合物的分类 Classification of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Simple
Complex
Monosaccharide
Disaccharides
双糖
单糖
Oligosaccharide
寡糖
Polysaccharides
多糖
Structure of monosaccharides
Functions of dietary fiber
(1)增强肠道功能、有利粪便排出
Helps prevent constipation and other intestinal problems by keeping our stools moist and soft.
Dietary fiber increases faecal bulk through water binding by fiber. Fiber gives gut muscles“something to push” and makes it easier to eliminate stools.
Starch: A polysaccharide stored in plants and is the storage form of glucose in plants.（淀粉是葡萄糖在植物中的贮存形式）
Excellent food sources of starch include?
grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, and barley), legumes (peas, beans, and lentils), and tubers (potatoes and yams).
Polysaccharides（多糖）
Polysaccharides include starch（淀粉）, glycogen（糖原） and most fibers（纤维）.
Polysaccharides
Starch
淀粉
Glycogen
糖原
Fiber
纤维
Polysaccharide--Starch